This is a modern-English version of Claudian, volume 1 (of 2): With an English translation by Maurice Platnauer, originally written by Claudianus, Claudius. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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Transcription Note:

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

The Loeb Classical Library

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

Founded by James Loeb, J.D.

EDITED BY

† T. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.
† E. CAPPS, PhD, LLD	† W. H. D. ROUSE, PhD.
L. A. POST, L.H.D.	E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

CLAUDIAN
I

[ii]

[iii]

CLAUDIAN

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
MAURICE PLATNAUER

SOMETIME HONORARY SCHOLAR OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD
ASSISTANT MASTER AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE

SOMETIMES HONORARY SCHOLAR OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD
ASSISTANT MASTER AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE

IN TWO VOLUMES

In Two Volumes

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
MCMLXIII

Cambridge, MA
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
1963

[iv]

First printed 1922
Reprinted 1956, 1963

First published 1922
Reprinted 1956, 1963

Printed in Great Britain

Printed in the UK

[v]

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I

	PAGE
INTRODUCTION	vii
POEMS—
PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULS PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS	2
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS—
PREFACE	24
BOOK I	26
THE SECOND BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS—
PREFACE	56
BOOK II	58
THE WAR AGAINST GILDO—
BOOK I	98
AGAINST EUTROPIUS—
BOOK I	138
BOOK II: PREFACE	178
[vi]BOOK II	184
FESCENNINE VERSES IN HONOUR OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS	230
EPITHALAMIUM OF HONORIUS AND MARIA—
PREFACE	240
EPITHALAMIUM	242
PANEGYRIC ON THE THIRD CONSULSHIP OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS (A.D. 396)—
PREFACE	268
PANEGYRIC	270
PANEGYRIC ON THE FOURTH CONSULSHIP OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS (CE 398)	286
PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULSHIP OF FL. MANLIUS THEODORUS (CE 399)—
PREFACE	336
PANEGYRIC	338
ON STILICHO’S CONSULSHIP (CE 400)—
BOOK I	364

[vii]

INTRODUCTION

Claudius Claudianus may be called the last poet of classical Rome. He was born about the year 370 A.D. and died within a decade of the sack of the city by Alaric in 410. The thirty to forty odd years which comprised his life were some of the most momentous in the history of Rome. Valentinian and Valens were emperors respectively of the West and the East when he was born, and while the former was engaged in constant warfare with the northern tribes of Alamanni, Quadi and Sarmatians, whose advances the skill of his general, Theodosius, had managed to check, the latter was being reserved for unsuccessful battle with an enemy still more deadly.

Claudius Claudianus could be considered the last poet of classical Rome. He was born around the year 370 CE and died within a decade of the city being sacked by Alaric in 410. The thirty to forty years of his life were some of the most significant in Rome's history. Valentinian and Valens were the emperors of the West and the East, respectively, when he was born. While Valentinian was constantly fighting against the northern tribes of Alamanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians—whose advances were held back by the skill of his general, Theodosius—Valens was preparing for a losing battle against an even deadlier enemy.

It is about the year 370 that we begin to hear of the Huns. The first people to fall a victim to their eastward aggression were the Alans, next came the Ostrogoths, whose king, Hermanric, was driven to suicide; and by 375 the Visigoths were threatened with a similar fate. Hemmed in by the advancing flood of Huns and the stationary power of Rome this people, after a vain attempt to ally itself with the latter, was forced into arms against her. An indecisive battle with the generals of Valens (377) was followed by a crushing Roman defeat in the succeeding year (August 9, 378) at Adrianople, where[viii] Valens himself, but recently returned from his Persian war, lost his life.

It was around the year 370 that we first started hearing about the Huns. The first victims of their eastward invasion were the Alans, followed by the Ostrogoths, whose king, Hermanric, was driven to suicide. By 375, the Visigoths faced a similar threat. Trapped between the advancing Huns and the established power of Rome, they attempted to ally with the latter but were ultimately forced to take up arms against them. An inconclusive battle against the generals of Valens in 377 was succeeded by a devastating Roman defeat the following year (August 9, 378) at Adrianople, where Valens himself, who had just returned from his war with Persia, lost his life.

Gratian and his half-brother, Valentinian II., who had become Augusti upon the death of their father, Valentinian I., in 375, would have had little power of themselves to withstand the victorious Goths and Rome might well have fallen thirty years before she did, had it not been for the force of character and the military skill of that same Theodosius whose successes against the Alamanni have already been mentioned. Theodosius was summoned from his retirement in Spain and made Augustus (January 19, 379). During the next three years he succeeded, with the help of the Frankish generals, Bauto and Arbogast, in gradually driving the Goths northward, and so relieved the barbarian pressure on the Eastern Empire and its capital. In 381 Athanaric, the Gothic king, sued in person for peace at Constantinople and there did homage to the emperor. In the following year the Visigoths became allies of Rome and, for a time at least, the danger was averted.

Gratian and his half-brother, Valentinian II., who became emperors after their father, Valentinian I., died in 375, had little power on their own to resist the victorious Goths. Rome might have fallen thirty years earlier if it wasn't for the strong character and military skill of Theodosius, who had already been noted for his successes against the Alamanni. Theodosius was called back from his retirement in Spain and became emperor on January 19, 379. Over the next three years, with the help of the Frankish generals Bauto and Arbogast, he managed to gradually push the Goths north, relieving the barbarian pressure on the Eastern Empire and its capital. In 381, Athanaric, the Gothic king, came in person to negotiate peace in Constantinople and paid his respect to the emperor. The following year, the Visigoths became allies of Rome, and for a time, the threat was avoided.

Meanwhile the West was faring not much better. Gratian, after an uneasy reign, was murdered in 383 by the British pretender, Magnus Maximus. From 383 to 387 Maximus was joint ruler of the West with Valentinian II., whom he had left in command of Italy rather from motives of policy than of clemency; but in the latter year he threw off the mask and, crossing the Alps, descended upon his colleague whose court was at Milan. Valentinian fled to Thessalonica and there threw himself on the mercy of Theodosius. Once more that general was to save the situation.

Meanwhile, the West wasn't doing much better. Gratian, after a troubled reign, was murdered in 383 by the British usurper, Magnus Maximus. From 383 to 387, Maximus ruled the West alongside Valentinian II, whom he had left in charge of Italy more for strategic reasons than out of kindness; however, in 387 he revealed his true intentions and, crossing the Alps, attacked his colleague, whose court was in Milan. Valentinian fled to Thessalonica and sought refuge with Theodosius. Once again, that general was called upon to save the day.

[ix]

Maximus was defeated by him at Aquileia and put to death, while Arbogast recovered Gaul by means of an almost bloodless campaign (388).

Maximus was defeated by him at Aquileia and executed, while Arbogast reclaimed Gaul through an almost bloodless campaign (388).

The next scene in the drama is the murder at Vienne on May 15, 392, of the feeble Valentinian at the instigation of Arbogast. Arbogast’s triumph was, however, short-lived. Not daring himself, a Frank, to assume the purple he invested therewith his secretary, the Roman Eugenius, intending to govern the West with Eugenius as a mere figure-head. Once more, and now for the last time, Theodosius saved the cause of legitimacy by defeating Eugenius at the battle of the Frigidus [1] in September 394. Eugenius was executed but Arbogast made good his escape, only to fall a few weeks later by his own hand.

The next scene in the drama is the murder of the weak Valentinian in Vienne on May 15, 392, at the urging of Arbogast. However, Arbogast's victory was short-lived. Not daring to take the throne himself, as a Frank, he appointed his secretary, the Roman Eugenius, to the position, planning to control the West with Eugenius as just a figurehead. Once again, and for the last time, Theodosius upheld the cause of legitimacy by defeating Eugenius at the battle of the Frigidus [1] in September 394. Eugenius was executed, but Arbogast managed to escape, only to take his own life a few weeks later.

Theodosius himself died on January 17, 395, leaving his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius, emperors of the East and West respectively. Arcadius was but a tool in the hands of his praetorian prefect, Rufinus, whose character is drawn with such venomous ferocity in Claudian’s two poems. Almost equally powerful and scarcely less corrupt seems to have been that other victim of Claudian’s splenetic verses, the eunuch chamberlain Eutropius, who became consul in the year 399. Both these men suffered a violent end: Eutropius, in spite of the pleadings of S. John Chrysostom, was put to death by Gainas, the commander of the Gothic troops in the East; Rufinus was torn to pieces in the presence of Arcadius himself by his Eastern troops.[2] The instigator of[x] this just murder was Claudian’s hero, Stilicho the Vandal.

Theodosius died on January 17, 395, leaving his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius, as emperors of the East and West, respectively. Arcadius was merely a puppet for his praetorian prefect, Rufinus, whose character is depicted with intense bitterness in Claudian’s two poems. Equally powerful and hardly less corrupt was the eunuch chamberlain Eutropius, another target of Claudian’s scathing verses, who became consul in 399. Both of these men met violent ends: Eutropius, despite the pleas of S. John Chrysostom, was killed by Gainas, the commander of the Gothic troops in the East; Rufinus was brutally killed in front of Arcadius by his Eastern troops.[2] The instigator of[x] this just murder was Claudian’s hero, Stilicho the Vandal.

Stilicho, who had been one of Theodosius’ generals, had been put in command of the troops sent to oppose Alaric, the Visigoth, when the latter had broken away from his allegiance to Rome and was spreading devastation throughout Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly. He was successful in his campaign, but, upon his marching south into Greece, in order to rid that country also of its Gothic invaders, he was forbidden by Rufinus to advance any farther. There can be little doubt that the murder of Rufinus was Stilicho’s answer.

Stilicho, who had been one of Theodosius’ generals, had taken charge of the troops sent to confront Alaric, the Visigoth, when he broke away from his loyalty to Rome and was wreaking havoc across Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly. He was successful in his campaign, but when he moved south into Greece to drive out the Gothic invaders there as well, Rufinus ordered him to stop. It’s hard to argue that Stilicho’s response was the assassination of Rufinus.

In spite of a subsequent victory over Alaric near Elis in the year 397, Stilicho’s success can have been but a partial one, for we find the Visigoth general occupying the post of Master of the Soldiery in Illyricum, the withholding of which office had been the main cause of his defection. Possibly, too, the revolt of Gildo in Africa had something to do with the unsatisfactory termination of the Visigothic war. It is interesting to observe the dependence of Italy on African corn, a dependence of which in the first century of the Christian era Vespasian, and right at the end of the second the pretender Pescennius Niger, threatened to make use. If we can credit the details of Claudian’s poem on the war (No. xv.), Rome was very shortly reduced to a state of semi-starvation by Gildo’s holding up of the corn fleet, and, but for Stilicho’s prompt action in sending Gildo’s own brother, Mascezel, to put down the rebellion, the situation might have become even more critical. The poet, it may be remarked, was in an awkward position with regard to the war for,[xi] though the real credit of victory was clearly due to Mascezel (cf. xv. 380 et sqq.), he nevertheless wished to attribute it to his hero Stilicho, and, as Stilicho had Mascezel executed [3] later in that same year (Gildo had been defeated at Tabraca July 31, 398), he prudently did not write, or perhaps suppressed, Book II.

In spite of a later victory over Alaric near Elis in the year 397, Stilicho's success can only be seen as partial, since we see the Visigoth general holding the position of Master of the Soldiery in Illyricum, the loss of which role was the main reason for his defection. It's also possible that the revolt of Gildo in Africa played a part in the disappointing outcome of the Visigothic war. It's interesting to note how dependent Italy was on African grain, a dependence that Vespasian in the first century of the Christian era, and the pretender Pescennius Niger at the end of the second century, threatened to exploit. If we can trust the details in Claudian's poem about the war (No. xv.), Rome was soon brought to a state of near-starvation because Gildo held up the grain fleet, and without Stilicho's quick decision to send Gildo's own brother, Mascezel, to suppress the rebellion, the situation could have become even worse. The poet was in a tricky position regarding the war; although the real credit for the victory belonged to Mascezel (cf. xv. 380 et sqq.), he wanted to give the credit to his hero Stilicho. Since Stilicho had Mascezel executed [3] later that same year (Gildo had been defeated at Tabraca on July 31, 398), he wisely chose not to write, or maybe suppressed, Book II.

Stilicho, who had married Serena, niece and adoptive daughter of Theodosius, still further secured his position by giving his daughter, Maria, in marriage to the young Emperor Honorius in the year 398. This “father-in-law and son-in-law of an emperor,” as Claudian is never wearied of calling him, did the country of his adoption a signal service by the defeat at Pollentia on Easter Day (April 6), 402, of Alaric, who, for reasons of which we really know nothing, had again proved unfaithful to Rome and had invaded and laid waste Italy in the winter of 401-402.

Stilicho, who was married to Serena, the niece and adoptive daughter of Theodosius, further solidified his position by marrying off his daughter, Maria, to the young Emperor Honorius in 398. This "father-in-law and son-in-law of an emperor," as Claudian repeatedly refers to him, served the country he adopted well by defeating Alaric at Pollentia on Easter Day (April 6), 402. Alaric had once again betrayed Rome for reasons that remain unclear and invaded Italy, causing destruction in the winter of 401-402.

The battle of Pollentia was the last important event in Claudian’s lifetime. He seems to have died in 404, four years before the murder of Stilicho by the jealous Honorius and six before the sack of Rome by Alaric—a disaster which Stilicho [4] alone, perhaps, might have averted.

The battle of Pollentia was the last significant event in Claudian’s life. He appears to have died in 404, four years before the murder of Stilicho by the envious Honorius and six years before Alaric's sack of Rome—a disaster that Stilicho [4] alone might have prevented.

So much for the historical background of the life of the poet. Of the details of his career we are not well informed. Something, indeed, we can gather from the pages of the poet himself, though it is not much, but besides this we have to guide us only Hesychius of Miletus’ short[xii] article in Suidas’ lexicon, a brief mention in the Chronicle of 395, and (a curious survival) the inscription [5] under the statue which, as he himself tells us,[6] emperor and senate had made in his honour and set up in the Forum of Trajan. We are ignorant even of the date of his birth and can only conjecture that it was about the year 370. Of the place of his birth we are equally uninformed by contemporary and credible testimony, but there can be little doubt that he came from Egypt,[7] probably from Alexandria itself. We have, for what it is worth, the word of[xiii] Suidas and the lines of Sidonius Apollinaris,[8] which clearly refer to Claudian and which give Canopus as the place of his birth. (Canopus is almost certainly to be taken as synonymous with Egypt.) But besides these two statements we have only to look at his interest in things Egyptian, e.g. his poems on the Nile, the Phoenix, etc., at such passages as his account of the rites at Memphis,[9] at such phrases as “nostro cognite Nilo,”[10] to see that the poet is an Egyptian himself. It is probable that, whether or not he spent all his early life in Egypt, Claudian did not visit Rome until 394. We know from his own statement [11] that his first essays in literature were all of them written in Greek and that it was not until the year 395 that he started to write Latin. It is not unlikely, therefore, that his change of country and of literary language were more or less contemporaneous, and it is highly probable that he was in Rome before January 3, 395, on which day his friends the Anicii (Probinus and Olybrius) entered upon their consulship. Speaking, moreover, of Stilicho’s consulship in 400 Claudian mentions a five years’ absence.[12] Not long after January 3, 395, Claudian seems to have betaken himself to the court at Milan, and it is from there that he sends letters to Probinus and Olybrius.[13] Here the poet seems to have stayed for five years, and here he seems to[xiv] have won for himself a position of some importance. As we see from the inscription quoted above, he became vir clarissimus, tribunus et notarius, and, as he does not continue further along the road of honours (does not, for instance, become a vir spectabilis) we must suppose that he served in some capacity on Stilicho’s private staff. No doubt he became a sort of poet laureate.

So much for the historical background of the poet's life. We don't have a lot of information about the details of his career. We can gather a bit from the poet's own writings, but it’s not much. Aside from that, we only have Hesychius of Miletus’ brief article in Suidas’ lexicon, a short mention in the Chronicle of 395, and an interesting survival: the inscription under the statue that, as he tells us, the emperor and senate created in his honor and placed in the Forum of Trajan. We don't even know when he was born, but we can guess it was around the year 370. We also lack reliable contemporary sources about where he was born, but it’s widely believed that he came from Egypt, probably from Alexandria itself. For what it’s worth, we have the accounts of Suidas and the lines of Sidonius Apollinaris, which clearly refer to Claudian and name Canopus as his birthplace (Canopus is almost certainly synonymous with Egypt). Besides these two sources, we can look at his interest in Egyptian themes—such as his poems on the Nile and the Phoenix, along with his description of the rites at Memphis—and phrases like “nostro cognite Nilo” to confirm the poet’s Egyptian heritage. It's likely that, whether or not he spent all his early life in Egypt, Claudian did not arrive in Rome until 394. He stated that all his early literary works were in Greek, and it wasn’t until 395 that he began writing in Latin. Therefore, it's quite possible that his move to a new country and a new literary language happened around the same time, and it is very probable he was in Rome before January 3, 395, when his friends the Anicii (Probinus and Olybrius) began their consulship. Moreover, when discussing Stilicho's consulship in 400, Claudian mentions a five-year absence. Not long after January 3, 395, Claudian appears to have gone to the court in Milan, from where he sent letters to Probinus and Olybrius. It seems he stayed there for five years and gained a position of some significance. As seen in the inscription mentioned earlier, he became vir clarissimus, tribunus et notarius, and since he didn't continue to climb the ranks of honors (for example, he didn’t become a vir spectabilis), we can assume he served in some capacity on Stilicho’s private staff. He likely became a sort of poet laureate.

It is probable that the “De raptu” was written during the first two years of his sojourn at the court of Milan. The poem is dedicated, or addressed, to Florentinus,[14] who was praefectus urbi from August 395 to the end of 397 when he fell into disgrace with Stilicho. It is to this circumstance that we are to attribute the unfinished state of Claudian’s poem.

It’s likely that the “De raptu” was written during the first two years he spent at the court in Milan. The poem is dedicated to Florentinus,[14] who served as the city prefect from August 395 until the end of 397, when he lost favor with Stilicho. We can attribute the unfinished nature of Claudian’s poem to this situation.

The Emperor Honorius became consul for the third time on January 3, 396, and on this occasion Claudian read his Panegyric in the emperor’s presence.[15]

The Emperor Honorius took on the role of consul for the third time on January 3, 396, and during this event, Claudian delivered his Panegyric in front of the emperor.[15]

Some five weeks before this event another of greater importance had occurred in the East. This was the murder of Rufinus, the praetorian prefect, amid the circumstances that have been related above. The date of the composition of Claudian’s two poems “In Rufinum” is certainly to be placed within the years 395-397, and the mention of a “tenuem moram”[16] makes it probable that Book II. was written considerably later than Book I.; the references, moreover, in the Preface to Book II. to a victory of Stilicho clearly point to that general’s defeat of the Goths near Elis in 397.

Some five weeks before this event, another one of greater significance took place in the East. This was the murder of Rufinus, the praetorian prefect, under the circumstances mentioned earlier. The date when Claudian wrote his two poems “In Rufinum” is definitely around the years 395-397, and the mention of a “tenuem moram”[16] suggests that Book II was written quite a bit later than Book I. Additionally, the references in the Preface to Book II to a victory of Stilicho clearly indicate that general’s defeat of the Goths near Elis in 397.

To the year 398 belong the Panegyric on the[xv] fourth consulship of Honorius and the poems celebrating the marriage of the emperor to Stilicho’s daughter, Maria. We have already seen that the Gildo episode and Claudian’s poem on that subject are to be attributed to this same year.

The consuls for the year 399 were both, in different ways, considered worthy of the poet’s pen. Perhaps the most savage of all his poems was directed against Eutropius, the eunuch chamberlain, whose claim to the consulship the West never recognized,[17] while a Panegyric on Flavius Manlius Theodorus made amends for an abusive epigram which the usually more politic Claudian had previously levelled at him.[18]

The consuls for the year 399 were both seen as deserving of the poet's attention, albeit in different ways. One of his most biting poems was aimed at Eutropius, the eunuch chamberlain, whose claim to the consulship was never accepted by the West,[17] while a eulogy for Flavius Manlius Theodorus served as a counter to an insulting epigram that the usually more diplomatic Claudian had previously directed at him.[18]

At the end of 399, or possibly at the beginning of 400, Claudian returned to Rome [19] where, probably in February,[20] he recited his poem on the consulship of Stilicho; and we have no reason for supposing that the poet left the capital from this time on until his departure for his ill-starred journey four years later. In the year 402,[21] as has already been mentioned, Stilicho defeated Alaric at Pollentia, and Claudian recited his poem on the Gothic war sometime during the summer of the same year. The scene of the recitation seems to have been the Bibliotheca Templi Apollinis.[22] It was in this year, too, that the poet reached the summit of his greatness[xvi] in the dedication of the statue which, as we have seen, was accorded to him by the wishes of the emperor and at the demand of the senate.

At the end of 399, or maybe at the beginning of 400, Claudian returned to Rome [19] where, likely in February,[20] he performed his poem about Stilicho's consulship; and we have no reason to believe that the poet left the city from that point until he embarked on his unfortunate journey four years later. In 402,[21] as previously mentioned, Stilicho defeated Alaric at Pollentia, and Claudian recited his poem about the Gothic war sometime during the summer of that same year. The recitation likely took place at the Bibliotheca Templi Apollinis.[22] It was also in this year that the poet reached the height of his success[xvi] with the dedication of the statue which, as we noted, was given to him by the wishes of the emperor and at the request of the senate.

The last of Claudian’s datable public poems is that on the sixth consulship of Honorius. It was composed probably towards the end of 403 and recited in Rome on (or after) the occasion of the emperor’s triumphant entry into the city. The emperor had just returned after inflicting a defeat on the Goths at Verona in the summer of 403. It is reasonable to suppose that this triumphant entry (to which the poem refers in some detail, ll. 331-639) took place on the day on which the emperor assumed the consular office, viz. January 3, 404.

The last of Claudian’s dated public poems is about Honorius's sixth consulship. It was likely written toward the end of 403 and performed in Rome during (or after) the emperor's grand entry into the city. The emperor had just come back after defeating the Goths at Verona in the summer of 403. It's reasonable to think that this triumphant entry (which the poem discusses in detail, ll. 331-639) happened on the day the emperor took on the consular role, which was January 3, 404.

In the year 404 Claudian seems to have married some protégée of Serena’s. Of the two poems addressed to her the “Laus Serenae” is clearly the earlier, and we may take the other, the “Epistola ad Serenam,” to be the last poem Claudian ever wrote. It is a poem which seems to have been written on his honeymoon, during the course of which he died.[23]

In the year 404, Claudian appears to have married a protégé of Serena’s. Of the two poems dedicated to her, the “Laus Serenae” is definitely the earlier one, and we can consider the other, the “Epistola ad Serenam,” to be the last poem Claudian ever wrote. It seems to have been composed during his honeymoon, a trip during which he died.[23]

It is not easy to arrive at any just estimate of Claudian as a writer, partly because of an inevitable tendency to confuse relative with absolute standards, and partly (and it is saying much the same thing in other words) because it is so hard to separate Claudian the poet from Claudian the manipulator of the Latin language. If we compare his latinity with that of his contemporaries (with the possible exception of Rutilius) or with that of such a poet as Sidonius Apollinaris, who came not much more[xvii] than half a century after him, it is hard to withhold our admiration from a writer who could, at least as far as his language is concerned, challenge comparison with poets such as Valerius Flaccus, Silius Italicus, and Statius—poets who flourished about three centuries before him.[24] I doubt whether, subject matter set aside, Claudian might not deceive the very elect into thinking him a contemporary of Statius, with whose Silvae his own shorter poems have much in common.

It's not easy to come up with a fair assessment of Claudian as a writer, partly because there's a natural tendency to mix up relative and absolute standards, and partly (which is really saying the same thing in different words) because it's tough to separate Claudian the poet from Claudian the master of the Latin language. If we compare his Latin to that of his peers (with the exception of Rutilius) or to a poet like Sidonius Apollinaris, who lived about fifty years after him, it's hard not to admire a writer who could, at least in terms of his language, stand alongside poets like Valerius Flaccus, Silius Italicus, and Statius—poets who thrived about three centuries before him.[24] I wonder if, putting topic aside, Claudian might not trick even the most discerning into thinking he's a contemporary of Statius, with whose Silvae his own shorter poems share a lot in common.

Even as a poet Claudian is not always despicable. His descriptions are often clever, e.g. the Aponus, and many passages in the “De raptu.”[25] His treatment of somewhat commonplace and often threadbare themes is not seldom successful—for example, the poem on the Phoenix and a four-line description of the horses of the dawn in the Panegyric on Honorius’ fourth consulship [26]—and he has a happy knack of phrase-making which often relieves a tedious page:

Even as a poet, Claudian isn't always seen as bad. His descriptions are often clever, like the Aponus, and many passages in the “De raptu.”[25] His take on somewhat ordinary and often worn-out themes is frequently successful—for instance, the poem about the Phoenix and a four-line description of the horses of dawn in the Panegyric on Honorius’ fourth consulship [26]—and he has a great talent for phrasing that often makes a dull page more interesting:

ille vel aerata Danaën in turre latentem

eliceret [27]

he says of the pander Eutropius.

he talks about the pander Eutropius.

But perhaps Claudian’s forte is invective. The panegyrics (with the doubtful exception of that on[xviii] Manlius, which is certainly brighter than the others) are uniformly dull, but the poems on Rufinus and Eutropius are, though doubtless in the worst of taste, at least in parts amusing.

But maybe Claudian’s strength lies in his invective. The praises (except possibly the one about[xviii] Manlius, which is definitely more lively than the others) are pretty boring, but the poems about Rufinus and Eutropius are, while certainly in terrible taste, at least entertaining in parts.

Claudian’s faults are easy to find. He mistook memory for inspiration and so is often wordy and tedious, as for instance in his three poems on Stilicho’s consulship.[28] Worse than this he is frequently obscure and involved—witness his seven poems on the drop of water contained within the rock crystal.[29] The besetting sin, too, of almost all post-Virgilian Roman poets, I mean a “conceited” frigidity, is one into which he is particularly liable to fall. Examples are almost too numerous to cite but the following are typical: “nusquam totiensque sepultus”[30] of the body of Rufinus, torn limb from limb by the infuriated soldiery; “caudamque in puppe retorquens Ad proram iacet usque leo”[31] of one of the animals brought from Africa for the games at Stilicho’s triumph; “saevusque Damastor, Ad depellendos iaculum cum quaereret hostes, Germani rigidum misit pro rupe cadaver”[32] of the giant Pallas turned to stone by the Gorgon’s head on Minerva’s shield. Consider, too, the remarkable[xix] statement that Stilicho, in swimming the Addua, showed greater bravery than Horatius Cocles because, while the latter swam away from Lars Porsenna, the former “dabat … Geticis pectora bellis.”[33]

Claudian's flaws are easy to spot. He confused memory with inspiration, which often makes his writing wordy and tedious, as seen in his three poems about Stilicho's consulship.[28] Even worse, he is frequently unclear and convoluted—just look at his seven poems about the drop of water trapped in rock crystal.[29] The common fault of nearly all post-Virgilian Roman poets, which I would describe as a “pretentious” coldness, is one that he tends to fall into quite often. There are so many examples that it's hard to choose, but here are a few typical ones: “nusquam totiensque sepultus”[30] referring to the body of Rufinus, torn to pieces by the angry soldiers; “caudamque in puppe retorquens Ad proram iacet usque leo”[31] about one of the animals brought from Africa for the games at Stilicho’s triumph; “saevusque Damastor, Ad depellendos iaculum cum quaereret hostes, Germani rigidum misit pro rupe cadaver”[32] that speaks of the giant Pallas turned to stone by the Gorgon’s head on Minerva’s shield. Also consider the striking[xix] statement that, while swimming across the Addua, Stilicho showed more courage than Horatius Cocles because, while the latter swam away from Lars Porsenna, the former “dabat … Geticis pectora bella.”[33]

Two of the poems are interesting as touching upon Christianity (Carm. min. corp. xxxii. “De salvatore,” and l. “In Iacobum”). The second of these two poems can scarcely be held to be serious, and although the first is unobjectionable it cannot be said to stamp its author as a sincere Christian. Orosius [34] and S. Augustine [35] both declare him to have been a heathen, but it is probable that, like his master Stilicho, Claudian rendered the new and orthodox religion at least lip-service.

Two of the poems are noteworthy for touching on Christianity (Carm. min. corp. xxxii. “De salvatore,” and l. “In Iacobum”). The second poem is hardly serious, and while the first one is fine, it doesn't prove that the author was a genuine Christian. Orosius [34] and St. Augustine [35] both claim he was a pagan, but it's likely that, like his mentor Stilicho, Claudian at least paid lip service to the new and mainstream religion.

It seems likely that after the death of Claudian (404) and that of his hero, Stilicho, the political poems (with the exception of the Panegyric on Probinus and Olybrius,[36] which did not concern Stilicho) were collected and published separately. The “Carmina minora” may have been published about the same time. The subsequent conflation of these two portions came to be known as “Claudianus maior,” the “De raptu” being “Claudianus minor.”

It seems likely that after Claudian's death (404) and that of his hero, Stilicho, the political poems (except for the Panegyric on Probinus and Olybrius,[36] which were not about Stilicho) were gathered and published separately. The “Carmina minora” may have been published around the same time. The later combination of these two collections became known as “Claudianus maior,” while the “De raptu” was referred to as “Claudianus minor.”

The MSS. of Claudian’s poems fall into two main classes:

The Manuscripts. of Claudian’s poems are divided into two main categories:

(1) Those which Birt refers to as the Codices[xx] maiores and which contain the bulk of the poems but seldom the “De raptu.”

(1) Those that Birt calls the Codices[xx] maiores contain most of the poems but rarely include the “De raptu.”

(2) Those which Birt calls the Codices minores and which contain (generally exclusively) the “De raptu.”

(2) Those that Birt refers to as the Codices minores and which include (usually exclusively) the “De raptu.”

Class (1) may be again divided into (a) MSS. proper; (b) excerpts. I give Birt’s abbreviations.

Class (1) can be divided again into (a) manuscripts proper; (b) excerpts. Here are Birt’s abbreviations.

(a) The most important are:

The key ones are:

R = Cod. Veronensis 163. 9th century. Contains only the “Carmina minora.”
G = Cod. Sangallensis S n. 429. 9th century. Contains only the (Latin) “Gigantomachia.”
G (sic) = Cod. Reginensis 123. 11th century. Contains only “De Nilo.”
V = Cod. Vaticanus 2809. 12th century.
P = Cod. Parisinus lat. 18,552. 12th or 13th century. Contains all the “Carmina maiora” except (as usual) the “De raptu” and “Pan. Prob. et Olyb.” No “minora.”
C = Cod. Bruxellensis 5380-4. (?) 12th-13th century.
Π = Cod. Parisinus lat. 8082. 13th century. This is Heinsius’ “Regius.” The Ms. once belonged to Petrarch and still bears his name.
B = Cod. Neapolitanus Borbonicus 1111 E 47. 13th century.
A = Cod. Ambrosianus S 66. 15th century. Contains all the “maiora” except the “De raptu” and “Pan. Prob. et Olyb.”
J = Cod. Cantabrigiensis coll. Trinitatis 0.3.22. 13th century.

[xxi]

Besides these are many inferior MSS. referred to collectively by Birt as ς.

Besides these, there are many lesser Manuscripts. referred to collectively by Birt as ς.

(b) Consists of:

(b) Includes:

E = Excerpta Florentina. 15th century.
e = Excerpta Gyraldina. 16th century.

Each of them resembles the other closely and both come from a common parent.

Each of them looks very similar to the other, and they both come from the same parent.

Under (b) may further be mentioned the Basel edition of Isengrin (1534), which preserves an independent tradition.

Under (b) we can also note the Basel edition of Isengrin (1534), which maintains a distinct tradition.

Birt postulates an archetype (Ω), dating between 6th and 9th centuries, and two main “streams,” x and y; y being again subdivided into w and z.

Birt suggests an archetype (Ω) from between the 6th and 9th centuries, along with two main "streams," x and y; y is further divided into w and z.

The following is the family “tree.” Letters enclosed in brackets refer to non-existent MSS.

The following is the family “tree.” Letters in brackets refer to non-existent Manuscripts.

Of class (2) may be mentioned:

Of class (2) we can mention:

[xxii]

S = Cod. Parisinus lat. 15,005. 13th or 14th century.
C = Cod. Cantabrigiensis coll. corp. Christi 228. 13th century.
D = Cod. Musei Britannici 6042. 13th century.
W = Cod. Antverpiensis iii. 59. 12th or 13th century.
F = Cod. Florentinus bibl. St. Crucis. 12th century.
A, B = Codd. Oxonienses Bodleiani. (?) 13th century.
V = Cod. Antverpiensis N. 71. 14th century.

It is to be observed that in Birt’s edition, and in any other that accepts his “sigla,” A B C and V stand for different MSS. according to whether they refer, or do not refer, to the “De raptu.”

It should be noted that in Birt’s edition, and in any other that follows his “sigla,” A, B, C, and V represent different MSS. depending on whether they refer to the “De raptu” or not.

Some MSS. contain scholia but none of these go back before the 12th or even the 13th century.

Some Manuscripts. have notes, but none of these date back earlier than the 12th or even the 13th century.

The chief editions of Claudian are as follows:

The main editions of Claudian are as follows:

Ed. princeps:
Celsanus, Vicenza, 1482.
Ugolentus, Parma, 1500.
Parrhasius, Milan, 1500.
Camers, Vienna, 1510.
Aldine ed. (Asulanus), 1523.
Isengrin ed. (Michael Bentinus), Basel, 1534.[37]
Claverius, Paris, 1602.

Like Bentinus, Claverius used certain MSS. (in his case those of the library of Cuiacius) unknown to us.[xxiii][38]

Like Bentinus, Claverius used some MSS. (specifically those from the library of Cuiacius) that are unknown to us.[xxiii][38]

Plantin ed. (Scaliger), 1603.
Elzevir ed. (Heinsius), Leyden, 1650.
Amsterdam, 1665.
Barth, Hanau, 1612.
Frankfort, 1650.
Delphin ed. (Pyrrho), Paris, 1677.
Burmann, Amsterdam, 1760.
König, Göttingen, 1808.

These last three have good explanatory notes.

These last three have helpful explanatory notes.

The first critical edition is that of L. Jeep (Leipzig, 1876-79).

The first critical edition is by L. Jeep (Leipzig, 1876-79).

In 1892 Birt published what must be considered as the standard edition of Claudian—vol. x. in the Monumenta Germaniae historica series. Birt was the first to put the text of Claudian on a firm footing, and it is his edition that I have followed, appending critical notes only where I differ from him.[39]

In 1892, Birt released what is regarded as the standard edition of Claudian—volume x in the Monumenta Germaniae historica series. Birt was the first to establish a solid foundation for the text of Claudian, and this is the edition I have used, adding critical notes only where I differ from him.[39]

The latest edition of Claudian is that of Koch (Teubner, Leipzig, 1893). Koch was long associated with Birt in his researches into textual questions connected with Claudian, and his text is substantially the same as that of Birt.

The latest edition of Claudian is the one by Koch (Teubner, Leipzig, 1893). Koch worked closely with Birt on textual issues related to Claudian, and his text is largely similar to Birt's.

[xxiv]

So far as I know, there is no English prose translation of Claudian already in the field, though various of his poems, notably the “De raptu,” have found many verse translators, and in 1817 his complete works were put into English verse by A. Hawkins. An Italian version was published by Domenico Grillo in Venice in 1716, a German one by Wedekind in Darmstadt in 1868, and there exist two French prose translations, one by MM. Delatour and Geruzez (éd. Nisard, Paris, 1850) and one by M. Héguin de Guerle (Garnier frères, Collection Panckoucke, Paris, 1865).

As far as I know, there isn't an English prose translation of Claudian available yet, although several of his poems, especially the “De raptu,” have been translated into verse by various authors. In 1817, A. Hawkins translated his complete works into English verse. An Italian version was released by Domenico Grillo in Venice in 1716, a German translation by Wedekind in Darmstadt in 1868, and there are two French prose translations: one by MM. Delatour and Geruzez (edited by Nisard, Paris, 1850) and another by M. Héguin de Guerle (Garnier frères, Collection Panckoucke, Paris, 1865).

Of Claudiana may be mentioned Vogt, De Claudiani carminum quae Stilichonem praedicant fide historica (1863); Ney, Vindictae Claudianeae (1865); T. Hodgkin’s Claudian, the last of the Roman Poets (1875); E. Arens’ Quaestiones Claudianae (1894); two studies by A. Parravicini, (1) Studio di retorica sulle opere di Claudio Claudiano (1905), and (2) I Panegirici di Claudiano (1909); J. H. E. Crees’ Claudian as an Historical Authority (Cambridge Historical Essays, No. 17, 1908); Professor Postgate’s article on the editions of Birt and Koch in the Class. Rev. (vol. ix. pp. 162 et sqq.), and the same scholar’s Emendations in the Class. Quarterly of 1910 (pp. 257 et sqq.). Reference may also be made to Professor Bury’s appendix to vol. iii. of his edition of Gibbon (1897, under “Claudian”) and to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. xxx. The Encomiums of Claudius Claudianus. Vollmer’s article in Pauly-Wissowa’s Lexicon is a mine of information, but for completeness Birt’s introduction (over 200 pp. long) stands alone.

Of Claudiana, we can mention Vogt, De Claudiani carminum quae Stilichonem praedicant fide historica (1863); Ney, Vindictae Claudianeae (1865); T. Hodgkin’s Claudian, the last of the Roman Poets (1875); E. Arens’ Quaestiones Claudianae (1894); two studies by A. Parravicini, (1) Studio di retorica sulle opere di Claudio Claudiano (1905), and (2) I Panegirici di Claudiano (1909); J. H. E. Crees’ Claudian as an Historical Authority (Cambridge Historical Essays, No. 17, 1908); Professor Postgate’s article on the editions of Birt and Koch in the Class. Rev. (vol. ix. pp. 162 et sqq.), and the same scholar’s Emendations in the Class. Quarterly of 1910 (pp. 257 et sqq.). Reference may also be made to Professor Bury’s appendix to vol. iii. of his edition of Gibbon (1897, under “Claudian”) and to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. xxx. The Encomiums of Claudius Claudianus. Vollmer’s article in Pauly-Wissowa’s Lexicon is full of information, but for completeness, Birt’s introduction (over 200 pp. long) is unmatched.

The curious may find an interesting light thrown[xxv] on Claudian and his circle by Sudermann’s play, Die Lobgesänge des Claudian (Berlin, 1914).

The curious might discover intriguing insights about Claudian and his circle through Sudermann's play, Die Lobgesänge des Claudian (Berlin, 1914).

All Claudian’s genuine works are translated in the present volumes with the exception of the two-line fragment “De Lanario” (Birt, c.m.c. lii [lxxxviii.]). The appendix “vel spuria vel suspecta continens” has been rejected both by Birt and Koch, and I have in this followed their example. The eight Greek poems attributed to Claudian are at least of doubtful authenticity, though Birt certainly makes out a good case for the “Gigantomachia” (a fragment of 77 lines). The remainder consists of short epigrams, two on the well-worn theme of the water enclosed in the crystal and two Christian ones. These last are almost certainly not the work of Claudius Claudianus but of Claudianus Mamertus, presbyter of Vienne circ. 474 A.D. We know from Sidonius (Ep. iv. 3. 8) that this Claudian was a writer of sacred poetry both in Greek and Latin—indeed the famous “Pange lingua” is attributed to him.

All of Claudian's genuine works are translated in these volumes, except for the two-line fragment "De Lanario" (Birt, c.m.c. lii [lxxxviii.]). The appendix "vel spuria vel suspecta continens" has been rejected by both Birt and Koch, and I have followed their lead on this. The eight Greek poems attributed to Claudian are at least questionable in authenticity, although Birt certainly makes a strong argument for the "Gigantomachia" (a fragment of 77 lines). The rest consists of short epigrams, with two about the common theme of water trapped in crystal and two Christian ones. The latter are almost certainly not by Claudius Claudianus, but by Claudianus Mamertus, a presbyter of Vienne around 474 A.D. We know from Sidonius (Ep. iv. 3. 8) that this Claudian wrote sacred poetry in both Greek and Latin—indeed, the famous "Pange lingua" is attributed to him.

A word should perhaps be said as to the numbering of the poems.

A note should probably be made about how the poems are numbered.

It is much to be regretted that Birt did not cut adrift from Gesner’s system, or at least that he only did so in the “Carmina minora.” The resultant discrepancy in his (and Koch’s) edition between the order of the poems and their numbering is undoubtedly a nuisance, but I have not felt justified, in so slight a work as the present one, in departing from the now traditional arrangement.

It’s unfortunate that Birt didn’t move away from Gesner’s system, or at least that he only did so in the “Carmina minora.” The resulting inconsistency in his (and Koch’s) edition regarding the order of the poems and their numbering is definitely annoying, but I didn’t feel it was right, in such a brief work as this one, to stray from the now traditional arrangement.

[xxvi]

I wish, in conclusion, to express my thanks to my colleagues, Mr. R. L. A. Du Pontet and Mr. E. H. Blakeney: to the first for valuable suggestions on several obscure points, and to the second for help in reading the proofs.

I want to end by thanking my colleagues, Mr. R. L. A. Du Pontet and Mr. E. H. Blakeney: to the first for helpful suggestions on a few unclear points, and to the second for assistance with reading the proofs.

MAURICE PLATNAUER.

Winchester, September 1921.

Winchester, September 1921.

[1] Cf. vii. 99 et sqq.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Compare. vii. 99 and following.

[2] v. 348 et sqq. S. Jerome (Ep. lx.) refers to his death and tells how his head was carried on a pike to Constantinople.

[2] v. 348 et sqq. S. Jerome (Ep. lx.) mentions his death and describes how his head was displayed on a pike in Constantinople.

[3] Or at least connived at his death; see Zosimus v. 11. 5.

[3] Or at least was complicit in his death; see Zosimus v. 11. 5.

[4] For an adverse (and probably unfair) view of Stilicho see Jerome, Ep. cxxiii. § 17.

[4] For a negative (and likely unjust) perspective on Stilicho, see Jerome, Ep. cxxiii. § 17.

[5] C.I.L. vi. 1710 (=Dessau 2949). Now in the Naples Museum.

Εἰν ἑνὶ Βιργιλίοιο νόον | καί Μοῦσαν Ὁμήρου |

Κλαυδιανὸν Ῥώμη καὶ | βασιλῆς ἔθεσαν.

v.c. = vir clarissimus, i.e. (roughly) The Rt. Hon. dd. nn. = domini nostri. The inscription may be translated:—To Claudius Claudianus v.c., son of Claudius Claudianus v.c., tribune and notary (i.e. Permanent Secretary), master of the ennobling arts but above all a poet and most famous of poets, though his own poems are enough to ensure his immortality, yet, in thankful memory of his discretion and loyalty, their serene and learned majesties, the Emperors Arcadius and Honorius have, at the instance of the senate, bidden this statue to be raised and set up in the Forum of the Emperor Trajan of blessed memory.

v.c. = vir clarissimus, i.e. (roughly) The Rt. Hon. dd. nn. = domini nostri. The inscription can be translated as:—To Claudius Claudianus v.c., son of Claudius Claudianus v.c., tribune and notary (i.e. Permanent Secretary), master of the ennobling arts but above all a poet and the most famous of poets. While his own poems are enough to guarantee his immortality, in grateful recognition of his wisdom and loyalty, their serene and learned majesties, the Emperors Arcadius and Honorius have, at the request of the senate, commanded that this statue be erected in the Forum of the Emperor Trajan of blessed memory.

Rome and her kings—to one who has combined

A Homer’s music with a Vergil’s mind.

[6] xxv. 7.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 25. 7.

[7] John Lydus (De magistr. i. 47) writes οὖτος ὁ Παφλαγών, but this, as Birt has shown, is merely an abusive appellation.

[7] John Lydus (De magistr. i. 47) writes οὖτος ὁ Παφλαγών, but as Birt has pointed out, this is just a derogatory term.

[8] Sid. Ap. Carm. ix. 274.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Sid. Ap. Carm. ix. 274.

[9] viii. 570 et sqq.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ viii. 570 and following

[10] Carm. min. corp. xix. 3: cf. also Carm. min. corp. xxii. 20.

[10] Carm. min. corp. xix. 3: see also Carm. min. corp. xxii. 20.

[11] Carm. min. corp. xli. 13.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Carm. min. corp. xli. 13.

[12] xxiii. 23.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 23.

[13] Carm. min. corp. xl. and xli.; see ref. to Via Flaminia in xl. 8.

[14] Praef. ii. 50.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Preface II. 50.

[15] vi. 17.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 17.

[16] iv. 15.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 4. 15.

[17] Cf. xxii. 291 et sqq.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ See xxii. 291 and following

[18] Carm. min. xxi.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Carm. min. xxi.

[19] xxiii. 23.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 23.

[20] So Birt, Praef. p. xlii. note 1.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ So Birt, Praef. p. xlii, note 1.

[21] It should perhaps be mentioned that this date is disputed: see Crees, Claudian as an Historical Authority, pp. 175 et sqq.

[21] It's worth noting that this date is contested: see Crees, Claudian as an Historical Authority, pp. 175 et sqq.

[22] xxv. 4 “Pythia … domus.”

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ xxv. 4 “Pythia … home.”

[23] This suggestion is Vollmer’s: see his article on Claudian in Pauly-Wissowa, III. ii. p. 2655.

[23] This suggestion comes from Vollmer: see his article on Claudian in Pauly-Wissowa, III. ii. p. 2655.

[24] Still more striking is the comparison of Claudian’s latinity with that of his contemporary, the authoress of the frankly colloquial Peregrinatio ad loca sancta (see Grandgent, Vulgar Latin, p. 5: Wölfflin, “Über die Latinität der P. ad l. sancta,” in Archiv für lat. Lexikographie, iv. 259).

[24] Even more notable is the comparison of Claudian's style of Latin with that of his contemporary, the author of the openly conversational Peregrinatio ad loca sancta (see Grandgent, Vulgar Latin, p. 5: Wölfflin, “Über die Latinität der P. ad l. sancta,” in Archiv für lat. Lexikographie, iv. 259).

[25] It is not impossible that this poem is a translation or at least an adaptation of a Greek (Alexandrine) original. So Förster, Der Raub und die Rückkehr der Persephone, Stuttgart, 1874.

[25] It’s possible that this poem is a translation or at least an adaptation of a Greek (Alexandrine) original. So Förster, Der Raub und die Rückkehr der Persephone, Stuttgart, 1874.

[26] viii. 561-4 (dawns seem to suit him: cf. i. 1-6).

[26] viii. 561-4 (mornings seem to fit him: cf. i. 1-6).

[27] xviii. 82, 83.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 18. 82, 83.

[28] Honourable exception should be made of xxi. 291 et sqq.—one of the best and most sincere things Claudian ever wrote.

[28] A notable exception should be made for xxi. 291 et sqq.—one of the best and most genuine pieces Claudian ever wrote.

[29] It is worth observing that not infrequently Claudian is making “tentamina,” or writing alternative lines: e.g. Carm. min. corp. vii. 1 and 2, and almost certainly the four lines of id. vi. v. is quite likely “a trial” for some such passage as xv. 523.

[29] It's important to note that Claudian often writes “tentamina,” or tries out different lines: e.g. Carm. min. corp. vii. 1 and 2, and the four lines of id. vi. v. are likely an attempt for a passage like xv. 523.

[30] v. 453.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ v. 453.

[31] xxiv. 357-8.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 24. 357-8.

[32] Carm. min. corp. liii. 101-3.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Carm. min. corp. liii. 101-3.

[33] xxviii. 490.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ 28. 490.

[34] vii. 35 “Paganus pervicacissimus.”

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ vii. 35 “Stubbornly pagan.”

[35] Civ. dei, v. 26 “a Christi numine alienus.”

[35] Civ. dei, v. 26 “under the influence of Christ.”

[36] This poem does not seem to have been associated with the others till the 12th century.

[36] This poem doesn't appear to have been linked with the others until the 12th century.

[37] See section on MSS.

See section on MSS.

[38] Koch, De codicibus Cuiacianis quibus in edendo Claudiano Claverius usus est, Marburg, 1889.

[38] Koch, On the Cuiacian Codices Used by Claudian Claverius in Editing, Marburg, 1889.

[39] I should like if possible to anticipate criticism by frankly stating that the text of this edition makes no claims to being based on scientific principles. I have followed Birt not because I think him invariably right but because his is at present the standard text. Where I differ from him (and this is but in a few places) I do so not because I prefer the authority of another MS. or because I am convinced of the rightness of a conjecture, but because Birt’s conservatism commits him (in my opinion) to untranslatable readings, in which cases my choice of a variant is arbitrary. Of the principle of difficilior lectio I pragmatically take no account.

[39] I’d like to preempt any criticism by stating openly that the text of this edition doesn’t claim to be based on scientific principles. I’ve followed Birt not because I think he’s always right, but because his work is currently the standard reference. Where I disagree with him (and it’s only in a few places), it’s not because I trust another Ms. more or because I’m certain a conjecture is correct, but because Birt’s conservatism leads him, in my view, to readings that can’t be translated. In those situations, my choice of an alternative is random. I don’t take the principle of difficilior lectio into account practically.

[1]

CLAUDIAN

CLAUDII CLAUDIANI CARMINA

[2]

PANEGYRICUS DICTUS PROBINO ET OLYBRIO CONSULIBUS

I

Sol, qui flammigeris mundum complexus habenis

volvis inexhausto redeuntia saecula motu,

sparge diem meliore coma crinemque repexi

blandius elato surgant temone iugales

efflantes roseum frenis spumantibus ignem.

iam nova germanis vestigia torqueat annus

consulibus, laetique petant exordia menses.

Scis genus Auchenium, nec te latuere potentes

Anniadae; nam saepe soles ductoribus illis

instaurare vias et cursibus addere nomen. 10

his neque per dubium pendet Fortuna favorem

nec novit mutare vices, sed fixus in omnes

cognatos procedit honos. quemcumque require

hac de stirpe virum: certum est de consule nasci.

[3]

PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULS PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS

I

Sun, that encirclest the world with reins of flame and rollest in ceaseless motion the revolving centuries, scatter thy light with kindlier beams and let thy coursers, their manes combed and they breathing forth a rosy flame from their foaming bits, climb the heavens more jocund in their loftier drawn chariot. Now let the year bend its new steps for the consul brothers and the glad months take their beginning.

Sun, that circles the world with reins of fire and rolls through the endless motion of time, scatter your light with warmer rays and let your steeds, their manes brushed and breathing out a rosy flame from their foaming bits, ascend the sky more joyfully in their higher chariot. Now let the year take its new path for the consul brothers and let the happy months start anew.

Thou wottest of the Auchenian [40] race nor are the powerful Anniadae unknown to thee, for thou oft hast started thy yearly journey with them as consuls and hast given their name to thy revolution. For them Fortune neither hangs on uncertain favour nor changes, but honours, firmly fixed, pass to all their kin. Select what man thou wilt from their family, ’tis certain he is a consul’s son. Their ancestors are

You know about the Auchenian [40] race, and you’re also familiar with the powerful Anniadae, since you often begin your yearly journey with them as consuls and have named your revolution after them. For them, Fortune neither relies on uncertain favor nor changes; instead, honors, firmly established, are passed down to all their relatives. Choose any man you want from their family, and it's certain he is a consul's son. Their ancestors are

[40] Probinus and Olybrius, the consuls for 395 (they were brothers), both belonged to the Anician gens, of which Auchenius became an alternative gentile name, Anicius becoming, in these cases, the praenomen. Many members of this family had been, and were to be, consuls: e.g. Anicius Auchenius Bassus in A.D. 408. The Annian gens was related by intermarriage to the Anician: e.g. Annius Bassus (cos. 331) who married the daughter of Annius Anicius Iulianus (cos. 322).

[40] Probinus and Olybrius, the consuls for 395 (who were brothers), both belonged to the Anician family, where Auchenius became an alternative family name, and Anicius was adopted as the first name. Many members of this family had been, and would continue to be, consuls: for example, Anicius Auchenius Bassus in CE 408. The Annian family was connected through intermarriage to the Anician family: for instance, Annius Bassus (cos. 331) who married the daughter of Annius Anicius Iulianus (cos. 322).

[4]

per fasces numerantur avi semperque renata 15

nobilitate virent, et prolem fata sequuntur

continuum simili servantia lege tenorem.

nec quisquam procerum temptat, licet aere vetusto

floreat et claro cingatur Roma senatu,

se iactare parem; sed, prima sede relicta 20

Aucheniis, de iure licet certare secundo:

haud secus ac tacitam Luna regnante per Arcton

sidereae cedunt acies, cum fratre retuso

aemulus adversis flagraverit ignibus orbis;

tunc iubar Arcturi languet, tunc fulva Leonis 25

ira perit, Plaustro iam rara intermicat Arctos

indignata tegi, iam caligantibus armis

debilis Orion dextram miratur inertem.

Quem prius adgrediar? veteris quis facta Probini

nesciat aut nimias laudes ignoret Olybri? 30

Vivit adhuc completque vagis sermonibus aures

gloria fusa Probi, quam non ventura silebunt

lustra nec ignota rapiet sub nube vetustas.

ilium fama vehit trans aequora transque remotas

Tethyos ambages Atlanteosque recessus. 35

audiit et gelido si quem Maeotia pascit

sub Iove vel calido si quis coniunctus in axe

nascentem te, Nile, bibit. virtutibus ille

Fortunam domuit numquamque levantibus alte

intumuit rebus; sed mens circumflua luxu 40

noverat intactum vitio servare rigorem.

hic non divitias nigrantibus abdidit antris

nec tenebris damnavit opes; sed largior imbre

sueverat innumeras hominum ditare catervas.

[5]

counted by the fasces (for each has held them), the same recurring honours crown them, and a like destiny awaits their children in unbroken succession. No noble, though he boast of the brazen statues of his ancestors, though Rome be thronged with senators, no noble, I say, dare boast himself their equal. Give the first place to the Auchenii and let who will contest the second. It is as when the moon queens it in the calm northern sky and her orb gleams with brightness equal to that of her brother whose light she reflects; for then the starry hosts give place, Arcturus’ beam grows dim and tawny Leo loses his angry glint, far-spaced shine the Bear’s stars in the Wain, wroth at their eclipse, Orion’s shafts grow dark as he looks in feeble amaze at his strengthless arm.

counted by the fasces (since each has held them), the same recurring honors crown them, and a similar fate awaits their children in an unbroken line. No noble, even if he boasts about the bronze statues of his ancestors, and even though Rome is filled with senators, no noble, I say, dares to claim he is their equal. Give the top spot to the Auchenii and let anyone else contest the second. It's like when the moon rules in the calm northern sky, and her orb shines with brightness equal to that of her brother, whose light she reflects; because then the starry hosts step aside, Arcturus dims, and tawny Leo loses his fierce glare, the stars of the Bear are spaced far apart, upset at their eclipse, and Orion's arrows grow dark as he gazes in weak amazement at his powerless arm.

Which shall I speak of first? Who has not heard of the deeds of Probinus of ancient lineage, who knows not the endless praise of Olybrius?

Which one should I talk about first? Who hasn't heard of the achievements of Probinus from an ancient family, or doesn't know the countless accolades of Olybrius?

The far-flung fame of Probus [41] and his sire lives yet and fills all ears with widespread discourse: the years to come shall not silence it nor time o’ercloud or put an end to it. His great name carries him beyond the seas, beyond Ocean’s distant windings and Atlas’ mountain caverns. If any live beneath the frozen sky by Maeotis’ banks, or any, near neighbours of the torrid zone, drink Nile’s stripling stream, they, too, have heard. Fortune yielded to his virtues, but never was he puffed up with success that engenders pride. Though his life was surrounded with luxury he knew how to preserve his uprightness uncorrupted. He did not hide his wealth in dark cellars nor condemn his riches to the nether gloom, but in showers more abundant than rain would ever enrich countless numbers of

The widespread fame of Probus [41] and his father still lives on and fills everyone's ears with talk: the years to come won't silence it, nor will time overshadow or end it. His great name takes him across the seas, beyond the distant twists of the ocean and the caves of Atlas. If anyone lives under the frozen sky by the banks of Maeotis, or if any neighbors from the hot zone drink from the Nile's young stream, they too have heard. Fortune favored his virtues, but he was never arrogant with the success that breeds pride. Even though his life was filled with luxury, he knew how to maintain his integrity without being corrupted. He didn't stash his wealth in dark cellars or condemn his riches to the depths, but shared them generously to enrich countless people more than rain ever could.

[41] Probus was born about 332 and died about 390. He was (among many other things) proconsul of Africa and praefectus of Illyricum.

[41] Probus was born around 332 and died around 390. He was (among many other things) the proconsul of Africa and the prefect of Illyricum.

[6]

quippe velut denso currentia munera nimbo 45

cernere semper erat, populis undare penates,

adsiduos intrare inopes, remeare beatos.

praeceps illa manus fluvios superabat Hiberos

aurea dona vomens (sic vix [42] tellure revulsa

sollicitis fodiens miratur collibus aurum), 50

quantum stagna Tagi rudibus stillantia venis

effluxere decus, quanto pretiosa metalli

Hermi ripa micat, quantas per Lydia culta

despumat rutilas dives Pactolus harenas.

Non, mihi centenis pateant si vocibus ora 55

multifidusque ruat centum per pectora Phoebus,

acta Probi narrare queam, quot in ordine gentes

rexerit, ad summi quotiens fastigia iuris

venerit, Italiae late cum frena teneret

Illyricosque sinus et quos arat Africa campos. 60

sed nati vicere patrem solique merentur

victores audire Probi. non contigit illi

talis honor, prima cum parte viresceret aevi,

nec consul cum fratre fuit. vos nulla fatigat

cura diu maiora petens, non anxia mentem 65

spes agit et longo tendit praecordia voto:

coepistis quo finis erat. primordia vestra

vix pauci meruere senes, metasque tenetis

ante genas dulces quam flos iuvenilis inumbret

oraque ridenti lanugine vestiat aetas. 70

tu, precor, ignarum doceas, Parnasia, vatem,

quis deus ambobus tanti sit muneris auctor.

Postquam fulmineis impellens viribus hostem

belliger Augustus trepidas laxaverat Alpes,

[42] MSS. si quis; Birt suggests sic vix; possibly ecquis should be read. Postgate (C. Q. iv. p. 258) quae vix … miretur … Astur.

[42] Manuscripts. if anyone; Birt suggests so barely; possibly if anyone should be read. Postgate (C. Q. iv. p. 258) which barely ... should be surprising ... Astur.

[7]

men. The thick cloud of his generosity was ever big with gifts, full and overflowing with clients was his mansion, and thereinto there poured a stream of paupers to issue forth again rich men. His prodigal hand outdid Spain’s rivers in scattering gifts of gold (scarce so much precious metal dazzles the gaze of the miner delving in the vexed bowels of the earth), exceeding all the gold dust carried down by Tagus’ water trickling from unsmelted lodes, the glittering ore that enriches Hermus’ banks, the golden sand that rich Pactolus in flood deposits over the plains of Lydia.

men. The thick cloud of his generosity was always filled with gifts, and his mansion overflowed with clients. A stream of needy people entered, only to leave as wealthy individuals. His lavish hand surpassed Spain’s rivers in distributing gifts of gold (rarely has such precious metal dazzled the eyes of miners digging deep in the troubled earth), exceeding all the gold dust carried by the Tagus as it flows from untouched deposits, the sparkling ore that enriches the banks of Hermus, and the golden sand that the rich Pactolus deposits over the plains of Lydia.

Could my words issue from a hundred mouths, could Phoebus’ manifold inspiration breathe through a hundred breasts, even so I could not tell of Probus’ deeds, of all the people his ordered governance ruled, of the many times he rose to the highest honours, when he held the reins of broad-acred Italy, the Illyrian coast, and Africa’s lands. But his sons o’ershadowed their sire and they alone deserve to be called Probus’ vanquishers. No such honour befell Probus in his youth: he was never consul with his brother. You ambition, ever o’ervaulting itself, pricks not; no anxious hopes afflict your minds or keep your hearts in long suspense. You have begun where most end: but few seniors have attained to your earliest office. You have finished your race e’er the full flower of youth has crowned your gentle cheeks or adolescence clothed your faces with its pleasant down. Do thou, my Muse, tell their ignorant poet what god it was granted such a boon to the twain.

Could my words come from a hundred mouths, could Phoebus’ diverse inspiration flow through a hundred hearts, even then I couldn't fully describe Probus’ accomplishments, the countless people his organized leadership guided, or the many times he ascended to the highest honors while overseeing the vast lands of Italy, the Illyrian coast, and Africa. But his sons overshadowed their father, and they alone deserve to be called Probus’ conquerors. Probus did not receive such honor in his youth: he was never consul alongside his brother. You, with your ever-ambitious nature, are not troubled by anxious hopes or kept in suspense. You have started where most finish: yet few older individuals have achieved your initial position. You have completed your journey before the full bloom of youth has adorned your gentle cheeks or adolescence has covered your faces with its lovely down. My Muse, tell their unaware poet which god granted such a favor to the two.

When the warlike emperor had with the thunderbolt of his might put his enemy to flight and freed

When the warlike emperor had used his incredible power like a thunderbolt to drive his enemy away and freed

[8]

Roma Probo cupiens dignas persolvere grates 75

sedula pro natis dominum flexura rogando

ire parat. famuli currum iunxere volantem

Impetus horribilisque Metus, qui semper agentes

proelia cum fremitu Romam comitantur anhelo,

sive petat Parthos seu cuspide turbet Hydaspen. 80

hic ligat axe rotas; hic sub iuga ferrea nectit

cornipedes rigidisque docet servire lupatis.

ipsa, triumphatis qua possidet aethera regnis,

adsilit innuptae ritus imitata Minervae.

nam neque caesariem crinali stringere cultu 85

colla nec ornatu patitur mollire retorto;

dextrum nuda latus, niveos exerta lacertos,

audacem retegit mammam, laxumque coercens

mordet gemma sinum; nodus, qui sublevat ensem,

album puniceo pectus discriminat ostro. 90

miscetur decori virtus pulcherque severo

armatur terrore pudor, galeaeque minaci

flava cruentarum praetenditur umbra iubarum,

et formidato clipeus Titana lacessit

lumine quem tota variarat Mulciber arte. 95

hic patrius Mavortis amor fetusque notantur

Romulei; pius amnis inest et belua nutrix;

electro Tiberis, pueri formantur in auro;

fingunt aera lupam; Mavors adamante coruscat.

Iam simul emissis rapido velocior Euro 100

fertur equis; strident Zephyri cursuque rotarum

saucia dividuis clarescunt nubila sulcis.

nec traxere moras, sed lapsu protinus uno,

[9]

the Alps from fear, Rome, anxious worthily to thank her Probus, hastened to beg the Emperor’s favour for that hero’s sons. Her slaves, Shock and horrid Fear, yoked her winged chariot; ’tis they who ever attend Rome with loud-voiced roar, setting wars afoot, whether she battle against the Parthians or vex Hydaspes’ stream with her spear. The one fastens the wheels to the hubs, the other drives the horses beneath the iron yoke and makes them obey the stubborn bit. Rome herself in the guise of the virgin goddess Minerva soars aloft on the road by which she takes possession of the sky after triumphing over the realms of earth. She will not have her hair bound with a comb nor her neck made effeminate with a twisted necklace. Her right side is bare; her snowy shoulder exposed; her brooch fastens her flowing garments but loosely and boldly shows her breast: the belt that supports her sword throws a strip of scarlet across her fair skin. She looks as good as she is fair, chaste beauty armed with awe; her threatening helm of blood-red plumes casts a dark shadow and her shield challenges the sun in its fearful brilliance, that shield which Vulcan forged with all the subtlety of his skill. In it are depicted the children Romulus and Remus, and their loving father Mars, Tiber’s reverent stream, and the wolf that was their nurse; Tiber is embossed in electrum, the children in pure gold, brazen is the wolf, and Mars fashioned of flashing steel.

the Alps from fear, Rome, eager to properly thank Probus, quickly sought the Emperor’s favor for that hero’s sons. Her attendants, Shock and Horrid Fear, hitched her winged chariot; they are the ones who always accompany Rome with their loud roars, stirring up wars, whether she is battling the Parthians or harassing the Hydaspes river with her spear. One secures the wheels to the hubs, while the other drives the horses under the iron yoke, making them obey the unyielding bit. Rome herself, taking the form of the virgin goddess Minerva, soars along the road that leads her to conquer the sky after defeating the earth’s realms. She refuses to bind her hair with a comb or adorn her neck with a twisted necklace. Her right side is bare; her snowy shoulder is exposed; her brooch loosely fastens her flowing garments and boldly displays her breast: the belt supporting her sword drapes a strip of scarlet across her fair skin. She looks as striking as she is beautiful, chaste yet awe-inspiring; her threatening helm of crimson plumes casts a dark shadow, and her shield challenges the sun with its dazzling brilliance—this shield that Vulcan crafted with all his skilled artistry. It features the figures of Romulus and Remus, their loving father Mars, the sacred stream of Tiber, and the wolf that nursed them; Tiber is embossed in electrum, the children in pure gold, the wolf in bronze, and Mars is made of shining steel.

And now Rome, loosing both her steeds together, flies swifter than the fleet east wind; the Zephyrs shrill and the clouds, cleft with the track of the wheels, glow in separate furrows. What matchless speed! One pinion’s stroke and they reach their

And now Rome, releasing both her horses at once, moves faster than the swiftest east wind; the Zephyrs shout and the clouds, parted by the path of the wheels, shine in separate lines. What incredible speed! With just one flap of a wing, they arrive at their

[10]

quem poscunt, tetigere locum: qua fine sub imo

angustant aditum curvis anfractibus Alpes 105

claustraque congestis scopulis durissima tendunt,

non alia reseranda manu, sed pervia tantum

Augusto geminisque fidem mentita tyrannis.

semirutae turres avulsaque moenia fumant;

crescunt in cumulum strages vallemque profundam

aequavere iugis; stagnant inmersa cruore 111

corpora; turbantur permixto funere manes.

Haud procul exhausto laetus certamine victor

caespite gramineo consederat arbore fultus

adclines umeros; domimim gavisa coronat 115

terra suum, surguntque toris maioribus herbae.

sudor adhuc per membra calet creberque recurrit

halitus et placidi radiant in casside vultus:

qualis letifera populatus caede Gelonos

procubat horrendus Getico Gradivus in arvo; 120

exuvias Bellona levat, Bellona tepentes

pulvere solvit equos, inmensaque cornus in hastam

porrigitur tremulisque ferit splendoribus Hebrum.

Ut stetit ante ducem discussas Roma per auras,

conscia ter sonuit rupes et inhorruit atrum 125

maiestate nemus. prior hic: “o numen amicum”

dux ait “et legum genetrix longeque regendo

circumfusa polo consors ac dicta Tonantis,

dic agedum, quae causa viae? cur deseris arces

Ausonias caelumque tuum? dic, maxima rerum! 130

[11]

goal: it is there where in their furthermost parts the Alps narrow their approaches into tortuous valleys and extend their adamantine bars of piled-up rocks. No other hand could unlock that gate, as, to their cost, those two tyrants [43] found; to the Emperor only they offer a way. The smoke of towers o’erthrown and of ruined fortresses ascends to heaven. Slaughtered men are piled up on a heap and bring the lowest valley equal with the hills; corpses welter in their blood; the very shades are confounded with the inrush of the slain.

goal: it is here where the Alps narrow into winding valleys and extend their unyielding barriers of stacked rocks. No other hand could open that gate, as those two tyrants [43] found out the hard way; only the Emperor is given a path. The smoke from toppled towers and ruined fortresses rises to the sky. Slaughtered men are piled up in heaps, leveling the lowest valley with the hills; bodies lie in their blood; even the ghosts are overwhelmed by the flood of the dead.

Close at hand the victor, Theodosius, happy that his warfare is accomplished, sits upon the green sward, his shoulders leaning against a tree. Triumphant earth crowned her lord and flowers sprang up from prouder banks. The sweat is still warm upon his body, his breath comes panting, but calm shines his countenance beneath his helmet. Such is Mars, when with deadly slaughter he has devastated the Geloni and thereafter rests, a dread figure, in the Getic plain, while Bellona, goddess of war, lightens him of his armour and unyokes his dust-stained coursers; an outstretched spear, a huge cornel trunk, arms his hand and flashes its tremulous splendour over Hebrus’ stream.

Close by, the victor, Theodosius, pleased that his battle is over, sits on the green grass with his back against a tree. Triumphant Earth has crowned her lord and flowers rise from the proud banks. The sweat is still warm on his body, his breath comes in heavy pants, but peace shines on his face beneath his helmet. This is Mars, after he has inflicted deadly slaughter on the Geloni and then rests, a fearsome figure, in the Getic plain, while Bellona, the goddess of war, takes off his armor and unhitches his dust-covered horses; a stretched spear, a massive cornel trunk, is in his hand and reflects its shimmering brilliance over the Hebrus river.

When Rome had ended her airy journey and now stood before her lord, thrice thundered the conscious rocks and the black wood shuddered in awe. First to speak was the hero: “Goddess and friend, mother of laws, thou whose empire is conterminous with heaven, thou that art called the consort of the Thunderer, say what hath caused thy coming: why leavest thou the towns of Italy and thy native clime? Say, queen of the world. Were it thy

When Rome had finished her lofty journey and now stood before her lord, the rocks echoed three times and the dark woods trembled in awe. The hero was the first to speak: “Goddess and friend, mother of laws, you whose reign stretches to the heavens, you who are known as the companion of the Thunderer, tell me what has brought you here: why do you leave the cities of Italy and your homeland? Speak, queen of the world. If it were your

[43] Maximus and Eugenius. See Introduction, p. ix.

[12]

non ego vel Libycos cessem tolerare labores

Sarmaticosve pati medio sub frigore Cauros,

si tu, Roma, velis; pro te quascumque per oras

ibimus et nulla sub tempestate timentes

solstitio Meroën, bruma temptabimus Histrum.” 135

Tum regina refert: “non me latet, inclite rector,

quod tua pro Latio victricia castra laborant

nec quod servitium rursus Furiaeque rebelles

edomitae paribus sub te cecidere triumphis.

sed precor hoc donum cum libertate recenti 140

adicias, si vera manet reverentia nostri.

sunt mihi pubentes alto de semine fratres,

pignora cara Probi, festa quos luce creatos

ipsa meo fovi gremio. cunabula parvis

ipsa dedi, cum matris onus Lucina beatum 145

solveret et magnos proferrent sidera partus.

his ego nec Decios pulchros fortesve Metellos

praetulerim, non, qui Poenum domuere ferocem,

Scipiadas Gallisque genus fatale Camillos.

Pieriis pollent studiis multoque redundant 150

eloquio; nec desidiis dapibusve paratis

indulgere iuvat nec tanta licentia vitae

adripit aut mores aetas lasciva relaxat:

sed gravibus curis animum sortita senilem

ignea longaevo frenatur corde iuventus. 155

illis, quam propriam ducunt ab origine, sortem

oramus praebere velis annique futurum

devoveas venientis iter. non improba posco,

non insueta dabis: domus haec de more requirit.

adnue: sic nobis Scythicus famuletur Araxes, 160

[13]

wish I would not shrink from toiling neath a Libyan sun nor from the cold winds of a Russian midwinter. At thy behest I will traverse all lands and fearing no season of the year will hazard Meroë in summer and the Danube in winter.”

I wish I wouldn't shy away from working under a Libyan sun or from the cold winds of a Russian winter. At your request, I will travel to all places, and without fearing any season, I will risk going to Meroë in summer and the Danube in winter.

Then the Queen answered: “Full well know I, far-famed ruler, that thy victorious armies toil for Italy, and that once again servitude and furious rebels have given way before thee, overthrown in one and the same battle. Yet I pray thee add to our late won liberty this further boon, if in very truth thou still reverest me. There are among my citizens two young brothers of noble lineage, the dearly loved sons of Probus, born on a festal day and reared in my own bosom. ’Twas I gave the little ones their cradles when the goddess of childbirth freed their mother’s womb from its blessed burden and heaven brought to light her glorious offspring. To these I would not prefer the noble Decii nor the brave Metelli, no, nor the Scipios who overcame the warlike Carthaginians nor the Camilli, that family fraught with ruin for the Gauls. The Muses have endowed them with full measure of their skill; their eloquence knows no bounds. Theirs not to wanton in sloth and banquets spread; unbridled pleasure tempts them not, nor can the lure of youth undermine their characters. Gaining from weighty cares an old man’s mind, their fiery youth is bridled by a greybeard’s wisdom. That fortune to which their birth entitles them I beg thee assure them and appoint for them the path of the coming year. ’Tis no unreasonable request and will be no unheard-of boon. Their birth demands it should be so. Grant it; so may Scythian Araxes be our vassal

Then the Queen replied, “I know very well, great ruler, that your victorious armies are fighting for Italy, and that once again servitude and fierce rebels have given way before you, defeated in one single battle. But I ask you to grant us this further favor to add to our recently won freedom, if you truly still honor me. Among my citizens are two young brothers of noble heritage, the dearly loved sons of Probus, born on a festive day and raised in my care. I was the one who gave the little ones their cradles when the goddess of childbirth freed their mother from her blessed burden and heaven revealed her glorious children. I would not choose the noble Decii or the brave Metelli over these boys, nor the Scipios who defeated the warlike Carthaginians, or the Camilli, a family well-known for their ruin of the Gauls. The Muses have gifted them with an abundance of skill; their eloquence knows no limits. They do not indulge in laziness and lavish feasts; they are not tempted by unchecked pleasure, nor can the allure of youth compromise their character. With the weighty concerns of an elder's mind, their fiery youth is tempered by the wisdom of age. I ask you to secure for them the fortune their birth entitles them to and guide them along their path for the coming year. This is not an unreasonable request, and it is not an unseen favor. Their noble birth demands it. Grant it, and may Scythian Araxes be our vassal.”

[14]

sic Rhenus per utrumque latus, Medisque subactis

nostra Semiramiae timeant insignia turres;

sic fluat attonitus Romana per oppida Ganges.”

Ductor ad haec: “optata iubes ultroque volentem,

diva, rogas; non haec precibus temptanda fuissent.

usque adeone meam condunt oblivia mentem, 166

ut pigeat meminisse Probi, quo vindice totam

vidimus Hesperiam fessasque resurgere gentes?

ante dabunt hiemes Nilum, per flumina dammae

errabunt glacieque niger damnabitur Indus, 170

ante Thyesteis iterum conterrita mensis

intercisa dies refugos vertetur in ortus,

quam Probus a nostro possit discedere sensu.”

Dixerat et velox iam nuntius advolat urbem.

extemplo strepuere chori collesque canoris 175

plausibus impulsi septena voce resultant.

laetatur veneranda parens et pollice docto

iam parat auratas trabeas cinctusque micantes

stamine, quod molli tondent de stipite Seres

frondea lanigerae carpentes vellera silvae, 180

et longum tenues tractus producit in aurum

filaque concreto cogit squalere metallo:

qualis purpureas praebebat candida vestes

numinibus Latona suis, cum sacra redirent

ad loca nutricis iam non errantia Deli, 185

illa feros saltus et desolata relinquens

Maenala lassato certis venatibus arcu,

Phoebus adhuc nigris rorantia tela venenis

extincto Pythone gerens; tunc insula notos

[15]

and Rhine’s either bank; so may the Mede be o’erthrown and the towers that Semiramis built yield to our standards, while amazèd Ganges flows between Roman cities.”

and Rhine’s either bank; so may the Mede be overthrown and the towers that Semiramis built yield to our standards, while amazed Ganges flows between Roman cities.

To this the king: “Goddess, thou biddest me do what I would fain do and askest a boon that I wish to grant: thy entreaties were not needed for this. Does forgetfulness so wholly cloud my mind that I will not remember Probus, beneath whose leadership I have seen all Italy and her war-weary peoples come again to prosperity? Winter shall cause Nile’s rising, hinds shall make rivers their element, dark-flowing Indus shall be ice-bound, terror-stricken once again by the banquet of Thyestes the sun shall stay his course and fly for refuge back into the east, all this ere Probus can fade from my memory.”

To this, the king replied, “Goddess, you’re asking me to do what I want to do anyway and requesting a favor that I am eager to grant: your pleas weren't necessary for this. Has forgetfulness completely clouded my mind that I can't remember Probus, under whose leadership I have seen all of Italy and her battle-weary people thrive again? Winter will cause the Nile to rise, deer will make rivers their home, the dark-flowing Indus will be frozen, terror-stricken once more by the feast of Thyestes, the sun will halt its path and retreat back east— all of this before Probus fades from my memory.”

He spake, and now the speedy messenger hies him to Rome. Straightway the choirs chant and the seven hills re-echo their tuneful applause. Joy is in the heart of that aged mother whose skilled fingers now make ready gold-embroidered vestment and garments agleam with the thread which the Seres comb out from their delicate plants, gathering the leafy fleece of the wool-bearing trees. These long threads she draws out to an equal length with the threads of gold and by intertwining them makes one golden cord; as fair Latona gave scarlet garments to her divine offspring when they returned to the now firm-fixèd shrine of Delos their foster-island, Diana leaving the forest glades and bleak Maenalus, her unerring bow wearied with much hunting, and Phoebus bearing the sword still dripping with black venom from the slaughtered Python. Then their dear island laved the feet of its acknowledged

He spoke, and now the fast messenger speeds off to Rome. Immediately, the choirs sing, and the seven hills echo their cheerful applause. Joy fills the heart of that elderly mother whose skilled hands are preparing gold-embroidered clothing and garments shining with the thread that the Seres comb from their delicate plants, gathering the leafy fleece of the wool-bearing trees. She pulls these long threads to match the length of the gold threads and by interweaving them creates one golden cord; just as fair Latona gave red garments to her divine children when they returned to the now firmly established shrine of Delos, their nurturing island, with Diana leaving the forest glades and harsh Maenalus, her trusty bow tired from much hunting, and Phoebus holding the sword still dripping with black venom from the slain Python. Then their cherished island washed the feet of its recognized

[16]

lambit amica pedes ridetque Aegaeus alumnis 190

lenior et blando testatur gaudia fluctu.

Sic Proba praecipuo natos exornat amictu:

quae decorat mundum, cuius Romana potestas

fetibus augetur. credas ex aethere lapsam

stare Pudicitiam vel sacro ture vocatam 195

Iunonem Inachiis oculos advertere templis.

talem nulla refert antiquis pagina libris

nec Latiae cecinere tubae nec Graeca vetustas.

coniuge digna Probo; nam tantum coetibus extat

femineis, quantum supereminet ille maritos. 200

ceu sibi certantes, sexus quid possit uterque,

hunc legere torum. taceat Nereida nuptam

Pelion. o duplici fecundam consule matrem

felicemque uterum, qui nomina parturit annis!

Ut sceptrum gessere manu membrisque rigentes

aptavere togas, signum dat summus hiulca 200

nube Pater gratamque facem per inane rotantes

prospera vibrati tonuerunt omina nimbi.

accepit sonitus curvis Tiberinus in antris

ima valle sedens. adrectis auribus haesit, 210

unde repentinus populi fragor. ilicet herbis

pallentes thalamos et structa cubilia musco

deserit ac Nymphis urnam commendat erilem.

illi glauca nitent hirsuto lumina vultu

caeruleis infecta notis, reddentia patrem 215

Oceanum; crispo densantur gramine colla;

vertice luxuriat toto crinalis harundo,

[17]

deities, the Aegean smiled more gently on its nurslings, the Aegean whose soft ripples bore witness to its joy.

deities, the Aegean smiled more gently on its offspring, the Aegean whose soft waves reflected its happiness.

So Proba [44] adorns her children with vestment rare, Proba, the world’s glory, by whose increase the power of Rome, too, is increased. You would have thought her Modesty’s self fallen from heaven or Juno, summoned by sacred incense, turning her eyes on the shrines of Argos. No page in ancient story tells of such a mother, no Latin Muse nor old Grecian tale. Worthy is she of Probus for a husband, for he surpassed all husbands as she all wives. ’Twas as though in rivalry either sex had done its uttermost and so brought about this marriage. Let Pelion vaunt no more that Nereid bride.[45] Happy thou that art the mother of consuls twain, blessed thy womb whose offspring have given the year their name for its own.

So Proba [44] dresses her children in rare garments, Proba, the pride of the world, whose presence also enhances the power of Rome. You would think she was Modesty herself, coming down from heaven, or Juno, called by sacred incense, glancing at the shrines of Argos. No page in ancient history tells of such a mother; no Latin Muse or ancient Greek story compares. She is worthy of Probus as a husband, for he surpasses all husbands just as she surpasses all wives. It’s as if both genders exhausted their best efforts to create this perfect marriage. Let Pelion boast no more about that Nereid bride.[45] Happy are you, the mother of two consuls; blessed is your womb whose children have named the year after themselves.

So soon as their hands held the sceptres and the jewel-studded togas had enfolded their limbs the almighty Sire vouchsafes a sign with riven cloud and the shaken heavens, projecting a welcoming flash through the void, thundered with prosperous omen. Father Tiber, seated in that low valley, heard the sound in his labyrinthine cave. He stays with ears pricked up wondering whence this sudden popular clamour comes. Straightway he leaves his couch of green leaves, his mossy bed, and entrusts his urn to his attendant nymphs. Grey eyes flecked with blue shine out from his shaggy countenance, recalling his father Oceanus; thick curlèd grasses cover his neck and lush sedge crowns his head.

As soon as they grasped the scepters and the jewel-encrusted togas wrapped around them, the mighty Father granted a sign with splitting clouds and trembling skies, sending a welcoming flash through the emptiness, booming with a promising omen. Father Tiber, settled in that low valley, heard the sound from his winding cave. He stays alert, ears perked, wondering where this sudden uproar is coming from. Immediately, he leaves his bed of green leaves and moss, handing his urn over to his attending nymphs. Gray eyes tinged with blue shine out from his rugged face, reminiscent of his father Oceanus; thick, curled grasses cover his neck, and lush reeds crown his head.

[44] Anicia Faltonia Proba. She was still alive in 410 and according to Procopius (Bell. Vand. i. 2) opened the gates of Rome to Alaric.

[45] Thetis, daughter of Nereus, was married to Peleus on Mount Pelion in Thessaly.

[45] Thetis, the daughter of Nereus, married Peleus on Mount Pelion in Thessaly.

[18]

quam neque fas Zephyris frangi nec sole perustam

aestivo candore mori; sed vivida frondet

aequaevum complexa caput. taurina levantur 220

cornua temporibus raucos sudantia rivos;

distillant per pectus aquae; frons hispida manat

imbribus; in liquidos fontes se barba repectit.

palla graves umeros velat, quam neverat uxor

Ilia percurrens vitreas sub gurgite telas. 225

Est in Romuleo procumbens insula Thybri

qua medius geminas interfluit alveus urbes

discretas subeunte freto, pariterque minantes

ardua turrigerae surgunt in culmina ripae.

hic stetit et subitum prospexit ab aggere votum: 230

unanimos [46] fratres iuncto stipante senatu

ire forum strictasque procul radiare secures

atque uno biiuges tolli de limine fasces.

obstupuit visu suspensaque gaudia vocem

oppressam tenuere diu; mox incohat ore: 235

“Respice, si tales iactas aluisse fluentis,

Eurota Spartane, tuis. quid protulit aequum

falsus olor, valido quamvis decernere caestu

noverit et ratibus saevas arcere procellas?

en nova Ledaeis suboles fulgentior astris, 240

ecce mei cives, quorum iam Signifer optat

adventum stellisque parat convexa futuris.

iam per noctivagos dominetur Olybrius axes

pro Polluce rubens, pro Castore flamma Probini.

[46] Birt, following MSS., unanimes; Koch unanimos.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Birt, following MSS., unanimes; Koch unanimos.

[19]

This the Zephyrs may not break nor the summer sun scorch to withering; it lives and burgeons around those brows immortal as itself. From his temples sprout horns like those of a bull; from these pour babbling streamlets; water drips upon his breast, showers pour down his hair-crowned forehead, flowing rivers from his parted beard. There clothes his massy shoulders a cloak woven by his wife Ilia, who threaded the crystalline loom beneath the flood.

This the Zephyrs can’t break nor the summer sun scorch to dust; it lives and thrives around those brows as eternal as itself. From his temples grow horns like those of a bull; from these, babbling streams flow; water drips onto his chest, showers cascade down his hair-crowned forehead, and flowing rivers run from his parted beard. There, a heavy cloak woven by his wife Ilia drapes over his broad shoulders, crafted on the crystalline loom beneath the flood.

There lies in Roman Tiber’s stream an island where the central flood washes as ’twere two cities parted by the sundering waters: with equal threatening height the tower-clad banks rise in lofty buildings. Here stood Tiber and from this eminence beheld his prayer of a sudden fulfilled, saw the twin-souled brothers enter the Forum amid the press of thronging senators, the bared axes gleam afar and both sets of fasces brought forth from one threshold. He stood amazed at the sight and for a long time incredulous joy held his voice in check. Yet soon he thus began:

There’s an island in the Tiber River in Rome where the main current flows, dividing what feels like two cities with its waters. The tower-lined banks rise up with tall buildings on both sides. Tiber stood here and from this high spot, he suddenly saw his prayer come true: he watched the twin brothers enter the Forum surrounded by a crowd of senators, the gleaming axes visible from a distance, and both sets of fasces brought out from the same entrance. He stood in awe of the scene, and for a long time, his overwhelming joy kept him silent. But soon he began to speak:

“Behold, Eurotas, river of Sparta, boastest thou that thy streams have ever nurtured such as these? Did that false swan [47] beget a child to rival them, though ’tis true his sons could fight with the heavy glove and save ships from cruel tempests? Behold new offspring outshining the stars to which Leda gave birth, men of my city for whose coming the Zodiac is now awatch, making ready his hollow tract of sky for a constellation that is to be. Henceforth let Olybrius rule the nightly sky, shedding his ruddy light where Pollux once shone, and where glinted Castor’s fires there let glitter Probinus’

“Look, Eurotas, river of Sparta, do you brag that your waters have ever nurtured anyone like this? Did that deceitful swan [47] really father a child to rival them, even though it’s true his sons could fight with heavy gloves and save ships from fierce storms? Look at the new generation shining brighter than the stars that Leda gave birth to, men of my city for whom the Zodiac is now on watch, preparing his empty section of sky for a new constellation to come. From now on, let Olybrius rule the night sky, casting his reddish light where Pollux once glowed, and where Castor’s fires sparkled, let Probinus shine.”

[47] Jupiter, who courted Leda in the form of a swan, becoming by her the father of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux. These latter two were the patrons of the ring—hence “decernere caestu” (l. 238); and of sailors—hence “arcere procellas” (l. 239).

[47] Jupiter, who wooed Leda as a swan, became the father of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor, and Pollux through her. The latter two were the protectors of the ring—hence “decernere caestu” (l. 238); and of sailors—hence “arcere procellas” (l. 239).

[20]

ipsi vela regent, ipsis donantibus auras 245

navita tranquillo moderabitur aequore pinum.

nunc pateras libare deis, nunc solvere multo

nectare corda libet. niveos iam pandite coetus,

Naides, et totum violis praetexite fontem;

mella ferant silvae; iam profluat ebrius amnis 250

mutatis in vina vadis; iam sponte per agros

sudent inriguae spirantia balsama venae!

currat, qui sociae roget in convivia mensae

indigenas Fluvios, Italis quicumque suberrant

montibus Alpinasque bibunt de more pruinas: 255

Vulturnusque rapax et Nar vitiatus odoro

sulphure tardatusque suis erroribus Ufens

et Phaëthonteae perpessus damna ruinae

Eridanus flavaeque terens querceta Maricae

Liris et Oebaliae qui temperat arva Galaesus. 260

semper honoratus nostris celebrabitur undis

iste dies, semper dapibus recoletur opimis.”

Sic ait et Nymphae patris praecepta secutae

tecta parant epulis ostroque infecta corusco

umida gemmiferis inluxit regia mensis. 265

O bene signatum fraterno nomine tempus!

o consanguineis felix auctoribus annus,

incipe quadrifidum Phoebi torquere laborem.

prima tibi procedat hiems non frigore torpens,

non canas vestita nives, non aspera ventis, 270

sed tepido calefacta Noto; ver inde serenum

protinus et liquidi clementior aura Favoni

pratis te croceis pingat; te messibus aestas

[21]

flame. These shall direct men’s sails and vouchsafe those breezes whereby the sailor shall guide his bark o’er the calm ocean. Let us now pour libation to the new gods and ease our hearts with copious draughts of nectar. Naiads, now spread your snowy bands, wreath every spring with violets. Let the woods bring forth honey and the drunken river roll, its waters changed to wine; let the watering streams that vein the fields give off the scent of balsam spice. Let one run and invite to the feast and banquet-board all the rivers of our land, even all that wander beneath the mountains of Italy and drink as their portion the Alpine snows, swift Vulturnus and Nar infected with ill-smelling sulphur, Ufens whose meanderings delay his course and Eridanus into whose waters Phaëthon fell headlong; Liris who laves Marica’s golden oak groves and Galaesus who tempers the fields of Sparta’s colony Tarentum. This day shall always be held in honour and observed by our rivers and its anniversary ever celebrated with rich feastings.”

flame. These will guide people's sails and provide the breezes that let sailors steer their boats across the calm ocean. Let’s now make an offering to the new gods and lift our spirits with generous drinks of nectar. Naiads, now spread your white ribbons and adorn every spring with violets. May the woods produce honey and the flowing river carry water turned to wine; may the streams that run through the fields release the scent of balsam spice. Let someone run and invite to the feast and banquet all the rivers of our land, including those that wander beneath the mountains of Italy and drink from the Alpine snows, swift Vulturnus and Nar tainted with foul-smelling sulfur, Ufens whose winding path delays him, and Eridanus into whose waters Phaëthon fell headlong; Liris who washes Marica’s golden oak groves and Galaesus who nurtures the fields of Sparta’s colony Tarentum. This day will always be honored and recognized by our rivers, and its anniversary will be celebrated with lavish feasts.

So spake he, and the Nymphs, obeying their sire’s behest, made ready the rooms for the banquet, and the watery palace, ablaze with gleaming purple, shone with jewelled tables.

So he spoke, and the Nymphs, following their father’s command, prepared the rooms for the feast, and the watery palace, shining with bright purple, sparkled with jeweled tables.

O happy months to bear these brothers’ name! O year blessed to own such a pair as overlords, begin thou to turn the laborious wheel of Phoebus’ four-fold circle. First let thy winter pursue its course, sans numbing cold, not clothed in white snow nor torn by rough blasts, but warmed with the south wind’s breath: next, be thy spring calm from the outset and let the limpid west wind’s gentler breeze flood thy meads with yellow flowers.

O happy months to bear these brothers’ names! O blessed year to have such a pair as overlords, begin to turn the laborious wheel of Phoebus’ four-fold circle. First let your winter follow its course, without numbing cold, not dressed in white snow nor disturbed by rough winds, but warmed by the southern breeze: next, let your spring start off calm and let the gentle breeze from the west fill your meadows with yellow flowers.

[22]

induat autumnusque madentibus ambiat uvis.

omni nobilior lustro, tibi gloria soli 275

contigit exactum numquam memorata per aevum,

germanos habuisse duces; te cuncta loquetur

tellus; te variis scribent in floribus Horae

longaque perpetui ducent in saecula fasti.

[23]

May summer crown thee with harvest and autumn store thee with luscious grapes. An honour that no age has ever yet known, a privilege never yet heard of in times gone by, this has been thine and thine alone—to have had brothers as thy consuls. The whole world shall tell of thee, the Hours shall inscribe thy name in various flowers, and age-long annals hand thy fame down through the long centuries.

May summer bless you with harvests and autumn fill your store with juicy grapes. An honor that no era has ever experienced, a privilege never before heard of in the past, this has been yours and yours alone—to have had brothers as your consuls. The whole world will speak of you, the Hours will write your name in various flowers, and timeless records will pass down your fame through the ages.

[24]

IN RUFINUM LIBER PRIMUS

INCIPIT PRAEFATIO

(II.)

Phoebeo domitus Python cum decidit arcu

membraque Cirrhaeo fudit anhela iugo,

qui spiris tegeret montes, hauriret hiatu

flumina, sanguineis tangeret astra iubis:

iam liber Parnasus erat nexuque soluto 5

coeperat erecta surgere fronde nemus

concussaeque diu spatiosis tractibus orni

securas ventis explicuere comas

et qui vipereo spumavit saepe veneno

Cephisos nitidis purior ibat aquis. 10

omnis “io Paean” regio sonat; omnia Phoebum

rura canunt; tripodas plenior aura rotat,

auditoque procul Musarum carmine dulci

ad Themidis coëunt antra severa dei.

Nunc alio domini telis Pythone perempto 15

convenit ad nostram sacra caterva lyram,

qui stabilem servans Augustis fratribus orbem

iustitia pacem, viribus arma regit.

[25]

THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS

PREFACE

(II.)

When Python had fallen, laid low by the arrow of Phoebus, his dying limbs outspread o’er Cirrha’s heights—Python, whose coils covered whole mountains, whose maw swallowed rivers and whose bloody crest touched the stars—then Parnassus was free and the woods, their serpent fetters shaken off, began to grow tall with lofty trees. The mountain-ashes, long shaken by the dragon’s sinuous coils, spread their leaves securely to the breeze, and Cephisus, who had so often foamed with his poisonous venom, now flowed a purer stream with limpid wave. The whole country echoed with the cry, “hail, Healer”: every land sang Phoebus’ praise. A fuller wind shakes the tripod, and the gods, hearing the Muses’ sweet song from afar off, gather in the dread caverns of Themis.

When Python was defeated by Phoebus' arrow, his dying body sprawled across the heights of Cirrha—Python, whose coils covered entire mountains, whose mouth swallowed rivers, and whose bloodied crest reached the stars—then Parnassus was free, and the woods, liberated from their serpent bonds, began to grow tall with majestic trees. The mountain-ashes, long disturbed by the dragon’s twisting coils, spread their leaves safely to the breeze, and Cephisus, who had often boiled with his poisonous venom, now flowed as a clearer stream with transparent waters. The entire region resounded with the cry, “Hail, Healer”: every land sang Phoebus’ praise. A stronger wind shakes the tripod, and the gods, hearing the Muses’ sweet song from afar, gather in the ominous caverns of Themis.

A blessed band comes together to hear my song, now that a second Python has been slain by the weapons of that master of ours who made the rule of the brother Emperors hold the world steady, observing justice in peace and showing vigour in war.

A fortunate group gathers to hear my song, now that a second Python has been defeated by the weapons of our master who made the rule of the brother Emperors keep the world stable, upholding justice in peace and displaying strength in war.

[26]

LIBER I

(III.)

Saepe mihi dubiam traxit sententia mentem,

curarent superi terras an nullus inesset

rector et incerto fluerent mortalia casu.

nam cum dispositi quaesissem foedera mundi

praescriptosque mari fines annisque meatus 5

et lucis noctisque vices: tunc omnia rebar

consilio firmata dei, qui lege moveri

sidera, qui fruges diverso tempore nasci,

qui variam Phoeben alieno iusserit igni

compleri Solemque suo, porrexerit undis 10

litora, tellurem medio libraverit axe.

sed cum res hominum tanta caligine volvi

adspicerem laetosque diu florere nocentes

vexarique pios, rursus labefacta cadebat

relligio causaeque viam non sponte sequebar 15

alterius, vacuo quae currere semina motu

adfirmat magnumque novas per inane figuras

fortuna non arte regi, quae numina sensu

ambiguo vel nulla putat vel nescia nostri.

[27]

BOOK I

(III.)

My mind has often wavered between two opinions: have the gods a care for the world or is there no ruler therein and do mortal things drift as dubious chance dictates? For when I investigated the laws and the ordinances of heaven and observed the sea’s appointed limits, the year’s fixed cycle and the alternation of light and darkness, then methought everything was ordained according to the direction of a God who had bidden the stars move by fixed laws, plants grow at different seasons, the changing moon fulfil her circle with borrowed light and the sun shine by his own, who spread the shore before the waves and balanced the world in the centre of the firmament. But when I saw the impenetrable mist which surrounds human affairs, the wicked happy and long prosperous and the good discomforted, then in turn my belief in God was weakened and failed, and even against mine own will I embraced the tenets of that other philosophy [48] which teaches that atoms drift in purposeless motion and that new forms throughout the vast void are shaped by chance and not design—that philosophy which believes in God in an ambiguous sense, or holds that there be no gods, or that they are careless of our doings. At

My thoughts have often shifted between two beliefs: do the gods care about the world, or is there no ruler, and do our lives just unfold by random chance? When I looked into the laws and rules of the universe and noticed the sea's boundaries, the changing seasons, and the cycle of day and night, it seemed to me that everything was planned by a God who set the stars on their courses, made plants grow in their designated times, allowed the moon to complete its orbit with reflected light, and let the sun shine with its own light. He crafted the shore for the waves and positioned the world at the center of the heavens. But when I observed the confusing mess of human experiences, where the wicked live happily and prosperously while the good suffer, my faith in God weakened and faded. Against my own wishes, I found myself accepting the ideas of that other philosophy [48] which claims that atoms move aimlessly and that new forms are created by chance rather than design—that philosophy that has a vague belief in God, or asserts that there are no gods, or that they don't care about our actions. At

[48] Epicureanism.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Epicureanism.

[28]

abstulit hunc tandem Rufini poena tumultum 20

absolvitque deos. iam non ad culmina rerum

iniustos crevisse queror; tolluntur in altum,

ut lapsu graviore ruant. vos pandite vati,

Pierides, quo tanta lues eruperit ortu.

Invidiae quondam stimulis incanduit atrox 25

Allecto, placidas late cum cerneret urbes.

protinus infernas ad limina taetra sorores

concilium deforme vocat. glomerantur in unum

innumerae pestes Erebi, quascumque sinistro

Nox genuit fetu: nutrix Discordia belli, 30

imperiosa Fames, leto vicina Senectus

impatiensque sui Morbus Livorque secundis

anxius et scisso maerens velamine Luctus

et Timor et caeco praeceps Audacia vultu

et Luxus populator opum, quem semper adhaerens 35

infelix humili gressu comitatur Egestas,

foedaque Avaritiae complexae pectora matris

insomnes longo veniunt examine Curae.

complentur vario ferrata sedilia coetu

torvaque collectis stipatur curia monstris. 40

Allecto stetit in mediis vulgusque tacere

iussit et obstantes in tergum reppulit angues

perque umeros errare dedit. tum corde sub imo

inclusam rabidis patefecit vocibus iram:

“Sicine tranquillo produci saecula cursu, 45

sic fortunatas patiemur vivere gentes?

quae nova corrupit nostros clementia mores?

quo rabies innata perit? quid inania prosunt

verbera? quid facibus nequiquam cingimur atris?

[29]

last Rufinus’ fate has dispelled this uncertainty and freed the gods from this imputation. No longer can I complain that the unrighteous man reaches the highest pinnacle of success. He is raised aloft that he may be hurled down in more headlong ruin. Muses, unfold to your poet whence sprang this grievous pest.

last Rufinus’ fate has cleared up this uncertainty and released the gods from this blame. I can no longer complain that the unjust man achieves the highest level of success. He is elevated only to be thrown down in a more catastrophic downfall. Muses, reveal to your poet the origin of this terrible plague.

Dire Allecto once kindled with jealous wrath on seeing widespread peace among the cities of men. Straightway she summons the hideous council of the nether-world sisters to her foul palace gates. Hell’s numberless monsters are gathered together, Night’s children of ill-omened birth. Discord, mother of war, imperious Hunger, Age, near neighbour to Death; Disease, whose life is a burden to himself; Envy that brooks not another’s prosperity, woeful Sorrow with rent garments; Fear and foolhardy Rashness with sightless eyes; Luxury, destroyer of wealth, to whose side ever clings unhappy Want with humble tread, and the long company of sleepless Cares, hanging round the foul neck of their mother Avarice. The iron seats are filled with all this rout and the grim chamber is thronged with the monstrous crowd. Allecto stood in their midst and called for silence, thrusting behind her back the snaky hair that swept her face and letting it play over her shoulders. Then with mad utterance she unlocked the anger deep hidden in her heart.

Dire Allecto was consumed with jealous rage when she saw the cities of men living in peace. Immediately, she called together the terrifying council of her sisters from the underworld at the entrance to her disgusting palace. Countless monsters from Hell surrounded her, the children of Night born under ill-fated signs. Discord, the mother of war, commanding Hunger, a close companion of Death; Disease, who burdens even himself; Envy, who cannot tolerate anyone else's success; miserable Sorrow in torn clothes; Fear and reckless Rashness with blinded eyes; Luxury, the destroyer of wealth, always accompanied by unhappy Want walking humbly by her side, and the endless parade of restless Cares clinging to the neck of their mother, Avarice. The iron seats were filled with this chaotic crowd, and the grim chamber was packed with monstrous beings. Allecto stood among them and demanded silence, pushing aside her snake-like hair that fell over her face and letting it cascade down her shoulders. Then, with frenzied words, she unleashed the anger hidden deep in her heart.

“Shall we allow the centuries to roll on in this even tenour, and man to live thus blessed? What novel kindliness has corrupted our characters? Where is our inbred fury? Of what use the lash with none to suffer beneath it? Why this purposeless girdle of smoky torches? Sluggards, ye,

“Should we just let the centuries go by in this same way, allowing people to live like this forever? What new kindness has changed who we are? Where’s our natural anger? What’s the point of punishment if no one has to endure it? Why this pointless circle of smoky torches? You lazy ones,

[30]

heu nimis ignavae, quas Iuppiter arcet Olympo, 50

Theodosius terris. en aurea nascitur aetas,

en proles antiqua redit. Concordia, Virtus

eumque Fide Pietas alta cervice vagantur

insignemque canunt nostra de plebe triumphum.

pro dolor! ipsa mihi liquidas delapsa per auras 55

Iustitia insultat vitiisque a stirpe recisis

elicit oppressas tenebroso carcere leges.

at nos indecores longo torpebimus aevo

omnibus eiectae regnis! agnoscite tandem

quid Furias deceat; consuetas sumite vires 60

conventuque nefas tanto decernite dignum.

iam cupio Stygiis invadere nubibus astra,

iam flatu violare diem, laxare profundo

frena mari, fluvios ruptis inmittere ripis

et rerum vexare fidem.”

Sic fata cruentum 65

mugiit et totos serpentum erexit hiatus

noxiaque effudit concusso crine venena.

anceps motus erat vulgi. pars maxima bellum

indicit superis, pars Ditis iura veretur,

dissensuque alitur rumor: ceu murmurat alti 70

impacata quies pelagi, cum flamine fracto

durat adhuc saevitque tumor dubiumque per aestum

lassa recedentis fluitant vestigia venti.

Improba mox surgit tristi de sede Megaera,

quam penes insani fremitus animique profanus 75

error et undantes spumis furialibus irae:

non nisi quaesitum cognata caede cruorem

inlicitumve bibit, patrius quem fuderit ensis,

[31]

whom Jove has excluded from heaven, Theodosius from earth. Lo! a golden age begins; lo! the old breed of men returns. Peace and Godliness, Love and Honour hold high their heads throughout the world and sing a proud song of triumph over our conquered folk. Justice herself (oh the pity of it!), down-gliding through the limpid air, exults over me and, now that crime has been cut down to the roots, frees law from the dark prison wherein she lay oppressed. Shall we, expelled from every land, lie this long age in shameful torpor? Ere it be too late recognize a Fury’s duty: resume your wonted strength and decree a crime worthy of this august assembly. Fain would I shroud the stars in Stygian darkness, smirch the light of day with our breath, unbridle the ocean deeps, hurl rivers against their shattered banks, and break the bonds of the universe.”

whom Jove has kept out of heaven, Theodosius from earth. Look! a golden age is starting; look! the old generation of people is coming back. Peace and Virtue, Love and Honor hold their heads high all around the world and sing a proud song of victory over our defeated people. Justice herself (oh the sadness of it!), coming down through the clear air, rejoices over me and, now that crime has been cut down to the roots, frees the law from the dark prison where she has been oppressed. Should we, kicked out from every land, lie in this long age of shameful inactivity? Before it's too late, recognize the duty of a Fury: regain your usual strength and declare a crime worthy of this grand assembly. I would love to cover the stars in dark shadows, stain the light of day with our breath, unleash the depths of the ocean, send rivers crashing against their banks, and break the chains of the universe.

So spake she with cruel roar and uproused every gaping serpent mouth as she shook her snaky locks and scattered their baneful poison. Of two minds was the band of her sisters. The greater number was for declaring war upon heaven, yet some respected still the ordinances of Dis and the uproar grew by reason of their dissension, even as the sea’s calm is not at once restored, but the deep still thunders when, for all the wind be dropped, the swelling tide yet flows, and the last weary winds of the departing storm play o’er the tossing waves.

So she spoke with a harsh roar, waking every gaping serpent mouth as she shook her snake-like hair and spread their deadly poison. Her group of sisters was divided. Most wanted to declare war on the heavens, but some still respected the rules of Dis, and the chaos increased because of their disagreement, just like the sea doesn’t calm down immediately; even when the winds have stopped, the deep still rumbles as the rising tide continues, and the last tired gusts from the fading storm play over the choppy waves.

Thereupon cruel Megaera rose from her funereal seat, mistress she of madness’ howlings and impious ill and wrath bathed in fury’s foam. No blood her drink but that flowing from kindred slaughter and forbidden crime, shed by a father’s, by a brother’s

Thereupon, cruel Megaera rose from her funeral throne, the mistress of madness' screams and wickedness, her rage bubbling with fury. She drank no blood but that which flowed from family slaughter and forbidden sins, spilled by a father's or a brother's hand.

[32]

quem dederint fratres; haec terruit Herculis ora

et defensores terrarum polluit arcus, 80

haec Athamanteae direxit spicula dextrae,

haec Agamemnonios inter bacchata penates

alternis lusit iugulis; hac auspice taedae

Oedipoden matri, natae iunxere Thyesten.

quae tune horrisonis effatur talia dictis: 85

“Signa quidem, sociae, divos attollere contra

nec fas est nec posse reor; sed laedere mundum

si libet et populis commune intendere letum.

est mihi prodigium cunctis inmanius hydris,

tigride mobilius feta, violentius Austris 90

acribus, Euripi fulvis incertius undis

Rufinus, quem prima meo de matre cadentem

suscepi gremio. parvus reptavit in isto

saepe sinu teneroque per ardua colla volutus

ubera quaesivit fletu linguisque trisulcis 95

mollia lambentes finxerunt membra cerastae;

meque etiam tradente dolos artesque nocendi

edidicit: simulare fidem sensusque minaces

protegere et blando fraudem praetexere risu,

plenus saevitiae lucrique cupidine fervens. 100

non Tartesiacis ilium satiaret harenis

tempestas pretiosa Tagi, non stagna rubentis

aurea Pactoli; totumque exhauserit Hermum,

ardebit maiore siti. quam fallere mentes

doctus et unanimos odiis turbare sodales! 105

talem progenies hominum si prisca tulisset,

Perithoum fugeret Theseus, offensus Orestem

desereret Pylades, odisset Castora Pollux.

ipsa quidem fateor vinci rapidoque magistram

[33]

sword. ’Twas she made e’en Hercules afraid and brought shame upon that bow that had freed the world of monsters; she aimed the arrow in Athamas’[49] hand: she took her pleasure in murder after murder, a mad fury in Agamemnon’s palace; beneath her auspices wedlock mated Oedipus with his mother and Thyestes with his daughter. Thus then she speaks with dread-sounding words:

sword. It was she who even made Hercules afraid and brought shame upon that bow that had freed the world of monsters; she aimed the arrow in Athamas’[49] hand: she took pleasure in murder after murder, a mad fury in Agamemnon’s palace; under her watch, marriage joined Oedipus with his mother and Thyestes with his daughter. Thus she speaks with chilling words:

“To raise our standards against the gods, my sisters, is neither right nor, methinks, possible; but hurt the world we may, if such our wish, and bring an universal destruction upon its inhabitants. I have a monster more savage than the hydra brood, swifter than the mother tigress, fiercer than the south wind’s blast, more treacherous than Euripus’ yellow flood—Rufinus. I was the first to gather him, a new-born babe, to my bosom. Often did the child nestle in mine embrace and seek my breast, his arms thrown about my neck in a flood of infant tears. My snakes shaped his soft limbs licking them with their three-forked tongues. I taught him guile whereby he learnt the arts of injury and deceit, how to conceal the intended menace and cover his treachery with a smile, full-filled with savagery and hot with lust of gain. Him nor the sands of rich Tagus’ flood by Tartessus’ town could satisfy nor the golden waters of ruddy Pactolus; should he drink all Hermus’ stream he would parch with the greedier thirst. How skilled to deceive and wreck friendships with hate! Had that old generation of men produced such an one as he, Theseus had fled Pirithous, Pylades deserted Orestes in wrath, Pollux hated Castor. I confess myself his inferior: his quick genius has outstripped

“To raise our standards against the gods, my sisters, is neither right nor, I think, possible; but we may hurt the world if that is our desire, bringing universal destruction upon its inhabitants. I have a monster more savage than the Hydra’s brood, swifter than the mother tigress, fiercer than the blast of the south wind, more treacherous than Euripus’ yellow flood—Rufinus. I was the first to take him, a newborn babe, into my arms. Often did the child nestle against me, seeking my breast, his arms wrapped around my neck while floods of infant tears streamed down. My snakes shaped his soft limbs, licking them with their three-forked tongues. I taught him cunning, and he learned the arts of injury and deceit, how to hide his intended menace and cover his treachery with a smile, full of savagery and burning with a lust for gain. Neither the rich sands of Tagus’ flood near Tartessus nor the golden waters of ruddy Pactolus could satisfy him; if he drank all of Hermus’ stream, he would still thirst even more greedily. How skilled he is at deceiving and destroying friendships with hate! Had that old generation of men produced someone like him, Theseus would have fled from Pirithous, Pylades would have deserted Orestes in wrath, and Pollux would have hated Castor. I confess I’m his inferior: his quick mind has surpassed mine.”

[49] Athamas, king of Orchomenus, murdered his son Learchus in a fit of madness.

[49] Athamas, the king of Orchomenus, killed his son Learchus in a moment of insanity.

[34]

praevenit ingenio; nec plus sermone morabor: 110

solus habet scelerum quidquid possedimus omnes.

hunc ego, si vestrae res est accommoda turbae,

regalem ad summi producam principis aulam.

sit licet ipse Numa gravior, sit denique Minos,

cedet et insidiis nostri flectetur alumni.” 115

Orantem sequitur clamor cunctaeque profanas

porrexere manus inventaque tristia laudant.

illa ubi caeruleo vestes conexuit angue

nodavitque adamante comas, Phlegethonta sonorum

poscit et ambusto flagrantis ab aggere ripae 120

ingentem piceo succendit gurgite pinum

pigraque veloces per Tartara concutit alas.

Est locus extremum pandit qua Gallia litus

Oceani praetentus aquis, ubi fertur Ulixes

sanguine libato populum movisse silentem. 125

illic umbrarum tenui stridore volantum

flebilis auditur questus; simulacra coloni

pallida defunctasque vident migrare figuras.

hinc dea prosiluit Phoebique egressa serenos

infecit radios ululatuque aethera rupit 130

terrifico: sentit ferale Britannia murmur

et Senonum quatit arva fragor revolutaque Tethys

substitit et Rhenus proiecta torpuit urna.

tunc in canitiem mutatis sponte colubris

longaevum mentita senem rugisque seueras 135

persulcata genas et ficto languida passu

invadit muros Elusae, notissima dudum

[35]

his preceptress: in a word (that I waste not your time further) all the wickedness that is ours in common is his alone. Him will I introduce, if the plan commend itself to you, to the kingly palace of the emperor of the world. Be he wiser than Numa, be he Minos’ self, needs must he yield and succumb to the treachery of my foster child.”

his teacher: in short (so I won't waste your time any longer) all the evil that we share is his alone. I will introduce him, if the plan seems good to you, to the royal palace of the emperor of the world. Whether he is wiser than Numa or even Minos himself, he must yield and fall victim to the betrayal of my adopted child.”

A shout followed her words: all stretched forth their impious hands and applauded the awful plot. When Megaera had gathered together her dress with the black serpent that girdled her, and bound her hair with combs of steel, she approached the sounding stream of Phlegethon, and seizing a tall pine-tree from the scorched summit of the flaming bank kindled it in the pitchy flood, then plied her swift wings o’er sluggish Tartarus.

A shout followed her words: everyone reached out their wicked hands and applauded the terrible plan. When Megaera gathered her dress with the black serpent that wrapped around her and styled her hair with steel combs, she approached the rushing stream of Phlegethon. Grabbing a tall pine tree from the charred top of the fiery bank, she ignited it in the dark waters and then flew swiftly over sluggish Tartarus.

There is a place where Gaul stretches her furthermost shore spread out before the waves of Ocean: ’tis there that Ulysses is said to have called up the silent ghosts with a libation of blood. There is heard the mournful weeping of the spirits of the dead as they flit by with faint sound of wings, and the inhabitants see the pale ghosts pass and the shades of the dead. ’Twas from here the goddess leapt forth, dimmed the sun’s fair beams and clave the sky with horrid howlings. Britain felt the deadly sound, the noise shook the country of the Senones,[50] Tethys stayed her tide, and Rhine let fall his urn and shrank his stream. Thereupon, in the guise of an old man, her serpent locks changed at her desire to snowy hair, her dread cheeks furrowed with many a wrinkle and feigning weariness in her gait she enters the walls of Elusa,[51] in search of the house she had long known so well. Long

There’s a place where Gaul stretches her farthest shore, laid out before the waves of the Ocean: it’s there that Ulysses is said to have summoned the silent ghosts with a blood offering. You can hear the mournful wailing of the dead as they drift by with faint sounds of wings, and the locals see the pale spirits passing by and the shadows of the departed. It was from here that the goddess jumped forth, dimmed the sun’s bright rays, and split the sky with terrifying howls. Britain felt the deadly sound, the noise shook the land of the Senones,[50] Tethys paused her tide, and the Rhine let go of his urn and shrank his flow. Then, taking on the form of an old man, her serpent hair changed at her command to snowy white, her fearsome face lined with many wrinkles, and pretending to be tired in her walk, she entered the walls of Elusa,[51] searching for the house she had known so well for a long time.

[50] Their territory lay some sixty miles S.E. of Paris. Its chief town was Agedincum (mod. Sens).

[50] Their territory was about sixty miles southeast of Paris. The main town was Agedincum (modern-day Sens).

[51] Elusa (the modern Eauze in the Department of Gers) was the birthplace of Rufinus (cf. Zosim. iv. 51. 1).

[51] Elusa (now known as Eauze in the Gers department) was the birthplace of Rufinus (cf. Zosim. iv. 51. 1).

[36]

tecta petens, oculisque diu liventibus haesit

peiorem mirata virum, tum talia fatur:

“Otia te, Rufine, iuvant frustraque iuventae 140

consumis florem patriis inglorius arvis?

heu nescis quid fata tibi, quid sidera debent,

quid Fortuna parat: toto dominabere mundo,

si parere velis! artus ne sperne seniles!

namque mihi magicae vires aevique futuri 145

praescius ardor inest; novi quo Thessala cantu

eripiat lunare iubar, quid signa sagacis

Aegypti valeant, qua gens Chaldaea vocatis

imperet arte deis, nec me latuere fluentes

arboribus suci funestarumque potestas 150

herbarum, quidquid letali gramine pollens

Caucasus et Scythicae vernant in crimina [52] rupes,

quas legit Medea ferox et callida Circe.

saepius horrendos manes sacrisque litavi

nocturnis Hecaten et condita funera traxi 155

carminibus victura meis, multosque canendo,

quamvis Parcarum restarent fila, peremi.

ire vagas quercus et fulmen stare coegi

versaque non prono curvavi flumina lapsu

in fontes reditura suos. ne vana locutum 160

me fortasse putes, mutatos cerne penates.”

dixerat, et niveae (mirum!) coepere columnae

ditari subitoque trabes lucere metallo.

Inlecebris capitur nimiumque elatus avaro

pascitur aspectu. sic rex ad prima tumebat 165

[52] gramina E: other codd. gramine. Birt conjectures toxica, Heinsius carmina. I take Postgate’s crimina.

[52] grass E: other texts read grass. Birt suggests toxic, Heinsius songs. I prefer Postgate's crimes.

[37]

she stood and gazed with jealous eyes, marvelling at a man worse than herself; then spake she thus: “Does ease content thee, Rufinus? Wastest thou in vain the flower of thy youth inglorious thus in thy father’s fields? Thou knowest not what fate and the stars owe thee, what fortune makes ready. So thou wilt obey me thou shalt be lord of the whole world. Despise not an old man’s feeble limbs: I have the gift of magic and the fire of prophecy is within me. I have learned the incantations wherewith Thessalian witches pull down the bright moon, I know the meaning of the wise Egyptians’ runes, the art whereby the Chaldeans impose their will upon the subject gods, the various saps that flow within trees and the power of deadly herbs; all those that grow on Caucasus rich in poisonous plants, or, to man’s bane, clothe the crags of Scythia; herbs such as cruel Medea gathered and curious Circe. Often in nocturnal rites have I sought to propitiate the dread ghosts and Hecate, and recalled the shades of buried men to live again by my magic: many, too, has my wizardry brought to destruction though the Fates had yet somewhat of their life’s thread to spin. I have caused oaks to walk and the thunderbolt to stay his course, aye, and made rivers reverse their course and flow backwards to their fount. Lest thou perchance think these be but idle boasts behold the change of thine own house.” At these words the white pillars, to his amazement, began to turn into gold and the beams of a sudden to shine with metal.

She stood and stared with envious eyes, amazed by a man worse than herself; then she spoke: “Are you satisfied, Rufinus? Are you wasting the best years of your life aimlessly in your father's fields? You have no idea what fate and the stars have in store for you, what fortune is preparing. If you obey me, you'll be the ruler of the entire world. Don’t underestimate an old man's frail body: I possess magical powers, and the fire of prophecy is within me. I've learned the incantations that Thessalian witches use to bring down the bright moon, I understand the meanings behind the wise Egyptians' symbols, the techniques by which the Chaldeans command the gods, the various saps that flow in trees, and the potency of deadly herbs; all those that grow in the Caucasus, rich in poisonous plants, or those that, to mankind's detriment, cover the cliffs of Scythia; herbs like those gathered by the cruel Medea and the curious Circe. Often, in nighttime rituals, I’ve tried to appease the terrifying ghosts and Hecate, and I’ve called back the shades of the dead to live again through my magic: many have met their end due to my sorcery even though the Fates still had some of their life’s thread to spin. I have made oaks walk and stalled the thunderbolt’s path, and I’ve made rivers flow backward to their source. If you think these are just empty claims, look at the transformation of your own home.” At her words, the white pillars, to his shock, began to turn to gold, and the beams suddenly started to shine like metal.

His senses are captured by the bait, and, thrilled beyond measure, he feasts his greedy eyes on the sight. So Midas, king of Lydia, swelled at first

His senses are hooked by the lure, and, overwhelmed with excitement, he greedily takes in the view. So Midas, king of Lydia, puffed up at first

[38]

Maeonius, pulchro cum verteret omnia tactu;

sed postquam riguisse dapes fulvamque revinctos

in glaciem vidit latices, tum munus acerbum

sensit et inviso votum damnavit in auro.

ergo animi victus “sequimur quocumque vocabis, 170

seu tu vir seu numen” ait, patriaque relicta

Eoas Furiae iussu tendebat ad arces

instabilesque olim Symplegadas et freta remis

inclita Thessalicis, celsa qua Bosphorus urbe

splendet et Odrysiis Asiam discriminat oris. 175

Ut longum permensus iter ductusque maligno

stamine fatorum claram subrepsit in aulam,

ilicet ambitio nasci, discedere rectum,

venum cuncta dari; profert arcana, clientes

fallit et ambitos a principe vendit honores. 180

ingeminat crimen, commoti pectoris ignem

nutrit et exiguum stimulando vulnus acerbat.

ac velut innumeros amnes accedere Nereus

nescit et undantem quamvis hinc hauriat Histrum,

hinc bibat aestivum septeno gurgite Nilum, 185

par semper similisque manet: sic fluctibus auri

expleri calor ille nequit. cuicumque monile

contextum gemmis aut praedia culta fuissent,

Rufino populandus erat, dominoque parabat

exitium fecundus ager; metuenda colonis 190

fertilitas: laribus pellit, detrudit avitis

[39]

with pride when he found he could transform everything he touched to gold: but when he beheld his food grow rigid and his drink harden into golden ice then he understood that this gift was a bane and in his loathing for the gold cursed his prayer. Thus Rufinus, overcome, cried out: “Whithersoever thou summonest me I follow, be thou man or god.” Then at the Fury’s bidding he left his fatherland and approached the cities of the East, threading the once floating Symplegades and the seas renowned for the voyage of the Argo, ship of Thessaly, till he came to where, beneath its high-walled town, the gleaming Bosporus separates Asia from the Thracian coast.

with pride when he discovered he could turn everything he touched into gold: but when he saw his food go stiff and his drink freeze into golden ice, he realized that this gift was a curse, and in his disgust for the gold, he cursed his wish. Thus Rufinus, overwhelmed, cried out: “Wherever you call me, I’ll follow, whether you’re a man or a god.” Then, at the Fury’s command, he left his homeland and traveled to the cities of the East, navigating the once-moving Symplegades and the seas famous for the voyage of the Argo, ship of Thessaly, until he reached the place where, beneath its high-walled town, the shining Bosporus separates Asia from the Thracian coast.

When he had completed this long journey and, led by the evil thread of the fates, had won his way into the far-famed palace, then did ambition straightway come to birth and right was no more. Everything had its price. He betrayed secrets, deceived dependents, and sold honours that had been wheedled from the emperor. He followed up one crime with another, heaping fuel on the inflamed mind and probing and embittering the erstwhile trivial wound. And yet, as Nereus knows no addition from the infinitude of rivers that flow into him and though here he drains Danube’s wave and there Nile’s summer flood with its sevenfold mouth, yet ever remains his same and constant self, so Rufinus’ thirst knew no abatement for all the streams of gold that flowed in upon him. Had any a necklace studded with jewels or a fertile demesne he was sure prey for Rufinus: a rich property assured the ruin of its own possessor: fertility was the husbandman’s bane. He drives them from their homes, expels them from the lands their sires had

When he finished this long journey and, driven by the evil thread of fate, made his way into the famous palace, ambition was immediately born and right was lost. Everything had a price. He betrayed secrets, deceived those who depended on him, and sold honors that had been coaxed from the emperor. He committed one crime after another, adding fuel to the fiery mind and probing and deepening a once trivial wound. Yet, just as Nereus does not gain from the endless streams that flow into him, even as he takes in the waters of the Danube and the summer floods of the Nile with its seven mouths, he remains the same and unchanging. In the same way, Rufinus’ thirst never diminished despite all the streams of gold flowing to him. If anyone had a necklace adorned with jewels or a fertile estate, they were certain to be targeted by Rufinus: rich property guaranteed its owner's ruin; abundance was the farmer’s curse. He drove them from their homes, expelling them from the lands their ancestors had.

[40]

finibus; aut aufert vivis aut occupat heres

congestae cumulantur opes orbisque ruinas

accipit una domus: populi servire coacti

plenaque privato succumbunt oppida regno. 195

Quo, vesane, ruis? teneas utrumque licebit

Oceanum, laxet rutilos tibi Lydia fontes,

iungatur solium Croesi Cyrique tiara:

numquam dives eris, numquam satiabere quaestu.

semper inops quicumque cupit. contentus honesto

Fabricius parvo spernebat munera regum 201

sudabatque gravi consul Serranus aratro

et casa pugnaces Curios angusta tegebat.

haec mihi paupertas opulentior, haec mihi tecta

culminibus maiora tuis. ibi quaerit inanes 205

luxuries nocitura cibos; hic donat inemptas

terra dapes. rapiunt Tyrios ibi vellera sucos

et picturatae saturantur murice vestes;

hic radiant flores et prati viva voluptas

ingenio variata suo. fulgentibus illic 210

surgunt strata toris; hic mollis panditur herba

sollicitum curis non abruptura soporem.

turba salutantum latas ibi perstrepit aedes;

hic avium cantus, labentis murmura rivi.

vivitur exiguo melius; natura beatis 215

omnibus esse dedit, si quis cognoverit uti.

haec si nota forent, frueremur simplice cultu,

classica non gemerent, non stridula fraxinus iret,

nec ventus quateret puppes nec machina muros.

[41]

left them, either wresting them from the living owners or fastening upon them as an inheritor. Massed riches are piled up and a single house receives the plunder of a world; whole peoples are forced into slavery, and thronging cities bow beneath the tyranny of a private man.

left them, either taking them from the living owners or claiming them as an inheritor. Huge amounts of wealth are stacked up, and a single house collects the spoils of the world; entire populations are enslaved, and crowded cities submit to the control of one individual.

Madman, what shall be the end? Though thou possess either Ocean, though Lydia pour forth for thee her golden waters, though thou join Croesus’ throne to Cyrus’ crown, yet shalt thou never be rich nor ever contented with thy booty. The greedy man is always poor. Fabricius, happy in his honourable poverty, despised the gifts of monarchs; the consul Serranus sweated at his heavy plough and a small cottage gave shelter to the warlike Curii. To my mind such poverty as this is richer than thy wealth, such a home greater than thy palaces. There pernicious luxury seeks for the food that satisfieth not; here the earth provides a banquet for which is nought to pay. With thee wool absorbs the dyes of Tyre; thy patterned clothes are stained with purple; here are bright flowers and the meadow’s breathing charm which owes its varied hues but to itself. There are beds piled on glittering bedsteads; here stretches the soft grass, that breaks not sleep with anxious cares. There a crowd of clients dins through the spacious halls, here is song of birds and the murmur of the gliding stream. A frugal life is best. Nature has given the opportunity of happiness to all, knew they but how to use it. Had we realized this we should now have been enjoying a simple life, no trumpets would be sounding, no whistling spear would speed, no ship be buffeted by the wind, no siege-engine overthrow battlements.

Madman, what will be the end? Even if you own the entire ocean, even if Lydia pours her golden waters for you, even if you combine Croesus’ throne with Cyrus’ crown, you will never be rich or satisfied with your spoils. The greedy man is always poor. Fabricius, content in his honorable poverty, turned down the gifts of kings; consul Serranus labored hard at his heavy plow, and a small cottage provided shelter for the warrior Curii. To me, such poverty is richer than your wealth, such a home greater than your palaces. There, harmful luxury searches for food that doesn't satisfy; here, the earth offers a feast that costs nothing. With you, wool absorbs dyes from Tyre; your patterned clothes are stained with purple; here, there are bright flowers and the meadow's natural charm that draws its colors from itself. There are beds piled on shiny frames; here, soft grass lies, untroubled by anxious thoughts. There, a crowd of clients clamors in the spacious halls; here, it’s the song of birds and the gentle flow of the stream. A simple life is the best. Nature has given everyone the chance for happiness, if only they knew how to embrace it. If we had realized this, we would now be enjoying a simple life, with no trumpets sounding, no whistling spears flying, no ships tossed by the wind, no war engines demolishing walls.

[42]

Crescebat scelerata sitis praedaeque recentis 220

incestus flagrabat amor, nullusque petendi

cogendive pudor: crebris periuria nectit

blanditiis; sociat perituro foedere dextras.

si semel e tantis poscenti quisque negasset,

effera praetumido quatiebat corda furore. 225

quae sic Gaetuli iaculo percussa leaena

aut Hyrcana premens raptorem belua partus

aut serpens calcata furit? iurata deorum

maiestas teritur; nusquam reverentia mensae.

non coniunx, non ipse simul, non pignora caesa 230

sufficiunt odiis; non extinxisse propinquos,

non notos egisse sat est; exscindere cives

funditus et nomen gentis delere laborat.

nec celeri perimit leto; crudelibus ante

suppliciis fruitur; cruciatus, vincla, tenebras 235

dilato mucrone parat. pro saevior ense

parcendi rabies concessaque vita dolori!

mors adeone parum est? causis fallacibus instat,

arguit attonitos se iudice. cetera segnis,

ad facinus velox, penitus regione remotas 240

impiger ire vias: non illum Sirius ardens

brumave Riphaeo stridens Aquilone retardat.

effera torquebant avidae praecordia curae,

effugeret ne quis gladios neu perderet ullum

Augusto miserante nefas. non flectitur annis, 245

non aetate labat: iuvenum rorantia colla

ante patrum vultus stricta cecidere securi;

[43]

Still grew Rufinus’ wicked greed, and his impious passion for new-won wealth blazed yet fiercer; no feeling of shame kept him from demanding and extorting money. He combines perjury with ceaseless cajolery, ratifying with a hand-clasp the bond he purposes to break. Should any dare to refuse his demand for one thing out of so many, his fierce heart would be stirred with swelling wrath. Was ever lioness wounded with a Gaetulian’s spear, or Hyrcan tiger pursuing the robber of her young, was ever bruisèd serpent so fierce? He swears by the majesty of the gods and tramples on his oath. He reverences not the laws of hospitality. To kill a wife and her husband with her and her children sates not his anger; ’tis not enough to slaughter relations and drive friends into exile; he strives to destroy every citizen of Rome and to blot out the very name of our race. Nor does he even slay with a swift death; ere that he enjoys the infliction of cruel torture; the rack, the chain, the lightless cell, these he sets before the final blow. Why, this remission is more savage, more madly cruel, than the sword—this grant of life that agony may accompany it! Is death not enough for him? With treacherous charges he attacks; dazed wretches find him at once accuser and judge. Slow to all else he is swift to crime and tireless to visit the ends of the earth in its pursuit. Neither the Dog-star’s heat nor the wintry blasts of the Thracian north wind detain him. Feverish anxiety torments his cruel heart lest any escape his sword, or an emperor’s pardon lose him an opportunity for injury. Neither age nor youth can move his pity: before their father’s eyes his bloody axe severs boys’ heads

Rufinus’ greed continued to grow, and his relentless desire for newly acquired wealth burned even hotter; no sense of shame stopped him from demanding and extorting money. He mixes lies with constant flattery, sealing with a handshake the promise he intends to break. If anyone dares to refuse his requests for even one small thing out of many, his fierce heart swells with rage. Was there ever a lioness pierced by a Gaetulian’s spear, or a Hyrcan tiger chasing the thief of her cubs, or a wounded serpent more furious? He swears by the might of the gods and tramples on his own oath. He shows no respect for the laws of hospitality. Killing a wife and her husband along with their children does not satisfy his anger; it isn’t enough to slaughter family members and drive friends into exile; he aims to destroy every citizen of Rome and erase the very name of our people. He doesn't even deliver a quick death; instead, he revels in inflicting cruel torture; the rack, the chains, the dark cell—these come before the final blow. This torture is more brutal, more crazily cruel than the sword—this gift of life that comes with agony! Is death not enough for him? With deceitful charges, he attacks; bewildered victims find him both the accuser and the judge. Slow in everything else, he is quick to commit crimes and tireless in traveling the ends of the earth to pursue them. Neither the blazing heat of the Dog Star nor the icy winds of the Thracian north hold him back. A feverish anxiety torments his cruel heart, fearing that someone might escape his sword, or that an emperor's pardon might cause him to miss an opportunity for harm. Neither age nor youth can evoke his pity: he swings his bloody axe before their father’s eyes, severing boys’ heads.

[44]

ibat grandaevus nato moriente superstes

post trabeas exul. quis prodere tanta relatu

funera, quis caedes possit deflere nefandas? 250

quid tale inmanes umquam gessisse feruntur

vel Sinis Isthmiaca pinu vel rupe profunda

Sciron vel Phalaris tauro vel carcere Sulla?

o mites Diomedis equi! Busiridis arae

clementes! iam Cinna pius, iam Spartace segnis 255

Rufino collatus eris!

Deiecerat omnes

occultis odiis terror tacitique sepultos

suspirant gemitus indignarique verentur.

at non magnanimi virtus Stilichonis eodem

fracta metu; solus medio sed turbine rerum 260

contra letiferos rictus contraque rapacem

movit tela feram, volucris non praepete cursu

vectus equi, non Pegaseis adiutus habenis.

hic cunctis optata quies, hic sola pericli

turris erat clipeusque trucem porrectus in hostem,

hic profugis sedes adversaque signa furori, 266

servandis hic castra bonis.

Hucusque minatus

haerebat retroque fuga cedebat inerti:

haud secus hiberno tumidus cum vertice torrens

saxa rotat volvitque nemus pontesque revellit, 270

frangitur obiectu scopuli quaerensque meatum

spumat et inlisa montem circumtonat unda.

Qua dignum te laude feram, qui paene ruenti

[45]

from their bodies; an aged man, once a consul, survived the murder of his son but to be driven into exile. Who can bring himself to tell of so many murders, who can adequately mourn such impious slaughter? Do men tell that cruel Sinis of Corinth e’er wrought such wickedness with his pine-tree, or Sciron with his precipitous rock, or Phalaris with his brazen bull, or Sulla with his prison? O gentle horses of Diomede! O pitiful altars of Busiris! Henceforth, compared with Rufinus thou, Cinna, shalt be loving, and thou, Spartacus, a sluggard.

from their bodies; an old man, once a consul, survived the murder of his son only to be forced into exile. Who can bring themselves to speak of so many murders, who can truly mourn such brutal slaughter? Do people recount how cruel Sinis of Corinth did such evil with his pine tree, or Sciron with his steep rock, or Phalaris with his bronze bull, or Sulla with his prison? O gentle horses of Diomede! O pitiful altars of Busiris! From now on, compared to Rufinus, you, Cinna, will seem kind, and you, Spartacus, will seem lazy.

All were a prey to terror, for men knew not where next his hidden hatred would break forth, they sob in silence for the tears they dare not shed and fear to show their indignation. Yet is not the spirit of great-hearted Stilicho broken by this same fear. Alone amid the general calamity he took arms against this monster of greed and his devouring maw, though not borne on the swift course of any wingèd steed nor aided by Pegasus’ reins. In him all found the quiet they longed for, he was their one defence in danger, their shield out-held against the fierce foe, the exile’s sanctuary, standard confronting the madness of Rufinus, fortress for the protection of the good.

All were consumed by fear, as people didn't know where the hidden hatred would strike next. They cried silently for the tears they couldn't shed and were afraid to show their anger. Yet, the spirit of the brave Stilicho was not broken by this same fear. Alone in the face of widespread disaster, he armed himself against this monster of greed and its gaping maw, even without the swift flight of any winged horse or the aid of Pegasus. In him, everyone found the peace they longed for; he was their sole defense in peril, their shield raised against the fierce enemy, the sanctuary for the exiled, the banner confronting Rufinus's madness, and the fortress safeguarding the good.

Thus far Rufinus advanced his threats and stayed; then fell back in coward flight: even as a torrent swollen with winter rains rolls down great stones in its course, overwhelms woods, tears away bridges, yet is broken by a jutting rock, and, seeking a way through, foams and thunders about the cliff with shattered waves.

Thus far, Rufinus made his threats and held his ground; then he retreated in cowardly flight: just like a torrent swollen with winter rains that sweeps down large stones in its path, overwhelms forests, washes away bridges, yet is halted by a jutting rock, and, looking for a way through, foams and roars around the cliff with broken waves.

How can I praise thee worthily, thou who

How can I really praise you, you who

[46]

lapsuroque tuos umeros obieceris orbi?

te nobis trepidae sidus ceu dulce carinae 275

ostendere dei, geminis quae lassa procellis

tunditur et victo trahitur iam caeca magistro.

Inachius Rubro perhibetur in aequore Perseus

Neptuni domuisse pecus, sed tutior alis:

te non penna vehit; rigida cum Gorgone Perseus:

tu non vipereo defensus crine Medusae; 281

ilium vilis amor suspensae virginis egit:

te Romana salus. taceat superata vetustas,

Herculeos conferre tuis iam desinat actus.

una Cleonaeum pascebat silva leonem; 285

Arcadiae saltum vastabat dentibus unum

saevus aper, tuque o compressa matre rebellans

non ultra Libyae fines, Antaee, nocebas,

solaque fulmineo resonabat Creta iuvenco

Lernaeamque virens obsederat hydra paludem. 290

hoc monstrum non una palus, non una tremebat

insula, sed Latia quidquid dicione subactum

vivit, et a primis Ganges horrebat Hiberis.

hoc neque Geryon triplex nec turbidus Orci

ianitor aequabit nec si concurrat in unum 295

vis hydrae Scyllaeque fames et flamma Chimaerae.

Certamen sublime diu, sed moribus impar

virtutum scelerumque fuit. iugulare minatur:

tu prohibes; ditem spoliat: tu reddis egenti;

eruit: instauras; accendit proelia: vincis. 300

[47]

sustainedst with thy shoulders the tottering world in its threatened fall? The gods gave thee to us as they show a welcome star to frightened mariners whose weary bark is buffeted with storms of wind and wave and drifts with blind course now that her steersman is beaten. Perseus, descendant of Inachus, is said to have overcome Neptune’s monsters in the Red Sea, but he was helped by his wings; no wing bore thee aloft: Perseus was armed with the Gorgons’ head that turneth all to stone; the snaky locks of Medusa protected not thee. His motive was but the love of a chained girl, thine the salvation of Rome. The days of old are surpassed; let them keep silence and cease to compare Hercules’ labours with thine. ’Twas but one wood that sheltered the lion of Cleonae, the savage boar’s tusks laid waste a single Arcadian vale, and thou, rebel Antaeus, holding thy mother earth in thine embrace, didst no hurt beyond the borders of Africa. Crete alone re-echoed to the bellowings of the fire-breathing bull, and the green hydra beleaguered no more than Lerna’s lake. But this monster Rufinus terrified not one lake nor one island: whatsoever lives beneath the Roman rule, from distant Spain to Ganges’ stream, was in fear of him. Neither triple Geryon nor Hell’s fierce janitor can vie with him nor could the conjoined terrors of powerful Hydra, ravenous Scylla, and fiery Chimaera.

sustained with your shoulders the unsteady world in its threatened fall? The gods gave you to us like they show a guiding star to scared sailors whose tired ship is tossed by storms and drifts aimlessly now that its helmsman is overwhelmed. Perseus, a descendant of Inachus, is said to have defeated Neptune’s monsters in the Red Sea, but he had his wings; no wings carried you up: Perseus was armed with the Gorgon's head that turns everything to stone; the snaky locks of Medusa protected him, not you. His motivation was just the love of a imprisoned girl, but yours was the salvation of Rome. The days of old are surpassed; let them keep quiet and stop comparing Hercules’ labors with yours. He faced just one forest that sheltered the lion of Cleonae, the savage boar's tusks ravaged a single Arcadian valley, and you, rebellious Antaeus, holding your mother earth in your embrace, caused no harm beyond the borders of Africa. Crete alone echoed with the roars of the fire-breathing bull, and the green hydra troubled no more than Lerna’s lake. But this monster Rufinus terrified not one lake or one island: everything under Roman rule, from distant Spain to the Ganges, lived in fear of him. Neither triple Geryon nor Hell's fierce gatekeeper can match him, nor could the combined horrors of powerful Hydra, ravenous Scylla, and fiery Chimaera.

Long hung the contest in suspense, but the struggle betwixt vice and virtue was ill-matched in character. Rufinus threatens slaughter, thou stayest his hand; he robs the rich, thou givest back to the poor; he overthrows, thou restorest; he sets wars afoot, thou winnest them. As a pestilence, growing from day

Long hung the contest in suspense, but the struggle between vice and virtue was poorly matched in character. Rufinus threatens slaughter, you stop him; he robs the rich, you give back to the poor; he brings destruction, you restore; he starts wars, you win them. Like a plague, growing from day

[48]

ac velut infecto morbus crudescere caelo

incipiens primos pecudum depascitur artus,

mox populos urbesque rapit ventisque perustis

corruptos Stygiam pestem desudat in amnes:

sic avidus praedo iam non per singula saevit. 305

sed sceptris inferre minas omnique perempto

milite Romanas ardet prosternere vires,

iamque Getas Histrumque movet Scythiamque receptat

auxilio traditque suas hostilibus armis

relliquias. mixtis descendit Sarmata Dacis 310

et qui cornipedes in pocula vulnerat audax

Massagetes caesamque bibens Maeotin Alanus

membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus,

Rufino collecta manus. vetat ille domari

innectitque moras et congrua tempora differt. 315

nam tua cum Geticas stravisset dextra catervas,

ulta ducis socii letum, parsque una maneret

debilior facilisque capi, tunc impius ille

proditor imperii coniuratusque Getarum

distulit instantes eluso principe pugnas 320

Hunorum laturus opem, quos adfore hello

norat et invisis mox se coniungere castris.

Est genus extremos Scythiae vergentis in ortus

trans gelidum Tanain, quo non famosius ullum

Arctos alit. turpes habitus obscaenaque visu 325

corpora; mens duro numquam cessura labori;

praeda cibus, vitanda Ceres frontemque secari

[49]

to day by reason of the infected air, fastens first upon the bodies of animals but soon sweeps away peoples and cities, and when the winds blow hot spreads its hellish poison to the polluted streams, so the ambitious rebel marks down no private prey, but hurls his eager threats at kings, and seeks to destroy Rome’s army and overthrow her might. Now he stirs up the Getae [53] and the tribes on Danube’s banks, allies himself with Scythia and exposes what few his cruelties have spared to the sword of the enemy. There march against us a mixed horde of Sarmatians and Dacians, the Massagetes who cruelly wound their horses that they may drink their blood, the Alans who break the ice and drink the waters of Maeotis’ lake, and the Geloni who tattoo their limbs: these form Rufinus’ army. And he brooks not their defeat; he frames delays and postpones the fitting season for battle. For when thy right hand, Stilicho, had scattered the Getic bands and avenged the death of thy brother general, when one section of Rufinus’ army was thus weakened and made an easy prey, then that foul traitor, that conspirator with the Getae, tricked the emperor and put off the instant day of battle, meaning to ally himself with the Huns, who, as he knew, would fight and quickly join the enemies of Rome.[54]

Today, due to the polluted air, it first affects animals, but then quickly spreads to people and cities. When the hot winds blow, it spreads its toxic grip to the contaminated rivers. Similarly, the ambitious rebel targets not just private victims, but boldly threatens kings, aiming to destroy Rome's army and undermine its power. Now he stirs up the Getae [53] and the tribes along the Danube, aligns himself with Scythia, and exposes what few of his brutal actions have spared to the enemy's sword. A diverse group of Sarmatians and Dacians march against us, along with the Massagetes who cruelly injure their horses to drink their blood, the Alans who break the ice to drink from Lake Maeotis, and the Geloni who tattoo their bodies: these make up Rufinus' army. He won't tolerate their defeat; instead, he devises delays and pushes back the right moment for battle. When your right hand, Stilicho, had scattered the Getic forces and avenged your brother general's death, weakening one part of Rufinus' army and making it vulnerable, that vile traitor, that conspirator with the Getae, deceived the emperor and postponed the crucial day of battle, intending to ally himself with the Huns, knowing they would fight quickly and join Rome's enemies.[54]

These Huns are a tribe who live on the extreme eastern borders of Scythia, beyond frozen Tanais; most infamous of all the children of the north. Hideous to look upon are their faces and loathsome their bodies, but indefatigable is their spirit. The chase supplies their food; bread they will not eat. They love to slash their faces and hold it a

These Huns are a tribe living at the far eastern edge of Scythia, beyond the frozen Tanais; they are the most notorious of all the northern peoples. Their faces are ugly to behold, and their bodies are repulsive, but their spirit is unbreakable. They get their food from hunting and don’t eat bread. They enjoy cutting their faces and display it a

[53] Here and throughout his poems Claudian refers to the Visigoths as the Getae.

[53] Here and in his poems, Claudian calls the Visigoths the Getae.

[54] Cf. Introduction, p. x.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ See. Introduction, p. x.

[50]

ludus et occisos pulchrum iurare parentes.

nec plus nubigenas duplex natura biformes

cognatis aptavit equis; acerrima nullo 330

ordine mobilitas insperatique recursus.

Quos tamen impavidus contra spumantis ad Hebri

tendis aquas, sic ante tubas aciemque precatus:

“Mavors, nubifero seu tu procumbis in Haemo

seu te cana gelu Rhodope seu remige Medo 335

sollicitatus Athos seu caligantia nigris

ilicibus Pangaea tenent, accingere mecum

et Thracas defende tuos. si laetior adsit

gloria, vestita spoliis donabere quercu.”

Audiit illa pater scopulisque nivalibus Haemi 340

surgit et hortatur celeres clamore ministros:

“fer galeam, Bellona, mihi nexusque rotarum

tende, Pavor. frenet rapidos Formido iugales.

festinas urgete manus. meus ecce paratur

ad bellum Stilicho, qui me de more tropaeis 345

ditat et hostiles suspendit in arbore cristas.

communes semper litui, communia nobis

signa canunt iunctoque sequor tentoria curru.”

sic fatus campo insiluit lateque fugatas

hinc Stilicho turmas, illinc Gradivus agebat 350

et clipeis et mole pares; stat cassis utrique

sidereis hirsuta iubis loricaque cursu

aestuat et largo saturatur vulnere cornus.

Acrior interea voto multisque Megaera

luxuriata malis maestam deprendit in arce 355

[51]

righteous act to swear by their murdered parents. Their double nature fitted not better the twi-formed Centaurs to the horses that were parts of them. Disorderly, but of incredible swiftness, they often return to the fight when little expected.

righteous act to swear by their murdered parents. Their dual nature suited them no better than the two-faced Centaurs did to the horses that were parts of them. Chaotic, yet incredibly fast, they often return to battle when least expected.

Fearless, however, against such forces, thou, Stilicho, approachest the waters of foaming Hebrus and thus prayest ere the trumpets sound and the fight begins: “Mars, whether thou reclinest on cloud-capped Haemus, or frost-white Rhodope holdeth thee, or Athos, severed to give passage to the Persian fleet, or Pangaeus, gloomy with dark holm-oaks, gird thyself at my side and defend thine own land of Thrace. If victory smile on us, thy meed shall be an oak stump adorned with spoils.”

Fearless, however, against such forces, you, Stilicho, approach the waters of the foaming Hebrus and pray before the trumpets sound and the fight begins: “Mars, whether you rest on cloud-covered Haemus, or frost-white Rhodope holds you, or Athos, cut to let the Persian fleet pass, or Pangaeus, dark with gloomy holm-oaks, stand by my side and defend your own land of Thrace. If victory is on our side, your reward will be an oak stump decorated with spoils.”

The Father heard his prayer and rose from the snowy peaks of Haemus shouting commands to his speedy servants: “Bellona, bring my helmet; fasten me, Panic, the wheels upon my chariot; harness my swift horses, Fear. Hasten: speed on your work. See, my Stilicho makes him ready for war; Stilicho whose habit it is to load me with rich trophies and hang upon the oak the plumed helmets of his enemies. For us together the trumpets ever sound the call to battle; yoking my chariot I follow wheresoever he pitch his camp.” So spake he and leapt upon the plain, and on this side Stilicho scattered the enemy bands in broadcast flight and on that Mars; alike the twain in accoutrement and stature. The helmets of either tower with bristling crests, their breastplates flash as they speed along and their spears take their fill of widely dealt wounds.

The Father heard his prayer and rose from the snowy peaks of Haemus, shouting commands to his swift servants: “Bellona, bring me my helmet; Panic, fasten the wheels on my chariot; Fear, harness my swift horses. Hurry up: get to work. Look, my Stilicho is getting ready for battle; Stilicho, who always brings me rich trophies and hangs the plumed helmets of his enemies on the oak. The trumpets call us to battle together; attaching my chariot, I follow wherever he sets up camp.” So he spoke and jumped down to the plain, and on one side Stilicho sent the enemy troops scattering in all directions, and on the other, Mars; both alike in armor and stature. The helmets of each tower with bristling crests, their breastplates flash as they speed along, and their spears take their fill of wounds dealt far and wide.

Meanwhile Megaera, more eager now she has got her way, and revelling in this widespread

Meanwhile, Megaera, now more eager since she's gotten her way, is enjoying this widespread

[52]

Iustitiam diroque prior sic ore lacessit:

“en tibi prisca quies renovataque saecula rursus,

ut rebare, vigent? en nostra potentia cessit

nec locus est usquam Furiis? huc lumina flecte.

adspice barbaricis iaceant quot moenia flammis, 360

quas mihi Rufinus strages quantumque cruoris

praebeat et quantis epulentur caedibus hydri.

linque homines sortemque meam, pete sidera; notis

Autumni te redde plagis, qua vergit in Austrum

Signifer; aestivo sedes vicina Leoni 365

iam pridem gelidaeque vacant confinia Librae.

atque utinam per magna sequi convexa liceret!”

Diva refert: “non ulterius bacchabere demens.

iam poenas tuus iste dabit, iam debitus ultor

inminet, et, terras qui nunc ipsumque fatigat 370

aethera, non vili moriens condetur harena.

iamque aderit laeto promissus Honorius aevo

nec forti genitore minor nec fratre corusco,

qui subiget Medos, qui cuspide proteret Indos.

sub iuga venturi reges; calcabitur asper 375

Phasis equo pontemque pati cogetur Araxes,

tuque simul gravibus ferri religata catenis

expellere die debellatasque draconum

tonsa comas imo barathri claudere recessu.

tum tellus communis erit, tum limite nullo 380

[53]

calamity, comes upon Justice sad at heart in her palace, and thus provokes her with horrid utterance: “Is this that old reign of peace; this the return of that golden age thou fondly hopedst had come to pass? Is our power gone, and no place now left for the Furies? Turn thine eyes this way. See how many cities the barbarians’ fires have laid low, how vast a slaughter, how much blood Rufinus hath procured for me, and on what widespread death my serpents gorge themselves. Leave thou the world of men; that lot is mine. Mount to the stars, return to that well-known tract of Autumn sky where the Standard-bearer dips towards the south. The space next to the summer constellation of the Lion, the neighbourhood of the winter Balance has long been empty. And would I could now follow thee through the dome of heaven.”

calamity strikes Justice, heavy-hearted in her palace, and she speaks out in despair: “Is this what you call the old era of peace? Is this the return of that golden age you hoped would come? Is our power lost, with no room left for the Furies? Look over here. See how many cities the barbarians have burned to the ground, how much slaughter, how much blood Rufinus has offered to me, and on what widespread death my serpents are feasting. Leave the world of men; that’s my territory. Ascend to the stars, return to that familiar part of the autumn sky where the Standard-bearer dips toward the south. The space next to the summer constellation of the Lion, the area of the winter Balance, has been empty for a long time. How I wish I could follow you through the dome of heaven now.”

The goddess made answer: “Thou shalt rage no further, mad that thou art. Now shall thy creature receive his due, the destined avenger hangs over him, and he who now wearies land and the very sky shall die, though no handful of dust shall cover his corpse. Soon shall come Honorius, promised of old to this fortunate age, brave as his father Theodosius, brilliant as his brother Arcadius; he shall subdue the Medes and overthrow the Indians with his spear. Kings shall pass under his yoke, frozen Phasis shall bear his horses’ hooves, and Araxes submit perforce to be bridged by him. Then too shalt thou be bound with heavy chains of iron and cast out from the light of day and imprisoned in the nethermost pit, thy snaky locks overcome and shorn from thy head. Then the world shall be owned by all in common, no field marked off from another

The goddess replied, “You will no longer rage, no matter how mad you are. Now your creature will get what he deserves; the destined avenger is hanging over him, and the one who is exhausting the land and sky will die, though no pile of dirt will cover his body. Soon Honorius will arrive, promised long ago to this fortunate age, as brave as his father Theodosius and as brilliant as his brother Arcadius; he will conquer the Medes and defeat the Indians with his spear. Kings will fall under his control, the frozen Phasis will bear his horses' hooves, and Araxes will have to submit to being bridged by him. Then you too will be bound in heavy iron chains, cast away from the light of day, and imprisoned in the deepest pit, your snaky hair overcome and cut from your head. Then the world will be shared by everyone; no field will be marked off from another."

[54]

discernetur ager; nec vomere sulcus adunco

findetur: subitis messor gaudebit aristis.

rorabunt querceta favis; stagnantia passim

vina fluent oleique lacus; nec murice tinctis

velleribus quaeretur honos, sed sponte rubebunt 385

attonito pastore greges pontumque per omnem

ridebunt virides gemmis nascentibus algae.”

[55]

by any dividing boundary, no furrow cleft with bended ploughshare; for the husbandman shall rejoice in corn that springs untended. Oak groves shall drip with honey, streams of wine well up on every side, lakes of oil abound. No price shall be asked for fleeces dyed scarlet, but of themselves shall the flocks grow red to the astonishment of the shepherd, and in every sea the green seaweed will laugh with flashing jewels.”

by any dividing boundary, no furrow split with bent plow; for the farmer shall rejoice in grain that grows on its own. Oak groves shall drip with honey, streams of wine will flow on every side, lakes of oil will be plentiful. No price shall be asked for scarlet-dyed wool, but the flocks will turn red by themselves to the amazement of the shepherd, and in every sea, the green seaweed will sparkle with shining jewels.”

[56]

IN RUFINUM LIBER SECUNDUS

INCIPIT PRAEFATIO

(IV.)

Pandite defensum reduces Helicona sorores,

pandite; permissis iam licet ire choris:

nulla per Aonios hostilis bucina campos

carmina mugitu deteriore vetat.

tu quoque securis pulsa formidine Delphis 5

floribus ultorem, Delie, cinge tuum.

nullus Castalios latices et praescia fati

flumina polluto barbarus ore bibit.

Alpheus late rubuit Siculumque per aequor

sanguineas belli rettulit unda notas 10

agnovitque novos absens Arethusa triumphos

et Geticam sensit teste cruore necem.

Inmensis, Stilicho, succedant otia curis

et nostrae patiens corda remitte lyrae,

nec pudeat longos interrupisse labores 15

et tenuem Musis constituisse moram.

fertur et indomitus tandem post proelia Mavors

lassa per Odrysias fundere membra nives

oblitusque sui posita clementior hasta

Pieriis aures pacificare modis. 20

[57]

THE SECOND BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS

PREFACE

(IV.)

Return, ye Muses, and throw open rescued Helicon; now again may your company gather there. Nowhere now in Italy does the hostile trumpet forbid song with its viler bray. Do thou too, Delian Apollo, now that Delphi is safe and fear has been dispelled, wreath thy avenger’s head with flowers. No savage foe sets profane lips to Castalia’s spring or those prophetic streams. Alpheus’[55] flood ran all his length red with slaughter and the waves bore the bloody marks of war across the Sicilian sea; whereby Arethusa, though herself not present, recognized the triumphs freshly won and knew of the slaughter of the Getae, to which that blood bore witness.

Return, Muses, and open up the rescued Helicon; once again, your company can gather there. Nowhere in Italy does a hostile trumpet forbid song with its disgusting noise. You too, Delian Apollo, now that Delphi is safe and fear has been lifted, crown your avenger’s head with flowers. No savage enemy puts impure lips to Castalia’s spring or those prophetic waters. Alpheus’ flood ran red with blood along its length, and the waves carried the bloody marks of war across the Sicilian sea; therefore Arethusa, though herself not present, recognized the recently won triumphs and knew of the slaughter of the Getae, to which that blood bore witness.

Let peace, Stilicho, succeed these age-long labours and ease thine heart by graciously listening to my song. Think it no shame to interrupt thy long toil and to consecrate a few moments to the Muses. Even unwearying Mars is said to have stretched his tired limbs on the snowy Thracian plain when at last the battle was ended, and, unmindful of his wonted fierceness, to have laid aside his spear in gentler mood, soothing his ear with the Muses’ melody.

Let peace, Stilicho, follow these long labors and calm your heart by kindly listening to my song. Don't feel ashamed to pause your hard work and dedicate a few moments to the Muses. Even tireless Mars is said to have rested his weary limbs on the snowy Thracian plain when the battle was finally over, and, forgetting his usual fierceness, he laid down his spear and enjoyed the soothing melody of the Muses.

[55] A reference to Stilicho’s campaign against Alaric in the Peloponnese in 397 (see Introduction, p. x).

[55] A mention of Stilicho’s campaign against Alaric in the Peloponnese in 397 (see Introduction, p. x).

[58]

LIBER II

(V.)

Iam post edomitas Alpes defensaque regna

Hesperiae merita complexus sede parentem

auctior adiecto fulgebat sidere mundus,

iamque tuis, Stilicho, Romana potentia curis

et rerum commissus apex, tibi credita fratrum 5

utraque maiestas geminaeque exercitus aulae.

Rufinus (neque enim patiuntur saeva quietem

crimina pollutaeque negant arescere fauces)

infandis iterum terras accendere bellis

incohat et solito pacem vexare tumultu. 10

haec etiam secum: “quanam ratione tuebor

spem vitae fragilem? qua tot depellere fluctus

arte queam? premor hinc odiis, hinc milite cingor.

heu quid agam? non arma mihi, non principis ullus

auxiliatur amor. matura pericula surgunt 15

undique et impositi radiant cervicibus enses.

quid restat, nisi cuncta novo confundere luctu

insontesque meae populos miscere ruinae?

everso iuvat orbe mori; solacia leto

[59]

BOOK II

(V.)

After the subjugation of the Alpine tribes and the salvation of the kingdoms of Italy the heavens welcomed the Emperor Theodosius [56] to the place of honour due to his worth, and so shone the brighter by the addition of another star. Then was the power of Rome entrusted to thy care, Stilicho; in thy hands was placed the governance of the world. The brothers’ twin majesty and the armies of either royal court were given into thy charge. But Rufinus (for cruelty and crime brook not peace, and a tainted mouth will not forgo its draughts of blood), Rufinus, I say, began once more to inflame the world with wicked wars and to disturb peace with accustomed sedition. Thus to himself: “How shall I assure my slender hopes of survival? By what means beat back the rising storm? On all sides are hate and the threat of arms. What am I to do? No help can I find in soldier’s weapon or emperor’s favour. Instant dangers ring me round and a gleaming sword hangs above my head. What is left but to plunge the world into fresh troubles and draw down innocent peoples in my ruin? Gladly will I perish if the world does too; general destruction shall console me for

After the defeat of the Alpine tribes and the rescue of the kingdoms of Italy, the heavens welcomed Emperor Theodosius [56] to his rightful place of honor, shining even brighter with the addition of another star. Then, the power of Rome was placed in your hands, Stilicho; you were given control over the governance of the world. The twin majesty of the brothers and the armies of both royal courts were entrusted to you. But Rufinus (for cruelty and crime do not allow peace, and a tainted soul will not give up its thirst for blood), Rufinus, I say, once again ignited the world with wicked wars and disturbed the peace with his usual sedition. Thus he thought to himself: “How can I secure my fragile hopes of survival? How can I withstand the rising storm? All around me are hate and the threat of violence. What am I supposed to do? I can find no help in a soldier’s weapon or an emperor’s favor. Immediate dangers surround me, and a gleaming sword hangs over my head. What can I do but plunge the world into fresh troubles and drag innocent people down with me? I will gladly perish if the world does too; total destruction will comfort me for

[56] Theodosius died in January 395, not long after his defeat of Eugenius at the Frigidus River (near Aquileia), September 5-6, 394 (see Introduction, p. ix).

[56] Theodosius passed away in January 395, shortly after he defeated Eugenius at the Frigidus River (close to Aquileia) on September 5-6, 394 (see Introduction, p. ix).

[60]

exitium commune dabit nec territus ante 20

discedam: cum luce simul linquenda potestas.”

Haec fatus, ventis veluti si frena resolvat

Aeolus, abrupto gentes sic obice fudit

laxavitque viam bellis et, nequa maneret

inmunis regio, cladem divisit in orbem 25

disposuitque nefas. alii per terga ferocis

Danuvii solidata ruunt expertaque remos

frangunt stagna rotis; alii per Caspia claustra

Armeniasque nives inopino tramite ducti

invadunt Orientis opes. iam pascua fumant 30

Cappadocum volucrumque parens Argaeus equorum,

iam rubet altus Halys nec se defendit iniquo

monte Cilix. Syriae tractus vastantur amoeni

adsuetumque choris et laeta plebe canorum

proterit imbellem sonipes hostilis Orontem. 35

hinc planctus Asiae; Geticis Europa catervis

ludibrio praedaeque datur frondentis ad usque

Dalmatiae fines: omnis quae mobile Ponti

aequor et Adriacas tellus interiacet undas

squalet inops pecudum, nullis habitata colonis, 40

instar anhelantis Libyae, quae torrida semper

solibus humano nescit mansuescere cultu.

Thessalus ardet ager; reticet pastore fugato

Pelion; Emathias ignis populatur aristas.

nam plaga Pannoniae miserandaque moenia Thracum

arvaque Mysorum iam nulli flebile damnum, 46

sed cursus sollemnis erat campusque furori

expositus, sensumque malis detraxerat usus.

eheu quam brevibus pereunt ingentia fatis!

[61]

mine own death, nor will I die (for I am no coward) till I have accomplished this. I will not lay down my power before my life.”

mine own death, nor will I die (for I am no coward) until I have accomplished this. I will not give up my power before my life.

So spake he, and as if Aeolus unchained the winds so he, breaking their bonds, let loose the nations, clearing the way for war; and, that no land should be free therefrom, apportioned ruin throughout the world, parcelling out destruction. Some pour across the frozen surface of swift-flowing Danube and break with the chariot wheel what erstwhile knew but the oar; others invade the wealthy East, led through the Caspian Gates and over the Armenian snows by a newly-discovered pass. The fields of Cappadocia reek with slaughter; Argaeus, father of swift horses, is laid waste. Halys’ deep waters run red and the Cilician cannot defend himself in his precipitous mountains. The pleasant plains of Syria are devastated, and the enemy’s cavalry thunders along the banks of Orontes, home hitherto of the dance and of a happy people’s song. Hence comes mourning to Asia, while Europe is left to be the sport and prey of Getic hordes even to the borders of fertile Dalmatia. All that tract of land lying between the stormy Euxine and the Adriatic is laid waste and plundered, no inhabitants dwell there; ’tis like torrid Africa whose sun-scorched plains never grow kindlier through human tillage. Thessaly is afire; Pelion silent, his shepherds put to flight; flames bring destruction on Macedonia’s crops. For Pannonia’s plain, the Thracians’ helpless cities, the fields of Mysia were ruined but now none wept; year by year came the invader, unsheltered was the countryside from havoc and custom had robbed suffering of its sting. Alas, in how swift ruin perish

So he spoke, and it was as if Aeolus had released the winds; he broke their chains and unleashed the nations, clearing the way for war. No land was spared, as he spread devastation throughout the world, distributing destruction. Some crossed the frozen surface of the fast-flowing Danube, shattering what once only knew the oar under the weight of chariot wheels. Others invaded the wealthy East, guided through the Caspian Gates and over the snowy Armenian passes that were just discovered. The fields of Cappadocia are soaked in blood; Argaeus, the father of swift horses, is laid waste. The deep waters of Halys run red, and the Cilician cannot protect himself in his steep mountains. The once pleasant plains of Syria are ruined, and the enemy's cavalry thunders along the banks of the Orontes, which used to be a place for dance and joyful songs. Mourning spreads across Asia, while Europe becomes the playground and target of Getic hordes, extending to the borders of fertile Dalmatia. The land between the stormy Euxine and the Adriatic has been ravaged and looted; no one lives there anymore. It resembles scorching Africa, where the sun-baked plains never yield to human cultivation. Thessaly is ablaze; Pelion stands silent, its shepherds driven away; flames consume Macedonia’s crops. Pannonia’s plains, the Thracians’ defenseless cities, and the fields of Mysia have been destroyed, yet none wept; year after year, invaders arrived, leaving the countryside vulnerable to destruction, and suffering lost its sting to custom. Alas, how swiftly ruin destroys.

[62]

imperium tanto quaesitum sanguine, tanto 50

servatum, quod mille ducum peperere labores,

quod tantis Romana manus contexuit annis,

proditor unus iners angusto tempore vertit.

Urbs etiam, magnae quae ducitur aemula Romae

et Calchedonias contra despectat harenas, 55

iam non finitimo Martis terrore movetur,

sed propius lucere faces et rauca sonare

cornua vibratisque peti fastigia telis

adspicit. hi vigili muros statione tueri,

hi iunctis properant portus munire carinis. 60

obsessa tamen ille ferus laetatur in urbe

exultatque malis summaeque ex culmine turris

impia vicini cernit spectacula campi:

vinctas ire nurus, nunc in vada proxima mergi

seminecem, hunc subito percussum vulnere labi 65

dum fugit, hunc animam portis efflare sub ipsis;

nec canos prodesse seni puerique cruore

maternos undare sinus. inmensa voluptas

et risus plerumque subit; dolor afficit unus,

quod feriat non ipse manu. videt omnia late 70

exceptis incensa suis et crimine tanto

luxuriat carumque sibi non abnuit hostem;

iactabatque ultro, quod soli castra paterent

sermonumque foret vicibus permissa potestas.

egregii quotiens exisset foederis auctor, 75

stipatur sociis, circumque armata clientum

[63]

even the greatest things! An empire won and kept at the expense of so much bloodshed, born from the toils of countless leaders, knit together through so many years by Roman hands, one coward traitor overthrew in the twinkling of an eye.

even the greatest things! An empire won and maintained at the cost of so much bloodshed, created from the efforts of countless leaders, woven together through so many years by Roman hands, one cowardly traitor took down in the blink of an eye.

That city,[57] too, called of men the rival of great Rome, that looks across to Chalcedon’s strand, is stricken now with terror at no neighbouring war; nearer home it observes the flash of torches, the trumpet’s call, and its own roofs the target for an enemy’s artillery. Some guard the walls with watchful outposts, others hasten to fortify the harbour with a chain of ships. But fierce Rufinus is full of joy in the leaguered city and exults in its misfortunes, gazing at the awful spectacle of the surrounding country from the summit of a lofty tower. He watches the procession of women in chains, sees one poor half-dead wretch drowned in the water hard by, another, stricken as he fled, sink down beneath the sudden wound, another breathe out his life at the tower’s very gates; he rejoices that no respect is shown to grey hairs and that mother’s breasts are drenched with their children’s blood. Great is his pleasure thereat; from time to time he laughs and knows but one regret—that it is not his own hand that strikes. He sees the whole countryside (except for his own lands) ablaze, and has joy of his great wickedness, making no secret of the fact that the city’s foes are his friends. It is his boast, moreover, that to him alone the enemy camp opened its gates, and that there was allowed right of parley between them. Whene’er he issued forth to arrange some wondrous truce his companions thronged him round and an armed band of dependents

That city,[57] too, known as the rival of great Rome, looking across to Chalcedon's shore, is now filled with fear, not from any nearby war; instead, it watches the flash of torches, hears the call of trumpets, and sees its own rooftops become targets for an enemy's artillery. Some watch the walls with vigilant outposts, while others rush to fortify the harbor with a chain of ships. But fierce Rufinus is delighted in the besieged city and revels in its misfortunes, gazing at the horrific scene of the surrounding land from the top of a tall tower. He observes the parade of women in chains, sees one unfortunate half-dead soul drown nearby, another, hit as he fled, collapsing from a sudden injury, and another breathe his last right at the tower's gates; he takes joy in the fact that no mercy is shown to the elderly and that mothers' chests are soaked with their children's blood. His pleasure is immense; he laughs from time to time and feels only one regret—that he isn't the one wielding the weapon. He sees the entire countryside (except for his own lands) in flames, and he delights in his great wickedness, openly admitting that the city's enemies are his allies. He boasts that only he has had the enemy camp open its gates to him, and that he alone was granted the right to negotiate. Whenever he stepped out to broker some extraordinary truce, his companions crowded around him, accompanied by an armed group of followers.

[57] Constantinople.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Istanbul.

[64]

agmina privatis ibant famulantia signis;

ipse inter medios, ne qua de parte relinquat

barbariem, revocat fulvas in pectora pelles

frenaque et inmanes pharetras arcusque sonoros 80

adsimulat mentemque palam proclamat amictu,

nec pudet Ausonios currus et iura regentem

sumere deformes ritus vestemque Getarum;

insignemque habitum Latii mutare coactae

maerent captivae pellito iudice leges. 85

Quis populi tum vultus erat! quae murmura furtim!

(nam miseris ne flere quidem aut lenire dolorem

colloquiis impune licet): “quonam usque feremus

exitiale iugum? durae quis terminus umquam

sortis erit? quis nos funesto turbine rerum 90

aut tantis solvet lacrimis, quos barbarus illinc,

hinc Rufinus agit, quibus arva fretumque negatur?

magna quidem per rura lues, sed maior oberrat

intra tecta timor. tandem succurre ruenti

heu patriae, Stilicho! dilecta hic pignora certe, 95

hic domus, hic thalamis primum genialibus omen,

hic tibi felices erexit regia taedas.

vel solus sperate veni. te proelia viso

languescent avidique cadet dementia monstri.”

Talibus urgetur discors Aurora procellis. 100

at Stilicho, Zephyris cum primum bruma remitti

et iuga diffusis nudari coepta pruinis,

partibus Italiae tuta sub pace relictis

utraque castra movens Phoebi properabat ad ortus,

[65]

danced attendance on a civilian’s standards. Rufinus himself in their midst drapes tawny skins of beasts about his breast (thorough in his barbarity), and uses harness and huge quivers and twanging bows like those of the Getae—his dress openly showing the temper of his mind. One who drives a consul’s chariot and enjoys a consul’s powers has no shame to adopt the manners and dress of barbarians; Roman law, obliged to change her noble garment, mourns her slavery to a skin-clad judge.

danced to a civilian’s standards. Rufinus himself in their midst wears tawny animal skins around his chest (fully embracing his barbarity) and carries large quivers and bows that twang like those of the Getae—his outfit clearly reflects his mindset. One who drives a consul’s chariot and enjoys the powers of a consul isn't ashamed to adopt the customs and clothing of barbarians; Roman law, forced to change her noble attire, laments her submission to a judge dressed in animal skins.

What looks then on men’s faces! What furtive murmurs! For, poor wretches, they could not even weep nor, without risk, ease their grief in converse. “How long shall we bear this deadly yoke? What end shall there ever be to our hard lot? Who will free us from this death-fraught anarchy, this day of tears? On this side the barbarian hems us in, on that Rufinus oppresses us; land and sea are alike denied us. A pestilence stalks through the country: yes, but a deadlier terror haunts our houses. Stilicho, delay no more but succour thy dying land; of a truth here are thy children, here thy home, here were taken those first auspices for thy marriage, so blessed with children, here the palace was illumined with the torches of happy wedlock. Nay, come even though alone, thou for whom we long; wars will perish at thy sight and the ravening monster’s rage subside.”

What a sight it is to see the expressions on people's faces! What whispered conversations! They are unfortunate souls who can't even cry or share their grief without fear. “How long will we endure this crushing burden? When will our suffering ever end? Who will rescue us from this life-threatening chaos, this day filled with sorrow? On one side, we are trapped by the barbarian; on the other, Rufinus stifles us; we are denied access to both land and sea. A plague is sweeping through the land: yes, but a more lethal fear lurks in our homes. Stilicho, don’t delay any longer; help your dying country; truly, here are your children, here is your home, here were the first signs of your marriage, so blessed with children, here the palace was brightened by the lights of joyful union. Come, even if just by yourself, we long for you; wars will cease at your presence and the monster’s fury will calm.”

Such were the tempests that vexed the turbulent East. But so soon as ever winter had given place to the winds of spring and the hills began to lose their covering of snow, Stilicho, leaving the fields of Italy in peace and safety, set in motion his two armies and hastened to the lands of the sunrise, combining

Such were the storms that troubled the restless East. But as soon as winter gave way to the spring winds and the hills started to shed their snow, Stilicho, ensuring the fields of Italy were peaceful and secure, moved his two armies and rushed to the lands of the rising sun, combining

[66]

Gallica discretis Eoaque robora turmis 105

amplexus. numquam tantae dicione sub una

convenere manus nec tot discrimina vocum:

illinc Armeniae vibratis crinibus alae

herbida collectae facili velamina nodo;

inde truces flavo comitantur vertice Galli, 110

quos Rhodanus velox, Araris quos tardior ambit

et quos nascentes explorat gurgite Rhenus

quosque rigat retro pernicior unda Garunnae,

Oceani pleno quotiens impellitur aestu.

mens eadem cunctis animique recentia ponunt 115

vulnera; non odit victus victorve superbit.

et quamvis praesens tumor et civilia nuper

classica bellatrixque etiamnunc ira caleret,

in ducis eximii conspiravere favorem.

haud aliter Xerxen toto simul orbe secutus. 120

narratur rapuisse vagos exercitus amnes

et telis umbrasse diem, cum classibus iret

per scopulos tectumque pedes contemneret aequor.

Vix Alpes egressus erat nec iam amplius errat

barbarus adventumque timens se cogit in unam 125

planitiem tutoque includit pascua gyro:

tum duplici fossa non exuperabile vallum

asperat alternis sudibus murique locata

in speciem caesis obtendit plaustra iuvencis.

At procul exanguis Rufinum perculit horror; 130

infectae pallore genae; stetit ore gelato

incertus peteretne fugam, veniamne subactus

[67]

the so different squadrons of Gaul and of the East. Never before did there meet together under one command such numerous bands, never in one army such a babel of tongues. Here were curly-haired Armenian cavalry, their green cloaks fastened with a loose knot, fierce Gauls with golden locks accompanied them, some from the banks of the swift-flowing Rhone, or the more sluggish Saône, some whose infant bodies Rhine’s flood had laved, or who had been washed by the waves of the Garonne that flow more rapidly towards, than from, their source, whenever they are driven back by Ocean’s full tide. One common purpose inspires them all; grudges lately harboured are laid aside; the vanquished feels no hate, the victor shows no pride. And despite of present unrest, of the trumpet’s late challenge to civil strife, and of warlike rage still aglow, yet were all at one in their support of their great leader. So it is said that the army that followed Xerxes, gathered into one from all quarters of the world, drank up whole rivers in their courses, obscured the sun with the rain of their arrows, passed through mountains on board ship, and walked the bridged sea with contemptuous foot.

the very different groups from Gaul and the East. Never before had so many troops come together under one command, never in one army had there been such a mix of languages. Here were curly-haired Armenian cavalry, their green cloaks fastened with a loose knot, fierce Gauls with golden hair who joined them, some from the banks of the fast-flowing Rhône, or the slower Saône, some who were born along the Rhine’s current, or who had been shaped by the swiftly flowing Garonne as it heads more towards the ocean than from it, when pushed back by the full tide. One common purpose drives them all; past grudges are put aside; the defeated feel no hate, the victorious show no pride. And despite the ongoing unrest, the trumpet’s recent call to civil conflict, and the smoldering anger still alive, they were all united in their support of their great leader. It's said that the army following Xerxes, gathered from all over the world, drank up entire rivers in their paths, blocked out the sun with the rain of their arrows, sailed through mountains on ships, and walked across the bridged sea with disdain.

Scarce had Stilicho crossed the Alps when the barbarian hordes began to restrict their forays and for fear of his approach gathered together in the plain and enclosed their pasture lands within a defensive ring. They then built an impregnable fortification with a double moat, planted stakes two deep at intervals along its summit and set wagons rigged with ox-hide all round like a wall.

Scarce had Stilicho crossed the Alps when the barbarian hordes started to limit their raids, and out of fear of his approach, they gathered in the plain and enclosed their pastures within a defensive circle. They then built an unassailable fortification with a double moat, placed stakes two deep at intervals along the top, and set up wagons covered with ox-hide all around like a wall.

Panic fear seized upon Rufinus as he saw this from afar, and his cheeks grew pale. He stood with ice-cold face, not knowing whether to fly, to own himself

Panic gripped Rufinus as he saw this from a distance, and his face turned pale. He stood with a frozen expression, unsure whether to run or to admit himself

[68]

posceret an fidos sese transferret in hostes.

quid nunc divitiae, quid fulvi vasta metalli

congeries, quid purpureis effulta columnis 135

atria prolataeve iuvant ad sidera moles?

audit iter numeratque dies spatioque viarum

metitur vitam. torquetur pace futura

nec recipit somnos et saepe cubilibus amens

excutitur poenamque luit formidine poenae. 140

sed redit in rabiem scelerumque inmane resumit

ingenium sacrasque fores praedivitis aulae

intrat et Arcadium mixto terrore precatur:

“Per fratris regale iubar, per facta parentis

aetherii floremque tui te deprecor aevi, 145

eripe me gladiis; liceat Stilichonis iniquas

evitare minas. in nostram Gallia caedem

coniurata venit. quidquid rigat ultima Tethys,

extremos ultra volitat gens si qua Britannos,

mota mihi. tantis capiendi credimur armis? 150

tot signis unum petitur caput? unde cruoris

ista sitis? geminum caeli sibi vindicat axem

et nullum vult esse parem. succumbere poscit

cuncta sibi: regit Italiam Libyamque coercet;

Hispanis Gallisque iubet; non orbita solis, 155

non illum natura capit. quascumque paravit

hic Augustus opes et quas post bella recepit,

solus habet, possessa semel nec reddere curat.

scilicet ille quidem tranquilla pace fruatur;

nos premat obsidio? quid partem invadere temptat?

deserat Illyricos fines; Eoa remittat 161

[69]

beaten and sue for mercy, or go over to an enemy whose good faith his treachery had assured. Of what use now were his riches, his vast stores of golden ore, his halls upheld with red marble pillars, his sky-towering palace? He hears of Stilicho’s march and counts the days, measuring his term of life according to the distance of his enemy from him. He is troubled with thoughts of coming peace and cannot sleep, often starts up distraught from his bed and suffers as punishment the fear of punishment. But his fury repossesses him and, regaining his genius for crime, he enters the sacred portal of the rich palace and addresses Arcadius with prayers and threats: “By thy brother’s royal star, by the deeds of thy divine sire and the flower of thine own age, I beg thee deliver me from the edge of the sword; let me escape the cruel threatenings of Stilicho. All Gaul is sworn to my destruction. Tethys’ extreme coasts, the wandering tribes beyond the farthest Britons are stirred up against me. Am I thought fit prey for all those armies? Are so many standards advanced against a solitary man? Whence comes this lust for blood? Stilicho lays claim to either hemisphere and will brook no equal. The world forsooth must lie at his feet. Italy is his kingdom, Libya his dominion, Spain and Gaul his empire. The sun’s path circumscribes him not, no nor the whole universe. All the wealth collected here by Theodosius or received by him after the war is Stilicho’s alone, and he has small mind to restore what he has once acquired. Is he to enjoy his gains in peace and quietness while ’tis mine to stand a siege? Why should he encroach on thy share? Let him leave Illyria, send back his Eastern troops, divide the

beaten and plead for mercy, or turn to an enemy whose betrayal he has already guaranteed. What good are his riches now, his massive stores of gold, his halls supported by red marble pillars, his towering palace? He hears about Stilicho’s approach and counts the days, measuring his life expectancy by how far his enemy is from him. He is plagued by thoughts of looming peace and can’t sleep, often waking up in distress from his bed and suffering from the fear of punishment. But his anger takes hold of him again, and, regaining his flair for crime, he enters the grand entrance of the lavish palace and speaks to Arcadius with both pleas and threats: “By your brother’s royal star, by the actions of your divine father and the peak of your own youth, I beg you to save me from the sword’s edge; let me escape the harsh threats of Stilicho. All of Gaul is united against me. The farthest coasts of Tethys, the wandering tribes beyond the furthest Britons are rising up against me. Am I really considered fair game for all these armies? Are so many banners raised against just one man? Where does this thirst for blood come from? Stilicho claims dominion over either hemisphere and won’t tolerate an equal. The world must surely bow at his feet. Italy is his kingdom, Libya his domain, Spain and Gaul his empire. The sun’s path doesn’t limit him, nor does the entire universe. All the wealth gathered here by Theodosius or that he received after the war belongs to Stilicho alone, and he has no intention of giving back what he has once taken. Is he to enjoy his spoils in peace while I’m the one under siege? Why should he take what’s rightfully yours? Let him leave Illyria, send back his Eastern troops, share the

[70]

agmina; fraternas ex aequo dividat hastas,

nec sceptri tantum fueris, sed militis heres.

quodsi dissimulas nostrae succurrere morti

nec prohibere paras, Manes et sidera testor: 165

haec cervix non sola cadet; miscebitur alter

sanguis; nec Stygias ferar incomitatus ad undas

nec mea securus ridebit funera victor!”

Haec ubi, dictatur facinus missusque repente

qui ferat extortas invito principe voces. 170

Interea Stilicho iam laetior hoste propinquo

nec multo spatii distantibus aequore vallis

pugnandi cupidas accendit voce cohortes.

Armeniis frons laeva datur; per cornua Gallos

dexteriora locat. spumis ignescere frena, 175

pulveris extolli nimbos lateque videres

surgere purpureis undantes anguibus hastas

serpentumque vago caelum saevire volatu.

implet Thessaliam ferri nitor antraque docti

cornipedis, teneroque amnis reptatus Achilli 180

et nemus Oetaeum radiat. clamore nivalis

Ossa tonat pulsoque fragor geminatur Olympo.

intumuit virtus et lucis prodigus arsit

impetus; haud illos rupes, haud alta vetarent

flumina: praecipiti stravissent omnia cursu. 185

Si tunc his animis acies collata fuisset,

prodita non tantas vidisset Graecia caedes,

oppida semoto Pelopeia Marte vigerent,

[71]

hosts fairly between the two brothers, and do thou not be heir to the sceptre only but to thy forces. But if thou neglect to come to mine aid and make not ready to prevent my death, this head of mine shall not fall alone—by the dead and the stars I swear it. The blood of another shall be mingled with mine. I will not go unaccompanied to the waters of Styx nor shall the victor be free to exult in my death.”

hosts fairly between the two brothers, and do not just inherit the throne but also your strength. But if you fail to help me and don’t prepare to stop my death, my head will not fall alone—by the dead and the stars, I swear it. Another’s blood will mix with mine. I will not go to the waters of Styx alone, nor will the victor get to gloat over my death.

So saying he dictates a treasonable letter and sends therewith an emissary to bear the message extorted from the emperor’s unwilling lips.

So saying, he writes a treasonous letter and sends along a messenger to deliver the message forced from the emperor’s reluctant lips.

Meanwhile Stilicho, exulting in the thought of advancing upon the foe and of the narrow stretch of country that separated him from the fortifications, inflames with his words the hearts of his troops already thirsting for battle. On the left wing are posted the Armenians, farther to the right the Gauls. A beholder might have seen bits covered with warm foam, clouds of dust uprising, and on all sides waving banners bearing the device of a scarlet dragon; the very air seemed to teem with these fierce flying monsters. The glint of steel fills all Thessaly and the cave of the wise Centaur; the river whose banks supported Achilles’ baby footsteps and the forests of Oeta are agleam with arms, snowy Ossa re-echoes to the sound and Olympus smitten therewith sends it back twofold. Hearts beat high with a courage that is lavish of life. Neither precipice nor deep river could check their advance: their headlong speed would have overthrown all barriers.

Meanwhile, Stilicho, thrilled at the idea of charging the enemy and the narrow strip of land that separated him from the fortifications, fires up his troops' spirits, already eager for battle. The Armenians are stationed on the left wing, while the Gauls are further to the right. An observer might have seen horsemen covered with warm foam, clouds of dust rising, and banners waving high, featuring the emblem of a scarlet dragon; the air seemed filled with these fierce flying creatures. The shine of steel fills all of Thessaly and the cave of the wise Centaur; the river that witnessed Achilles’ first steps and the forests of Oeta are glimmering with weapons, snowy Ossa echoes with the sound, and Olympus, hit by it, reflects it back twofold. Hearts are uplifted with a courage that spares no life. Neither cliffs nor deep rivers could halt their advance: their reckless speed would have toppled any obstacles.

If the two armies had then joined battle in this temper ruined Greece would not have witnessed such disaster as she did, the cities of the Peloponnese would still have been flourishing untouched by the hand

If the two armies had fought then, Greece wouldn't have faced the disasters it did. The cities of the Peloponnese would still be thriving, untouched by destruction.

[72]

starent Arcadiae, starent Lacedaemonis arces;

non mare fumasset geminum flagrante Corintho 190

nec fera Cecropiae traxissent vincula matres.

illa dies potuit nostris imponere finem

cladibus et sceleris causas auferre futuri.

invida pro quantum rapuit Fortuna triumphum!

inter equos interque tubas mandata feruntur 195

regia et armati veniunt ductoris ad aures.

Obstupuit; simul ira virum, simul obruit ingens

maeror et ignavo tantum licuisse nocenti

miratur. dubios anceps sententia volvit

eventus: peragat pugnas an fortia coepta 200

deserat? Illyricis ardet succurrere damnis;

praeceptis obstare timet. reverentia frangit

virtutis stimulos: hinc publica commoda suadent,

hinc metus invidiae. tandem indignatus ad astra

extollit palmas et ab imo pectore fatur: 205

“Numina Romanis necdum satiata ruinis,

si iuvat imperium penitus de stirpe revelli,

uno si placuit deleri saecula lapsu,

si piget humani generis, prorumpat in arva

libertas effrena maris vel limite iusto 210

devius errantes Phaëthon confundat habenas.

cur per Rufinum geritur? procumbere mundum

hoc auctore pudet. mediis revocamur ab armis

(pro dolor!) et strictos deponere cogimur enses.

vos, arsurae urbes perituraque moenia, testor: 215

cedo equidem et miserum permitto casibus orbem

flectite signa, duces. redeat iam miles Eous.

[73]

of war, Arcadia and Sparta’s citadel would have remained unravaged. Burning Corinth would not have heated the waves of her two seas, nor would cruel chains have led in captivity the matrons of Athens. That day might have set an end to our disasters and destroyed the seeds of future calamities. For shame, envious Fortune, of what a triumph didst thou rob us! The kingly mandate came to Stilicho in arms amid the cavalry and the trumpets’ din.

of war, Arcadia and Sparta’s fortress would have remained untouched. Burning Corinth wouldn’t have warmed the waters of her two seas, nor would cruel chains have brought the women of Athens into captivity. That day could have brought an end to our misfortunes and wiped out the origins of future disasters. What a triumph did you steal from us, envy-filled Fortune! The royal order arrived to Stilicho, armed and surrounded by cavalry and the sound of trumpets.

He stood amazed; anger and great grief o’erwhelm the hero and he wonders that such power for ill is allowed a coward. His wavering mind ponders the uncertain issue: shall he continue his advance or fail his brave beginnings? He longs to stem Illyria’s ruin but fears to disobey orders. Loyalty annuls the prickings-on of valour. The public good urges him one way, fear of the emperor’s displeasure another. At length in his distress he raises his hands to heaven and speaks from deep within his heart: “Ye gods not yet glutted with Rome’s destruction, if ye will that our empire be utterly uprooted, if ye have resolved to blot out all the centuries with one blow, if ye repent you of the race of man, then let the sea’s unrestrained fury burst forth upon the land or let Phaëthon, deviating from his ordained course, drive his straying chariot at random. Shall Rufinus be your tool? ’Twere shame that such an one should be the author of the world’s destruction. O the grief of it! recalled in mid fight; forced to lay down the swords we have drawn! Cities marked out for the flames, walls doomed to destruction, I call you to witness: see, I retire; I leave the unhappy world to its fate. Turn your banners, captains; to your homes, soldiers of the east. Needs must we obey.

He stood in shock; anger and deep grief overwhelmed the hero as he wondered why such power for harm is given to a coward. His uncertain mind debated the dilemma: should he keep moving forward or abandon his brave beginnings? He wants to prevent Illyria’s downfall but fears disobeying orders. Loyalty cancels out the call of courage. The common good pulls him one way, while fear of the emperor’s wrath pulls him in another. In the end, in his distress, he raises his hands to heaven and speaks from the depths of his heart: “You gods, not yet satisfied with Rome’s destruction, if you want our empire completely destroyed, if you have decided to wipe out all the ages with one strike, if you regret creating mankind, then let the sea’s uncontrollable fury unleash upon the land or let Phaëthon, straying from his path, recklessly drive his chariot. Should Rufinus be your instrument? It would be a disgrace for such a person to bring about the world’s end. Oh, the sorrow of it! Halted in mid-battle; forced to put down the swords we have drawn! Cities destined for flames, walls doomed to ruin, I call upon you to witness: look, I am retreating; I leave this unfortunate world to its fate. Turn your banners, captains; go home, soldiers of the east. We must obey.

[74]

parendum est. taceant litui. prohibete sagittas.

parcite contiguo—Rufinus praecipit!—hosti.”

His dictis omnes una fremuere manipli 220

quantum non Italo percussa Ceraunia fluctu,

quantum non madidis elisa tonitrua Cauris,

secernique negant ereptaque proelia poscunt,

insignemque ducem populus defendit uterque

et sibi quisque trahit. magno certatur amore, 225

alternamque fidem non inlaudata lacessit

seditio talique simul clamore queruntur:

“Quis mihi nudatos enses, quis tela lacertis

excutit et solvi curvatos imperat arcus?

quisnam audet stricto leges imponere ferro? 230

inflammata semel nescit mitescere virtus.

iam mihi barbaricos sitientia pila cruores

sponte volant ultroque manus mucrone furenti

ducitur et siccum gladium vagina recusat.

non patiar. semperne Getis discordia nostra 235

proderit? en iterum belli civilis imago!

quid consanguineas acies, quid dividis olim

concordes aquilas? non dissociabile corpus

coniunctumque sumus. te qua libet ire sequemur.

te vel Hyperboreo damnatam sidere Thylen, 240

te vel ad incensas Libyae comitabor harenas.

Indorum si stagna petas Rubrique recessus

litoris, auriferum veniam poturus Hydaspen;

si calcare Notum secretaque noscere Nili

nascentis iubeas, mundum post terga relinquam; 245

[75]

Silence, ye clarions; men, forbear to shoot. The foe is at hand, spare him; ’tis Rufinus’ command.”

Silence, you trumpets; men, hold your fire. The enemy is close, let him go; it’s Rufinus’ order.

At these words an unanimous roar went up from all the companies. With less din are the cliffs of Ceraunia buffeted by the Italian sea or the thunders evoked from the western winds’ wet storm-clouds. They will not separate, and demand the battle of which they have been defrauded. East and west claim the leadership of that illustrious chief. It is a contest of affection; insubordination that none can blame threatens to sap the loyalty of both armies who thus utter their common complaint: “Who is it robs us of our drawn swords? Who strikes the lance from our hand and bids us unstring the bent bow? Who dares dictate to an army under arms? Valour once roused knows no abatement. Spears thirsting for barbarian blood cast themselves from out our hands; our headlong blades force our vengeful arms to follow them; our very scabbards refuse to sheath an unblooded sword. I will not bear it. Shall the Getae ever profit by our dissension? Behold once more the shadow of civil war. Why dost thou seek to separate armies whose blood is one, standards of immemorial alliance? We are a body one and indivisible. Thee will we follow whithersoever thou goest; thee will we accompany even as far as Thule lying ice-bound beneath the pole-star, or to the burning sands of Libya. Should thy path be by the waters of Ind, or the bays of the Red Sea,[58] I would go drink Hydaspes’ golden stream. Shouldst thou bid me fare south and search out the hidden sources of the stripling Nile, I would leave behind me the world

At these words, a unanimous roar erupted from all the groups. The cliffs of Ceraunia are less disturbed by the Italian sea than the thunder from the western winds' storm clouds. They refuse to separate and demand the battle that has been denied to them. East and west both claim the leadership of that great leader. It's a contest of loyalty; defiance that no one can blame threatens to weaken the devotion of both armies, who voice their shared complaint: “Who is taking our drawn swords from us? Who strikes the lance from our hands and tells us to unstring the bow? Who dares dictate to an armed army? Once stirred, bravery knows no bounds. Spears thirsty for enemy blood fall from our grips; our fierce blades compel our vengeful arms to follow; our very scabbards refuse to hold an unsheathed sword. I won’t accept this. Will the Getae benefit from our divisions? Look once more at the looming shadow of civil war. Why do you seek to divide armies whose blood is one, standards of a long-standing alliance? We are one body, indivisible. We will follow you wherever you go; we will accompany you even as far as Thule, which lies frozen beneath the pole star, or to the scorching sands of Libya. If your path leads by the waters of Ind, or the bays of the Red Sea,[58] I would go drink from Hydaspes’ golden stream. If you tell me to head south and find the hidden sources of the young Nile, I would leave the world behind.

[58] By the mare rubrum the ancients meant the Indian Ocean. The Hydaspes is the modern Jhylum.

[58] By the mare rubrum, the ancients referred to the Indian Ocean. The Hydaspes is now known as the Jhylum.

[76]

et quocumque loco Stilicho tentoria figat,

haec patria est.”

Dux inde vetat: “desistite, quaeso.

atque avidam differte manum. cadat iste minacis

invidiae cumulus. non est victoria tanti,

ut videar vicisse mihi. vos fida iuventus 250

ite, mei quondam socii.” nec plura locutus

flexit iter: vacuo qualis discedit hiatu

impatiens remeare leo, quem plurima cuspis

et pastorales pepulerunt igne catervae,

inclinatque iubas demissaque lumina velat 255

et trepidas maesto rimatur murmure silvas.

Ut sese legio vidit disiuncta relinqui,

ingentem tollit gemitum galeasque solutis

umectat lacrimis pressamque morantia vocem

thoracum validos pulsant suspiria nexus: 260

“tradimur, heu, tantumque sequi prohibemur

amorem!”

exclamant. “spernisne tuas, dux optime, dextras,

quas tibi victrices totiens Bellona probavit?

nos adeo viles? adeo felicior axis

Hesperius, meruit qui te rectore teneri? 265

quid nobis patriam, quid cara revisere tandem

pignora dilectosve iuvat coluisse penates?

te sine dulce nihil. iam formidata tyranni

tempestas subeunda mihi, qui forte nefandas

iam parat insidias, qui nos aut turpibus Hunis 270

aut impacatis famulos praebebit Alanis;

quamquam non adeo robur defecerit omne

tantave gestandi fuerit penuria ferri.

tu, licet occiduo maneas sub cardine caeli,

[77]

I know. Wheresoever Stilicho plants his tent there is my fatherland.”

I know. Wherever Stilicho sets up his camp, that’s my homeland.

But Stilicho said them nay: “Cease, I beg you,” he cried, “stay your eager hands. Suffer to disperse the mountain of hatred that towers over me. I hold not victory so dear that I would fain seem to win it for myself. Loyal gentlemen, so long my fellow-soldiers, get you gone.” He said no more but turned away, as a lion loath to retire makes off with empty maw when the serried spears and the burning branches in the hands of the shepherd band drive him back and he droops his mane and closes his downcast eyes and with a disappointed roar pushes his way through the trembling forest.

But Stilicho said no: “Please, stop,” he cried, “put down your eager hands. Let go of the mountain of hatred that looms over me. I don’t value victory so much that I want to seem like I’m claiming it for myself. Loyal men, my fellow soldiers for so long, just leave.” He said nothing more but turned away, like a lion reluctant to leave, walking off with an empty mouth when the lined-up spears and burning branches in the hands of the shepherds force him back. He droops his mane, closes his downcast eyes, and with a disappointed roar pushes his way through the trembling forest.

When the armies saw that they had been parted and left, they groaned deeply and bedewed their helmets with a stream of tears. The sighs that refused egress to their smothered words shook the strong fastenings of their breastplates. “We are betrayed,” they cried, “and forbidden to follow him we love so well. Dost thou despise, matchless chief, thine own right hands which have so often won thee the victory? Are we thus vile? Is the Western sky to be the happier which has won the right to enjoy thy rule? What boots it to return to our country, to see once more our children dear after so long an absence, to live again in the home we love? Without thee is no joy. Now must I face the tyrant’s dread wrath; mayhap e’en now he is making ready against me some wicked snare and will make me a slave to the foul Huns or restless Alans. Yet is not my strength altogether perished nor so complete my powerlessness to wield the sword. Rest thou beneath the sun’s westering course, Stilicho, thou art still

When the armies saw that they had been separated and left behind, they groaned deeply and drenched their helmets with tears. The sighs that couldn’t escape their suffocating words shook the strong clasps of their breastplates. “We are betrayed,” they shouted, “and forbidden to follow the one we love so much. Do you despise, unmatched leader, your own right hands that have so often led you to victory? Are we really so worthless? Will the Western sky be happier just because it gets to enjoy your leadership? What's the point of going back to our country, to see our dear children again after such a long time, to live again in the home we cherish? Without you, there is no joy. Now I must face the terrifying wrath of the tyrant; maybe even now he’s preparing some wicked trap against me and will make me a slave to the vile Huns or restless Alans. Yet my strength hasn't fully disappeared, nor am I completely powerless to wield the sword. Rest beneath the setting sun, Stilicho, you are still

[78]

tu mihi dux semper, Stilicho, nostramque vel absens

experiere fidem. dabitur tibi debita pridem 276

victima: promissis longe placabere sacris.”

Tristior Haemoniis miles digressus ab oris

tangebat Macetum fines murosque subibat,

Thessalonica, tuos. sensu dolor haeret in alto 280

abditus et tacitas vindictae praestruit iras,

spectaturque favens odiis locus aptaque leto

tempora. nec quisquam tanta de pube repertus,

proderet incautis qui corda minantia verbis.

quae non posteritas, quae non mirabitur aetas 285

tanti consilium vulgi potuisse taceri

aut facinus tam grande tegi mentisque calorem

non sermone viae, non inter pocula rumpi?

aequalis tantam tenuit constantia turbam

et fuit arcanum populo. percurritur Haemus, 290

deseritur Rhodope Thracumque per ardua tendunt,

donec ad Herculei perventum nominis urbem.

Ut cessisse ducem, propius venisse cohortes

cognita Rufino, magna cervice triumphat

omnia tuta ratus sceptrumque capessere fervet 295

et coniuratos hortatur voce clientes:

“vicimus, expulimus, facilis iam copia regni.

nullus ab hoste timor. quis enim, quem poscere solum

horruit, hunc tanto munitum milite vincat?

quis ferat armatum, quem non superavit inermem?

i nunc, exitium nobis meditare remotus 301

[79]

ever our general, and though we be not together thou shalt still know our loyalty. Long has a victim been owed thee; he shall be sacrificed and thou placated by an immolation promised of old.”

ever our general, and even if we aren’t together you will still know our loyalty. A victim has long been owed to you; he will be sacrificed and you satisfied by a promise of old.

Sad at heart the army left Thessaly, reached the borders of Macedon, and arrived before the walls of Thessalonica. Indignation deep hid in their hearts prepares the silent wrath of revenge. They look for a place where they may wreak their vengeance and a moment propitious for the blow, and of all that vast army not one is found to divulge with incautious speech his heart’s intent. What succeeding age and time but will marvel that a plot so widespread could be kept hid, a deed of such vast import concealed; that the ardour of their minds was not rendered of no avail by the chance word of a soldier on the march or a drunkard’s babbling? But discretion ruled all alike and the people’s secret was kept. The army crossed the Hebrus, left Rhodope behind, and struck across the uplands of Thrace until it came to the city called after Hercules.[59]

Heartbroken, the army left Thessaly, reached the borders of Macedon, and arrived at the walls of Thessalonica. Deep-seated indignation prepared their silent desire for revenge. They searched for a chance to unleash their vengeance and the right moment to strike, and among that vast army, not one person dared to reveal their intentions with careless words. What future generations will marvel at is how such a widespread plot could remain hidden, a deed of such significance concealed; that their fierce determination wasn't undermined by a careless comment from a soldier on the march or a drunkard's ramblings? But discretion prevailed for everyone, and the people’s secret was safeguarded. The army crossed the Hebrus, left Rhodope behind, and moved through the uplands of Thrace until they reached the city named after Hercules.[59]

When Rufinus learned that Stilicho had retired and that his troops were approaching he held his head high in triumph, believing everything safe, and, anxious to seize the power, inflamed his traitorous minions with this speech: “We have conquered; have driven off our enemy; empire is within my grasp, nor have we anything to fear from the foe. Will one who dared not approach me when I stood alone defeat me now that I am strengthened by the addition of so great a force? Who could stand against him armed whom unarmed he could not conquer? Plot my destruction in exile, friend

When Rufinus learned that Stilicho had retreated and that his troops were getting closer, he held his head high in triumph, believing everything was secure. Eager to seize power, he riled up his traitorous followers with this speech: “We have won; we’ve pushed our enemy away; the empire is within my reach, and we have nothing to fear from the foe. Would someone who didn’t dare approach me when I was alone defeat me now that I’m backed by such a significant force? Who could stand against someone armed when he couldn’t be conquered unarmed? Plot my destruction in exile, friend.”

[59] Probably Heraclea, at the west end of the Propontis.

[59] Likely Heraclea, located at the western end of the Sea of Marmara.

[80]

incassum, Stilicho, dum nos longissima tellus

dividat et mediis Nereus interstrepat undis.

Alpinas transire tibi me sospite rupes

haud dabitur. iaculis illinc me figere tempta. 305

quaere ferox ensem, qui nostra ad moenia tendi

possit ab Italia. non te documenta priorum,

non exempla vetant? quisnam conatus adire

has iactat vitasse manus? detrusimus orbe

te medio tantisque simul spoliavimus armis. 310

nunc epulis tempus, socii, nunc larga parare

munera donandumque novis legionibus aurum!

opportuna meis oritur lux crastina votis.

quod nolit rex ipse velit iubeatque coactus

in partem mihi regna dari. contingat in uno 315

privati fugisse modum crimenque tyranni.”

Talibus adclamat dictis infame nocentum

concilium, qui perpetuis crevere rapinis

et quos una facit Rufino causa sodales,

inlicitum duxisse nihil; funesta tacere 320

nexus amicitiae. iamiam conubia laeti

despondent aliena sibi frustraque vicissim

promittunt, quae quisque petat, quas devoret urbes.

Coeperat humanos alto sopire labores

nox gremio, nigrasque sopor diffuderat alas. 325

ille diu curis animum stimulantibus aegre

labitur in somnos. toto vix corde quierat,

ecce videt diras adludere protinus umbras,

[81]

Stilicho. What harm can that do so long as a vast stretch of country divide us and Nereus’ waves thunder between? Thou shalt have no chance of crossing the rocky Alps while I live. Transfix me from thence with thine arrows, if thou canst. Seek in thy fury a sword that from Italy shall reach my city’s walls. Does not the experience and the example of those who have tried before deter thee? Who that has dared approach can boast escape from my hands? I have driven thee from the centre of the civilized world and at the same time deprived thee of thy great army. Now, my friends, is come the time for feasting and making ready bountiful gifts and bestowing gold upon these new legions. To-morrow’s light dawns prosperously for my purpose. Needs must the emperor will what he would not and bid a portion of his empire to be given to me. Mine alone be the happy fortune to rise above a private estate and yet escape the charge of tyranny.”

Stilicho. What can that do as long as a vast expanse of land separates us and Nereus’ waves crash in between? You won’t have any chance of crossing the rocky Alps while I’m alive. Shoot me with your arrows from there if you can. In your rage, look for a sword that can reach my city’s walls from Italy. Doesn’t the experience and the examples of those who have tried before stop you? Who that has dared to approach can say they escaped my grasp? I’ve driven you away from the center of the civilized world and at the same time deprived you of your great army. Now, my friends, it’s time for feasting, preparing generous gifts, and giving gold to these new legions. Tomorrow’s light will shine favorably on my plans. Surely the emperor will do what he wouldn’t normally do and give part of his empire to me. Let the happy fortune be mine to rise above a private estate while avoiding the label of tyranny.

To such words they shout acclaim—that vile band of traitors, waxed fat on plunder, whom one principle makes fellows with Rufinus, the holding nothing unlawful, and whose bond of friendship is to guard guilt in silence. Straightway they joyfully promise themselves foreign wives and all to no purpose forecast the booty they will win and the cities they will sack.

To such words they shout in approval—that disgusting group of traitors, who have grown rich from stealing, bonded by one principle with Rufinus, who holds that nothing is illegal, and whose friendship is built on keeping secrets about their guilt. Right away, they excitedly promise themselves foreign wives and foolishly imagine the loot they will acquire and the cities they will invade.

Night had begun to soothe human toils in her deep bosom and sleep had spread his black wings when Rufinus, whose mind had long been a prey to anxiety, sank into a troubled slumber. Scarce had quiet fastened on his heart when, lo, he sees flit before his eyes the dread ghosts of those whom he

Night had started to ease humanity's struggles in her deep embrace, and sleep had spread his dark wings when Rufinus, whose mind had been consumed by worry for a long time, fell into a restless sleep. Hardly had peace settled on his heart when he suddenly saw the terrifying spirits of those whom he

[82]

quas dedit ipse neci; quarum quae clarior una

visa loqui: “pro! surge toro. quid plurima volvis 330

anxius? haec requiem rebus finemque labori

adlatura dies: omni iam plebe redibis

altior et laeti manibus portabere vulgi.”

has canit ambages. occulto fallitur ille

omine nec capitis sentit praesagia fixi. 335

Iam summum radiis stringebat Lucifer Haemum

festinamque rotam solito properantior urget

tandem Rufini visurus funera Titan:

desiluit stratis densaeque capacia turbae

atria regifico iussit splendere paratu 340

exceptura dapes et, quod post vota daretur,

insculpi propriis aurum fatale figuris.

ipse salutatum reduces post proelia turmas

iam regale tumens et principe celsior ibat

collaque femineo solvebat mollia gestu 345

imperii certus, tegeret ceu purpura dudum

corpus et ardentes ambirent tempora gemmae.

Urbis ab angusto tractu, qua vergit in austrum,

planities vicina patet: nam cetera pontus

circuit exiguo dirimi se limite passus. 350

hic ultrix acies ornatu lucida Martis

explicuit cuneos. pedites in parte sinistra

consistunt. equites illinc poscentia cursum

ora reluctantur pressis sedare lupatis;

hinc alii saevum cristato vertice nutant 355

et tremulos umeris gaudent vibrare colores,

quos operit formatque chalybs; coniuncta per artem

[83]

had killed. Of them one, more distinct than the rest, seemed thus to address him: “Up from thy couch! why schemes thine anxious mind further? This coming day shall bring thee rest and end thy toils. High above the people shalt thou be raised, and happy crowds shall carry thee in their arms.” Such was the ambiguous prophecy of the ghost, but Rufinus observed not the hidden omen and saw not it foretold the elevation of his severed head upon a spear.

had killed. Of them one, more distinct than the rest, seemed to address him: “Get up from your bed! Why does your worried mind plan more? This coming day will bring you rest and end your struggles. You will be raised high above the people, and happy crowds will carry you in their arms.” Such was the ambiguous prophecy of the ghost, but Rufinus did not notice the hidden omen and did not see that it foretold the elevation of his severed head on a spear.

Now Lucifer touched the peak of Haemus with his rays and Titan urged his hastening wheel quicker than his wont, so soon to see at last the death of Rufinus. Rufinus himself leapt from his bed and bade make ready the capacious palace with regal splendour in preparation for the feast; the gold to be given in largesse he ordered to be stamped with his own fateful image. Himself went to welcome the troops returning from the battle in kingly pride and arrogance above a prince’s. Sure now of empire he wore a woman’s raiment about his neck; as though the purple already clothed his limbs and the jewelled crown blazed upon his brow.

Now Lucifer touched the peak of Haemus with his rays, and Titan urged his spinning wheel faster than usual, eager to witness the death of Rufinus at last. Rufinus jumped out of bed and commanded the grand palace to be prepared for the feast in royal style; he ordered the gold meant for gifts to be engraved with his own fateful image. He went out to greet the troops returning from battle with the pride and arrogance of a king, even more than a prince. Confident of his rule, he draped a woman's garment around his neck, as if the purple was already adorning his body and the jeweled crown was shining on his head.

Hard by a crowded quarter of the city of Constantinople, towards the south, there lies a plain. The rest is surrounded by the sea which here allows itself to be parted by a narrow way. Here the avenging army, bright with the panoply of the war god, disposes its squadrons. On the left stands the infantry. Over against them the cavalry seek to restrain their eager steeds by holding tight the reins. Here nod the savage waving plumes whose wearers rejoice to shake the flashing colours of their shoulder-armour; for steel clothes them on and gives them their shape; the limbs within

Near a busy area of the city of Constantinople, to the south, there’s a plain. The rest is bordered by the sea, which is split by a narrow passage. Here, the vengeful army, shining with the armor of the war god, arranges its troops. On the left, the infantry stands ready. Opposite them, the cavalry tries to hold back their eager horses by gripping the reins tightly. Here, fierce plumes wave proudly, as their wearers delight in showcasing the bright colors of their shoulder armor; for steel outfits them and defines their shapes, the limbs beneath

[84]

flexilis inductis animatur lamina membris;

horribiles visu: credas simulacra moveri

ferrea cognatoque viros spirare metallo. 360º

par vestitus equis: ferrata fronte minantur

ferratosque levant securi vulneris armos.

diviso stat quisque loco, metuenda voluptas

cernenti pulcherque timor, spirisque remissis

mansuescunt varii vento cessante dracones. 365

Augustus veneranda prior vexilla salutat.

Rufinus sequitur, quo fallere cuncta solebat

callidus adfatu, devotaque brachia laudat;

nomine quemque vocat; natos patresque reversis

nuntiat incolumes. illi dum plurima ficto 370

certatim sermone petunt, extendere longos

a tergo flexus insperatoque suprema

circuitu sociare parant; decrescere campus

incipit, et clipeis in se redeuntia iunctis

curvo paulatim sinuantur cornua ductu: 375

sic ligat inmensa virides indagine saltus

venator; sic attonitos ad litora pisces

aequoreus populator agit rarosque plagarum

contrahit anfractus et hiantes colligit oras.

excludunt alios. cingi se fervidus ille 380

nescit adhuc graviterque adprensa veste morantem

increpat Augustum: scandat sublime tribunal,

participem sceptri, socium declaret honoris—cum

subito stringunt gladios; vox desuper ingens

infremuit: “nobis etiam, deterrime, nobis 385

[85]

give life to the armour’s pliant scales so artfully conjoined, and strike terror into the beholder. ’Tis as though iron statues moved and men lived cast from that same metal. The horses are armed in the same way; their heads are encased in threatening iron, their forequarters move beneath steel plates protecting them from wounds; each stands alone, a pleasure yet a dread to behold, beautiful, yet terrible, and as the wind drops the parti-coloured dragons [60] sink with relaxing coils into repose.

give life to the armor’s flexible scales so skillfully connected, and inspire fear in the viewer. It’s as if iron statues could move and men were forged from that very metal. The horses are equipped similarly; their heads are covered in intimidating iron, their front quarters move beneath steel plates that shield them from harm; each stands apart, both a delight and a source of fear to see, beautiful yet terrifying, and as the wind calms down, the multi-colored dragons [60] sink into a relaxed resting position.

The emperor first salutes the hallowed standards; Rufinus follows him, speaking with that crafty voice wherewith he deceived all, praising their devoted arms and addressing each by name. He tells those who have returned that their sons and fathers are still alive. The soldiers, observing a feigned rivalry in asking questions, begin to extend their long lines behind his back and to join up the ends so as to form a circle unnoticed by Rufinus. The space in the centre grows smaller and the wings meeting with serried shields gradually form into one lessening circle. Even so the huntsman surrounds the grassy glades with his widespread snares: so the spoiler of the ocean drives to land the frightened fish, narrowing the circuit of his nets and closing up all possible ways of egress. All others they exclude. In his eagerness he notes not yet that he is being surrounded and, strongly seizing his robe, chides the hesitating emperor: let him mount the lofty platform and declare him sharer in his sceptre, partaker in his dignities—when suddenly they draw their swords and above the rest there rang out a mighty voice; “Basest of the base, didst

The emperor first greets the sacred standards; Rufinus follows him, using that clever voice with which he deceived everyone, praising their dedicated arms and addressing each soldier by name. He tells those who've returned that their sons and fathers are still alive. The soldiers, pretending to compete in asking questions, start to stretch their long lines behind him and connect the ends to form an unnoticed circle around Rufinus. The space in the center shrinks, and the wings, coming together with overlapping shields, gradually form a smaller circle. Just like a hunter surrounds grassy clearings with his wide traps, or how the ocean's predator drives frightened fish to shore by tightening the circle of his nets and blocking all possible escape routes. They exclude everyone else. In his excitement, he doesn't yet realize he's being surrounded and, gripping his robe tightly, scolds the hesitant emperor: he should get up on the high platform and declare him a partner in his power, a participant in his honors—when suddenly they draw their swords, and a powerful voice echoed above the rest; “Lowest of the low, did you...

[60] Claudian refers to the devices emblazoned upon the banners.

[60] Claudian mentions the designs displayed on the flags.

[86]

sperasti famulas imponere posse catenas?

unde redi nescis? patiarne audire satelles,

qui leges aliis libertatemque reduxi?

bis domitum civile nefas, bis rupimus Alpes.

tot nos bella docent nulli servire tyranno.” 390

Deriguit. spes nulla fugae; seges undique ferri

circumfusa micat; dextra laevaque revinctus

haesit et ensiferae stupuit mucrone coronae,

ut fera, quae nuper montes amisit avitos

altorumque exul nemorum damnatur harenae 395

muneribus, commota ruit; vir murmure contra

hortatur nixusque genu venabula tendit;

illa pavet strepitus cuneosque erecta theatri

respicit et tanti miratur sibila vulgi.

Unus per medios audendi pronior ense 400

prosilit exerto dictisque et vulnere torvus

impetit: “hac Stilicho, quem iactas pellere, dextra

te ferit; hoc absens invadit viscera ferro.”

sic fatur meritoque latus transverberat ictu.

Felix illa manus, talem quae prima cruorem 405

hauserit et fessi poenam libaverit orbis!

mox omnes laniant hastis artusque trementes

dilacerant; uno tot corpore tela tepescunt

et non infecto puduit mucrone reverti.

[87]

thou hope to cast upon us the yoke of slavery? Knowest thou not whence I return? Shall I allow myself to be called another’s servant, I who gave laws to others and restored the reign of liberty? Two civil wars have I quenched, twice forced the barrier of the Alps. These many battles have taught me to serve no tyrant.”

Do you really think you can put us under the yoke of slavery? Don’t you know where I’ve been? Will I let myself be called someone else's servant, when I gave laws to others and restored freedom? I’ve put down two civil wars and crossed the Alps twice. These many battles have taught me to serve no tyrant.

Rufinus stood rooted to earth. There is no hope of escape, for a forest of flashing spears hems him in. Shut in on the right hand and on the left he stood and gazed in wonder on the drawn blades of the armed throng; as a beast who has lately left his native hills, driven in exile from the wooded mountains and condemned to the gladiatorial shows, rushes into the arena while over against him the gladiator, heartened by the crowd’s applause kneels and holds out his spear. The beast, alarmed at the noise, gazes with head erect upon the rows of seats in the amphitheatre and hears with amazement the murmuring of the crowd.

Rufinus stood frozen in place. There was no chance of escaping, as a forest of glinting spears surrounded him. Trapped on both sides, he stared in awe at the drawn swords of the armed crowd; like a wild animal recently driven from its homeland in the hills, exiled from the wooded mountains and forced into the gladiator games, it rushes into the arena while across from it the gladiator, encouraged by the cheers of the audience, kneels and extends his spear. The creature, startled by the noise, looks up with its head held high at the rows of seats in the amphitheater and is amazed by the murmuring of the crowd.

Then one more daring than the rest drew his sword and leapt forward from the crowd and with fierce words and flashing eye rushed upon Rufinus crying: “It is the hand of Stilicho whom thou vauntest that thou didst expel that smites thee; his sword, which thou thoughtest far away, that pierces thy heart.” So spake he and transfixed Rufinus’ side with a well-deserved thrust.

Then one more daring than the others drew his sword and jumped forward from the crowd, with fierce words and a blazing gaze, rushing at Rufinus and shouting: “It’s the hand of Stilicho, whom you boast about expelling, that is striking you; his sword, which you thought was far away, is piercing your heart.” So he spoke and stabbed Rufinus' side with a well-deserved thrust.

Happy the hand that first spilt such vile blood and poured out vengeance for a world made weary. Straightway all pierce him with their spears and tear quivering limb from limb; one single body warms all these weapons with its blood; shame to him whose sword returns unstained therewith.

Happy is the hand that first shed such terrible blood and sought revenge for a weary world. Immediately, everyone stabs him with their spears and tears him apart limb from limb; one single body warms all these weapons with its blood; shame on him whose sword comes back clean from this.

[88]

hi vultus avidos et adhuc spirantia vellunt 410

lumina, truncatos alii rapuere lacertos.

amputat ille pedes, umerum quatit ille solutis

nexibus; hic fracti reserat curvamina dorsi;

hic iecur, hic cordis fibras, hic pandit anhelas

pulmonis latebras. spatium non invenit ira 415

nec locus est odiis. consumpto funere vix tum

deseritur sparsumque perit per tela cadaver.

sic mons Aonius rubuit, cum Penthea ferrent

Maenades aut subito mutatum Actaeona cornu

traderet insanis Latonia visa Molossis. 420

criminibusne tuis credis, Fortuna, mederi

et male donatum certas aequare favorem

suppliciis? una tot milia morte rependis?

eversis agedum Rufinum divide terris.

da caput Odrysiis, truncum mereantur Achivi. 425

quid reliquis dabitur? nec singula membra peremptis

sufficiunt populis.

Vacuo plebs undique muro

iam secura fluit; senibus non obstitit aetas

virginibusve pudor; viduae, quibus ille maritos

abstulit, orbataeque ruunt ad gaudia matres 430

insultantque alacres. laceros iuvat ire per artus

pressaque calcato vestigia sanguine tingui.

nec minus adsiduis flagrant elidere saxis

prodigiale caput, quod iam de cuspide summa

[89]

They stamp on that face of greed and while yet he lives pluck out his eyes; others seize and carry off his severed arms. One cuts off his foot, another wrenches a shoulder from the torn sinews; one lays bare the ribs of the cleft spine, another his liver, his heart, his still panting lungs. There is not space enough to satisfy their anger nor room to wreak their hate. Scarce when his death had been accomplished do they leave him; his body is hacked in pieces and the fragments borne on the soldiers’ spears. Thus red with blood ran the Boeotian mountain when the Maenads caused Pentheus’ destruction or when Latona’s daughter seen by Actaeon betrayed the huntsman, suddenly transformed into a stag, to the fury of her Molossian hounds. Dost thou hope, Fortune, thus to right thy wrongs? Seekest thou to atone by this meting out of punishment for favour ill bestowed? Dost thou with one death make payment for ten thousand murders? Come, portion out Rufinus’ corpse among the lands he has wronged. Give the Thracians his head; let Greece have as her due his body. What shall be given the rest? Give but a limb apiece, there are not enough for the peoples he has ruined.

They stomp on that face of greed and while he’s still alive, they gouge out his eyes; others grab and carry off his severed arms. One cuts off his foot, another tears a shoulder from the ripped sinews; one exposes the ribs of the split spine, another his liver, his heart, his still gasping lungs. There’s not enough space to satisfy their rage nor room to unleash their hate. Barely when his death is accomplished do they leave him; his body is hacked into pieces and the fragments are borne on the soldiers’ spears. Thus ran the Boeotian mountain, red with blood, when the Maenads caused Pentheus’ destruction or when Latona’s daughter, seen by Actaeon, betrayed the huntsman, suddenly transformed into a stag, to the fury of her Molossian hounds. Do you hope, Fortune, to right your wrongs this way? Are you trying to make up for your poor favors by dishing out punishment? Do you think one death can pay for ten thousand murders? Come, distribute Rufinus’ corpse among the lands he has wronged. Give the Thracians his head; let Greece have his body as her due. What shall be given to the rest? Just give a limb each; there aren’t enough for all the people he has ruined.

The citizens leave the town and hasten exulting to the spot from every quarter, old men and girls among them whom nor age nor sex could keep at home. Widows whose husbands he had killed, mothers whose children he had murdered hurry to the joyful scene with eager steps. They are fain to trample the torn limbs and stain their deep pressed feet with the blood. So, too, they eagerly hurl a shower of stones at the monstrous head, nodding from the summit of the spear that transfixed it as it

The citizens rush out of the town, excitedly making their way to the spot from all directions, including old men and young girls who didn’t let age or gender hold them back. Widows whose husbands he had killed and mothers whose children he had lost hurry to the joyful scene, eager to be part of it. They are eager to step on the severed limbs and stain their feet with blood. Likewise, they excitedly rain down stones at the grotesque head, which is perched atop the spear that pierced it as it

[90]

nutabat digna rediens ad moenia pompa. 435

dextera quin etiam ludo concessa vagatur

aera petens poenasque animi persolvit avari

terribili lucro vivosque imitata retentus

cogitur adductis digitos inflectere nervis.

Desinat elatis quisquam confidere rebus 440

instabilesque deos ac lubrica numina discat.

illa manus, quae sceptra sibi gestanda parabat,

cuius se totiens summisit ad oscula supplex

nobilitas, inhumata diu miseroque revulsa

corpore feralem quaestum post fata reposcit. 445

adspiciat quisquis nimium sublata secundis

colla gerit: triviis calcandus spargitur ecce,

qui sibi pyramidas, qui non cedentia templis

ornatura suos extruxit culmina manes,

et qui Sidonio velari credidit ostro, 450

nudus pascit aves. iacet en, qui possidet orbem,

exiguae telluris inops et pulvere raro

per partes tegitur nusquam totiensque sepultus.

Senserunt convexa necem tellusque nefandum

amolitur onus iam respirantibus astris. 455

infernos gravat umbra lacus. pater Aeacus horret

intrantemque etiam latratu Cerberus urget.

tune animae, quas ille fero sub iure peremit,

circumstant nigrique trahunt ad iudicis urnam

infesto fremitu: veluti pastoris in ora 460

commotae glomerantur apes, qui dulcia raptu

mella vehit, pennasque cient et spicula tendunt

et tenuis saxi per propugnacula cinctae

[91]

was carried back in merited splendour to the city. Nay his hand too, made over to their mockery, goes a-begging for alms, and with its awful gains pays the penalty for his greedy soul, while forced, in mimicry of its living clutch, to draw up the fingers by their sinews.

was brought back in deserved glory to the city. No, his hand too, subjected to their ridicule, is begging for donations, and with its horrible earnings, pays the price for his greedy soul, while compelled, in imitation of its living grip, to pull up the fingers by their tendons.

Put not now your trust in prosperity; learn that the gods are inconstant and heaven untrustworthy. That hand which sought to wield a sceptre, which a humbled nobility stooped so often to kiss, now torn from its wretched trunk and left long unburied begs after death a baneful alms. Let him gaze on this whoso carries his head high in pride of prosperity, see trodden under foot at the cross-roads him who built pyramids for himself and a tomb, large as a temple, to the glory of his own ghost. He who trusted to be clothed in Tyrian purple is now a naked corpse and food for birds. See, he who owns the world lies denied six foot of earth, half covered with a sprinkling of dust, given no grave yet given so many.

Do not put your faith in wealth; recognize that the gods are unpredictable and heaven is unreliable. That hand which once sought to hold a scepter, which humbled nobles often bowed to kiss, is now severed from its wretched body and left unburied, begging for a cursed pity from beyond the grave. Let anyone who walks with their head held high in pride over their success look at him who built pyramids for himself and a tomb as grand as a temple to honor his own spirit, now trampled in the dirt at the crossroads. He who expected to wear luxurious purple is now a bare corpse, food for scavenging birds. Look, the one who owned the world is denied even six feet of earth, half covered in dust, not given a proper grave yet given so many.

Heaven knew of his death and earth is freed of her hated burden, now that the stars can breathe again. His shade oppresses the rivers of Hell. Old Aeacus shudders and Cerberus bays to stop, in this case, the entry of a ghost. Then those shades which he had sent to death beneath his cruel laws flock round him and hale him away with horrid shoutings to the tribunal of the gloomy judge: even as bees whom a shepherd has disturbed swarm round his head when he would rob them of their sweet honey, and flutter their wings and put forth their stings, making them ready for battle in the fastnesses of their little rock, and seek to defend the

Heaven knows about his death, and the earth is relieved of her hated burden now that the stars can breathe again. His spirit weighs down the rivers of Hell. Old Aeacus trembles, and Cerberus howls to stop the entry of a ghost. Then those souls he sentenced to death under his cruel laws gather around him, dragging him away with horrified shouts to the tribunal of the gloomy judge; just like bees that swarm around a shepherd's head when he tries to steal their sweet honey, buzzing their wings and getting ready to sting, preparing for battle in the safety of their little rock, and trying to defend the

[92]

rimosam patriam dilectaque pumicis antra

defendunt pronoque favos examine velant. 465

Est locus infaustis quo conciliantur in unum

Cocytos Phlegethonque vadis; inamoenus uterque

alveus; hic volvit lacrimas, hic igne redundat.

turris per geminos, flammis vicinior, amnes

porrigitur solidoque rigens adamante sinistrum 470

proluit igne latus; dextro Cocytia findit

aequora triste gemens et fletu concita plangit.

huc post emeritam mortalia saecula vitam

deveniunt. ibi nulla manent discrimina fati,

nullus honos vanoque exutum nomine regem 475

proturbat plebeius egens. quaesitor in alto

conspicuus solio pertemptat crimina Minos

et iustis dirimit sontes. quos nolle fateri

viderit, ad rigidi transmittit verbera fratris.

nam iuxta Rhadamanthys agit. cum gesta superni

curriculi totosque diu perspexerit actus, 481

exaequat damnum meritis et muta ferarum

cogit vincla pati. truculentos ingerit ursis

praedonesque lupis; fallaces vulpibus addit.

at qui desidia semper vinoque gravatus, 485

indulgens Veneri, voluit torpescere luxu,

hunc suis inmundi pingues detrudit in artus.

qui iusto plus esse loquax arcanaque suevit

prodere, piscosas fertur victurus in undas,

ut nimiam pensent aeterna silentia vocem. 490

quos ubi per varias annis ter mille figuras

egit, Lethaeo purgatos flumine tandem

rursus ad humanae revocat primordia formae.

[93]

crevices of their home, their beloved pumice-stone cave, swarming over the honeycombs therein.

crevices of their home, their beloved pumice-stone cave, teeming with the honeycombs inside.

There is a place where the unhallowed rivers of Cocytus and Phlegethon mingle their dread streams of tears and fire. Between the rivers yet nearer to that of Phlegethon there juts a tower stiff with solid adamant that bathes its left side in the flames; its right hand wall extends into Cocytus’ stream and echoes the lamentation of the river of tears. Hither come all the children of men whose life is ended; here there abide no marks of earthly fortune; no reverence is shown; the common beggar ousts the king, now stripped of his empty title. Seen afar on his lofty throne the judge Minos examines the charges and separates the wicked from the righteous. Those whom he sees unwilling to confess their sins he remits to the lash of his stern brother; for he, Rhadamanthus, is busy close at hand. When he has closely examined the deeds of their earthly life and all that they did therein, he suits the punishment to their crimes and makes them undergo the bonds of dumb animals. The spirits of the cruel enter into bears, of the rapacious into wolves, of the treacherous into foxes. Those, on the other hand, who were ever sunk in sloth, sodden with wine, given to venery, sluggish from excesses, he compelled to enter the fat bodies of filthy swine. Was any above measure talkative, a betrayer of secrets, he was carried off, a fish, to live in the waters amid his kind, that in eternal silence he might atone for his garrulity. When for thrice a thousand years he had forced these through countless diverse shapes, he sends them back once more to the beginnings of human form purged at last with Lethe’s stream.

There’s a place where the cursed rivers of Cocytus and Phlegethon mix their terrible waters of tears and fire. Between the rivers, even closer to Phlegethon, stands a tower made of solid adamant that gets scorched on its left side by the flames; its right wall reaches into the waters of Cocytus and echoes the cries of the river of tears. Here come all the people whose lives have ended; there are no signs of earthly wealth; no respect is given; a common beggar pushes aside the king, who is now stripped of his empty title. From a distance, the judge Minos sits on his high throne, examining the cases and separating the wicked from the righteous. Those he sees unwilling to admit their sins are sent to the punishment of his stern brother; because Rhadamanthus is busy nearby. After closely reviewing their actions during life and everything they did, he customizes their punishments to fit their crimes and forces them to take on the forms of dumb animals. The spirits of the cruel become bears, the greedy become wolves, and the treacherous become foxes. On the other hand, those who were always lazy, intoxicated by wine, indulged in vice, and sluggish from excess are made to enter the bloated bodies of filthy pigs. If anyone was excessively talkative or a betrayer of secrets, he was transformed into a fish to live in the waters among his kind, so that he could atone for his chatter in eternal silence. After enduring countless transformations for three thousand years, he sends them back once again to human form, finally purified by the waters of Lethe.

[94]

Tum quoque, dum lites Stygiique negotia solvit

dura fori veteresque reos ex ordine quaerit, 495

Rufinum procul ecce notat visuque severo

lustrat et ex imo concussa sede profatur:

“Huc superum labes, huc insatiabilis auri

proluvies pretioque nihil non ause parato,

quodque mihi summum scelus est, huc improbe legum

venditor, Arctoi stimulator perfide Martis! 501

cuius ob innumeras strages angustus Averni

iam sinus et plena lassatur portitor alno.

quid demens manifesta negas? en pectus inustae

deformant maculae vitiisque inolevit imago 505

nec sese commissa tegunt. genus omne dolorum

in te ferre libet: dubio tibi pendula rupes

inmineat lapsu, volucer te torqueat axis,

te refugi fallant latices atque ore natanti

arescat decepta sitis, dapibusque relictis 510

in tua mansurus migret praecordia vultur.

quamquam omnes alii, quos haec tormenta fatigant,

pars quota sunt, Rufine, tui! quid tale vel audax

fulmine Salmoneus vel lingua Tantalus egit

aut inconsulto Tityos deliquit amore? 515

cunctorum si facta simul iungantur in unum,

praecedes numero. cui tanta piacula quisquam

supplicio conferre valet? quid denique dignum

omnibus inveniam, vincant cum singula poenas?

tollite de mediis animarum dedecus umbris. 520

adspexisse sat est. oculis iam parcite nostris

et Ditis purgate domos. agitate flagellis

[95]

So then while he settles these suits, dread business of that infernal court, while he examines in due order the criminals of old, he marks afar Rufinus, scans him with a stern scrutiny and speaks, shaking his throne to its foundation. “Hither, Rufinus, scourge of the world, bottomless sink of gold who wouldst dare aught for money; hither conscienceless seller of justice (that crime of crimes), faithless cause of that northern war whose thousand slaughtered victims now throng Hell’s narrow entry and weigh down Charon’s crowded barque. Madman, why deny what all know? The foul stains of wickedness are branded upon thy heart, thy crimes have made their impress on thy spirit and thy sins cannot be hid. Right glad I am to sentence thee to every kind of punishment. O’er thee shall hang the threatening rock the moment of whose fall thou knowest not. The circling wheel shall rack thee. Thy lips the stream’s waves shall flee, thirst shall parch thee to whose chin its elusive waters mount. The vulture shall leave his former prey and feast for ever on thy heart. And yet all these, Rufinus, whom the like punishments torment, how paltry their wickedness compared with thine! Did bold Salmoneus’ thunderbolt or Tantalus’ tongue ever do like wrong or Tityos so offend with his mad love? Join all their crimes together yet wilt thou surpass them. What sufficient atonement can be found for such wickedness? What to match thy sum of crimes whose single misdeeds outmatch all punishment? Shades, remove from this our ghostly company that presence that disgraces it. To have seen once is enough. Have mercy now on our eyes, and cleanse the realm of Dis. Drive

So while he deals with these lawsuits, the dreadful business of that hellish court, he reviews the old criminals one by one. He spots Rufinus from a distance, studies him with a harsh gaze, and speaks, shaking his throne to its core. “Come here, Rufinus, scourge of the world, bottomless pit of gold willing to do anything for money; come here, heartless seller of justice (the worst crime of all), unfaithful instigator of that northern war whose thousands of slaughtered victims now crowd Hell’s narrow entrance and weigh down Charon’s overloaded boat. Madman, why do you deny what everyone knows? The ugly marks of evil are branded on your heart, your crimes have left their imprint on your soul, and your sins cannot be hidden. I am very glad to sentence you to every kind of punishment. Above you shall hang the threatening rock, and you don’t know when it will fall. The spinning wheel will torture you. The stream’s waves will elude your lips, and thirst will parch you as its elusive waters rise to your chin. The vulture will leave its previous prey and feast forever on your heart. And yet, all those like you who suffer similar punishments, how insignificant their wickedness is compared to yours! Did the bold Salmoneus’ thunderbolt or Tantalus’ thirst ever commit such a wrong, or did Tityos offend so with his mad love? Combine all their crimes, and you will still outdo them. What kind of atonement can be found for such wickedness? What can match your total crimes, whose single misdeeds outweigh all punishment? Spirits, remove from our ghostly gathering this presence that shames it. To have seen him once is enough. Have mercy on our eyes now, and cleanse the realm of Dis. Drive

[96]

trans Styga, trans Erebum, vacuo mandate barathro

infra Titanum tenebras infraque recessus

Tartareos ipsumque [61] Chaos, qua noctis opacae 525

fundamenta latent; praeceps ibi mersus anhelet,

dum rotat astra polus, feriunt dum litora venti.”

[61] MSS. have nostrumque.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Documents have nostrumque.

[97]

him with whips beyond the Styx, beyond Erebus; thrust him down into the empty pit beneath the lightless prison of the Titans, below the depths of Tartarus and Chaos’ own realm, where lie the foundations of thickest midnight; deep hidden there let him live while ever the vault of heaven carries round the stars and the winds beat upon the land.”

him with whips beyond the Styx, beyond Erebus; thrust him down into the empty pit beneath the lightless prison of the Titans, below the depths of Tartarus and Chaos’ own realm, where lie the foundations of the thickest midnight; deep hidden there let him live while ever the vault of heaven carries round the stars and the winds beat upon the land.

[98]

DE BELLO GILDONICO

LIBER I

(XV.)

Redditus imperiis Auster subiectaque rursus

alterius convexa poli. rectore sub uno

conspirat geminus frenis communibus orbis.

iunximus Europen Libyae. concordia fratrum

plena redit. patriis solum quod defuit armis, 5

tertius occubuit nati virtute tyrannus.

horret adhuc animus manifestaque gaudia differt,

dum stupet et tanto cunctatur credere voto.

necdum Cinyphias exercitus attigit oras:

iam domitus Gildo. nullis victoria nodis 10

haesit, non spatio terrae, non obice ponti.

congressum profugum captum vox nuntiat una

rumoremque sui praevenit laurea belli.

quo, precor, haec effecta deo? robusta vetusque

tempore tam parvo potuit dementia vinci? 15

quem veniens indixit hiems, ver perculit hostem.

[99]

THE WAR AGAINST GILDO [62]

BOOK I

(XV.)

The kingdom of the south is restored to our empire, the sky of that other hemisphere is once more brought into subjection. East and West live in amity and concord beneath the sway of one ruler. We have joined Europe again to Africa, and unswerving singleness of purpose unites the brother emperors. The would-be third participant of empire has fallen before the prowess of Honorius the son—that one victory that failed to grace the arms of Theodosius, the father. Still is my mind troubled and admits not the universal joy for very amazement, nor can believe the fulfilment of its heart-felt prayers. Not yet had the army landed upon Africa’s [63] coasts when Gildo yielded to defeat. No difficulties delayed our victorious arms, neither length of march nor intervening ocean. One and the same word brings news of the conflict, the flight, the capture of Gildo. The news of victory outstripped the news of the war that occasioned it. What god wrought this for us? Could madness so strong, so deep-seated be overcome so soon? The enemy whom early winter brought upon us, spring destroyed.

The southern kingdom is restored to our empire, the sky of that other hemisphere is once again under our control. East and West live in peace and harmony under the rule of one leader. We’ve reconnected Europe with Africa, and a single-minded determination bonds the brother emperors. The would-be third power of the empire has fallen before the strength of Honorius the son—that one victory that eluded the arms of Theodosius, the father. Yet my mind is troubled and cannot join in the universal joy for sheer amazement, nor can it believe the fulfillment of its heartfelt prayers. The army had not yet landed on Africa’s [63] coasts when Gildo surrendered to defeat. No challenges delayed our victorious forces, neither the long march nor the intervening ocean. The same message brought news of the battle, the flight, and the capture of Gildo. The news of victory reached us faster than the news of the war that brought it. What god made this happen for us? Can such deep-rooted madness be overcome so quickly? The enemy that early winter brought upon us was destroyed by spring.

[62] For the details of Gildo’s rebellion see Introduction, p. x.

[62] For the details of Gildo’s rebellion, see the Introduction, p. x.

[63] The Cinyps is a river in Libya; cf. Virg. Georg. iii. 312.

[100]

Exitium iam Roma timens et fessa negatis

frugibus ad rapidi limen tendebat Olympi

non solito vultu nec qualis iura Britannis

dividit aut trepidos summittit fascibus Indos. 20

vox tenuis tardique gradus oculique iacentes

interius; fugere genae; ieiuna lacertos

exedit macies. umeris vix sustinet aegris

squalentem clipeum; laxata casside prodit

canitiem plenamque trahit rubiginis hastam. 25

attigit ut tandem caelum genibusque Tonantis

procubuit, tales orditur maesta querellas:

“Si mea mansuris meruerunt moenia nasci,

Iuppiter, auguriis, si stant inmota Sibyllae

carmina, Tarpeias si necdum respuis arces: 30

advenio supplex, non ut proculcet Araxen

consul ovans nostraeve premant pharetrata secures

Susa, nec ut Rubris aquilas figamus harenis.

haec nobis, haec ante dabas; nunc pabula tantum

Roma precor. miserere tuae, pater optinae, gentis, 35

extremam defende famem. satiavimus iram

si qua fuit; lugenda Getis et flenda Suebis

hausimus; ipsa meos horreret Parthia casus.

quid referam morbive luem tumulosve repletos

stragibus et crebras corrupto sidere mortes? 40

aut fluvium per tecta vagum summisque minatum

collibus? ingentes vexi summersa carinas

remorumque sonos et Pyrrhae saecula sensi.

“Ei mihi, quo Latiae vires urbisque potestas

[101]

Rome, the goddess, fearing for her city’s destruction and weak with corn withheld, hastened to the threshold of revolving Olympus with looks unlike her own; not with such countenance does she assign laws to the Britons, or subject the frightened Indians to her rule. Feeble her voice, slow her step, her eyes deep buried. Her cheeks were sunken and hunger had wasted her limbs. Scarce can her weak shoulders support her unpolished shield. Her ill-fitting helmet shows her grey hairs and the spear she carries is a mass of rust. At last she reaches heaven and falls at the Thunderer’s feet and utters this mournful complaint: “If prophecy rightly foretold the permanence of the rising walls of Rome; if the Sibyl’s verse is unalterable; if thou art not yet wearied of our city and the Capitol, I come to thee as a suppliant. My prayer is not that a consul may march in triumph along Araxes’ banks, nor that Rome’s power may crush the archer Persians and Susa their capital, nor yet that we may plant our standards on the Red Sea’s strand. All this thou grantedst us of old. ’Tis but food I, Rome, ask for now; father, take pity on thy chosen race and ease us of this hunger unto death. Whatever thy displeasure, we have surely sated it. The very Getae and Suebi would pity our sufferings; Parthia’s self would shudder at my disasters. What need have I to mention the pestilence, the heaps of corpses, the numberless deaths wherewith the very air is corrupted? Why tell of Tiber’s flooded stream, sweeping betwixt roofs and threatening the very hills? My submerged city has borne mighty ships, echoed the sound of oars, and experienced Pyrrha’s flood.

Rome, the goddess, fearing for her city’s destruction and weakened by a lack of food, hurried to the threshold of changing Olympus, looking quite different from her usual self; not with the same expression she uses to impose laws on the Britons or rule over the terrified Indians. Her voice was weak, her steps slow, her eyes deeply sunken. Her cheeks were hollow, and hunger had drained her strength. Her frail shoulders could barely hold her rough shield. Her ill-fitting helmet revealed her gray hair, and the spear she carried was rusted. Finally, she reached heaven and fell at the feet of the Thunderer, voicing this sorrowful complaint: “If the prophecy correctly foretold the lasting strength of Rome's walls; if the Sibyl’s verse is unchangeable; if you are not yet tired of our city and the Capitol, I come to you as a beggar. My request isn’t for a consul to march triumphantly along the banks of the Araxes, nor for Rome’s might to defeat the Persian archers and take Susa, their capital, nor for us to plant our standards by the shores of the Red Sea. You granted us all that before. All I, Rome, ask for now is food; father, have mercy on your chosen people and relieve us of this deadly hunger. Whatever anger you may have had, we’ve surely appeased it. Even the Getae and Suebi would feel pity for our suffering; Parthia herself would tremble at my misfortunes. Why should I even mention the plague, the piles of corpses, the countless deaths corrupting the very air? Why speak of the Tiber's swollen waters, flooding between roofs and threatening the hills? My submerged city has borne great ships, echoed with the sound of oars, and endured Pyrrha’s flood.

“Woe is me, whither are fled the power of Latium

“Woe is me, where has the power of Latium gone?

[102]

decidit! in qualem paulatim fluximus umbram! 45

armato quondam populo patrumque vigebam

conciliis; domui terras urbesque revinxi

legibus: ad solem victrix utrumque cucurri.

postquam iura ferox in se communia Caesar

transtulit et lapsi mores desuetaque priscis 50

artibus in gremium pacis servile recessi,

tot mihi pro meritis Libyam Nilumque dedere,

ut dominam plebem bellatoremque senatum

classibus aestivis alerent geminoque vicissim

litore diversi complerent horrea venti. 55

stabat certa salus: Memphis si forte negasset,

pensabam Pharium Gaetulis messibus annum,

frugiferas certare rates lateque videbam

Punica Niliacis concurrere carbasa velis.

cum subiit par Roma mihi divisaque sumpsit 60

aequales Aurora togas, Aegyptia rura

in partem cessere novae. spes unica nobis

restabat Libyae, quae vix aegreque fovebat;

solo ducta Noto, numquam secura futuri,

semper inops, ventique fidem poscebat et anni. 65

hanc quoque nunc Gildo rapuit sub fine cadentis

autumni. pavido metimur caerula voto,

puppis si qua venit, si quid fortasse potenti

vel pudor extorsit domino vel praedo reliquit.

pascimur arbitrio Mauri nec debita reddi, 70

[103]

and the might of Rome? To what a shadow of our former glory are we by gradual decline arrived! Time was when my men bore arms and my greybeards met in council; mistress of the world was I and lawgiver to mankind. From rising to setting sun I sped in triumph. When proud Caesar had transferred my people’s power to himself, when manners became corrupt and forgetful of war’s old discipline I declined into the servile lap of peace, the emperors rewarded me with Africa and Egypt that they might nourish the sovereign people and the Senate, arbiter of peace and war, by means of summer-sped fleets, and that the winds, blowing alternately from either shore, should fill our granaries with corn. Our provisioning was secure. Should Memphis perchance have denied us food, I would make up for the failure of Egypt’s harvest by the African supply. I saw competition between grain-bearing vessels, and where’er I looked I beheld the fleet of Carthage strive in rivalry with that of the Nile. When a second Rome arose and the Eastern Empire assumed the toga of the West, Egypt fell beneath that new sway. Africa remained our only hope and scarcely did she suffice to feed us, whose corn-ships none but the south wind wafted across. Her promise for the future was insecure, as, ever helpless, she demanded the loyalty of the wind and of the season.[64] This province, too, Gildo seized towards the close of autumn. Anxiously and prayerfully we scan the blue sea to glance a coming sail in the fond hope that perchance a sense of shame has extorted somewhat from the powerful tyrant, or the conqueror left some corner unconquered. We are fed at the pleasure of the Moor,

and the power of Rome? Look at how far we've fallen from our former glory due to our slow decline! There was a time when my men fought, and my elders gathered to make important decisions; I was the ruler of the world and made laws for humanity. From sunrise to sunset, I celebrated victories. When proud Caesar took the power of my people for himself, when our values became corrupt and we forgot the discipline of war, I fell into the submissive arms of peace. The emperors rewarded me with Africa and Egypt so that they could support the sovereign people and the Senate, the ones who decided on peace and war, using swift boats to ensure that winds from both shores filled our granaries with grain. Our food supply was stable. If Memphis happened to refuse us food, I would rely on Africa to compensate for Egypt’s poor harvest. I witnessed competition among grain-carrying ships, and everywhere I looked, I saw Carthage's fleet competing with that of the Nile. When a second Rome emerged and the Eastern Empire took on the mantle of the West, Egypt fell under that new rule. Africa was our last hope, and barely did she provide enough food for us, as her grain ships could only be sent by the south wind. Her future potential was uncertain since she relied entirely on the wind and the seasons. [64] This province, too, Gildo seized at the end of autumn. Anxiously and prayerfully, we search the blue sea, hoping to spot a sail, clinging to the hope that perhaps the powerful tyrant feels some shame or that the conqueror has left some area unconquered. We now depend on the goodwill of the Moors.

[64] Claudian means that the African corn-supply was not always to be relied upon because (1) there might be a bad season, (2) there might be unfavourable winds.

[64] Claudian suggests that the African grain supply wasn't always dependable because (1) there could be a poor harvest, and (2) there could be adverse winds.

[104]

sed sua concedi iactat gaudetque diurnos

ut famulae praebere cibos vitamque famemque

librat barbarico fastu vulgique superbit

fletibus et tantae suspendit fata ruinae.

Romuleas vendit segetes et possidet arva 75

vulneribus quaesita meis. ideone tot annos

flebile cum tumida bellum Carthagine gessi?

idcirco voluit contempta luce reverti

Regulus? hoc damnis, genitor, Cannensibus emi?

incassum totiens lituis navalibus arsit 80

Hispanum Siculumque fretum vastataque tellus

totque duces caesi ruptaque emissus ab Alpe

Poenus et attonitae iam proximus Hannibal urbi?

scilicet ut domitis frueretur barbarus Afris,

muro sustinui Martem noctesque cruentas 85

Collina pro turre tuli? Gildonis ad usum

Carthago ter victa ruit? hoc mille gementis

Italiae clades impensaque saecula bellis,

hoc Fabius fortisque mihi Marcellus agebant,

ut Gildo cumularet opes? haurire venena 90

compulimus dirum Syphacem fractumque Metello

traximus inmanem Marii sub vincla Iugurtham,

et Numidae Gildonis erunt? pro funera tanta,

pro labor! in Bocchi regnum sudavit uterque

Scipio. Romano vicistis sanguine Mauri. 95

ille diu miles populus, qui praefuit orbi,

qui trabeas et sceptra dabat, quem semper in armis

horribilem gentes, placidum sensere subactae,

[105]

who boasts that he does not repay a debt but that he gives us of his own, and rejoices to apportion out my daily food to me, as though I were his slave; with a barbarian’s pride he weighs me life or death by hunger, triumphs in a people’s tears, and holds above our heads an universal destruction. He sells Rome’s crops and possesses land won by my wounds. Was it for this that I waged lamentable war with proud Carthage for so many years? For this that Regulus reckoned his life as naught and would fain return to his captors? Is this my reward, father, for my losses on Cannae’s field? Have the Spanish and Sicilian seas resounded so often to our navies’ clarion for naught? For naught my lands been laid waste, so many of my generals slain, the Carthaginian invader broken his way through the Alps, Hannibal approached my affrighted capital? Have I kept the foe at bay with my walls and spent nights of slaughter before the Colline gate to enable a barbarian to reap the fruits of conquered Africa? Has thrice-conquered Carthage fallen for Gildo’s benefit? Was this the object of mourning Italy’s thousand disasters, of centuries spent in war, of Fabius’ and Marcellus’ deeds of daring—that Gildo should heap him up riches? We forced cruel Syphax to drink poison, drove fierce Iugurtha, whose power Metellus had broken, beneath Marius’ yoke—and shall Africa be Gildo’s? Alas for our toil and those many deaths: the two Scipios have laboured, it seems, to further Bocchus’[65] native rule; Roman blood has given victory to the Moors. That long warlike race, lord of the world, that appointed consuls and kings, whom foreign nations found ever formidable in war, though gentle once they had

who boasts that he doesn’t pay back a debt but rather gives us out of his own generosity, and enjoys dividing up my daily food for me, as if I were his slave; with a barbarian’s pride he decides my life or death based on hunger, revels in the tears of the people, and threatens us with total destruction. He sells Rome’s crops and controls land gained by my wounds. Was it for this that I fought the painful war with proud Carthage for so many years? Was it for this that Regulus valued his life so little and was eager to return to his captors? Is this my reward, father, for my losses on Cannae’s battlefield? Have the Spanish and Sicilian seas echoed with our navy’s horns so often for nothing? For nothing my lands have been laid waste, so many of my generals killed, the Carthaginian invader breaking through the Alps, Hannibal approaching my terrified capital? Have I held off the enemy with my walls and spent nights in slaughter before the Colline gate just to let a barbarian enjoy the spoils of conquered Africa? Has thrice-conquered Carthage fallen for Gildo’s benefit? Was this the purpose behind mourning Italy’s thousand disasters, centuries spent in war, the daring deeds of Fabius and Marcellus—that Gildo should accumulate wealth? We forced cruel Syphax to take poison, chased down fierce Iugurtha, whose power Metellus had crushed, under Marius’ rule—and will Africa belong to Gildo? Alas for our hard work and those many deaths: the two Scipios have apparently labored to support Bocchus’ native rule; Roman blood has helped the Moors win. That long warring race, lord of the world, that appointed consuls and kings, who foreign nations always found formidable in battle, though gentle once they had...

[65] Bocchus, properly a king of Mauritania, stands here typically for any native monarch.

[65] Bocchus, originally a king of Mauritania, represents any local ruler here.

[106]

nunc inhonorus egens perfert miserabile pacis

supplicium nulloque palam circumdatus hoste 100

obsessi discrimen habet. per singula letum

impendet momenta mihi dubitandaque pauci

praescribunt alimenta dies, heu prospera fata!

quid mihi septenos montes turbamque dedistis,

quae parvo non possit ali? felicior essem 105

angustis opibus; mallem tolerare Sabinos

et Veios; brevior duxi securius aevum.

ipsa nocet moles. utinam remeare liceret

ad veteres fines et moenia pauperis Anci.

sufficerent Etrusca mihi Campanaque culta 110

et Quincti Curiique seges, patriaeque petenti

rusticus inferret proprias dictator aristas.

“Nunc quid agam? Libyam Gildo tenet, altera Nilum.

ast ego, quae terras umeris pontumque subegi,

deseror: emeritae iam praemia nulla senectae. 115

di, quibus iratis crevi, succurrite tandem,

exorate patrem; tuque o si sponte per altum

vecta Palatinis mutasti collibus Idam

praelatoque lavas Phrygios Almone leones,

maternis precibus natum iam flecte, Cybebe. 120

sin prohibent Parcae falsisque elusa vetustas

auspiciis, alio saltem prosternite casu

et poenae mutate genus. Porsenna reducat

Tarquinios; renovet ferales Allia pugnas;

me potius saevi manibus permittite Pyrrhi, 125

[107]

been subdued, dishonoured now and poverty-stricken, bends beneath the cruel lash of peace, and though not openly beleaguered by any foe yet has all the hazard of a siege. Destruction threatens me hourly; a few days will set a limit to my uncertain food-supply. Out upon thee, prosperity! Why hast thou given me seven hills and such a population as a small supply cannot nourish? Happier I, had my power been less. Better to have put up with the Sabines and Veii; in narrower bonds I passed securer days. My very magnitude undoes me; would that I could return to my former boundaries and the walls of poor Ancus. Enough for me then would be the ploughlands of Etruria and Campania, the farms of Cincinnatus and Curius, and at his country’s prayer the rustic dictator [66] would bring his home-grown wheat.

been brought low, dishonored now and broke, bends under the harsh weight of peace, and though not openly attacked by any enemy, still faces all the risks of a siege. Destruction threatens me every hour; a few days will limit my uncertain food supply. Curse you, prosperity! Why have you given me seven hills and such a population that a small supply cannot sustain? I’d be happier if my power had been less. Better to have dealt with the Sabines and Veii; I lived safer days in smaller circumstances. My very size is my downfall; if only I could return to my old boundaries and the walls of poor Ancus. The plowlands of Etruria and Campania, the farms of Cincinnatus and Curius, and at his country's request, the rural dictator [66] would bring his homegrown wheat.

“What am I to do now? Gildo holds Libya, another [67] Egypt; while I, who subdued land and sea with my strong arm, am left to perish. Veteran of so many wars, can I claim no reward in mine old age? Ye gods in whose despite, it seems, I increased, now aid me at the last; pray Jove for me. And thou, Cybele, if ever of thine own free will thou wert carried over the sea and in exchange for Mount Ida tookest the hills of Rome and didst bathe thy Phrygian lions in Almo’s more favoured stream, move now thy son [68] with a mother’s entreaties. But if the fates forbid and our first founder was misled by augury untrue, o’erwhelm me at least in some different ruin, and change the nature of my punishment. Let Porsenna bring back the Tarquins; let Allia renew her bloody battle. Let me fall rather into the hands of cruel

“What am I supposed to do now? Gildo controls Libya, another [67] Egypt; while I, who conquered both land and sea with my strength, am left to suffer. After so many wars, am I supposed to get no reward in my old age? You gods, who I seem to have offended as I thrived, help me at last; please ask Jove for me. And you, Cybele, if you ever willingly crossed the sea and, in exchange for Mount Ida, took the hills of Rome and let your Phrygian lions bathe in Almo’s better stream, now move your son [68] with a mother’s pleas. But if fate has other plans and our original founder was misled by false signs, then at least bury me in a different disaster, and change the nature of my punishment. Let Porsenna bring back the Tarquins; let Allia rage with bloodshed again. I’d rather fall into the hands of cruel

[66] Doubtless a reference to Cincinnatus.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Clearly a reference to Cincinnatus.

[67] Claudian means by “altera” the Eastern Empire.

[67] Claudian refers to the Eastern Empire as “altera.”

[68] i.e. Jupiter.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ (i.e., Jupiter).

[108]

me Senonum furiis, Brenni me reddite flammis.

cuncta fame leviora mihi.”

Sic fata refusis

obticuit lacrimis. mater Cytherea parensque

flet Mavors sanctaeque memor Tritonia Vestae,

nec Cybele sicco nec stabat lumine Iuno. 130

maerent indigetes et si quos Roma recepit

aut dedit ipsa deos. genitor iam corde remitti

coeperat et sacrum dextra sedare tumultum,

cum procul insanis quatiens ululatibus axem

et contusa genas mediis adparet in astris 135

Africa: rescissae vestes et spicea passim

serta iacent; lacero crinales vertice dentes

et fractum pendebat ebur, talique superbas

inrupit clamore fores:

“Quid magne moraris

Iuppiter avulso nexu pelagique solutis 140

legibus iratum populis inmittere fratrem?

mergi prima peto; veniant praerupta Pachyno

aequora, laxatis subsidant Syrtibus urbes.

si mihi Gildonem nequeunt abducere fata,

me rape Gildoni. felicior illa perustae 145

pars Libyae, nimio quae se munita calore

defendit tantique vacat secura tyranni.

crescat zona rubens; medius flagrantis Olympi

me quoque limes agat; melius deserta iacebo

vomeris impatiens. pulsis dominentur aristis 150

dipsades et sitiens attollat glaeba cerastas.

quid me temperies iuvit? quid mitior aether?

Gildoni fecunda fui. iam solis habenae

[109]

Pyrrhus; abandon me to the fury of the Senones or the flames of Brennus. Welcome all this rather than to starve!”

Pyrrhus, leave me to the wrath of the Senones or the fires of Brennus. I’d prefer any of that over starving!

So spake she, and upwelling tears choked her voice. Venus, mother of Aeneas, wept, and Mars, father of Romulus and Minerva, mindful of Vesta’s sacred charge.[69] Nor Cybele nor Juno stood with dry eyes. The heroes mourn and all the gods whose worship Rome received from without or herself inaugurated. And now began the heart of Jove to soften. With hand outstretched he was checking the murmurings of the gods when, shaking heaven with distraught cries, Africa, her cheeks torn, appeared in the distance advancing amid the stars. Torn was her raiment, scattered her crown of corn. Her head was wounded and the ivory comb that secured her hair hung loose and broken. She rushed into Heaven’s halls shouting thus: “Great Jove, why delayest thou to loose the bonds of sea, to break its decree and hurl thy brother [70] in wrath against the land? May I be the first to be overwhelmed. Welcome the broken waters from Pachynus’ cape; sink my cities in the freed Syrtes. If so be fate cannot rid me of Gildo, rid Gildo of me. Happier that region of Libya that defends itself by means of its own excessive heat and thus knows not the irksome rule of so savage a tyrant. Let the torrid zone spread. Let the midmost path of the scorching sky burn me also. Better I lay a desert nor ever suffered the plough. Let the dust-snake lord it in a cornless land and the thirsty earth give birth to nought but vipers. What avails me a healthy climate, a milder air? My fruitfulness is but for

So she spoke, and tears filled her voice. Venus, the mother of Aeneas, cried, and Mars, the father of Romulus, along with Minerva, remembered Vesta's sacred duty. Neither Cybele nor Juno had dry eyes. The heroes mourned, and all the gods, both those whom Rome welcomed from outside and those she established herself, felt the sorrow. And now, Jupiter's heart began to soften. With his hand raised, he was trying to quiet the murmurs of the gods when, shaking heaven with desperate cries, Africa appeared in the distance, her cheeks torn. Her clothes were in tatters, and her crown of grain was scattered. Her head was wounded, and the ivory comb that held her hair was loose and broken. She burst into Heaven’s halls, shouting: “Great Jupiter, why do you delay in breaking the bonds of the sea, overturning its decree, and unleashing your brother in fury against the land? Let me be the first to be overwhelmed. I welcome the floodwaters from Pachynus’ cape; let my cities drown in the freed Syrtes. If fate cannot free me from Gildo, then free Gildo from me. That part of Libya is better off, defending itself with its own extreme heat and knowing nothing of the harsh rule of such a cruel tyrant. Let the hot zone expand. Let the scorching sun burn me too. It’s better for me to have a desert that never felt the plow. Let the dusty snake rule in a land without crops, and let the thirsty earth produce nothing but vipers. What good is a healthy climate, a milder air to me? My fertility is only for

[69] i.e. the Palladium, the image of Pallas (=Minerva), rescued by Metellus from the burning temple of Vesta, 241 B.C.

[69] i.e. the Palladium, the statue of Pallas (=Minerva), saved by Metellus from the burning temple of Vesta, 241 B.C.

[70] i.e. Neptune.

Neptune.

[110]

bis senas torquent hiemes, cervicibus ex quo

haeret triste iugum. nostris iam luctibus ille 155

consenuit regnumque sibi tot vindicat annos.

atque utinam regnum! privato iure tenemur

exigui specie fundi. quod Nilus et Atlas

dissidet, occiduis quod Gadibus arida Barce

quodque Paraetonio secedit litore Tingi, 160

hoc sibi transcripsit proprium. pars tertia mundi

unius praedonis ager.

“Distantibus idem

inter se vitiis cinctus: quodcumque profunda

traxit avaritia, luxu peiore refundit.

instat terribilis vivis, morientibus heres, 165

virginibus raptor, thalamis obscaenus adulter.

nulla quies: oritur praeda cessante libido,

divitibusque dies et nox metuenda maritis.

quisquis vel locuples pulchra vel coniuge notus,

crimine pulsatur falso; si crimina desunt, 170

accitus conviva perit. mors nulla refugit

artificem: varios sucos spumasque requirit

serpentum virides et adhuc ignota novercis

gramina. si quisquam vultu praesentia damnet

liberiusve gemat, dapibus crudelis in ipsis 175

emicat ad nutum stricto mucrone minister.

fixus quisque toro tacita formidine libat

carnifices epulas incertaque pocula pallens

haurit et intentos capiti circumspicit enses.

splendet Tartareo furialis mensa paratu 180

caede madens, atrox gladio, suspecta veneno.

[111]

Gildo. Twelve courses has the sun’s chariot run since first I wore this sorry yoke. He has now grown old amid our miseries and these many years have set their seal upon his rule. Rule—would it were rule: a private owner possesses me, as it had been some pelting farm. From Nile to Atlas’ mount, from scorched Barce to western Gades, from Tingi [71] to Egypt’s coast Gildo has appropriated the land as his own. A third of the world belongs to one robber-chief.

Gildo. The sun's chariot has completed twelve journeys since I first took on this miserable burden. He's now grown old among our sufferings, and these many years have marked his leadership. Leadership—if only it still felt like leadership: a private owner treats me like I'm just some run-down farm. From the Nile to Mount Atlas, from burnt Barce to western Gades, from Tingi [71] to the shores of Egypt, Gildo has claimed the land as his own. A third of the world belongs to one thieving warlord.

“He is a prey to the most diverse vices: whatsoe’er his bottomless greed has stolen, a yet more insatiable profligacy squanders. He is the terror of the living, the heir of the dead, the violator of the unwed, and the foul corrupter of the marriage-bed. He is never quiet; when greed is sated lust is rampant; day is a misery to the rich, night to the married. Is any wealthy or known to possess a beautiful wife, he is overwhelmed by some trumped-up charge. If no charge be brought against him, he is asked to a banquet and there murdered. No form of death but is known to this artist in crime. He investigates the properties of different poisons and serpents’ livid venom and knows of deadly herbs unknown even to stepmothers. If any condemns what he sees by a look or sighs with too much freedom, at the very festal board out darts some henchman with drawn sword at a nod from his master. Each glued to his seat tastes in silent fear of the deadly banquet; drains, pale of face, the treacherous cup, and looks around at the weapons that threaten his life. The deadly board is decked in infernal splendour, wet with slaughter, dreadful with fear of sword and suspected poison. When wine has

“He is a victim of all sorts of vices: whatever his endless greed has taken, an even more insatiable wastefulness squanders away. He terrifies the living, claims the dead as his inheritance, violates the unmarried, and corrupts the marriage bed. He is never at peace; when greed is satisfied, lust takes over; day is a torment for the rich, and night for the married. If anyone is wealthy or known to have a beautiful wife, he is bombarded with false accusations. If no accusations are made, he is invited to a feast and there murdered. No method of death is unfamiliar to this master of crime. He experiments with various poisons and the venom of snakes, and knows of deadly herbs that even stepmothers wouldn't recognize. If anyone dares to express disapproval with a glance or sighs too openly, a henchman will suddenly strike with a drawn sword at a nod from his master. Everyone, frozen in their seats, tastes the deadly feast in silent fear; they drain the treacherous cup, pale-faced, and glance around at the weapons threatening their lives. The deadly table is adorned with infernal splendor, stained with blood, and filled with the dread of swords and suspected poison. When wine has

[71] Tangiers.

Tangier.

[112]

ut vino calefacta Venus, tum saevior ardet

luxuries, mixtis redolent unguenta coronis:

crinitos inter famulos pubemque canoram

orbatas iubet ire nurus nuperque peremptis 185

adridere viris. Phalarim tormentaque flammae

profuit et Siculi mugitus ferre iuvenci

quam tales audire choros. nec damna pudoris

turpia sufficiunt: Mauris clarissima quaeque

fastidita datur. media Carthagine ductae 190

barbara Sidoniae subeunt conubia matres;

Aethiopem nobis generum, Nasamona maritum

ingerit; exterret cunabula discolor infans.

his fretus sociis ipso iam principe maior

incedit; peditum praecurrunt agmina longe; 195

circumdant equitum turmae regesque clientes,

quos nostris ditat spoliis. proturbat avita

quemque domo; veteres detrudit rure colonos.

exiliis dispersa feror. numquamne reverti

fas erit errantesque solo iam reddere cives?” 200

Iret adhuc in verba dolor, ni Iuppiter alto

coepisset solio (voces adamante notabat

Atropos et Lachesis iungebat stamina dictis):

“nec te, Roma, diu nec te patiemur inultam,

Africa. communem prosternet Honorius hostem. 205

pergite securae. vestrum vis nulla tenorem

separat et soli famulabitur Africa Romae.”

Dixit et adflavit Romam meliore iuventa.

continuo redit ille vigor seniique colorem

mutavere comae. solidatam crista resurgens 210

[113]

inflamed the passions, his lust rages more savagely; ’midst the mingled smell of scents and flowers, ’midst curled minions and youthful choirs he bids go sport the widowed wives whose husbands he but a moment ago has murdered. Better Phalaris and the torments of his furnace, better to listen to the bellowings of the Sicilian bull than to such songs as these. Nor is the base sacrifice of their good name enough. When tired of each noblest matron Gildo hands her over to the Moors. Married in Carthage city these Sidonian mothers needs must mate with barbarians. He thrusts upon me an Ethiopian as a son-in-law, a Berber as a husband. The hideous half-breed child affrights its cradle. Thanks to those base allies his state is more regal than that of the emperor himself. Before him goes a body of foot-soldiers, squadrons of cavalry surround him and client kings whom he enriches with our spoils. He drives one and all from their ancestral houses and expels husbandmen from farms so long theirs. My people are scattered in exile. Are my citizens never to return from their wanderings to their native soil?”

inflamed the passions, his lust rages more savagely; among the mixed smells of perfumes and flowers, among curled attendants and youthful choirs, he commands the widowed wives, whose husbands he just a moment ago has murdered, to go enjoy themselves. Better to face Phalaris and the tortures of his furnace, better to listen to the roars of the Sicilian bull than to such songs as these. And the disgrace of tarnishing their good name isn't enough. When he tires of each noble matron, Gildo hands her over to the Moors. Married in the city of Carthage, these Sidonian mothers have to pair up with barbarians. He forces an Ethiopian as a son-in-law upon me, a Berber as a husband. The monstrous half-breed child horrifies its cradle. Thanks to those despicable allies, his state is more regal than the emperor's own. Before him goes a group of foot soldiers, squadrons of cavalry surround him, and client kings whom he enriches with our spoils. He drives everyone from their ancestral homes and expels farmers from lands they’ve owned for so long. My people are scattered in exile. Will my citizens never return from their wanderings to their homeland?”

She would have spoken further in her grief had not Jove begun from his lofty throne—Atropos wrote down his words in adamant and Lachesis spun them in with her thread—“Neither thou, Rome, nor yet thou, Africa, will we suffer to go long unavenged. Honorius shall disperse your common foe. Go in peace. No violence shall part your companionship; Africa shall serve Rome, and Rome alone.”

She would have continued speaking in her grief if Jove hadn’t started from his high throne—Atropos recorded his words in stone and Lachesis wove them into her thread—“Neither you, Rome, nor you, Africa, will we let go unavenged for long. Honorius will deal with your common enemy. Go in peace. No violence will separate your bond; Africa will serve Rome, and only Rome.”

He spake and breathed into Rome a youth renewed. Straightway her former strength returned, and her hair put off its grey of eld; her helmet grew solid,

He spoke and breathed new life into Rome. Instantly, her old strength came back, and her hair shed its gray of old age; her helmet became strong,

[114]

erexit galeam clipeique recanduit orbis

et levis excussa micuit rubigine cornus.

Umentes iam noctis equos Lethaeaque Somnus

frena regens tacito volvebat sidera curru.

iam duo divorum proceres, maiorque minorque 215

Theodosii, pacem laturi gentibus ibant,

qui Iovis arcanos monitus mandataque ferrent

fratribus et geminis sancirent foedera regnis:

sic cum praecipites artem vicere procellae

adsiduoque gemens undarum verbere nutat 220

descensura ratis, caeca sub nocte vocati

naufraga Ledaei sustentant vela Lacones.

circulus ut patuit Lunae, secuere meatus

diversos: Italas senior tendebat in oras;

at pater, intrantem Pontum qua Bosphorus artat,

Arcadii thalamis urbique inlapsus Eoae. 226

quem simulac vidit natus (nam clara nitebat

Cynthia), permixto tremuerunt gaudia fletu

complexuque fovens, quos non speraverat, artus

“O mihi post Alpes nunc primum reddite,” dixit, 230

“unde tuis optatus ades? da tangere dextram,

qua gentes cecidere ferae. quis tale removit

praesidium terris? ut te mortalia pridem

implorant longeque pium fortemque requirunt!”

Cui pater in tales rupit suspiria voces: 235

“hoc erat? in fratres medio discordia Mauro

nascitur et mundus germanaque dissidet aula?

[115]

upright stood the plumes, the round shield shone once more, and gone was every trace of rust from her wingèd, gleaming spear.

Upright stood the plumes, the round shield shone once more, and every trace of rust was gone from her winged, gleaming spear.

Sleep was now driving the dew-drenched steeds of night, guiding them with the reins of Lethe and carrying round the stars in her silent course, when the elder and the younger Theodosius,[72] chief among the heroes divine, came to bring peace to men. They bore Jove’s secret message and mandate to the two brothers and ratified the treaty between the two empires. So when at dead of night the driving tempest has brought the helmsman’s skill to nought and the sinking ship groans and shudders at the waves’ ceaseless shock, Leda’s Spartan-born sons sustain the foundering bark in answer to the sailors’ prayers. At the rise of the full moon the twain parted. The elder directed his steps towards the coasts of Italy, the younger visited the couch of Arcadius, gliding down to that Eastern city where Bosporus narrows the entrance to the Euxine. As soon as the son saw his father (for the moon was shining brightly), he wept, yet trembled for joy, and embracing that form he had little hoped ever to embrace again, said: “O thou restored now to me for the first time since thy triumphs in the Alps, whence comest thou to thy loving son? Let me touch that hand that has conquered so many barbarian races! Who hath robbed the world of such a defender? How long a while has mankind prayed thine aid, and missed thy goodness and thy might!”

Sleep was now guiding the dew-covered steeds of night, leading them with the reins of forgetfulness and carrying the stars in her quiet path when the elder and younger Theodosius,[72] chief among the divine heroes, came to bring peace to humanity. They carried Jupiter’s secret message and command to the two brothers and confirmed the treaty between the two empires. So when, in the dead of night, the raging storm rendered the helmsman’s skills useless and the sinking ship groaned and shuddered against the relentless waves, Leda’s Spartan-born sons supported the foundering vessel in response to the sailors’ prayers. As the full moon rose, the two parted ways. The elder headed towards the shores of Italy, while the younger visited Arcadius's bed, gliding down to that Eastern city where the Bosporus narrows the entrance to the Black Sea. As soon as the son saw his father (for the moon was shining brightly), he wept but trembled with joy, and embracing the figure he had little expected to hold again, said: “O you who have been restored to me for the first time since your victories in the Alps, where do you come from to your loving son? Let me touch that hand that has defeated so many barbarian races! Who has robbed the world of such a protector? How long has humanity prayed for your help and missed your goodness and strength?”

Sighing, the father made answer: “Was it for this? Is a Moor become a cause of discord between two brothers? Does the empire and court of the

Sighing, the father replied, “Is this really why? Has a Moor become a reason for conflict between two brothers? Does the empire and court of the

[72] Theodosius the younger is, of course, Theodosius I., the Emperor (see Introduction, p. vii). Theodosius the elder was his father. He was an able and trusted general of Valentinian I., who restored quiet in Britain (368-370), defeated the Alamanni (370), and crushed the revolt of Firmus, Gildo’s brother (see line 333 of this poem) in Africa (? 372-374). His death was brought about by Merobaudes, Gratian’s minister (cf. viii. 26-9).

[72] Theodosius the Younger is actually Theodosius I, the Emperor (see Introduction, p. vii). Theodosius the Elder was his father. He was a skilled and trusted general under Valentinian I, who restored peace in Britain (368-370), defeated the Alamanni (370), and crushed the rebellion of Firmus, Gildo’s brother (see line 333 of this poem) in Africa (? 372-374). His death was caused by Merobaudes, Gratian’s minister (cf. viii. 26-9).

[116]

Gildonisne salus tanti sit palma furoris?

scilicet egregius morum magnoque tuendus

et cuius meritis pietas in fratre recedat! 240

invito [73] genitore, vide, civile calebat

discidium; dubio stabant Romana sub ictu;

quis procul Armenius vel quis Maeotide ripa

rex ignotus agit, qui me non iuvit euntem

auxilio? fovere Getae, venere Geloni. 245

solus at hic non puppe data, non milite misso

subsedit fluitante fide. si signa petisset

obvia, detecto summissius hoste dolerem:

restitit in speculis fati turbaque reductus

libravit geminas eventu iudice vires 250

ad rerum momenta cliens seseque daturus

victori; fortuna simul cum mente pependit.

o si non cupidis essem praereptus ab astris,

exemplum sequerer Tulli laniandaque dumis

impia diversis aptarem membra quadrigis. 255

germani nunc usque tui responsa colebat:

en iterum calcat. tali te credere monstro

post patrem fratremque paras? sed magna rependit

inque tuam sortem numerosas transtulit urbes!

ergo fas pretio cedet? mercede placebit 260

proditio? taceo, laesi quod transfuga fratris,

quod levis ingenio. quamvis discrimine summo

proditor adportet suspensa morte salutem

numquam gratus erit. damnamus luce reperta

[73] MSS. in primo; Birt suggests invito, Koch infirmo.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ MSS. in primo; Birt suggests invito, Koch infirmo.

[117]

East quarrel with those of the West? Can Gildo’s salvation be fit guerdon for this mad rivalry? Great no doubt are his virtues, great should be the price paid to preserve them and such his merits as to banish affection in a brother. Look you, though I, thy sire, willed it not, civil war raged; the fortunes of Rome stood on a razor’s edge. Was there a distant king of Armenia, an unknown monarch by Maeotis’ shore but sent aid to mine enterprises? The Getae gave me succour, the Geloni came to my assistance. Gildo alone sent not a man, not a ship, but waited the issue in wavering loyalty. Had he sought the confronting host as an open foe my wrath had been less bitter. He stood apart on Fortune’s watchtower and, withdrawn from the throng, weighed this side against that, meaning to let the event decide him, dependent upon the turn things might take and ready to embrace the side of the victor. His fortune hung in the balance as well as his intention. Had I not been hurried to heaven by the impatient stars I would have followed the example of Tullus Hostilius and dragged the impious wretch limb from limb fastened to chariots driven different ways through thorn bushes.[74] Up to this time he has owed obedience to thy brother, now behold he spurns his commands. After thy father’s and thy brother’s fate art thou ready to trust thyself to such a villain? Is thine answer that he maketh great return and hath brought over many cities to thine allegiance? Shall honour, then, give place to utility? Can gain render treachery welcome? I make no mention of his cruel betrayal of thy brother; of his fickle nature; were a traitor to bring safety even when at peril’s height death threatened, never shall he win gratitude. When our life is saved

Why are the East and West fighting? Can Gildo’s salvation really be a fitting reward for this crazy rivalry? His virtues are indeed great, and the price to preserve them should match that greatness, but it seems his merits have driven a wedge between him and his brother. Look, even though I, your father, didn’t want it, civil war broke out; the fate of Rome was hanging by a thread. Was there a distant king of Armenia, an unknown ruler by the shores of Maeotis, who didn’t send support for my endeavors? The Getae provided me with help, the Geloni came to my aid. Gildo alone sent no soldiers, no ships, and just waited with uncertain loyalty. If he had gone to confront the enemy openly, my anger would have been less intense. Instead, he stood on the sidelines, like a spectator, weighing both sides, planning to decide based on the outcome, ready to side with whoever emerged victorious. His fate was just as uncertain as his intentions. If I hadn’t been rushed to the heavens by the impatient stars, I would have followed Tullus Hostilius's example and torn that wicked man apart, tied to chariots pulled in different directions through brambles.[74] Until now, he has owed loyalty to your brother, but look, he now rejects his commands. After what happened to your father and brother, are you ready to trust yourself to such a villain? Is your answer that he provides great returns and has brought many cities to support you? So, does honor take a backseat to self-interest? Can profit make treachery acceptable? I won’t even mention his cruel betrayal of your brother or his unreliable nature; even if a traitor could ensure safety during the greatest danger, he will never earn gratitude. When our lives are saved,

[74] See note on viii. 401.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ See note on viii. 401.

[118]

perfidiam nec nos patimur committere tali. 265

hoc genus emptori cives cum moenibus offert,

hoc vendit patriam. plerique in tempus abusi

mox odere tamen: tenuit sic Graia Philippus

oppida; Pellaeo libertas concidit auro.

Romani scelerum semper sprevere ministros. 270

noxia pollicitum domino miscere venena

Fabricius regi nudata fraude remisit,

infesto quem Marte petit, bellumque negavit

per famuli patrare nefas, ductosque Camillus

trans murum pueros obsessae reddidit urbi. 275

“Traduntur poenis alii, cum proelia tollunt;

hic manet ut moveat? quod respuit alter in hostem,

suscipis in fratrem? longi pro dedecus aevi!

cui placet, australes Gildo condonat habenas

tantaque mutatos sequitur provincia mores. 280

quaslibet ad partes animus nutaverit anceps,

transfundit secum Libyam refluumque malignus

commodat imperium. Mauri fuit Africa munus.

tollite Massylas fraudes, removete bilingues

insidias et verba soli spirantia virus. 285

ne consanguineis certetur comminus armis,

ne, precor. haec trucibus Thebis, haec digna Mycenis;

in Mauros hoc crimen eat.

“Quid noster iniquum

molitur Stilicho? quando non ille iubenti

paruit? an quisquam nobis devinctior extat? 290

[119]

we condemn the treachery nor brook to entrust ourselves to such protection. ’Tis this sort that offers for purchase cities and their inhabitants, that sells its fatherland. Most make use of such for the moment but soon learn to hate them. ’Twas thus that Philip held the cities of Greece; liberty fell before the attack of Macedonian gold. Rome has ever despised the ministers of guilt. Fabricius, discovering the plot, sent back to King Pyrrhus the slave who had promised to mingle deadly poison for his lord; fierce war raged between them, but Fabricius refused to end it by means of the treachery of a slave. Camillus, too, gave back to the beleaguered city the boys brought to his camp from out the walls.

We condemn treachery and won't rely on such protection. This is the kind that buys cities and their people, that sells its own country. Most people use such means for a while but soon learn to hate them. This is how Philip controlled the cities of Greece; liberty fell to the lure of Macedonian gold. Rome has always looked down on those who commit such crimes. Fabricius, upon discovering the plot, sent back to King Pyrrhus the slave who had promised to poison his master; fierce battles raged between them, but Fabricius refused to end it through the betrayal of a slave. Camillus also returned the boys from the beleaguered city who were brought to his camp.

“These were consigned to punishment for seeking to put an end to wars. Is Gildo to live that he may kindle them? Takest thou such measures against thy brother as another would disdain to take against an enemy? O shame for unending ages! Gildo entrusts the governance of the south to whom he will; the great province of Africa obeys a tyrant’s whim. To whichever side his fickle mind inclines, he carries Libya over with him and malignantly subjects it to a rule shifting as the tide. Africa was the gift of the Moor. Away with the trickery of the Massyli, their treacherous wiles and their words that breathe forth the poison of their land. Let not brother wage war on brother, I pray. That were worthy of cruel Thebes and Mycenae; let that accusation be levelled against the Moors.

“These were punished for trying to end wars. Is Gildo allowed to live just to start them again? Are you taking actions against your brother that others would refuse to take against an enemy? Oh, the shame that will last forever! Gildo gives control of the south to whoever he chooses; the vast region of Africa obeys a tyrant’s whims. Wherever his unpredictable mind decides to go, he drags Libya along with him and cruelly subjects it to a rule that changes like the tide. Africa was a gift from the Moor. Get rid of the deceit of the Massyli, their treacherous tricks, and their words that spread the poison of their land. Let not brother fight against brother, I beg you. That would be worthy of the cruel cities of Thebes and Mycenae; let that accusation be made against the Moors.”

“What wrong is Stilicho devising? when did he fail in his obedience? than him what more loyal

“What is Stilicho planning? When did he fail to be obedient? Who is more loyal than he?”

[120]

ut sileam varios mecum quos gesserit actus,

quae vidi post fata, loquar. cum divus abirem,

res incompositas (fateor) tumidasque reliqui.

stringebat vetitos etiamnum exercitus enses

Alpinis odiis, alternaque iurgia victi 295

victoresque dabant. vix haec amentia nostris

excubiis, nedum puero rectore quiesset.

heu quantum timui vobis, quid libera tanti

militis auderet moles, cum patre remoto

ferveret iam laeta novis! dissensus acerbus 300

et gravior consensus erat. tunc ipse paterna

successit pietate mihi tenerumque rudemque

fovit et in veros eduxit principis annos,

Rufinumque tibi, quem tu tremuisse fateris,

depulit. hunc solum memorem solumque fidelem 305

experior. volui si quid, dum vita maneret,

aut visus voluisse, gerit; venerabilis illi

ceu praesens numenque vocor. si tanta recusas,

at soceri reverere faces, at respice fratris

conubium pignusque meae regale Serenae. 310

debueras etiam fraternis obvius ire

hostibus, ille tuis. quae gens, quis Rhenus et Hister

vos opibus iunctos conspirantesque tulisset?

sed tantum permitte, cadat. nil poscimus ultra.

ille licet sese praetentis Syrtibus armet 315

oppositoque Atlante tegat, licet arva referta

anguibus et solis medios obiecerit aestus:

[121]

supporter have we? I will not mention the various brave deeds he did while yet with me; of those only I will tell which I saw after my death. When I was raised to heaven disorder—I admit it—and tumult did I leave behind me. The army was still drawing the forbidden sword in that Alpine war, and conquerors and conquered gave alternate cause for dissension. Scarce could this madness have been calmed by my vigilance, much less by a boy’s rule. Ah, how I feared for you what the uncontrolled might of such vast armies might dare, when, your sire removed, there came the fevered delight in change! Dangerous was discord, more dangerous still unanimity. ’Twas then that Stilicho took my place in paternal love for thee, tended thine immature youth, and brought thee to the years and estate of an emperor. ’Twas he drove back Rufinus whom thou didst confess thou fearedst. Gratitude and loyalty I find in him alone. Did I want or seem to want aught, while yet I lived he accomplished it. Now I am dead he worships me as worthy of veneration and an ever present helper. If the thought of his goodness move thee not, at least show respect to thy brother’s father-in-law: bethink thee of Honorius’ marriage, the royal espousal of my niece Serena. Thou oughtest to face thy brother’s foes, he thine. Could any nation, could the combined forces of Rhine and Danube have stood against you twain allied? Enough! bring about but the defeat of Gildo: I ask nought else. Though he entrench himself behind the protecting Syrtes and rely for safety on the intervening ocean; though he think to be defended by reason of his serpent-infested country and the fierce

supporter do we have? I won’t mention all the brave things he did while he was with me; instead, I’ll share just what I saw after my death. When I was taken to heaven, I admit I left behind disorder and chaos. The army was still using the forbidden sword during that Alpine war, and both victors and losers were causing conflict. My vigilance could barely have calmed this madness, let alone a boy’s rule. Ah, how I worried about what the uncontrolled might do with such vast armies, especially when I was gone and there was a craving for change! Discord was dangerous, but even more dangerous was a false sense of unity. It was then that Stilicho took my place as a father figure for you, cared for your youthful immaturity, and prepared you for the responsibilities of being an emperor. It was he who drove back Rufinus, whom you admitted you feared. I find gratitude and loyalty only in him. If I wanted or seemed to want anything while I was alive, he made it happen. Now that I'm dead, he honors me as someone worthy of respect and a constant source of support. If his goodness doesn’t move you, at least show respect to your brother’s father-in-law: remember Honorius' marriage, the royal union with my niece Serena. You should face your brother’s enemies, and he should face yours. Could any nation, could the combined forces of the Rhine and Danube stand against you two if you were allied? Enough! Just bring about Gildo’s defeat; that’s all I ask. Even if he hides behind the protective Syrtes and thinks he can rely on the intervening ocean for safety; even if he believes he’s safe because of his serpent-infested land and the fierce...

[122]

novi consilium, novi Stilichonis in omnes

aequalem casus animum: penetrabit harenas,

inveniet virtute viam.”

Sic divus et inde 320

sic natus: “iussis, genitor, parebitur ultro.

amplector praecepta libens, nec carior alter

cognato Stilichone mihi. commissa profanus

ille luat; redeat iam tutior Africa fratri.”

Talia dum longo secum sermone retexunt, 325

Hesperiam pervenit avus castumque cubile

ingreditur, Tyrio quo fusus Honorius ostro

carpebat teneros Maria cum coniuge somnos.

adsistit capiti; tunc sic per somnia fatur:

“Tantane devictos tenuit fiducia Mauros, 330

care nepos? iterum post me coniurat in arma

progenies vesana Iubae bellumque resumit

victoris cum stirpe sui? Firmumne iacentem

obliti Libyam nostro sudore receptam

rursus habent? ausus Latio contendere Gildo 335

germani nec fata timet? nunc ire profecto,

nunc vellem notosque senex ostendere vultus:

nonne meam fugiet Maurus cum viderit umbram?

quid dubitas? exsurge toris, invade rebellem,

captivum mihi redde meum. desiste morari. 340

hoc generi fatale tuo: dum sanguis in orbe

noster erit, semper pallebit regia Bocchi.

iungantur spoliis Firmi Gildonis opima;

[123]

sun’s mid-day heat, yet well I know Stilicho’s ingenuity—that mind of his equal to any emergency. He will force his way through the desert, his own greatness will lead him.”

sun's mid-day heat, yet I know Stilicho’s cleverness—that mind of his is ready for any challenge. He will push through the desert; his own greatness will guide him.

Thus spake the dead emperor, whereon thus the son answered: “Right willingly, father, will I fulfil thy commands: ever ready am I to welcome thy behests. None is dearer to me than my kinsman Stilicho. Let the impious Gildo atone for his wrongs, and Africa be restored to my brother still safer than before.”

Thus spoke the dead emperor, to which the son replied: “I will gladly carry out your commands, father; I’m always ready to follow your wishes. No one is more important to me than my kinsman Stilicho. Let the wicked Gildo make amends for his wrongs, and may Africa be restored to my brother even safer than before.”

While father and son thus debated in long converse, Theodosius the grandfather made his way to Italy and entered the chaste bedchamber where on his couch of Tyrian purple Honorius lay in sweet sleep by the side of his wife Maria. At his head he stood and thus spake to him in a dream. “What rash confidence is this, dear grandson, that fills the conquered Moors? Does the mad race descended from Juba, the people whom I subdued, once more conspire to oppose Rome’s power and recommence the war with its conqueror’s grandson? Have they forgotten the defeat of Firmus [75]? Do they think to repossess Libya won back by the sweat of battle? Dares Gildo strive with Rome? Does he not fear his brother’s fate. Fain would I go myself, old though I be, and show him the face he knows but too well. Will not the Moor flee my very shade, should he behold it? Why delayest thou? Up from thy bed; attack the rebel; give me back my prisoner; waste no more time. ’Tis Fate’s gift to thy family. While yet the race of Theodosius treads the earth the palace of Bocchus shall go in fear. Let the spoils of Gildo be added to those of Firmus;

While father and son debated at length, Theodosius, the grandfather, made his way to Italy and entered the pure bedchamber where Honorius lay peacefully asleep on his Tyrian purple couch beside his wife, Maria. He stood at Honorius's head and spoke to him in a dream. "What reckless confidence is this, dear grandson, that fills the conquered Moors? Does the crazy lineage of Juba, the people I subdued, once again plot against Rome’s power and restart the war with its conqueror’s grandson? Have they forgotten the defeat of Firmus? Do they think they can reclaim Libya, which was won through fierce battles? Dares Gildo challenge Rome? Does he not fear his brother’s fate? I would gladly go myself, despite my old age, and show him the face he knows all too well. Won't the Moor flee just from my shadow if he sees it? Why do you delay? Get up from your bed; attack the rebel; return my prisoner; waste no more time. This is Fate’s gift to your family. As long as the race of Theodosius walks the earth, the palace of Bocchus shall live in fear. Let Gildo’s spoils be added to those of Firmus;

[75] Firmus, brother of Gildo, had, during the reign of Valentinian, risen against the oppressive government of Romanus, count of Africa, and had been defeated by Theodosius the elder.

[75] Firmus, brother of Gildo, had risen up against the oppressive rule of Romanus, the count of Africa, during Valentinian's reign, but he was defeated by Theodosius the Elder.

[124]

exornet geminos Maurusia laurea currus:

una domus totiens una de gente triumphet. 345

di bene, quod tantis interlabentibus annis

servati Firmusque mihi fraterque nepoti.”

dixit et adflatus vicino sole refugit.

At iuvenem stimulis inmanibus aemula virtus

exacuit; iam puppe vehi, iam stagna secare 350

fervet et absentes invadere cuspide Mauros.

tum iubet acciri socerum dextramque vocato

conserit et, quae sit potior sententia, quaerit:

“Per somnos mihi, sancte pater, iam saepe futura

panduntur multaeque canunt praesagia noctes. 355

namque procul Libycos venatu cingere saltus

et iuga rimari canibus Gaetula videbar.

maerebat regio saevi vastata leonis

incursu; pecudum strages passimque iuvenci

semineces et adhuc infecta mapalia tabo 360 degrees

sparsaque sanguineis pastorum funera campis.

adgredior latebras monstri mirumque relatu

conspicio: dilapsus honos, cervice minaces

defluxere iubae; fractos inglorius armos

supposuit, servile gemens; iniectaque vincla 365 days

unguibus et subitae collo sonuere catenae.

nunc etiam paribus secum certare tropaeis

hortator me cogit avus. quonam usque remoti

cunctamur? decuit pridem complere biremes

et pelagi superare moras. transmittere primus 370

ipse paro; quaecumque meo gens barbara nutu

stringitur, adveniat: Germania cuncta feratur

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let the bays of Mauretania deck chariots twain and one house triumph thus many times over one race. Thanks be to the gods who have interposed so many years between the sacrifice of Firmus to my arms and that of Firmus’ brother to those of my grandson.” He spake, then fled, as he felt the breath of the approaching dawn.

let the bays of Mauretania adorn two chariots and one house celebrate triumphs over one race so many times. Thanks to the gods who have placed so many years between the sacrifice of Firmus to my hands and that of Firmus' brother to my grandson's. He spoke, then fled, as he felt the breath of the coming dawn.

Then emulous courage roused the emperor with insistent goad. He burns to set sail, to cleave the main, to assail with the spear the distant Moors. So he summons his father-in-law [76] and clasping his hand asks what course of action he advises. “Full often, reverend sire, is the future revealed to me in dreams; many a night brings prophecy. Methought I surrounded in hunting the distant glades of Africa and scoured the Gaetulian mountains with my hounds. The district was distressed by reason of the incursions of a ravening lion. On all sides were slaughtered beasts and mangled heifers, and still their homesteads ran red with blood, and corpses of many a shepherd lay weltering in the bloody fields. I approached the beast’s cave and saw a sight wonderful to relate. Gone was that noble form, drooping on the neck the threatening mane; there he crouched, defeated, humbled, with slavish moans; fetters were upon his paws and a chain clanked of a sudden on his neck. Now, too, my grandsire eagerly urges me to rival his triumphs with my own. Why, he asked, did I delay and hesitate so long? Already my ships should have been manned and the sea’s threatened opposition overcome. I myself am ready to cross in the first vessel. Let every foreign nation that is bound beneath my rule come to our aid. Let all Germany be transported and

Then ambitious courage stirred the emperor with persistent encouragement. He was eager to set sail, to cross the sea, to attack the distant Moors with a spear. So he called for his father-in-law [76] and, taking his hand, asked for his advice on what to do next. "Very often, dear father, the future is revealed to me in dreams; many nights bring me prophecies. I dreamed I was hunting in the distant glades of Africa and searching the Gaetulian mountains with my hounds. The area was troubled by a raging lion. All around lay slaughtered animals and torn-up livestock, and still the farms were stained with blood, and the bodies of many shepherds lay lifeless in the bloody fields. I approached the lion's cave and witnessed something incredible. The noble beast was gone, its proud form now limp with a drooping mane; there it crouched, defeated, humbled, with whimpering sounds; shackles were on its paws, and suddenly a chain rattled around its neck. Now my grandfather also eagerly encourages me to match his victories with my own. Why, he asked, am I delaying and hesitating for so long? My ships should already be ready and the sea's threats overcome. I myself am ready to depart on the first ship. Let every foreign nation under my rule come to our aid. Let all of Germany be brought over and

[76] i.e. Stilicho.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ (i.e. Stilicho).

[126]

navibus et socia comitentur classe Sygambri.

pallida translatum iam sentiat Africa Rhenum. 374

an patiar tot probra sedens iuvenisque relinquam

quae tenui rexique puer? bis noster ad Alpes

alterius genitor defensum regna cucurrit.

nos praedae faciles insultandique iacemus?”

Finierat. Stilicho contra cui talia reddit:

“adversine tubam princeps dignabere Mauri? 380

auferet ignavus clari solacia leti.

te bellante mori? decernet Honorius inde,

hinc Gildo? prius astra Chaos miscebit Averno.

vindictam mandasse sat est; plus nominis horror

quam tuus ensis aget. minuit praesentia famam. 385

qui stetit aequatur campo, collataque nescit

maiestatem acies. sed quod magis utile factu

atque hosti gravius (sensus adverte) docebo

est illi patribus, sed non et moribus isdem

Mascezel, fugiens qui dira piacula fratris 390

spesque suas vitamque tuo commisit asylo.

hunc ubi temptatis frustra mactare nequivit

insidiis, patrias in pignora contulit iras

et, quos ipse sinu parvos gestaverat, una

occidit iuvenes inhumataque corpora vulgo 395

dispulit et tumulo cognatas arcuit umbras

naturamque simul fratremque hominemque cruentus

exuit et tenuem caesis invidit harenam.

hoc facinus refugo damnavit sole Mycenas

avertitque diem; sceleri sed reddidit Atreus 400

[127]

the Sygambri come with allied fleet. Let trembling Africa now have experience of the dwellers on Rhine’s banks. Or shall I sit here and submit to such disgrace? Shall I relinquish, now that I am a man, what I ruled and governed as a boy? Twice my father hurried to the Alps to defend another’s realm. Am I to be an easy prey, an object of scorn?”

the Sygambri come with an allied fleet. Let trembling Africa now experience the dwellers on the banks of the Rhine. Or should I just sit here and accept such disgrace? Should I give up, now that I’m a man, what I ruled and governed as a boy? Twice my father rushed to the Alps to defend someone else’s territory. Am I just going to be an easy target, something to be mocked?

He ended and Stilicho thus made answer: “Wilt thou, an emperor, deign to challenge a Moor to fight? Is that coward to have the consolation of death in battle at thy hand? Shall Honorius fight on our side and Gildo on the other? Ere that, chaos shall plunge the stars into Hell. ’Tis enough to command his punishment. Thy name shall strike greater terror into him than thy sword. Presence will minish awe; he who stands in the lists admits equality, and struggling hosts regard not majesty. Listen and I will tell thee something at once more profitable for thyself and of more effect against the enemy. Gildo has a brother of like descent but unlike in character, Mascezel, who, avoiding the evil courses of his brother, has entrusted his hopes and his life to thy keeping. When Gildo, after many vain attempts, found no means to kill Mascezel, he turned his anger from the father to the children and slew those whom himself had nursed as infants in his arms; then cast aside their unburied bodies and refused sepulchre to the shades of those that had been his kin. The bloody tyrant stifled all natural feelings, forgot he was a brother, forgot he was a man, and begrudged the slain a handful of dust. ’Twas a like deed brought its ill repute upon Mycenae, that put the sun to rout and turned back the day. But while Atreus paid back crime for crime and had excuse

He finished, and Stilicho replied: “Do you, an emperor, really want to challenge a Moor to a fight? Is it cowardly to find comfort in death on the battlefield at your hands? Will Honorius fight with us while Gildo stands on the other side? Before that happens, chaos will drag the stars into Hell. It’s enough to order his punishment. Your name will frighten him more than your sword. Just being there will lessen fear; the one who steps into the arena levels the playing field, and battling forces don’t care about authority. Listen, and I’ll tell you something that will help you more and be more effective against the enemy. Gildo has a brother who shares his heritage but not his nature, Mascezel. Unlike his brother, who has taken a wrong path, Mascezel has placed his hopes and life in your hands. When Gildo, after many failed attempts, couldn’t kill Mascezel, he directed his anger toward their father and killed the children he once cared for like infants; then he discarded their unburied bodies and denied them a proper burial. The bloody tyrant buried all natural feelings, forgot he was a brother, forgot he was human, and denied the dead even a handful of dust. A similar act led to Mycenae's shame, that drove the sun to retreat and turned back the day. Yet while Atreus returned crime with crime, he had a justification…”

[128]

crimen et infandas excusat coniuge mensas.

hic odium, non poena fuit. te perdita iura,

te pater ultorem, te nudi pulvere manes,

te pietas polluta rogat; si flentibus aram

et proprium miseris numen statuistis, Athenae, 405

si Pandionias planctu traxere phalanges

Inachides belloque rogos meruere maritis,

si maesto squalore comae lacrimisque senatum

in Numidas pulsus solio commovit Adherbal:

hunc quoque nunc Gildo, tanto quem funere mersit,

hunc doleat venisse ducem seseque minorem info

supplicibus sciat esse tuis. quem sede fugavit,

hunc praeceps fugiat, fregit quem clade, tremiscat

agnoscatque suum, trahitur dum victima, fratrem.”

Haec ubi sederunt genero, notissima Marti 415

robora, praecipuos electa pube maniplos

disponit portuque rates instaurat Etrusco.

Herculeam suus Alcides Ioviamque cohortem

rex ducit superum, premitur nec signifer ullo

pondere: festinant adeo vexilla moveri. 420

Nervius insequitur meritusque vocabula Felix

dictaque ab Augusto legio nomenque probantes

invicti clipeoque animosi teste Leones.

Dictis ante tamen princeps confirmat ituros

[129]

for the bloody banquet in the unfaithfulness of his wife, Gildo’s motive was hatred, not vengeance. Violated rights, the sorrowing father, the unburied dead, the unnatural crime all call upon thee as avenger. If thou, Athens, didst dedicate an altar to the sorrowing and ordain to those that mourn a special deity, if the women of Argos won to their aid the Athenian phalanx by their tears and bought burial for their slain lords at the price of war;[77] if Adherbal, driven from his throne, roused the Senate against the Numidians by the sad appeal of unkempt locks and by his tears, then let Gildo be sorry that now this man also whom he has crushed by so many murders is come into the field against him, and let him learn that he must bow before thy suppliants. Let Gildo flee headlong before him whom he put to flight and fear him whom he o’erwhelmed with the murder of his children. As he is being dragged off to the slaughter let him recognize his brother’s hand.”

for the bloody banquet in the betrayal of his wife, Gildo’s motive was hatred, not revenge. Violated rights, the grieving father, the unburied dead, the unnatural crime all call upon you as avenger. If you, Athens, dedicated an altar to the grieving and appointed a special deity for those who mourn, if the women of Argos won over the Athenian army with their tears and secured burial for their fallen lords at the cost of war;[77] if Adherbal, driven from his throne, stirred the Senate against the Numidians with the sad sight of his unkempt hair and his tears, then let Gildo regret that now this man he has crushed with so many murders is coming to confront him, and let him realize that he must bow before your supplicants. Let Gildo flee desperately before him whom he once put to flight and fear the man whose children he overwhelmed with murder. As he is dragged off to slaughter, let him recognize his brother’s hand.

When this advice had been accepted by his son-in-law, Stilicho made ready for war the most famous regiments in the army, selecting therefrom special companies of picked men; he further prepared the fleet in the harbours of Etruria. Alcides himself commands the Herculean cohort; the king of the gods leads the Jovian. No standard-bearer feels the weight of his eagle, so readily do the very standards press forward. The Nervian cohort follows and the Felix, well deserving its name, the legion, too, named after Augustus, that well called The Un-conquered, and the brave regiment of the Lion [78] to whose name their shields bear witness.

When his son-in-law accepted this advice, Stilicho prepared for war with the most renowned regiments in the army, choosing special units of elite soldiers from among them; he also readied the fleet in the ports of Etruria. Alcides himself commands the Herculean cohort; the king of the gods leads the Jovian. No standard-bearer struggles with the weight of his eagle, as the very standards push forward eagerly. The Nervian cohort follows, along with the Felix, which truly deserves its name, and the legion named after Augustus, aptly called The Unconquered, along with the brave regiment of the Lion [78] whose name is proudly displayed on their shields.

But before they start the emperor, standing upon a platform of earth, heartens them with his words:

But before they begin, the emperor, standing on a raised platform, encourages them with his words:

[77] A reference to the support given by Theseus, King of Athens, to Adrastus, King of Argos, when the Thebans had refused to allow the burial of the Argives slain at Thebes; cf. Eur. Supplices.

[77] A reference to the help provided by Theseus, King of Athens, to Adrastus, King of Argos, when the Thebans denied the Argives who died at Thebes a proper burial; cf. Eur. Supplices.

[78] Orosius (vii. 36. 6) says Mascezel only had 5000 men. The legion may have been leg. viii. Augusta. The other names are those of various numeri (the unit of the post-Diocletianic army).

[78] Orosius (vii. 36. 6) states that Mascezel had only 5,000 men. The legion might have been leg. viii. Augusta. The other names refer to different numeri (the units of the army after Diocletian).

[130]

aggere conspicuus; stat circumfusa iuventus 425

nixa hastis pronasque ferox accommodat aures:

“Gildonem domitura manus, promissa minasque

tempus agi. si quid pro me doluistis, in armis

ostentate mihi; iusto magnoque triumpho

civiles abolete notas; sciat orbis Eous 430

sitque palam Gallos causa, non robore vinci.

nec vos, barbariem quamvis collegerit omnem,

terreat. an Mauri fremitum raucosque repulsus

umbonum et vestros passuri comminus enses?

non contra clipeis tectos gladiisque micantes 435

ibitis: in solis longe fiducia telis.

exarmatus erit, cum missile torserit, hostis.

dextra movet iaculum, praetentat pallia laeva;

cetera nudus eques. sonipes ignarus habenae;

virga regit. non ulla fides, non agminis ordo: 440

arma oneri, fuga praesidio. conubia mille;

non illis generis nexus, non pignora curae:

sed numero languet pietas. haec copia vulgi.

umbratus dux ipse rosis et marcidus ibit

unguentis crudusque cibo titubansque Lyaeo, 445

confectus senio, morbis stuprisque solutus.

excitet incestos turmalis bucina somnos,

imploret citharas cantatricesque choreas

offensus stridore tubae discatque coactus,

quas vigilat Veneri, castris impendere noctes. 450

[131]

leaning upon their spears the soldiers throng around him and attune their ready ears to his inspiring voice. “My men, so soon to bring defeat upon Gildo, now is the time to fulfil your promises and make good your threats. If you felt indignation on my behalf, now take up arms and prove it. Wash out the stain of civil war by means of a great and deserved triumph. Let the empire of the East know, let it be plain to all the world, that Gaul can only owe defeat to the badness of a cause, not to her enemies’ strength.[79] Let not Gildo affright you though he have all barbary at his back. Shall Moors stand up against the shock of your clashing shields and the near threat of your swords? You shall not oppose men armed with shields or shining blades. These savages put their trust in javelins hurled from afar. Once he has discharged his missile the enemy will be disarmed. With his right hand he hurls his spear, with his left he holds his cloak before him; no other armour has the horseman. His steed knows not the rein; a whip controls it. Obedience and discipline are unknown in their ranks. Their arms are a burden to them, their salvation lies in flight. Though each has many wives, ties of family bind them not, nor have they any love for their children whose very number causes affection to fail. Such are the troops. The chief will come to battle crowned with roses, drenched with scents, his last feast still undigested; drunken with wine, foredone with eld, enervated with disease and venery. Let the war trumpet rouse him from a bed of incest, let him beg aid of lutes and choirs, for he likes not the clarion’s note, and let him learn (all unwilling) to spend in war nights that he now dedicates to love.

Leaning on their spears, the soldiers gather around him, ready to listen to his motivating speech. “My men, soon to bring defeat upon Gildo, now is the time to fulfill your promises and act on your threats. If you felt anger on my behalf, now pick up your weapons and show it. Erase the stain of civil war with a grand and just victory. Let the Eastern Empire know, let the whole world see, that Gaul can only owe defeat to a weak cause, not the strength of her enemies. [79] Don’t let Gildo intimidate you, even with all of Barbary behind him. Will Moors stand against the force of your clashing shields and the looming threat of your swords? You won’t be facing men with shields or shining blades. These savages rely on throwing javelins from a distance. Once he throws his weapon, the enemy will be vulnerable. With his right hand, he launches his spear, while his left holds his cloak in front of him; that’s the only armor the horseman has. His horse knows no reins; it’s controlled by a whip. There’s no obedience or discipline among them. Their weapons weigh them down, and their only escape is to flee. Though each has many wives, family ties don’t hold them together, and they show no love for their children, whose very numbers thin out their affection. Such are these troops. The leader will come into battle crowned with roses, drenched in perfumes, his last feast still undigested; drunk with wine, worn out with age, weakened by sickness and lust. Let the war trumpet wake him from a bed of incest, let him seek help from lutes and choirs, for he doesn’t like the sound of the clarion, and let him learn (though he won’t want to) to spend nights in battle that he currently dedicates to love.

[79] He appeals to the Gallic element of the army to atone for its previous support of Maximus and Eugenius.

[79] He calls on the Gallic part of the army to make up for its earlier backing of Maximus and Eugenius.

[132]

“Nonne mori satius, vitae quam ferre pudorem?

nam quae iam regio restat, si dedita Mauris

regibus Illyricis accesserit Africa damnis?

ins Latium, quod tunc Meroë Rubroque solebat

Oceano cingi, Tyrrhena clauditur unda; 455

et cui non Nilus, non intulit India metas,

Romani iam finis erit Trinacria regni.

ite recepturi, praedo quem sustulit, axem

ereptumque Notum; caput insuperabile rerum

aut ruet in vestris aut stabit Roma lacertis. 460

tot mihi debetis populos, tot rura, tot urbes

amissas. uno Libyam defendite bello.

vestros imperium remos et vestra sequatur

carbasa. despectas trans aequora ducite leges.

tertia iam solito cervix mucrone rotetur 465

tandem funereis finem positura tyrannis.”

Omina conveniunt dicto fulvusque Tonantis

armiger a liquida cunctis spectantibus aethra

correptum pedibus curvis innexuit hydrum,

dumque reluctantem morsu partitur obunco, 470

haesit in ungue caput; truncatus decidit anguis.

ilicet auguriis alacres per saxa citati

torrentesque ruunt; nec mons aut silva retardat:

pendula ceu parvis moturae bella colonis

ingenti clangore grues aestiva relinquunt 475

Thracia, cum tepido permutant Strymona Nilo:

ordinibus variis per nubila texitur ales

littera pennarumque notis conscribitur aër.

Ut fluctus tetigere maris, tunc acrior arsit

[133]

“Is not death preferable to a life disgraced? If, in addition to the loss of Illyria, Africa is to be surrendered to Moorish kings, what lands still remain to us? The empire of Italy, once bounded by the Nile and the Red Sea, is limited to-day by the sea of Tuscany; shall Sicily now be the most distant province of Roman rule, to which in days of old neither Egypt nor India set an end? Go: win back that southern realm a rebel has reft from me. It depends on your arms whether Rome, the unconquerable mistress of the world, stands or falls. You owe me so many peoples, countries, cities lost. Fight but one battle in defence of Libya. Let empire restored attend on your oars and sails. Give back to Africa the laws of Rome she now disregards. Let history repeat itself, and the sword smite from its trunk the head of this third tyrant [80] and so end at last the series of bloody usurpers.”

“Isn’t death better than a life filled with shame? If, on top of losing Illyria, we also have to give up Africa to the Moorish kings, what land is left for us? The Italian empire, once stretching from the Nile to the Red Sea, is now confined to the Tuscan Sea; will Sicily be our farthest province of Roman control, when in the past neither Egypt nor India could limit us? Go: reclaim that southern territory a rebel has taken from me. Whether Rome, the unbeatable ruler of the world, stands tall or falls depends on your strength. You owe me for all the peoples, lands, and cities we’ve lost. Fight just one battle to defend Libya. May the restored empire follow your oars and sails. Return to Africa the Roman laws she now ignores. Let history repeat itself, and let the sword cut off the head of this third tyrant [80] and finally end the series of bloody usurpers.”

An omen confirms his word and before the eyes of all, the tawny bird, armour-bearer of Jove, swoops down from the open sky and seizes a snake in his curved talons; and while the eagle tears his struggling prey with his hooked beak, his claws are embedded in its head. The severed body falls to earth. Straightway the soldiers come hurrying up, crossing rocks and streams in their eagerness at the call of this portent. Neither mountains nor woods delay them. Even as the cranes leave their summer home of Thrace clamorously to join issue in doubtful war with the Pygmies, when they desert the Strymon for warm-watered Nile, the letter [81] traced by the speeding line stands out against the clouds and the heaven is stamped with the figure of their flight.

An omen confirms his words, and in front of everyone, the tawny bird, Jove's armor-bearer, swoops down from the sky and grabs a snake in its curved talons; and while the eagle tears at its struggling prey with its hooked beak, its claws dig into the snake's head. The severed body falls to the ground. Right away, the soldiers hurry over, crossing rocks and streams in their eagerness at the sight of this omen. Neither mountains nor woods slow them down. Just like cranes leave their summer home in Thrace loudly to engage in uncertain battle with the Pygmies, when they leave the Strymon for the warm waters of the Nile, the line traced by their flight stands out against the clouds, and the sky is marked by their passage.

When they reached the coast still fiercer blazed

When they reached the coast, it burned even more intensely.

[80] The other two being Maximus and Eugenius.

[80] The other two are Maximus and Eugenius.

[81] i.e. the Greek Λ.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ i.e. the Greek letter L.

[134]

impetus; adripiunt naves ipsique rudentes 480

expediunt et vela legunt et cornua summis

adsociant malis; quatitur Tyrrhena tumultu

ora nec Alpheae capiunt navalia Pisae:

sic Agamemnoniam vindex cum Graecia classem

solveret, innumeris fervebat vocibus Aulis. 485

non illos strepitus impendentisque procellae

signa nec adventus dubii deterruit Austri.

“vellite” proclamant “socii, iam vellite funem.

per vada Gildonem quamvis adversa petamus.

ad bellum nos trudat hiems per devia ponti. 490

quassatis cupio tellurem figere rostris.

heu nimium segnes, cauta qui mente notatis,

si revolant mergi, graditur si litore cornix.

ora licet maculis adsperserit occiduus sol

lunaque conceptis livescat turgida Cauris 495

et contusa vagos iaculentur sidera crines;

imbribus umescant Haedi nimbosaque Taurum

ducat Hyas totusque fretis descendat Orion:

certa fides caeli, sed maior Honorius auctor;

illius auspiciis inmensa per aequora miles, 500

non Plaustris Arctove regor. contemne Booten,

navita, turbinibus mediis permitte carinas.

si mihi tempestas Libyam ventique negabunt,

Augusti Fortuna dabit.”

Iam classis in altum

provehitur; dextra Ligures, Etruria laeva 505

linquitur et caecis vitatur Corsica saxis.

humanae specie plantae se magna figurat

insula (Sardiniam veteres dixere coloni),

dives ager frugum, Poenos Italosve petenti

[135]

their enthusiasm. They seize upon the ships and themselves make ready the hawsers; furl the sails and fix the yards to the masts. Etruria’s shore is shaken with their uproar and Arcadian-founded Pisa cannot contain so great a number of ships. So Aulis rang with countless voices what time avenging Greece loosed the cables of Agamemnon’s fleet. No storm-blast deterred them nor threat of coming tempest nor the presence of the treacherous south wind. “Seize the rope, fellow-soldiers,” they cry, “seize the rope: let us sail against Gildo though the very seas be against us. Let the storm drive us to battle by how crooked so ever a course. Fain would I seize upon that shore though my ships’ beaks be shattered. Cowards ye, who cautiously observe whether or no the sea-gulls fly back or the crow pace the beach. What if clouds fleck the face of the setting sun or a stormy moon wear the halo that betokens hurricane? What if comets wave their spreading tails, or the constellation of the Kids threatens rain, or the cloudy Hyades lead forth the Bull and all Orion sink ’neath the waves? Put your trust in the sky, but put more in Honorius. Beneath his auspices I, his soldier, range the boundless seas nor look to the Plough or the Bear to guide me. Make no account of Boötes, sailor; launch your bark in mid tempest. If winds and storms deny me Libya, my emperor’s fortune will grant it.”

their enthusiasm. They jump on the ships and get the ropes ready themselves; they roll up the sails and secure the yards to the masts. Etruria’s shore shakes with their noise, and Arcadian-founded Pisa can’t hold so many ships. So, Aulis echoed with countless voices when vengeful Greece released the cables of Agamemnon’s fleet. No stormy winds stopped them, nor threats of an approaching tempest, nor the presence of the sneaky south wind. “Grab the ropes, fellow soldiers,” they shout, “grab the ropes: let’s set sail against Gildo even if the seas are against us. Let the storm push us to battle, no matter how twisted the path. I would gladly reach that shore even if my ships’ bows are broken. You cowards, who cautiously watch whether the seagulls fly back or the crows stroll along the beach. What if clouds shadow the setting sun or a stormy moon has the ring that signals a hurricane? What if comets spread their tails, or the constellation of the Kids threatens rain, or the cloudy Hyades lead forth the Bull and all of Orion sinks beneath the waves? Trust the sky, but trust more in Honorius. Under his leadership, I, his soldier, navigate the endless seas and don’t look to the Plough or the Bear for guidance. Forget about Boötes, sailor; launch your ship into the storm. If winds and storms deny me Libya, my emperor’s fortune will give it to me.”

The fleet is launched. They pass Liguria on their right hand, Etruria on their left, avoiding the sunken reefs of Corsica. There lies an island formed like a human foot (Sardinia its former inhabitants called it), an island rich in the produce of its fields, and conveniently situated for them who sail either to

The fleet sets sail. They have Liguria on their right and Etruria on their left, steering clear of the sunken reefs of Corsica. There's an island shaped like a human foot (the former inhabitants called it Sardinia), an island abundant with the bounty of its fields, perfectly located for those who sail either to

[136]

opportuna situ: quae pars vicinior Afris, 510

plana solo, ratibus clemens; quae respicit Arcton,

inmitis, scopulosa, procax subitisque sonora

flatibus; insanos infamat navita montes.

hic hominum pecudumque lues, sic [82] pestifer aër

saevit et exclusis regnant Aquilonibus Austri. 515

Quos ubi luctatis procul effugere carinis,

per diversa ruunt sinuosae litora terrae.

pars adit antiqua ductos Carthagine Sulcos;

partem litoreo complectitur Olbia muro.

urbs Libyam contra Tyrio fundata potenti 520

tenditur in longum Caralis tenuemque per undas

obvia dimittit fracturum flamina collem;

efficitur portus medium mare, tutaque ventis

omnibus ingenti mansuescunt stagna recessu.

hanc omni petiere manu prorisque reductis 525

suspensa Zephyros expectant classe faventes.

[82] Birt, following the MSS., si. Older editions huic … huic. I print sic.

[137]

Africa or Italy. The part that faces Africa is flat and affords good anchorage for ships; the northern shore is inhospitable, rock-bound, stormy, and loud with sudden gales. The sailor curses these wild cliffs. Here the pestilence falls on men and beasts, so plague-ridden and deadly is the air, so omnipotent the South wind and the North winds banished.

Africa or Italy. The side facing Africa is flat and provides good anchorage for ships; the northern shore is harsh, rocky, stormy, and filled with sudden gales. The sailor curses these wild cliffs. Here, disease strikes both people and animals, so plague-infested and deadly is the air, so powerful the South wind and the North winds kept away.

When their much buffeted vessels had given a wide berth to these dangers, they came to land at different places on the broken coast-line. Some are beached at Sulci, a city founded by Carthage of old. The sea-wall of Olbia shelters others. The city of Caralis over against the coast of Libya, a colony of great Phoenician Carthage, juts out into the sea and extends into the waves, a little promontory that breaks the force of the opposing winds. Thus in the midst a harbour is found and in a huge bay the quiet waters lie safe from every wind. For this harbour they make with every effort, and reversing their vessels they await the favouring breezes of the west wind with fleet at anchor.[83]

When their heavily battered ships had steered clear of these dangers, they landed at various points along the rugged coastline. Some are grounded at Sulci, a city long established by Carthage. The sea wall of Olbia offers protection to others. Caralis, positioned off the coast of Libya and a colony of the great Phoenician Carthage, juts into the sea, forming a small promontory that shields against strong winds. This creates a harbor in the middle, where the calm waters are safe from every breeze. They make every effort to reach this harbor, and turning their ships around, they wait for the favorable west winds with their fleet anchored.[83]

[83] This poem was never properly finished; see Introduction, p. xi.

[83] This poem was never truly completed; see Introduction, p. xi.

[138]

IN EUTROPIUM

LIBER I

(XVIII.)

Semiferos partus metuendaque pignora matri

moenibus et mediis auditum nocte luporum

murmur et attonito pecudes pastore locutas

et lapidum duras hiemes nimboque minacem

sanguineo rubuisse Iovem puteosque cruore 5

mutatos visasque polo concurrere lunas

et geminos soles mirari desinat orbis:

omnia cesserunt eunucho consule monstra.

heu terrae caelique pudor! trabeata per urbes

ostentatur anus titulumque effeminat anni. 10

pandite pontifices Cumanae carmina vatis,

fulmineos sollers Etruria consulat ignes

inmersumque nefas fibris exploret haruspex,

quae nova portendant superi. Nilusne meatu

devius et nostri temptat iam transfuga mundi 15

se Rubro miscere mari? ruptone Niphate

rursum barbaricis Oriens vastabitur armis?

an morbi ventura lues? an nulla colono

responsura seges? quae tantas expiet iras

victima? quo diras iugulo placabimus aras? 20

[139]

AGAINST EUTROPIUS

BOOK I

(XVIII.)

Let the world cease to wonder at the births of creatures half human, half bestial, at monstrous babes that affright their own mothers, at the howling of wolves heard by night in the cities, at beasts that speak to their astonied herds, at stones falling like rain, at the blood-red threatening storm clouds, at wells of water changed to gore, at moons that clash in mid heaven and at twin suns. All portents pale before our eunuch consul. O shame to heaven and earth! Our cities behold an old woman decked in a consul’s robe who gives a woman’s name to the year.[84] Open the pages of the Cumaean Sibyl, ye pontifs; let wise Etrurian seers consult the lightning’s flash, and the soothsayer search out the awful portent hidden in the entrails. What new dread warning is this the gods give? Does Nile desert his bed and leaving Roman soil seek to mix his waters with those of the Red Sea? Does cleft Niphates [85] once more let through a host of eastern barbarians to ravage our lands? Does a pestilence threaten us? Or shall no harvest repay the farmer? What victim can expiate divine anger such as this? What offering appease the cruel altars? The consul’s

Let the world stop being shocked by the births of creatures that are part human and part animal, by monstrous babies that scare their own mothers, by the howling of wolves heard at night in the cities, by animals that speak to their astonished herds, by stones falling like rain, by blood-red storm clouds, by wells of water turning to blood, by moons clashing in the sky, and by twin suns. All these signs fade in comparison to our impotent consul. Oh, what a disgrace to heaven and earth! Our cities see an old woman dressed in a consul’s robe who names the year after a woman.[84] Open the pages of the Cumaean Sibyl, you priests; let the wise seers of Etruria consult the lightning’s flash, and let the soothsayer uncover the terrible sign hidden in the entrails. What new frightening warning are the gods giving us? Is the Nile abandoning its banks and trying to mix its waters with those of the Red Sea? Is the split Niphates [85] once again allowing a horde of eastern barbarians to invade our lands? Is a plague threatening us? Or will no harvest reward the farmer? What sacrifice can atone for divine anger like this? What offering can calm the ruthless altars? The consul’s

[84] For the consulship of Eutropius see Introduction, p. xv.

[84] For information about Eutropius's consulship, see Introduction, p. xv.

[85] A mountain in Armenia.

A mountain in Armenia.

[140]

consule lustrandi fasces ipsoque litandum

prodigio; quodcumque parant hoc omine fata,

Eutropius cervice luat sic omnia nobis.[86]

Hoc regni, Fortuna, tenes? quaenam ista iocandi

saevitia? humanis quantum bacchabere rebus? 25

si tibi servili placuit foedare curules

crimine, procedat laxata compede consul,

rupta Quirinales sumant ergastula cinctus;

da saltem quemcumque virum. discrimina quaedam

sunt famulis splendorque suus, maculamque minorem

condicionis habet, domino qui vixerit uno. 31

si pelagi fluctus, Libyae si discis harenas,

Eutropii numerabis eros. quot iura, quot ille

mutavit tabulas vel quanta vocabula vertit!

nudatus quotiens, medicum dum consulit emptor, 35

ne qua per occultum lateat iactura dolorem!

omnes paenituit pretii venumque redibat,

dum vendi potuit. postquam deforme cadaver

mansit et in rugas totus defluxit aniles,

iam specie doni certatim limine pellunt 40

et foedum ignaris properant obtrudere munus.

tot translata iugis summisit colla, vetustum

servitium semperque novum, nec destitit umquam,

saepe tamen coepit.

Cunabula prima cruentis

debet suppliciis; rapitur castrandus ab ipso 45

[86] Birt begins the new paragraph at sic, printing a comma at nobis. Alternatively, read volvis for nobis (so Cuiacius’ codd.).

[86] Birt starts the new paragraph with sic, placing a comma after nobis. It could also be interpreted as volvis in place of nobis (according to Cuiacius’ manuscripts).

[141]

own blood must cleanse the consular insignia, the monster itself must be sacrificed. Whatever it be that fate prepares for us and shows forth by such an omen, let Eutropius’ death, I pray, avert it all.

own blood must cleanse the consular insignia; the monster itself must be sacrificed. Whatever it is that fate has in store for us and reveals through such an omen, let Eutropius’ death, I hope, prevent it all.

Fortune, is thy power so all-embracing? What is this savage humour of thine? To what lengths wilt thou sport with us poor mortals? If it was thy will to disgrace the consul’s chair with a servile occupant let some “consul” come forward with broken chains, let an escaped jail-bird don the robes of Quirinus—but at least give us a man. There are grades even among slaves and a certain dignity; that slave who has served but one master holds a position of less infamy. Canst thou count the waves of the sea, the grains of Africa’s sands, if so thou canst number Eutropius’ masters. How many owners has he had, in how many sale-catalogues has he appeared, how often has he changed his name! How often has he been stripped while buyer consulted doctor whether there lurked any flaw by reason of some hidden disease! All repented having bought him and he always returned to the slave-market while he could yet fetch a price. When he became but a foul corpse-like body, a mass of senile pendulous flesh, his masters were anxious to rid their houses of him by giving him away as a present and made haste to foist the loathsome gift on an unsuspecting friend. To so many different yokes did he submit his neck, this slave, old in years but ever new to the house; there was no end to his servitude though many beginnings.

Fortune, is your power really that all-encompassing? What is this cruel humor of yours? How far will you toy with us poor mortals? If it was your intent to disgrace the consul’s position with a servile occupant, let some “consul” step forward with broken chains; let an escaped convict wear the robes of Quirinus—but please, give us a man. There are levels even among slaves and some dignity; that slave who has served only one master holds a position of less disgrace. Can you count the waves of the sea, the grains of sand in Africa? If so, you can tally Eutropius’ masters. How many owners has he had? In how many sale catalogues has he appeared? How many times has he changed his name? How often has he been stripped while the buyer consulted the doctor to see if he had any hidden flaws caused by some disease? Everyone regretted buying him, and he always ended up back at the slave market as long as he could still fetch a price. When he became nothing but a foul, corpse-like body, a mass of sagging, aging flesh, his masters were eager to get rid of him by giving him away as a gift and rushed to pass the repugnant gift onto an unsuspecting friend. To so many different burdens did this slave submit his neck, old in years yet always new to the household; there was no end to his servitude, though it had many beginnings.

He is destined from his very cradle to bloody tortures; straight from his mother’s womb he is hurried away to be made a eunuch; no sooner born

[142]

ubere; suscipiunt matris post viscera poenae.

advolat Armenius certo mucrone recisos

edoctus mollire mares damnoque nefandum

aucturus pretium; fecundum corporis imbrem [87]

sedibus exhaurit geminis unoque sub ictu 50

eripit officium patris nomenque mariti.

ambiguus vitae iacuit, penitusque supremum

in cerebrum secti traxerunt frigora nervi.

Laudemusne manum, quae vires abstulit hosti,

an potius fato causam tribuisse queramur? 55

profuerat mansisse virum; felicior extat

opprobrio; serviret adhuc, si fortior esset.

Inde per Assyriae trahitur commercia ripae;

hinc fora venalis Galata ductore frequentat

permutatque domos varias; quis nomina possit 60

tanta sequi? miles stabuli Ptolomaeus in illis

notior: hic longo lassatus paelicis usu

donat Arinthaeo; neque enim iam dignus haberi

nec maturus emi. cum fastiditus abiret,

quam gemuit, quanto planxit divortia luctu! 65

“haec erat, heu, Ptolomaee, fides? hoc profuit aetas

in gremio consumpta tuo lectusque iugalis

et ducti totiens inter praesaepia somni?

libertas promissa perit? viduumne relinquis

Eutropium tantasque premunt oblivia noctes, 70

crudelis? generis pro sors durissima nostri!

femina, cum senuit, retinet conubia partu,

[87] codd. ignem; Postgate imbrem.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ codd. fire; Postgate rain.

[143]

than he becomes a prey to suffering. Up hastens the Armenian, skilled by operating with unerring knife to make males womanish and to increase their loathly value by such loss. He drains the body’s life-giving fluid from its double source and with one blow deprives his victim of a father’s function and the name of husband. Eutropius lay doubtful of life, and the severed sinews drew a numbness deep down into his furthest brain.

than he becomes a target for suffering. The Armenian rushes in, skilled in the precise use of his knife to make men less masculine and to enhance their repulsive value through such loss. He drains the body's vital fluids from both sources and with one strike robs his victim of fatherly duties and the title of husband. Eutropius lay uncertain of life, and the severed nerves sent a numbing sensation deep into his brain.

Are we to praise the hand that robbed an enemy of his strength? Or shall we rather blame the fates? It would have been better had he remained a man; his very disgrace has proved a blessing to him. Had he had his full manly vigour he would still have been a slave.

Are we supposed to praise the hand that took away an enemy's strength? Or should we blame fate instead? It would have been better if he had stayed a man; his disgrace has ended up being a blessing for him. If he had retained his full strength, he would still be a slave.

After this he is dragged from one Assyrian mart to another; next in the train of a Galatian slave-merchant he stands for sale in many a market and knows many diverse houses. Who could tell the names of all his buyers? Among these Ptolemy, servant of the post-house,[88] was one of the better known. Then Ptolemy, tired of Eutropius’ long service to his lusts, gives him to Arinthaeus;—gives, for he is no longer worth keeping nor old enough to be bought. How the scorned minion wept at his departure, with what grief did he lament that divorce! “Was this thy fidelity, Ptolemy? Is this my reward for a youth lived in thine arms, for the bed of marriage and those many nights spent together in the inn? Must I lose my promised liberty? Leav’st thou Eutropius a widow, cruel wretch, forgetful of such wonderful nights of love? How hard is the lot of my kind! When a woman grows old her children cement the marriage tie and

After this, he is dragged from one Assyrian market to another; next, he stands for sale in many markets as a part of a Galatian slave trader's entourage and experiences many different homes. Who could remember the names of all his buyers? Among them, Ptolemy, a servant of the post-house,[88] was one of the better known. Then Ptolemy, tired of Eutropius’s long service to his desires, gives him to Arinthaeus—gives, because he is no longer worth keeping and is too old to be bought. How the scorned favorite wept at his departure! With what grief did he lament that separation! “Is this your loyalty, Ptolemy? Is this my reward for a youth spent in your arms, for the marriage bed and those countless nights shared in the inn? Must I lose my promised freedom? Do you leave Eutropius a widow, cruel wretch, forgetting those wonderful nights of love? How hard it is for someone like me! When a woman grows old, her children strengthen the marriage bond and

[88] I take Ptolemy to have been a stationarius, i.e. a servant in a public post-house, but there is possibly some covert allusion to stabulum in the sense of prostibulum, a brothel.

[88] I believe Ptolemy was a stationarius, meaning a servant at a public post office, but there might also be a subtle reference to stabulum in the sense of prostibulum, a brothel.

[144]

uxorisque decus matris reverentia pensat.

nos Lucina fugit, nec pignore nitimur ullo.

cum forma dilapsus amor; defloruit oris 75

gratia: qua miseri scapulas tutabimur arte?

qua placeam ratione senex?”

Sic fatus acutum

adgreditur lenonis opus, nec segnis ad artem

mens erat officiique capax omnesque pudoris

hauserat insidias. custodia nulla tuendo 80

fida toro; nulli poterant excludere vectes:

ille vel aerata Danaën in turre latentem

eliceret. fletus domini fingebat amantis,

indomitasque mora, pretio lenibat avaras

lascivasque iocis; non blandior ullus euntis 85

ancillae tetigisse latus leviterque reductis

vestibus occulto crimen mandasse susurro

nec furtis quaesisse locum nec fraude reperta

cautior elusi fremitus vitare mariti.

haud aliter iuvenum flammis Ephyreia Lais 90

e gemino ditata mari; cum serta refudit

canities, iam turba procax noctisque recedit

ambitus et raro pulsatur ianua tactu,

seque reformidat speculo damnante senectus;

stat tamen atque alias succingit lena ministras 95

dilectumque diu quamvis longaeva lupanar

circuit et retinent mores, quod perdidit aetas.

[145]

a mother’s dignity compensates for the lost charms of a wife. Me Lucina, goddess of childbirth, will not come near; I have no children on whom to rely. Love perishes with my beauty; the roses of my cheeks are faded. What wits can save my wretched back from blows? How can I, an old man, please?”

a mother’s dignity makes up for the lost allure of a wife. Me Lucina, the goddess of childbirth, will not approach; I have no children to depend on. Love fades with my beauty; the roses in my cheeks have wilted. What cleverness can save my miserable back from blows? How can I, an old man, find pleasure?”

So saying he entered upon the skilled profession of a pander. His whole heart was in his work; he knew his business well and was master of every stratagem for the undoing of chastity. No amount of vigilance could protect the marriage-bed from his attack; no bars could shut him out. He would have haled even Danaë from her refuge in the brazen tower. He would represent his patron as dying of love. Was the lady stubborn, he would win her by his patience; was she greedy, by a gift; flighty, he would corrupt her with a jest. None could arrest the attention of a maidservant with so neat a touch as he, none twitch aside a dress so lightly and whisper his shameful message in her ear. Never was any so skilled to choose a scene for the criminal meeting, or so clever at avoiding the wrath of the cuckold husband should the plot be discovered. One thought of Lais of Corinth, to whom the enamoured youth of that city brought wealth from its twin seas, who, when her grey hair could no longer go crowned with roses, when the emulous crowd of her admirers ceased nightly to haunt her doors and but few were left to knock thereat, when before the mirror’s verdict age shrank back in horror from itself, yet stood, still faithful to her calling, and as a pander dressed others for the part, haunting still the brothel she had loved so well and so long, and still pandering to the tastes old age forbade her.

So saying, he stepped into the skilled trade of a pander. He was completely dedicated to his work; he understood his business inside and out and was a master of every trick to undermine chastity. No level of vigilance could protect the marriage bed from his advances; no barriers could keep him out. He would have dragged even Danaë from her refuge in the brazen tower. He would portray his patron as lovesick. If the lady was stubborn, he would win her over with patience; if she was greedy, with a gift; if she was flighty, he would corrupt her with a joke. No one could catch a maidservant's attention with such finesse as he could, nor could anyone slip aside a dress as lightly while whispering his shameful message in her ear. No one was as skilled at choosing the perfect spot for a secret meeting or as clever at dodging the wrath of a jealous husband if the plan was uncovered. One thought of Lais of Corinth, to whom the infatuated youth of that city brought riches from its twin seas, who, when her gray hair could no longer be crowned with roses, and when the eager throng of admirers stopped coming to her doors and only a few remained to knock, when, before the mirror's judgment, age recoiled in fear from itself, still remained faithful to her profession, and, as a pander, dressed others for the role, still haunting the brothel she had loved for so long and still catering to the tastes that old age would not allow her.

[146]

Hinc honor Eutropio; cumque omnibus unica virtus

esset in eunuchis thalamos servare pudicos,

solus adulteriis crevit. nec verbera tergo 100

cessavere tamen, quotiens decepta libido

irati caluisset eri, frustraque rogantem

iactantemque suos tot iam per lustra labores

dotalem genero nutritoremque puellae

tradidit. Eous rector consulque futurus 105

pectebat dominae crines et saepe lavanti

nudus in argento lympham gestabat alumnae.

et cum se rapido fessam proiecerat aestu,

patricius roseis pavonum ventilat alis.

Iamque aevo laxata cutis, sulcisque genarum 110

corruerat passa facies rugosior uva:

flava minus presso finduntur vomere rura,

nec vento sic vela tremunt. miserabile turpes

exedere caput tineae; deserta patebant

intervalla comae: qualis sitientibus arvis 115

arida ieiunae seges interlucet aristae

vel qualis gelidis pluma labente pruinis

arboris inmoritur trunco brumalis hirundo.

scilicet ut trabeis iniuria cresceret olim,

has in fronte notas, hoc dedecus addidit oris 120

luxuriae Fortuna suae: cum pallida nudis

ossibus horrorem dominis praeberet imago

decolor et macies occursu laederet omnes,

[147]

Hence sprang Eutropius’ fame; for, though a eunuch’s one virtue be to guard the chastity of the marriage-chamber, here was one (and one only) who grew great through adulteries. But the lash fell as before on his back whenever his master’s criminal passion was through him frustrated. Then it was in vain that he prayed for forgiveness and reminded his lord of all those years of faithful service; he would find himself handed over to a son-in-law as part of the bride’s dowry. Thus he would become a lady’s-maid, and so the future consul and governor of the East would comb his mistress’ locks or stand naked holding a silver vessel of water wherein his charge could wash herself. And when overcome by the heat she threw herself upon her couch, there would stand this patrician fanning her with bright peacock feathers.

Hence sprang Eutropius’ fame; for, although a eunuch’s one virtue is to guard the chastity of the marriage chamber, here was one (and one only) who became great through adulteries. But the whip fell as before on his back whenever his master’s forbidden desires were thwarted through him. Then it was pointless for him to plead for forgiveness and remind his lord of all those years of loyal service; he would find himself given over to a son-in-law as part of the bride’s dowry. Thus he would become a lady’s maid, and so the future consul and governor of the East would comb his mistress’ hair or stand naked holding a silver vessel of water for her to wash herself. And when, overcome by the heat, she threw herself upon her couch, there would stand this patrician fanning her with bright peacock feathers.

And now his skin had grown loose with age; his face, more wrinkled than a raisin, had fallen in by reason of the lines in his cheeks. Less deep the furrows cloven in the cornfield by the plough, the folds wrought in the sails by the wind. Loathsome grubs ate away his head and bare patches appeared amid his hair. It was as though clumps of dry barren corn dotted a sun-parched field, or as if a swallow were dying in winter sitting on a branch, moulting in the frosty weather. Truly, that the outrage to the consul’s office might one day be the greater, Fortune added to her gift of wealth this brand upon his brow, this deformity of face. When his pallor and fleshless bones had roused feelings of revulsion in his masters’ hearts, and his foul complexion and lean body offended all who came

And now his skin had become loose with age; his face, more wrinkled than a raisin, had sagged because of the lines in his cheeks. The furrows in the cornfield made by the plow were less deep than the creases in his face, and the folds in the sails shaped by the wind. Repulsive grubs were eating away at his head, and bald patches were showing up in his hair. It was like dry, barren corn scattered across a sunbaked field, or like a swallow dying in winter on a branch, molting in the cold weather. Truly, to ensure that the insult to the consul’s position would be even greater one day, Fortune added this mark of disgrace to his wealth, this deformity of his face. When his pale skin and bony frame stirred disgust in the hearts of his masters, his ghastly complexion and emaciated body offended everyone who saw him.

[148]

aut pueris latura metus aut taedia mensis

aut crimen famulis aut procedentibus omen, 125

et nihil exhausto caperent in stipite lucri:

(sternere quippe toros vel caedere ligna culinae

membra negant; aurum, vestes, arcana tueri

mens infida vetat; quis enim committere vellet

lenoni thalamum?): tandem ceu funus acerbum 130

infaustamque suis trusere penatibus umbram.

contemptu iam liber erat: sic pastor obesum

lacte canem ferroque ligat pascitque revinctum,

dum validus servare gregem vigilique rapaces

latratu terrere lupos; cum tardior idem 135

iam scabie laceras deiecit sordidus aures,

solvit et exuto lucratur vincula collo.

Est ubi despectus nimius iuvat. undique pulso

per cunctas licuit fraudes impune vagari

et fatis aperire viam. pro quisquis Olympi 140

summa tenes, tanto libuit mortalia risu

vertere? qui servi non est admissus in usum,

suscipitur regnis, et quem privata ministrum

dedignata domus, moderantem sustinet aula.

ut primum vetulam texere palatia vulpem, 145

quis non ingemuit? quis non inrepere sacris

obsequiis doluit totiens venale cadaver?

ipsi quin etiam tali consorte fremebant

regales famuli, quibus est inlustrior ordo

servitii, sociumque diu sprevere superbi. 150

[149]

in contact with him, scaring children, disgusting those that sat at meat, disgracing his fellow-slaves, or terrifying as with an evil omen those that met him; when his masters ceased to derive any advantage from that withered trunk (for his wasted limbs refused even to make the beds or cut wood for the kitchen fire, while his faithless nature forbade their entrusting him with the charge of gold or vesture or the secrets of the house—who could bring him to entrust his marriage-chamber to a pander?), then at last they thrust him from their houses like a troublesome corpse or an ill-omened ghost. He was now free—for everyone despised him. So a shepherd chains up a dog and fattens him with milk while yet his strength avails to guard the flock and, ever watchful, to scare away wolves with his barking. But when later this same dog grows old and dirty and droops his mangy ears he looses him, and, taking off his collar, at least saves that.

in contact with him, scaring kids, grossing out those who were dining, embarrassing his fellow-slaves, or terrifying anyone who encountered him like an ill omen; when his masters stopped getting any benefit from that frail body (since his wasted limbs couldn’t even make the beds or chop wood for the kitchen fire, and his untrustworthy nature prevented them from giving him responsibility for gold, clothing, or the household secrets—who would trust him with their bedroom?), they finally kicked him out of their homes like a bothersome corpse or a bad omen. He was now free—because everyone looked down on him. It’s like a shepherd who ties up a dog and feeds him milk while he’s still strong enough to protect the flock and keeps barking to scare off wolves. But when that same dog grows old, dirty, and droops his scruffy ears, he lets him go, saving at least his collar.

Universal contempt is sometimes a boon. Driven out by all, he could freely range amid every sort of crime, and open a way for destiny. Oh thou, whosoe’er thou art, that holdest sway in Olympus, was it thy humour to make such mockery of mankind? He who was not suffered to perform the duties of a slave is admitted to the administration of an empire; him whom a private house scorned as a servant, a palace tolerates as its lord. When first the consular residence received this old vixen, who did not lament? Who grieved not to see an oft-sold corpse worm itself into the sacred service of the emperor? Nay, the very palace-servants, holding a prouder rank in slavery, murmured at such a colleague and long haughtily scorned his company.

Universal contempt can sometimes be a blessing. Cast out by everyone, he could roam freely among all kinds of wrongdoing and carve out a path for fate. Oh you, whoever you are, who holds power in Olympus, was it just for your amusement to make a mockery of humanity? The one who wasn’t allowed to do the work of a servant is now in charge of an empire; the one whom a regular household rejected as a servant is accepted by a palace as its lord. When the consular residence first took in this old schemer, who didn’t mourn? Who didn’t feel sorry to see a frequently sold corpse wriggle its way into the emperor’s sacred service? Indeed, even the palace servants, who held a prouder status in servitude, grumbled about such a colleague and long disdainfully avoided his company.

[150]

Cernite, quem Latiis poscant adnectere fastis:

cuius et eunuchos puduit! sed vilior ante

obscurae latuit pars ignotissima turbae,

donec Abundanti furiis—qui rebus Eois

exitium primumque sibi produxit—ab imis 155

evectus thalamis summos invasit honores.

quam bene dispositum terris, ut dignus iniqui

fructus consilii primis auctoribus instet.

sic multos fluvio vates arente per annos

hospite qui caeso monuit placare Tonantem, 160

inventas primus Busiridis imbuit aras

et cecidit saevi, quod dixerat, hostia sacri.

sic opifex tauri tormentorumque repertor,

qui funesta novo fabricaverat aera dolori,

primus inexpertum Siculo cogente tyranno 165

sensit opus docuitque suum mugire iuvencum.

nullius Eutropius, quam qui se protulit, ante

direptas possedit opes nullumque priorem

perculit exilio solumque hoc rite peregit,

auctorem damnare suum.

Postquam obsitus aevo 170

semivir excelsam rerum sublatus in arcem,

quod nec vota pati nec fingere somnia possunt,

vidit sub pedibus leges subiectaque colla

nobilium tantumque sibi permittere fata,

qui nihil optasset plus libertate mereri, 175

[151]

See what manner of man they seek to connect with the annals of Rome: the very eunuchs were ashamed of him. At first of no account, he lay hid, the most unknown unit of an unregarded throng, till thanks to the mad folly of Abundantius [89] (who brought ruin on the empire of the East and, ere that, upon himself) he was advanced from the most menial office to the highest honours. What a happy dispensation of providence it is that in this world the results of ill counsel fall first upon its instigators! Thus the seer who advised Busiris to placate the Thunderer’s wrath, what time Nile’s flood had long run dry, with a stranger’s blood himself first stained that tyrant’s altar with his own and fell a victim of the horrid sacrifice he had advised. Thus he who made the brazen bull and devised that new form of torture, casting the deadly bronze as an instrument of torment, was (at the bidding of the Sicilian tyrant) the first to make trial of the unhanselled image, and to teach his own bull to roar. So with Eutropius: on no man’s goods did he sooner seize than on those of him by whom he had been raised to power; none did he drive sooner into exile and thus, by the condemnation of his patron, was to thank for one righteous action.

See what kind of man they want to connect with the history of Rome: even the eunuchs were embarrassed by him. Initially insignificant, he remained hidden, the most unknown individual among an overlooked crowd, until, due to the reckless madness of Abundantius [89] (who brought destruction to the Eastern Empire and, before that, upon himself), he was promoted from the lowest position to the highest honors. How fortunate it is that in this world, the consequences of bad advice first affect its originators! Thus the oracle who advised Busiris to appease the Thunderer's anger when the Nile's flood had long dried up, stained that tyrant’s altar with a stranger's blood and became a victim of the horrific sacrifice he suggested. Likewise, the one who created the brazen bull and invented that new form of torture, using deadly bronze as an instrument of pain, was, at the command of the Sicilian tyrant, the first to test the uncooked image and to teach his own bull to roar. The same goes for Eutropius: there was no one else's property he seized sooner than that of the man who had elevated him to power; no one did he exile faster, and thus, by condemning his patron, he managed to achieve one righteous act.

When this half-man, worn out with age, had been raised to that pinnacle of glory for which he never would have dared to pray, of which never to dream; when he had seen law at his feet, the heads of the nobility inclined before him, and fortune heaping such gifts upon one whose only hope and prayer had been to gain his freedom, he straightway forgot

When this half-man, exhausted from age, had been lifted to that height of glory he would never have dared to ask for, nor even dream of; when he had seen the law at his feet, the nobility bowing before him, and fortune showering gifts on someone whose only wish and prayer had been to gain his freedom, he immediately forgot

[89] By birth a Scythian. Entered the Roman army under Gratian and reached the position of magister utriusque militiae under Theodosius. Consul in 393 (Zosim. v. 10. 5) and banished three years later to Pityus, thanks to the machinations of Eutropius.

[89] Born a Scythian. Joined the Roman army under Gratian and rose to the rank of magister utriusque militiae under Theodosius. He became consul in 393 (Zosim. v. 10. 5) and was exiled three years later to Pityus due to the scheming of Eutropius.

[152]

iamiam dissimulat dominos alteque tumescunt

serviles animi. procerum squalore repletus

carcer et exulibus Meroë campique gemescunt

Aethiopum; poenis hominum plaga personat ardens;

Marmaricus claris violatur caedibus Hammon. 180

Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum:

cuncta ferit dum cuncta timet, desaevit in omnes

ut se posse putent, nec belua taetrior ulla

quam servi rabies in libera terga furentis;

agnoscit gemitus et poenae parcere nescit, 185

quam subiit, dominique memor, quem verberat, odit.

adde, quod eunuchus nulla pietate movetur

nec generi natisve cavet. clementia cunctis

in similes, animosque ligant consortia damni;

iste nec eunuchis placidus.

Sed peius in aurum 190

aestuat; hoc uno fruitur succisa libido.

quid nervos secuisse iuvat? vis nulla cruentam

castrat avaritiam. parvis exercita furtis

quae vastare penum neglectaque sueverat arcae

claustra remoliri, nunc uberiore rapina 195

peccat in orbe manus. quidquid se Tigris ab Haemo

dividit, hoc certa proponit merce locandum

institor imperii, caupo famosus honorum.

hic Asiam villa pactus regit; ille redemit

coniugis ornatu Syriam; dolet ille paterna 200

Bithynos mutasse domo. subfixa patenti

vestibulo pretiis distinguit regula gentes:

[153]

his former masters, and his slave’s mind swelled high within him. The prisons were filled with degraded nobles, Meroë and the plains of Ethiopia re-echoed to the weeping of exiles; the desert rang with the punishment of men; the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa was stained with gentle blood.

his former masters, and his slave's mind soared within him. The prisons were filled with disgraced nobles, Meroë and the plains of Ethiopia echoed with the cries of exiles; the desert rang with the punishment of men; the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa was stained with innocent blood.

Nothing is so cruel as a man raised from lowly station to prosperity; he strikes everything, for he fears everything; he vents his rage on all, that all may deem he has the power. No beast so fearful as the rage of a slave let loose on free-born backs; their groans are familiar to him, and he cannot be sparing of punishment that he himself has undergone; remembering his own master he hates the man he lashes. Being a eunuch also he is moved by no natural affection and has no care for family or children. All are moved to pity by those whose circumstances are like their own; similitude of ills is a close bond. Yet he is kind not even to eunuchs.

Nothing is as cruel as a man who rises from a low position to wealth; he attacks everything because he fears everything. He unleashes his anger on everyone so that they all think he has power. There’s no beast more terrifying than the rage of a former slave unleashed on free-born individuals; their cries are familiar to him, and he can't hold back the punishment he himself endured. Remembering his own master, he hates the man he strikes. Being a eunuch, he also feels no natural affection and doesn't care about family or children. People usually feel pity for those in similar situations; shared suffering creates a strong connection. Yet, he shows no kindness even to other eunuchs.

His passion for gold increases—the only passion his mutilated body can indulge. Of what use was emasculation? The knife is powerless against reckless avarice. That hand so well practised in petty thefts, accustomed to rifle a cupboard or remove the bolt from the unwatched coffer, now finds richer spoils and the whole world to rob. All the country between the Tigris and Mount Haemus he exposes for sale at a fixed price, this huckster of empire, this infamous dealer in honours. This man governs Asia for the which his villa has paid. That man buys Syria with his wife’s jewels. Another repents of having taken Bithynia in exchange for his paternal mansion. Fixed above the open doors of his hall is a list giving the provinces and their

His desire for gold grows stronger—the only desire his damaged body can satisfy. What good was castration? The blade is powerless against uncontrollable greed. That hand, skilled in petty thefts, used to raiding cupboards or lifting the latch from an unattended chest, now seeks out bigger rewards, ready to rob the entire world. He puts all the lands between the Tigris and Mount Haemus up for sale at a set price, this salesman of empires, this notorious trader in honors. This man rules Asia for which his villa has paid. That man buys Syria with his wife’s jewelry. Another regrets trading away his family home for Bithynia. Displayed above the open doors of his hall is a list showing the provinces and their

[154]

tot Galatae, tot Pontus eat, tot Lydia nummis;

si Lyciam tenuisse velis, tot millia ponas,

si Phrygas, adde; parum! propriae solacia sorti 205

communes vult esse notas et venditus ipse

vendere cuncta cupit. certantum saepe duorum

diversum suspendit onus; cum pondere index

vergit, et in geminas nutat provincia lances.

Non pudet heu, superi, populos venire sub hasta?

vendentis certe pudeat, quod iure sepultum 211

mancipium tot regna tenet, tot distrahit urbes.

pollentem solio Croesum victoria Cyri

fregit, ut eunucho flueret Pactolus et Hermus?

Attalus heredem voluit te, Roma, relinqui, 215

restitit Antiochus praescripto margine Tauri,

indomitos curru Servilius egit Isauros

et Pharos Augusto iacuit vel Creta Metello,

ne non Eutropio quaestus numerosior esset?

in mercem veniunt Cilices, Iudaea, Sophene 220

Romanusque labor Pompeianique triumphi.

Quo struis hos auri cumulos? quae pignora tantis

succedent opibus? nubas ducasve licebit:

numquam mater eris, numquam pater; hoc tibi ferrum,

hoc natura negat. te grandibus India gemmis, 225

te foliis Arabes ditent, te vellere Seres:

nullus inops adeo, nullum sic urget egestas,

ut velit Eutropii fortunam et membra pacisci.

Iamque oblita sui nec sobria divitiis mens

[155]

prices: so much for Galatia, for Pontus so much, so much will buy one Lydia. Would you govern Lycia? Then lay down so many thousands. Phrygia? A little more. He wishes everything to be marked with its price to console him for his own fortune and, himself so often sold, he wants to sell everything. When two are rivals he suspends in the balance their opposed payment; along with the weight the judge inclines, and a province hangs wavering in a pair of scales.

prices: so much for Galatia, so much for Pontus, so much will get you one Lydia. Want to govern Lycia? Then pay so many thousands. Phrygia? A bit more. He wants everything to have a price tag to feel better about his own situation, and since he's been sold so many times, he wants to sell everything too. When two are competing, he weighs their opposing offers; the judge sways with the weight, and a province hangs uncertainly in a pair of scales.

Ye gods, are ye not ashamed that whole peoples are sold beneath the hammer? At least let it shame you of the seller, when a slave, a chattel the law counts dead, possesses so many kingdoms and retails so many cities. Did Cyrus’ victory oust mighty Croesus from his throne that Pactolus and Hermus should roll their waves for a eunuch? Did Attalus make you, Rome, his heir, was Antiochus confined within the appointed bounds of Taurus, did Servilius enjoy a triumph over the hitherto unconquered Isaurians, did Egypt fall before Augustus, and Crete before Metellus, to ensure Eutropius a sufficient income?[90] Cilicia, Judaea, Sophene, all Rome’s labours and Pompey’s triumphs, are there to sell.

You gods, aren’t you ashamed that entire nations are sold like goods? At the very least, let it shame you that the seller is profiting, while a slave—someone the law considers dead—controls so many lands and trades so many cities. Did Cyrus’ victory really push the mighty Croesus off his throne just so that Pactolus and Hermus would flow for a eunuch? Did Attalus make you, Rome, his heir? Was Antiochus limited to the designated borders of Taurus? Did Servilius celebrate a victory over the previously unconquered Isaurians? Did Egypt fall to Augustus, and Crete to Metellus, just to secure Eutropius a decent income? [90] Cilicia, Judaea, Sophene—all of Rome’s hard work and Pompey’s victories are up for sale.

Why heap up these riches? Hast thou children to succeed to them? Marry or be married, thou canst never be a mother or a father: the former nature hath denied thee, the latter the surgeon’s knife. India may enrich thee with enormous jewels, Arabia with her spices, China with her silks; none so needy, none so poverty-stricken as to wish to have Eutropius’ fortune and therewith Eutropius’ body.

Why accumulate all these riches? Do you have children to inherit them? Get married or find a partner, but you can never become a mother or a father: nature has denied you that, and so has the surgeon’s knife. India can fill you with huge jewels, Arabia with her spices, China with her silks; but none are so desperate, none so impoverished, as to wish for Eutropius’ wealth along with Eutropius’ body.

And now his mind, forgetful of its true nature and

And now his mind, forgetting its true nature and

[90] Attalus, King of Pergamum, left his kingdom by will to Rome, 133 B.C. It became the province of Asia. The terms mentioned here were imposed on Antiochus, King of Syria, in 189 B.C. P. Servilius crossed the Taurus and subdued the Isauri 78 B.C.; Crete was conquered by Q. Metellus between 68 and 66 B.C.

[90] Attalus, the King of Pergamum, left his kingdom to Rome in his will in 133 BCE It became the province of Asia. The conditions here were imposed on Antiochus, the King of Syria, in 189 BCE P. Servilius crossed the Taurus Mountains and defeated the Isauri in 78 B.C.; Crete was conquered by Q. Metellus between 68 and 66 BCE

[156]

in miseras leges hominumque negotia ludit. 230

iudicat eunuchus; quid iam de consule miror?

prodigium, quodcumque gerit. quae pagina lites

sic actas meminit? quibus umquam saecula terris

eunuchi videre forum? sed ne qua vacaret

pars ignominia neu quid restaret inausum, 235

arma etiam violare parat portentaque monstris

aggerat et secum petulans amentia certat.

erubuit Mavors aversaque risit Enyo

dedecus Eoum, quotiens intenta sagittis

et pharetra fulgens anus exercetur Amazon 240

arbiter aut quotiens belli pacisque recurrit

adloquiturque Getas. gaudet cum viderit hostis

et sentit iam deesse viros. incendia fumant,

muris nulla fides, squalent populatibus agri

et medio spes sola mari. trans Phasin aguntur 245

Cappadocum matres, stabulisque abducta paternis

Caucasias captiva bibunt armenta pruinas

et Scythicis mutant Argaei pabula silvis.

extra Cimmerias, Taurorum claustra, paludes

flos Syriae servit. spoliis nec sufficit atrox 250

barbarus: in caedem vertunt fastidia praedae.

Ille tamen (quid enim servum mollemque pudebit?

aut quid in hoc poterit vultu flagrare ruboris?)

pro victore redit: peditum vexilla sequuntur

et turmae similes eunuchorumque manipli, 255

Hellespontiacis legio dignissima signis.

obvius ire cliens defensoremque reversum

complecti. placet ipse sibi laxasque laborat

[157]

drunken with riches, makes sport of wretched law and the affairs of men. A eunuch is judge. Why now wonder that he is consul? Whatever he does is a prodigy. Can the annals of the law show cases so mishandled? What age or what country has ever witnessed a eunuch’s jurisdiction? That nought might remain undisgraced, nought unattempted, he even makes him ready to outrage arms, heaps portent on portent and wanton folly seeks to outdo itself. Mars blushed, Bellona scoffed and turned her from the disgrace of the East whene’er with arrows strung and flashing quiver the aged Amazon practises battle or hurries back as arbiter of peace and war to hold parley with the Getae. Our enemies rejoiced at the sight and felt that at last we were lacking in men. Towns were set ablaze; walls offered no security. The countryside was ravaged and brought to ruin. Mid-ocean alone gave hope. Women of Cappadocia were driven into captivity across the river Phasis; stolen from the stalls of their homesteads, the captive herds drink the snowy streams of Caucasus, and the flocks exchange the pastures of Mount Argaeus [91] for the woods of Scythia. Beyond the Cimmerian marshes, defence of the Tauric tribes, the youth of Syria are slaves. Too vast for the fierce barbarians are the spoils; glutted with booty they turn to slaughter.

drunk on wealth, mocks the miserable laws and the affairs of people. A eunuch holds the position of judge. Why be surprised that he’s a consul? Everything he does is astonishing. Can the records of the law show any cases so poorly handled? What time or what place has ever seen a eunuch’s authority? To ensure nothing remains unscathed, nothing unattempted, he even makes them ready to outrage arms, piling one omen on top of another and seeking to outdo their own reckless folly. Mars blushed, Bellona laughed and turned away from the disgrace of the East whenever the aged Amazon, with her arrows drawn and glimmering quiver, practices battle or rushes back as a mediator of peace and war to negotiate with the Getae. Our enemies celebrated the sight and felt that at last, we were lacking in men. Towns were set ablaze; walls provided no safety. The countryside was devastated and left in ruins. Only the open sea offered hope. Women of Cappadocia were taken captive across the river Phasis; stolen from their homes, the captured herds drink from the snowy streams of the Caucasus, and the flocks exchange the pastures of Mount Argaeus [91] for the woods of Scythia. Beyond the Cimmerian marshes, defending the Tauric tribes, the youth of Syria are enslaved. The spoils are too great for the fierce barbarians; glutted with plunder, they turn to slaughter.

Yet Eutropius (can a slave, an effeminate, feel shame? Could a blush grace such a countenance?), Eutropius returns in triumph. There follow companies of foot, squadrons like their general, maniples of eunuchs, an army worthy Priapus’ standards. His creatures meet him and embrace their saviour on his return.[92] Great is his self-esteem; he struggles

Yet Eutropius (can a slave, an effeminate, feel shame? Could a blush suit such a face?), Eutropius returns in triumph. Following him are companies of foot soldiers, squadrons resembling their leader, groups of eunuchs, an army worthy of Priapus’ standards. His followers greet him and embrace their savior upon his return.[92] He has a huge sense of pride; he struggles

[91] A mountain in Cappadocia.

A mountain in Cappadocia.

[92] Claudian is scarcely fair to Eutropius. The reference here is to the campaign of 398 in which Eutropius succeeded in driving the Huns back behind the Caucasus.

[92] Claudian isn’t really fair to Eutropius. This is about the campaign in 398 where Eutropius managed to push the Huns back behind the Caucasus.

[158]

distendisse genas fictumque inflatus anhelat,

pulvere respersus tineas et solibus ora 260

pallidior, verbisque sonat plorabile quiddam

ultra nequitiam fractis et proelia narrat:

perque suam tremula testatur voce sororem,

defecisse vagas ad publica commoda vires;

cedere livori nec sustentare procellas 265

invidiae; mergique fretis spumantibus orat.

exoretque utinam! dum talia fatur ineptas

deterget lacrimas atque inter singula dicta

flebile suspirat: qualis venit arida socrus

longinquam visura nurum; vix lassa resedit 270

et iam vina petit.

Quid te, turpissime, bellis

inseris aut saevi pertemptas Pallada campi?

tu potes alterius studiis haerere Minervae

et telas, non tela pati, tu stamina nosse,

tu segnes operum sollers urgere puellas 275

et niveam dominae pensis involvere lanam.

vel, si sacra placent, habeas pro Marte Cybeben;

rauca Celaenaeos ad tympana disce furores.

cymbala ferre licet pectusque inlidere pinu

inguinis et reliquum Phrygiis abscidere cultris. 280

arma relinque viris. geminam quid dividis aulam

conarisque pios odiis committere fratres?

te magis, ah demens, veterem si respicis artem,

conciliare decet.

Gestis pro talibus annum

[159]

to swell out his pendulous cheeks and feigns a heavy panting; his lousy head dust-sprinkled and his face bleached whiter by the sun, he sobs out some pitiful complaint with voice more effeminate than effeminacy’s self and tells of battles. In tremulous tones he calls his sister to witness that he has spent his strength for his country’s need; that he yields to envy and cannot stand up against the storms of jealousy and prays to be drowned in the foaming seas. Would God his prayer had been granted! Thus speaking, he wipes away the silly tears, sighing and sobbing between each word; like a withered old dame travelled far to visit her son’s daughter—scarce seated aweary and already she asks for wine.

to puff out his droopy cheeks and pretends to be gasping for breath; his filthy hair dusted and his skin bleached even whiter by the sun, he cries out some sad complaint with a voice more high-pitched than anything else and talks about battles. In shaky tones, he calls his sister to witness that he has given his all for his country’s needs; that he succumbs to envy and can’t hold up against the storms of jealousy and prays to be drowned in the raging seas. If only his prayer had been answered! While saying this, he wipes away the foolish tears, sighing and sobbing between each word; like a weary old woman who has traveled a long way to see her son’s daughter—barely seated and already she’s asking for wine.

Why busy thy foul self with wars? Why attempt battle on the bloody field? ’Tis to the arts of that other Minerva thou shouldst apply thyself. The distaff, not the dart should be thine; thine to spin the thread, and, cunning craftsman that thou art, to urge on the spinning-maids when lazy; thine to wind the snowy wool for thy mistress’ weaving. Or, wouldst thou be a devotee, let Cybele, not Mars, be the object of thy worship. Learn to imitate the madness of the Corybantes to the accompaniment of rolling drums. Thou mayest carry cymbals, pierce thy breast with the sacred pine, and with Phrygian knife destroy what yet is left of thy virility. Leave arms to men. Why seek to divide the two empires and embroil loving brothers in strife? Madman, remember thy former trade; ’twere more fitting thou shouldst endeavour to reconcile them.

Why waste your time with wars? Why fight on the bloody battlefield? You should focus on the skills of that other Minerva. The distaff, not the spear, should be yours; yours to spin the thread, and, clever craftsman that you are, to motivate the spinning maidens when they're slacking; yours to wind the pure wool for your mistress’s weaving. Or, if you want to be dedicated, let Cybele, not Mars, be the object of your worship. Learn to mimic the frenzy of the Corybantes to the sound of pounding drums. You can carry cymbals, pierce your chest with the sacred pine, and with a Phrygian knife destroy what little is left of your manhood. Leave weapons to men. Why try to divide the two empires and pit loving brothers against each other? Crazy person, remember your former trade; it’d be more appropriate for you to work on reconciling them.

It is for deeds like this that Eutropius demands

It is for actions like this that Eutropius demands

[160]

flagitet Eutropius, ne quid non polluat unus, 285

dux acies, iudex praetoria, tempora consul!

Nil adeo foedum, quod non exacta vetustas

ediderit longique labor commiserit aevi.

Oedipodes matrem, natam duxisse Thyestes

cantatur, peperit fratres Iocasta marito 290

et Pelopea sibi. Thebas ac funera Troiae

tristis Erechthei deplorat scaena theatri.

in volucrem Tereus, Cadmus se vertit in anguem.

Scylla novos mirata canes. hunc arbore figit,

elevat hunc pluma, squamis hunc fabula vestit, 295

hunc solvit fluvio. numquam spado consul in orbe

nec iudex ductorve fuit! quodcumque virorum

est decus, eunuchi scelus est. exempla creantur

quae socci superent risus luctusque cothurni.

Quam pulcher conspectus erat, cum tenderet artus

exangues onerante toga cinctuque gravatus 301

indutoque senex obscaenior iret in auro:

humani qualis simulator simius oris,

quem puer adridens pretioso stamine Serum

velavit nudasque nates ac terga reliquit, 305

ludibrium mensis; erecto pectore dives

ambulat et claro sese deformat amictu.

candida pollutos comitatur curia fasces,

forsitan et dominus. praebet miracula lictor

[161]

this year of office, to ensure that by his efforts alone he leaves nothing not dishonoured, ruining the army as its general, the courts as their judge, the imperial fasti as a consul.

this year in office, to make sure that through his actions alone he leaves nothing unsullied, bringing disgrace to the army as its general, to the courts as their judge, and to the imperial records as a consul.

No portent so monstrous but time past has given it birth and the labour of bygone centuries produced it. Legend tells us that Oedipus married his mother and Thyestes his daughter; Jocasta bare brothers to her husband, Thyestes’s daughter gave birth to her own brother. Athenian tragedy tells the sad tale of Thebes and the baneful war of Troy. Tereus was changed into a bird, Cadmus into a snake; Scylla looked in amaze on the dogs that girt her waist. Ancient story relates how one was transformed into a tree and thus attached to earth, how another grew wings and flew, how a third was clothed with scales and yet another melted into a river. But no country has ever had a eunuch for a consul or judge or general. What in a man is honourable is disgraceful in an emasculate. Here is an example to surpass all that is most laughable in comedy, most lamentable in tragedy.

No sign of something monstrous has ever appeared that didn’t come from the past, created through the struggles of centuries before. Legends say that Oedipus married his mother and Thyestes married his daughter; Jocasta had brothers with her husband, and Thyestes's daughter gave birth to her own brother. Athenian tragedy tells the sorrowful story of Thebes and the disastrous war of Troy. Tereus was turned into a bird, and Cadmus became a snake; Scylla was stunned by the dogs wrapped around her waist. Ancient stories recount how one person was turned into a tree and rooted to the ground, how another grew wings and flew, how one was covered in scales, and yet another dissolved into a river. But no country has ever had a eunuch as a consul, judge, or general. What is honorable in a man is shameful in a eunuch. This is an example that surpasses the most ridiculous in comedy and the most tragic in tragedy.

A pleasant sight in truth to see him strain his sapless limbs beneath the weight of the toga, borne down by the wearing of his consular dress; the gold of his raiment rendered his decrepitude even more hideous. ’Twas as though an ape, man’s imitator, had been decked out in sport with precious silken garments by a boy who had left his back and quarters uncovered to amuse the guests at supper. Thus richly dressed he walks upright and seems the more loathsome by reason of his brilliant trappings. Dressed in white the senate, perhaps even his master,[93] accompanies the dishonoured fasces. Behold a portent! A lictor more noble than the

A truly unpleasant sight to see him straining his lifeless limbs under the weight of the toga, weighed down by his consular outfit; the gold of his garments made his frailty look even more grotesque. It was as if an ape, mimicking man, had been dressed up in fancy silk clothes by a boy who had left his back and backside exposed to entertain the guests at dinner. So lavishly dressed, he stands tall and appears even more disgusting because of his flashy attire. Dressed in white, the senate, perhaps even his master,[93] follows the disgraced fasces. Look at this omen! A lictor more noble than the

[93] i.e. the Emperor.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ i.e. the Emperor.

[162]

consule nobilior libertatemque daturus, 310

quam necdum meruit. scandit sublime tribunal

atque inter proprias laudes Aegyptia iactat

somnia prostratosque canit se vate tyrannos.

scilicet in dubio vindex Bellona pependit,

dum spado Tiresias enervatusque Melampus 315

reptat ab extremo referens oracula Nilo.

Obstrepuere avium voces, exhorruit annus

nomen, et insanum gemino proclamat ab ore

eunuchumque vetat fastis accedere Ianus:

sumeret inlicitos etenim si femina fasces, 320

esset turpe minus. Medis levibusque Sabaeis

imperat hic sexus, reginarumque sub armis

barbariae pars magna iacet: gens nulla probatur,

eunuchi quae sceptra ferat. Tritonia, Phoebe,

Terra, Ceres, Cybele, Iuno, Latona coluntur: 325

eunuchi quae templa dei, quas vidimus aras?

inde sacerdotes; haec intrat pectora Phoebus;

inde canunt Delphi; Troianam sola Minervam

virginitas Vestalis adit flammasque tuetur:

hi nullas meriti vittas semperque profani. 330

nascitur ad fructum mulier prolemque futuram:

hoc genus inventum est ut serviat. Herculis arcu

concidit Hippolyte; Danai fugere bipennem,

Penthesilea, tuam; claras Carthaginis arces

creditur et centum portis Babylona superbam 335

femineus struxisse labor. quid nobile gessit

[163]

consul, and a man about to grant to others a liberty which he has not yet himself won. He mounts the lofty platform and amid a torrent of self-laudation boasts of a prophetic dream he had in Egypt [94] and of the defeat of tyrants which he foretold. No doubt the goddess of war stayed her avenging hand and waited till that emasculate Tiresias, that unmanned Melampus, could crawl back with oracles culled from farthest Nile.

consul, and a man about to grant others a freedom that he hasn’t yet achieved himself. He steps up to the elevated platform and, amidst a flood of self-praise, brags about a prophetic dream he had in Egypt [94] and the defeat of tyrants he predicted. No doubt the goddess of war held back her avenging hand and waited until that weakened Tiresias, that subdued Melampus, could return with prophecies gathered from the distant Nile.

Loud sang the prophetic birds in warning. The year shuddered at the thought of bearing Eutropius’ name, and Janus proclaimed the madness of the choice from his two mouths, forbidding a eunuch to have access to his annals. Had a woman assumed the fasces, though this were illegal it were nevertheless less disgraceful. Women bear sway among the Medes and swift Sabaeans; half barbary is governed by martial queens. We know of no people who endure a eunuch’s rule. Worship is paid to Pallas, Phoebe, Vesta, Ceres, Cybele, Juno, and Latona; have we ever seen a temple built or altars raised to a eunuch god? From among women are priestesses chosen; Phoebus enters into their hearts; through their voices the Delphian oracle speaks; none but the Vestal Virgins approach the shrine of Trojan Minerva and tend her flame: eunuchs have never deserved the fillet and are always unholy. A woman is born that she may bear children and perpetuate the human race; the tribe of eunuchs was made for servitude. Hippolyte fell but by the arrow of Hercules; the Greeks fled before Penthesilea’s axe; Carthage, far-famed citadel, proud Babylon with her hundred gates, are both said to have been built by a woman’s hand. What noble deed did

Loudly sang the prophetic birds in warning. The year trembled at the thought of carrying Eutropius’ name, and Janus declared the madness of the choice from his two mouths, forbidding a eunuch from accessing his records. If a woman had taken the fasces, though it would have been illegal, it would still be less disgraceful. Women hold power among the Medes and swift Sabaeans; half of barbarism is ruled by warrior queens. We know of no people who accept a eunuch's rule. Worship is given to Pallas, Phoebe, Vesta, Ceres, Cybele, Juno, and Latona; have we ever seen a temple built or altars raised for a eunuch god? Priestesses are chosen from among women; Phoebus enters their hearts; through their voices, the Delphian oracle speaks; only the Vestal Virgins approach the shrine of Trojan Minerva and tend her flame: eunuchs have never earned the fillet and are always unholy. A woman is born to have children and continue the human race; the tribe of eunuchs was made for servitude. Hippolyte fell only by the arrow of Hercules; the Greeks fled before Penthesilea’s axe; Carthage, the renowned citadel, and proud Babylon with her hundred gates, are both said to have been built by a woman's hand. What noble deed did

[94] In 394 Arcadius had sent Eutropius to the Thebaid to consult a certain Christian prophet, John, upon the result of Eugenius’ revolt (Sozom. vii. 22. 7, 8).

[94] In 394, Arcadius sent Eutropius to the Thebaid to speak with a Christian prophet named John about the outcome of Eugenius’ rebellion (Sozom. vii. 22. 7, 8).

[164]

eunuchus? quae bella tulit? quas condidit urbes?

illas praeterea rerum natura creavit,

hos fecere manus: seu prima Semiramis astu

Assyriis mentita virum, ne vocis acutae 340

mollities levesve genae se prodere possent,

hos sibi coniunxit similes; seu Parthica ferro

luxuries vetuit nasci lanuginis umbram

servatoque diu puerili flore coegit

arte retardatam Veneri servire iuventam. 345

Fama prius falso similis vanoque videri

ficta ioco; levior volitare per oppida rumor

riderique nefas: veluti nigrantibus alis

audiretur olor, corvo certante ligustris.

atque aliquis gravior morum: “si talibus, inquit, 350

creditur et nimiis turgent mendacia monstris,

iam testudo volat, profert iam cornua vultur;

prona petunt retro fluvii iuga; Gadibus ortum

Carmani texere diem; iam frugibus aptum

aequor et adsuetum silvis delphina videbo; 355

iam cochleis homines iunctos et quidquid inane

nutrit Iudaicis quae pingitur India velis.”

Subicit et mixtis salibus lascivior alter:

“miraris? nihil est, quod non in pectore magnum

concipit Eutropius. semper nova, grandia semper

diligit et celeri degustat singula sensu. 361

nil timet a tergo; vigilantibus undique curis

nocte dieque patet; lenis facilisque moveri

supplicibus mediaque tamen mollissimus ira

nil negat et sese vel non poscentibus offert; 365

[165]

a eunuch ever do? What wars did such an one fight, what cities did he found? Moreover, nature created the former, the hand of man the latter, whether it was from fear of being betrayed by her shrill woman’s voice and her hairless cheeks that clever Semiramis, to disguise her sex from the Assyrians, first surrounded herself with beings like her, or the Parthians employed the knife to stop the growth of the first down of manhood and forced their boys, kept boys by artifice, to serve their lusts by thus lengthening the years of youthful charm.

What can a eunuch do? What wars did he fight, what cities did he establish? Besides, nature created the former, while man crafted the latter. Whether it was out of fear of being betrayed by a shrill woman’s voice and smooth cheeks, clever Semiramis surrounded herself with people like her to conceal her gender from the Assyrians, or the Parthians used surgery to prevent the growth of male features, forcing their boys—who were kept as boys through trickery—to serve their desires by prolonging the years of youthful beauty.

At first the rumour of Eutropius’ consulship seemed false and invented as a jest. A vague story spread from city to city; the crime was laughed at as one would laugh to hear of a swan with black wings or a crow as white as privet. Thus spake one of weighty character: “If such things are believed and swollen lies tell of unheard of monsters, then the tortoise can fly, the vulture grow horns, rivers flow back and mount the hills whence they spring, the sun rise behind Gades and set amid the Carmanians of India; I shall soon see ocean fit nursery for plants and the dolphin a denizen of the woods; beings half-men, half-snails and all the vain imaginings of India depicted on Jewish curtains.”

At first, the rumor about Eutropius’ consulship seemed like a joke, totally made up. A vague story spread from city to city; people laughed at the idea as they would laugh at hearing about a swan with black wings or a crow as white as a privet. One respected figure remarked, “If people really believe such things and exaggerated lies talk about unheard of monsters, then soon enough the tortoise will fly, the vulture will grow horns, rivers will flow backward and climb the hills where they start, the sun will rise behind Cádiz and set among the Carmanians of India; I’ll soon see the ocean as a suitable place for plants and dolphins living in the woods; beings that are half-men, half-snails and all the ridiculous fantasies of India depicted on Jewish curtains.”

Then another adds, jesting with a more wanton wit: “Dost thou wonder? Nothing great is there that Eutropius does not conceive in his heart. He ever loves novelty, ever size, and is quick to taste everything in turn. He fears no assault from the rear; night and day he is ready with watchful care; soft, easily moved by entreaty, and, even in the midst of his passion, tenderest of men, he never says ‘no,’ and is ever at the disposal even of

Then another chimes in, joking with a more playful wit: “Are you surprised? There's nothing significant that Eutropius doesn’t imagine in his heart. He always loves something new, always wants more, and is quick to try everything in turn. He doesn’t fear any attacks from behind; day and night, he's ready and watchful; soft-hearted, easily swayed by pleas, and even in the heat of his feelings, the kindest of men, he never says 'no’ and is always at the service even of

[166]

quod libet ingenio, subigit traditque fruendum;

quidquid amas, dabit ilia manus; communiter omni

fungitur officio gaudetque potentia flecti.

hoc quoque conciliis peperit meritoque laborum,

accipit et trabeas argutae praemia dextrae.” 370

Postquam vera fides facinus vulgavit Eoum

gentibus et Romae iam certius impulit aures,

“Eutropiumne etiam nostra dignabimur ira?

hic quoque Romani meruit pars esse doloris?”

sic effata rapit caeli per inania cursum 375

diva potens unoque Padum translapsa volatu

castra sui rectoris adit. tum forte decorus

cum Stilichone gener pacem implorantibus ultro

Germanis responsa dabat, legesque Caucis

arduus et flavis signabat iura Suebis. 380

his tribuit reges, his obside foedera sancit

indicto; bellorum alios transcribit in usus,

militet ut nostris detonsa Sygambria signis.

laeta subit Romam pietas et gaudia paene

moverunt lacrimas tantoque exultat alumno: 385

sic armenta suo iam defensante iuvenco

celsius adsurgunt erectae cornua matri,

sic iam terribilem stabulis dominumque ferarum

crescere miratur genetrix Massyla leonem.

dimovit nebulam iuvenique adparuit ingens. 390

tum sic orsa loqui:

[167]

those that solicit him not. Whatever the senses desire he cultivates and offers for another’s enjoyment. That hand will give whatever thou wouldest have. He performs the functions of all alike; his dignity loves to unbend. His meetings [95] and his deserving labours have won him this reward,[96] and he receives the consul’s robe in recompense for the work of his skilful hand.”

those who don’t ask him for help. He nurtures whatever the senses crave and offers it for someone else’s enjoyment. That hand will provide whatever you desire. He carries out the roles of everyone equally; his dignity enjoys letting loose. His gatherings [95] and his worthy efforts have earned him this reward,[96] and he receives the consul’s robe in exchange for the work of his skilled hands.”

When the rumour concerning this disgrace of the eastern empire was known to be true and had impressed belief on Roman ears, Rome’s goddess thus spake: “Is Eutropius worthy of mine ire? Is such an one fit cause for Roman grief?” So saying the mighty goddess winged her way through the heavens and with one stroke of her pinions passed beyond the Po and approached the camp of her emperor. It happened that even then the august Honorius, assisted by his father-in-law Stilicho, was making answer to the Germans who had come of their own accord to sue for peace. From his lofty throne he was dictating laws to the Cauci and giving a constitution to the flaxen-haired Suebi. Over these he sets a king, with those he signs a treaty now that hostages have been demanded; others he enters on the list as serviceable allies in war, so that in future the Sygambrians will cut off their flowing locks and serve beneath our banners. Joy and love so fill the goddess’ heart that she well nigh weeps, so great is her happy pride in her illustrious foster-child. So when a bullock fights in defence of the herd his mother lifts her own horns more proudly; so the African lioness gazes with admiration on her cub as he grows to be the terror of the farmsteads and the future king of beasts. Rome lays aside her veil of cloud and towers above the youthful warrior, then thus begins.

When the rumor about this disgrace in the eastern empire was confirmed and had captivated Roman attention, Rome's goddess spoke: “Is Eutropius really worthy of my anger? Is he a valid reason for Roman sorrow?” Saying this, the powerful goddess soared through the skies and with a single sweep of her wings flew past the Po and approached her emperor’s camp. At that moment, the revered Honorius, aided by his father-in-law Stilicho, was responding to the Germans who had come to negotiate peace on their own. From his high throne, he was setting laws for the Cauci and establishing a constitution for the blond-haired Suebi. He appointed a king over them, signed a treaty with others now that hostages were requested, and listed more as helpful allies in battle, so that in the future the Sygambrians would cut their long hair and serve under our banners. Joy and love filled the goddess’s heart to the point of tears, so immense was her pride in her remarkable foster child. Just as a bull defends its herd, making its mother raise her horns in pride, the African lioness gazes in admiration at her cub as he becomes the fearsome protector of the homesteads and the future king of beasts. Rome casts aside her clouds and looks down upon the young warrior, then begins to speak.

[95] With a play upon the sexual meaning of the word: indeed the whole passage, from l. 358 is a mass of obscene innuendo.

[95] With a twist on the sexual meaning of the word: in fact, the entire section, starting from line 358, is filled with vulgar insinuations.

[96] i.e. the consulship.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ the consulship.

[168]

“Quantum te principe possim,

non longinqua docent, domito quod Saxone Tethys

mitior aut fracto secura Britannia Picto;

ante pedes humili Franco tristique Suebo

perfruor et nostrum video, Germanice, Rhenum. 395

sed quid agam? discors Oriens felicibus actis

invidet atque alio Phoebi de cardine surgunt

crimina, ne toto conspiret corpore regnum.

Gildonis taceo magna cum laude receptam

perfidiam et fretos Eoo robore Mauros. 400

quae suscepta fames, quantum discriminis urbi,

ni tua vel soceri numquam non provida virtus

australem Arctois pensasset frugibus annum!

invectae Rhodani Tiberina per ostia classes

Cinyphiisque ferax Araris successit aristis. 405

Teutonicus vomer Pyrenaeique iuvenci

sudavere mihi; segetes mirantur Hiberas

horrea; nec Libyae senserunt damna rebellis

iam transalpina contenti messe Quirites.

ille quidem solvit meritas (scit Tabraca) poenas, 410

ut pereat quicumque tuis conflixerit armis.

“Ecce repens isdem clades a partibus exit

terrorisque minus, sed plus habitura pudoris

Eutropius consul, pridem tolerare fatemur

hoc genus, Arsacio postquam se regia fastu 415

sustulit et nostros corrupit Parthia mores,

praefecti sed adhuc gemmis vestique dabantur

custodes sacroque adhibere silentia somno;

[169]

“Examples near at hand testify to the extent of my power now thou art emperor. The Saxon is conquered and the seas safe; the Picts have been defeated and Britain is secure. I love to see at my feet the humbled Franks and broken Suebi, and I behold the Rhine mine own, Germanicus.[97] Yet what am I to do? The discordant East envies our prosperity, and beneath that other sky, lo! wickedness flourishes to prevent our empire’s breathing in harmony with one body. I make no mention of Gildo’s treason, detected so gloriously in spite of the power of the East on which the rebel Moor relied. For what extremes of famine did we not then look? How dire a danger overhung our city, had not thy valour or the ever-provident diligence of thy father-in-law supplied corn from the north in place of that from the south! Up Tiber’s estuary there sailed ships from the Rhine, and the Saône’s fertile banks made good the lost harvests of Africa. For me the Germans ploughed and the Spaniards’ oxen sweated; my granaries marvel at Iberian corn, nor did my citizens, now satisfied with harvests from beyond the Alps, feel the defection of revolted Africa. Gildo, however, paid the penalty for his treason as Tabraca can witness. So perish all who take up arms against thee!

“Examples right in front of us show the extent of my power now that you're emperor. The Saxons are defeated and the seas are safe; the Picts have been overcome and Britain is secure. I love to see the humbled Franks and the broken Suebi at my feet, and I see the Rhine as my own, Germanicus.[97] Yet what should I do? The envious East resents our success, and under that different sky, wickedness thrives to keep our empire from functioning as one. I won't even mention Gildo’s treason, exposed so spectacularly despite the strength of the East that the rebel Moor depended on. What extremes of famine did we not fear then? How great a danger hovered over our city if not for your courage or your father-in-law’s diligent efforts, supplying grain from the north instead of from the south! Ships from the Rhine sailed up the Tiber, and the fertile banks of the Saône made up for the lost harvests from Africa. The Germans worked the fields for me, and the Spaniards’ oxen toiled hard; my granaries marvel at the Iberian corn, and my citizens, now satisfied with harvests from beyond the Alps, didn't feel the loss of revolted Africa. However, Gildo paid the price for his betrayal, as Tabraca can attest. So shall perish all who take up arms against you!”

“Lo! on a sudden from that same clime comes another scourge, less terrible indeed but even more shameful, the consulship of Eutropius. I admit I have long learned to tolerate this unmanned tribe, ever since the court exalted itself with Arsacid pomp and the example of Parthia corrupted our morals. But till now they were but set to guard jewels and raiment, and to secure silence for the imperial slumber. Never beyond the sleeping-chamber

“Suddenly, from that same place comes another problem, less terrible but even more shameful, the consulship of Eutropius. I admit I have long learned to tolerate this group of weaklings, ever since the court raised itself with the grandeur of the Arsacid dynasty and the example of Parthia corrupted our morals. But until now, they were only meant to guard jewels and clothing and to ensure silence for the emperor's sleep. Never beyond the sleeping-chamber

[97] She calls him Germanicus because of his pacification of Germany; see Introduction, p. x.

[97] She calls him Germanicus due to his efforts to calm Germany; see Introduction, p. x.

[170]

militia eunuchi numquam progressa cubili,

non vita spondente fidem, sed inertia tutum 420

mentis pignus erat. secreta monilia servent,

ornatus curent Tyrios: a fronte recedant

imperii. tenero tractari pectore nescit

publica maiestas. numquam vel in aequore puppim

vidimus eunuchi clavo parere magistri. 425

nos adeo sperni faciles? orbisque carina

vilior? auroram sane, quae talia ferre

gaudet, et adsuetas sceptris muliebribus urbes

possideant; quid belliferam communibus urunt

Italiam maculis nocituraque probra severis 430

ammiscent populis? peregrina piacula forti

pellantur longe Latio nec transeat Alpes

dedecus; in solis, quibus extitit, haereat arvis.

scribat Halys, scribat famae contemptor Orontes:

per te perque tuos obtestor Roma triumphos, 435

nesciat hoc Thybris, numquam poscentibus olim

qui dare Dentatis annos Fabiisque solebat.

Martius eunuchi repetet suffragia campus?

Aemilios inter servatoresque Camillos

Eutropius? iam Chrysogonis tua, Brute, potestas 440

Narcissisque datur? natos hoc dedere poenae

profuit et misero civem praeponere patri?

hoc mihi Ianiculo positis Etruria castris

quaesiit et tantum fluvio Porsenna remotus?

hoc meruit vel ponte Cocles vel Mucius igne? 445

visceribus frustra castum Lucretia ferrum

[171]

did the eunuch’s service pass; not their lives gave guarantee of loyalty but their dull wits were a sure pledge. Let them guard hidden store of pearls and Tyrian-dyed vestments; they must quit high offices of state. The majesty of Rome cannot devolve upon an effeminate. Never have we seen so much as a ship at sea obey the helm in the hands of a eunuch-captain. Are we then so despicable? Is the whole world of less account than a ship? Let eunuchs govern the East by all means, for the East rejoices in such rulers, let them lord it over cities accustomed to a woman’s sway: why disfigure warlike Italy with the general brand and defile her austere peoples with their deadly profligacy? Drive this foreign pollution from out the boundaries of manly Latium; suffer not this thing of shame to cross the Alps; let it remain fixed in the country of its birth. Let the river Halys or Orontes, careless of its reputation, add such a name to its annals: I, Rome, beg thee by thy life and triumphs, let not Tiber suffer this disgrace—Tiber whose way was to give the consulship to such men as Dentatus and Fabius though they asked not for it. Shall the Field of Mars witness the canvassing of an eunuch? Is Eutropius to stand with Aemilii and Camilli, saviours of their country? Is thy office, Brutus, now to be given to a Chrysogonus or a Narcissus [98]? Is this the reward for giving up thy sons to punishment and setting the citizen’s duty before the father’s grief? Was it for this that the Tuscans made their camp on the Janiculum and Porsenna was but the river’s span from our gates? For this that Horatius kept the bridge and Mucius braved the flames? Was it all to no purpose that

did the eunuch’s service pass; not their lives gave guarantee of loyalty but their dull wits were a sure pledge. Let them guard hidden store of pearls and Tyrian-dyed vestments; they must quit high offices of state. The majesty of Rome cannot devolve upon an effeminate. Never have we seen so much as a ship at sea obey the helm in the hands of a eunuch-captain. Are we then so despicable? Is the whole world of less account than a ship? Let eunuchs govern the East by all means, for the East rejoices in such rulers, let them lord it over cities accustomed to a woman’s sway: why disfigure warlike Italy with the general brand and defile her austere peoples with their deadly profligacy? Drive this foreign pollution from out the boundaries of manly Latium; suffer not this thing of shame to cross the Alps; let it remain fixed in the country of its birth. Let the river Halys or Orontes, careless of its reputation, add such a name to its annals: I, Rome, beg thee by thy life and triumphs, let not Tiber suffer this disgrace—Tiber whose way was to give the consulship to such men as Dentatus and Fabius though they asked not for it. Shall the Field of Mars witness the canvassing of a eunuch? Is Eutropius to stand with Aemilii and Camilli, saviors of their country? Is thy office, Brutus, now to be given to a Chrysogonus or a Narcissus [98]? Is this the reward for giving up thy sons to punishment and setting the citizen’s duty before the father’s grief? Was it for this that the Tuscans made their camp on the Janiculum and Porsenna was but the river’s span from our gates? For this that Horatius kept the bridge and Mucius braved the flames? Was it all to no purpose that

[98] Notorious freedmen and tools respectively of Sulla and the Emperor Claudius.

[98] Infamous freedmen and pawns of Sulla and Emperor Claudius.

[172]

mersit et attonitum tranavit Cloelia Thybrim?

Eutropio fasces adservabantur adempti

Tarquiniis? quemcumque meae vexere curules,

laxato veniat socium aversatus Averno. 450

impensi sacris Decii prorumpite bustis

Torquatique truces animosaque pauperis umbra

Fabricii tuque o, si forte inferna piorum

iugera et Elysias scindis, Serrane, novales.

Poeno Scipiadae, Poeno praeclare Lutati, 455

Sicania Marcelle ferox, gens Claudia surgas [99]

et Curii veteres; et, qui sub iure negasti

vivere Caesareo, parvo procede sepulcro

Eutropium passure Cato; remcate tenebris,

agmina Brutorum Corvinorumque catervae. 460

eunuchi vestros habitus, insignia sumunt

ambigui Romana mares; rapuere tremendas

Hannibali Pyrrhoque togas; flabella perosi

adspirant trabeis; iam non umbracula gestant

virginibus, Latias ausi vibrare secures! 465

“Linquite femineas infelix turba latebras,

alter quos pepulit sexus nec suscipit alter,

execti Veneris stimulos et vulnere casti

(mixta duplex aetas; inter puerumque senemque

nil medium): falsi complete sedilia patres; 470

ite novi proceres infecundoque senatu

Eutropium stipate ducem; celebrate tribunal

pro thalamis, verso iam discite more curules,

non matrum pilenta sequi.

[99] MSS. have surgat.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ MSS. have surgat.

[173]

chaste Lucretia plunged the dagger into her bosom and Cloelia swam the astonished Tiber? Were the fasces reft from Tarquin to be given to Eutropius? Let Hell ope her jaws and all who have sat in my curule chair come and turn their backs upon their colleague. Decii, self-sacrificed for your country’s good, come forth from your graves; and you, fierce Torquati; and thou, too, great-hearted shade of poor Fabricius. Serranus, come thou hither, if now thou ploughest the acres of the holy dead and cleavest the fallow lands of Elysium. Come Scipios, Lutatius, famed for your victories over Carthage, Marcellus, conqueror of Sicily, rise from the dead, thou Claudian race, you progeny of Curius. Cato, thou who wouldst not live beneath Caesar’s rule, come thou forth from thy simple tomb and brave the sight of Eutropius. Immortal bands of Bruti and Corvini, return to earth. Eunuchs don your robes of office, sexless beings assume the insignia of Rome. They have laid hands on the toga that inspired Hannibal and Pyrrhus with terror. They now despise the fan and aspire to the consul’s cloak. No longer do they carry the maidenly parasol for they have dared to wield the axes of Latium.

chaste Lucretia plunged the dagger into her chest, and Cloelia swam across the astonished Tiber. Were the fasces taken from Tarquin to be given to Eutropius? Let Hell open her jaws and all who have sat in my curule chair come and turn their backs on their colleague. Decii, who sacrificed yourselves for your country’s good, come forth from your graves; and you, fierce Torquati; and you, too, great-hearted spirit of poor Fabricius. Serranus, come here if you now plow the fields of the holy dead and break the unplowed land of Elysium. Come Scipios, Lutatius, famed for your victories over Carthage, Marcellus, conqueror of Sicily, rise from the dead, you Claudian lineage, you descendants of Curius. Cato, you who would not live under Caesar’s rule, come forth from your simple grave and face Eutropius. Immortal bands of Bruti and Corvini, return to Earth. Eunuchs, put on your robes of office; genderless beings, assume the insignia of Rome. They have laid hands on the toga that instilled terror in Hannibal and Pyrrhus. They now despise the fan and aspire to the consul’s cloak. No longer do they carry the maidenly parasol, for they have dared to wield the axes of Latium.

“Unhappy band, leave your womanly fastnesses, you whom the male sex has discarded and the female will not adopt. The knife has cut out the stings of love and by that wounding you are pure. A mixture are you of two ages—child and greybeard and nought between. Take your seats, fathers in name alone. Come new lords, come sterile senate, throng your leader Eutropius. Fill the judgement-seat, not the bedchamber. Change your habits and learn to follow the consul’s chair, not the woman’s litter.

“Unhappy group, leave your feminine hiding places, you who have been rejected by men and won’t be accepted by women. The knife has cut out the pains of love, and by that wound you are free. You are a mix of two stages—child and old man, with nothing in between. Take your seats, fathers in name only. Come new leaders, come ineffective senate, gather around your leader Eutropius. Fill the judgment seat, not the bedroom. Change your ways and learn to follow the consul’s chair, not the woman’s litter.”

[174]

“Ne prisca revolvam

neu numerem, quantis iniuria mille per annos 475

sit retro ducibus, quanti foedabitur aevi

canities, unam subeant quot saecula culpam:

inter Arinthaei fastos et nomen erile

servus erit dominoque suos aequalis honores

inseret! heu semper Ptolomaei noxia mundo 480

mancipia! en alio laedor graviore Pothino

et patior maius Phario scelus. ille cruorem

consulis unius Pellaeis ensibus hausit;

inquinat hic omnes.

“Si nil privata movebunt,

at tu principibus, vestrae tu prospice causae 485

regalesque averte notas. hunc accipit unum

aula magistratum: vobis patribusque recurrit

hic alternus honos. in crimen euntibus annis

parce, quater consul! contagia fascibus, oro,

defendas ignava tuis neu tradita libris 490

omina vestitusque meos, quibus omne, quod ambit

oceanus, domui, tanta caligine mergi

calcarique sinas. nam quae iam bella geramus

mollibus auspiciis? quae iam conubia prolem

vel frugem latura seges? quid fertile terris, 495

quid plenum sterili possit sub consule nasci?

eunuchi si iura dabunt legesque tenebunt,

ducant pensa viri mutatoque ordine rerum

vivat Amazonio confusa licentia ritu.

[175]

“I would not cite examples from remote antiquity nor count the countless magistrates of past history whom he thus outrages. But think how the reverence due to all past ages will be impaired, on how many centuries one man’s shame will set its mark. Amid the annals that record the name of Arinthaeus,[100] his master, will be found the slave, and he will enter his own honours as equal to those of his owner. The slaves of Egypt’s kings have ever been a curse to the world; behold I suffer from a worse than Pothinus and bear a wrong more flagrant than that of which Egypt was once the scene. Pothinus’ sword at Alexandria spilled the blood of a single consul;[101] Eutropius brings dishonour on all.

“I won't bring up examples from ancient history or list the many officials of the past whom he disrespects. But think about how the respect owed to past eras will be undermined, and how many centuries one man's disgrace will mark. Among the records that mention the name of Arinthaeus,[100] his master, will also appear the slave, who will claim his own honors as equal to those of his owner. The slaves of Egypt's kings have always been a burden to the world; look, I suffer from something worse than Pothinus and endure a wrong more outrageous than what Egypt once witnessed. Pothinus’ sword in Alexandria spilled the blood of a single consul;[101] Eutropius brings shame upon us all.

“If the fate of subjects cannot move thee, yet have thou regard for princes, for your common cause, and remove this stain on royalty. The consulship is the sole office the emperor deigns to accept; alternately the honour passes to Court and Senate. Thou who hast thyself been four times consul spare succeeding consuls this infamy. I pray thee, protect the fasces, so often thine, from the pollution of a eunuch’s hand; let not the omens handed down in our sacred books, let not those robes of mine wherewith I have subdued everything within Ocean’s stream, be plunged in so great darkness and trodden under foot. What kind of wars can we wage now that a eunuch takes the auspices? What marriage, what harvest will be fruitful? What fertility, what abundance is possible beneath a consul stricken with sterility? If eunuchs shall give judgement and determine laws, then let men card wool and live like the Amazons, confusion and licence dispossessing the order of nature.

“If the fate of your subjects doesn’t move you, at least consider the princes and your shared interests, and remove this stain on royalty. The consulship is the only position the emperor is willing to accept; otherwise, the honor goes to the Court and Senate. You, who have been consul four times, should spare the future consuls from this disgrace. I urge you to protect the fasces, which have often been yours, from the pollution of a eunuch’s hand; let not the omens passed down in our sacred texts, let not those robes of mine that I have used to conquer everything within Ocean’s reach, be plunged into such darkness and trampled underfoot. What kind of wars can we fight now that a eunuch is taking the auspices? What marriages, what harvests will be successful? What fertility, what abundance is possible with a sterile consul? If eunuchs are to judge and set laws, then let men spin wool and live like the Amazons, with confusion and disorder disrupting the natural order."

[100] Arinthaeus had held the high position of magister peditum. He died in 379.

[100] Arinthaeus had served as the commander of infantry. He passed away in 379.

[101] Pothinus, the creature of Ptolemy Dionysius, was instrumental in killing Pompey in Egypt in 48 B.C.

[101] Pothinus, the puppet of Ptolemy Dionysius, played a key role in the murder of Pompey in Egypt in 48 B.C.

[176]

“Quid trahor ulterius? Stilicho, quid vincere differs,

dum certare pudet? nescis quod turpior hostis 501

laetitia maiore cadit? piratica Magnum

erigit, inlustrat servilis laurea Crassum.

adnuis. agnosco fremitum, quo palluit Eurus,

quo Mauri Gildoque ruit. quid Martia signa 505

sollicitas? non est iaculis hastisve petendus:

conscia succumbent audito verbere terga,

ut Scytha post multos rediens exercitus annos,

cum sibi servilis pro finibus obvia pubes

iret et arceret dominos tellure reversos, 510

armatam ostensis aciem fudere flagellis:

notus ab inceptis ignobile reppulit horror

vulgus et addictus sub verbere torpuit ensis.”

[177]

“What need of further words? Why, Stilicho, dost thou delay to conquer because ashamed to fight? Knowest thou not that the viler a foe the greater the rejoicing at his overthrow? His defeat of the pirates extended the fame of great Pompey; his victory in the Servile War gave an added glory to Crassus. Thou acceptest my charge: I recognize the clamour that terrified the East and drove Gildo and his Moors to their destruction. Why sound the trump of war? No need to attack him with javelin or spear. At the crack of the whip will be bowed the back that has felt its blows. Even so when after many years the Scythian army came back from the wars and was met on the confines of its native land by the usurping crowd of slaves who sought to keep their returning masters from their country; with displayed whips they routed the armed ranks; back from its enterprise the familiar terror drove the servile mob, and at threat of the lash the bondsman’s sword grew dull.”

"What more is there to say? Why, Stilicho, are you hesitating to conquer out of shame to fight? Don’t you realize that the worse the enemy, the greater the joy in their defeat? His victory over the pirates increased the fame of great Pompey; his success in the Servile War brought more glory to Crassus. You accept my challenge: I see the noise that terrified the East and led to the downfall of Gildo and his Moors. Why declare war? There’s no need to attack him with javelins or spears. At the crack of the whip, the back that has felt its blows will obey. Just like when, after many years, the Scythian army returned from battle and was met at the edge of their homeland by a rebellious crowd of slaves trying to stop their returning masters; with whips in hand, they scattered the armed ranks; the familiar terror drove the servile mob back, and under the threat of the lash, the bondsman's sword became dull."

[178]

IN EUTROPIUM

LIBER SECUNDUS. PRAEFATIO

(XIX.)

Qui modo sublimes rerum flectebat habenas

patricius, rursum verbera nota timet

et solitos tardae passurus compedis orbes

in dominos vanas luget abisse minas.

culmine deiectum vitae Fortuna priori 5

reddidit, insano iam satiata ioco.

scindere nunc alia meditatur ligna securi

fascibus et tandem vapulat ipse suis.

ille citas consul poenas se consule solvit:

annus qui trabeas hic dedit exilium. 10

infaustum populis in se quoque vertitur omen;

saevit in auctorem prodigiosus honos.

abluto penitus respirant nomine fasti

maturamque luem sanior aula vomit.

dissimulant socii coniuratique recedunt, 15

procumbit pariter cum duce tota cohors;

non acie victi, non seditione coacti;

nec pereunt ritu quo periere viri.

concidit exiguae dementia vulnere chartae;

confecit saevum littera Martis opus. 20

[179]

AGAINST EUTROPIUS

BOOK II. PREFACE

(XIX.)

The nobly born Eutropius who but lately wielded the reins of supreme power once more fears the familiar blows; and, soon to feel the wonted shackles about his halting feet, he laments that his threats against his masters have idly vanished. Fortune, having had enough of her mad freak, has thrust him forth from his high office and restored him to his old way of life. He now prepares to hew wood with axe other than the consular and is at last scourged with the rods he once proudly carried. To the punishment set in motion by him when consul he himself as consul succumbed; the year that brought him his robe of office brought him his exile. That omen of evil augury for the people turns against itself, the portent of that consulship brings ruin to the consul. That name erased, our annals breathe once more, and better health is restored to the palace now that it has at last vomited forth its poison. His friends deny him, his accomplices abandon him; in his fall is involved all the eunuch band, overcome not in battle, subdued not by strife—they may not die a man’s death. A mere stroke of the pen has wrought their undoing, a simple letter has fulfilled Mars’ savage work.

The noble-born Eutropius, who recently held the reins of power, now fears the familiar blows. Soon to feel the old shackles around his unsteady feet, he laments that his threats against his superiors have faded away. Fortune, tired of her reckless antics, has cast him out from his high position and returned him to his former life. He now prepares to chop wood with an axe that's not consular and is finally punished with the rods he once carried with pride. The punishment he set in motion as consul has come back to him; the year that gave him his robe of office also brought him exile. That bad omen for the people has turned against itself; the sign of that consulship brings ruin to the consul. With that name erased, our records breathe once again, and better health returns to the palace now that it has finally expelled its poison. His friends turn against him, his accomplices abandon him; in his downfall, all of the eunuch faction is implicated, defeated not in battle, subdued not by conflict—they cannot die a man’s death. A mere stroke of the pen has led to their downfall; a simple letter has completed Mars’ brutal work.

[180]

Mollis feminea detruditur arce tyrannus

et thalamo pulsus perdidit imperium:

sic iuvenis nutante fide veterique reducta

paelice defletam linquit arnica domum.

canitiem raram largo iam pulvere turpat 25

et lacrimis rugas implet anile gemens

suppliciterque pias humilis prostratus ad aras

mitigat iratas voce tremente nurus.

innumeri glomerantur eri sibi quisque petentes

mancipium solis utile suppliciis. 30

quamvis foedus enim mentemque obscaenior ore,

ira dabit pretium; poena meretur emi.

Quas, spado, nunc terras aut quem transibis in axem?

cingeris hinc odiis, inde recessit amor,

utraque te gemino sub sidere regia damnat: 35

Hesperius numquam, iam nec Eous eris.

miror cur, aliis qui pandere fata solebas,

ad propriam cladem caeca Sibylla taces.

iam tibi nulla videt fallax insomnia Nilus;

pervigilant vates iam, miserande, tui. 40

quid soror? audebit tecum conscendere puppim

et veniet longum per mare fida comes?

an fortasse toros eunuchi pauperis odit

et te nunc inopem dives amare negat?

eunuchi iugulum primus secuisse fateris; 45

sed tamen exemplo non feriere tuo.

vive pudor fatis. en quem tremuere tot urbes,

en cuius populi sustinuere iugum!

[181]

The unsexed tyrant has been routed from out his fastness in the women’s quarters and, driven from the bedchamber, has lost his power. Thus sadly, when her lover’s fidelity wavers and a former favourite has been recalled, does a mistress leave his house. With handfuls of dust he sprinkles his scanty hairs and floods his wrinkles with senile tears; as he lies in humble supplication before the altars of the gods his trembling voice seeks to soften the anger of the women. His countless masters gather around, each demanding back his slave, useless except for chastisement. For loathsome though he is and fouler in mind even than in face, yet the very anger they feel against him will make them pay; he is worth buying simply to punish.

The unsexed tyrant has been driven out of his hideout in the women’s quarters, and, forced from the bedroom, he has lost his power. Sadly, when her lover’s loyalty falters and a previous favorite is brought back, a mistress leaves his house. With handfuls of dust, he sprinkles his sparse hair and streams senile tears across his wrinkles; as he lies in humble plea before the altars of the gods, his trembling voice tries to ease the women’s anger. His many masters gather around, each demanding their slave back, who’s useless except for punishment. For even though he’s disgusting and has a more twisted mind than appearance, the very anger they feel towards him will make them pay; he’s worth buying just to punish.

What land or country wilt thou now visit, eunuch? Here hate surrounds thee, there thy popularity is fled; both courts have uttered thy condemnation in either half of the world; never wert thou of the West, now the East repudiates thee too. I marvel that thou, blind Sibyl,[102] who foretold’st the fates of others, art silent about thine own. No longer does fallacious Nile interpret thy dreams; no longer, poor wretch, do thy prophets see visions. What doth thy sister? Will she dare to embark with thee and bear thee faithful company over the distant seas? Mayhap she scorns the couch of an impoverished eunuch, and now that she herself is rich will not love thee who now art poor. Thou dost confess thou wert the first to cut a eunuch’s throat, but the example will not secure thine own death. Live on that destiny may blush. Lo! this is he whom so many cities have held in awe, whose yoke so many peoples have borne. Why lament the loss of that

What land or country are you going to visit now, eunuch? Here, hate surrounds you, and there, your popularity has vanished; both courts have condemned you in both halves of the world. You were never part of the West, and now the East has rejected you too. I’m amazed that you, blind Sibyl,[102] who predicted the fates of others, are silent about your own. The deceptive Nile no longer interprets your dreams; no longer, poor wretch, do your prophets have visions. What about your sister? Will she dare to join you and remain loyal as you travel across the distant seas? Maybe she looks down on the bed of a poor eunuch, and now that she’s wealthy herself, she won’t love you because you are no longer rich. You admit you were the first to cut a eunuch’s throat, but that example won’t save you from dying. Live on, so that destiny can be embarrassed. Look! This is the one whom so many cities have respected, whose rule so many people have endured. Why mourn the loss of that

[102] Claudian calls Eutropius the Sibyl because both were “old women.” He is referring to Eutropius’ consultation of the Egyptian oracle; cf. In Eutrop. i. 312 and note.

[102] Claudian refers to Eutropius as the Sibyl because they were both “old women.” He is talking about Eutropius consulting the Egyptian oracle; cf. In Eutrop. i. 312 and note.

[182]

direptas quid plangis opes, quas natus habebit?

non aliter poteras principis esse pater. 50

improbe, quid pulsas muliebribus astra querellis,

quod tibi sub Cypri litore parta quies?

omnia barbarico per te concussa tumultu.

crede mihi, terra tutius aequor erit.

Iam non Armenios iaculis terrebis et arcu, 55

per campos volucrem non agitabis equum;

dilecto caruit Byzantius ore senatus;

curia consiliis aestuat orba tuis:

emeritam suspende togam, suspende pharetram;

ad Veneris partes ingeniumque redi. 60

non bene Gradivo lenonia dextera servit.

suscipiet famulum te Cytherea libens.

insula laeta choris, blandorum mater Amorum:

nulla pudicitiae cura placere potest.

prospectant Paphiae celsa de rupe puellae 65

sollicitae, salvam dum ferat unda ratem.

sed vereor, teneant ne te Tritones in alto

lascivas doctum fallere Nereidas,

aut idem cupiant pelago te mergere venti,

Gildonis nuper qui tenuere fugam. 70

inclita captivo memoratur Tabraca Mauro,

naufragio Cyprus sit memoranda tuo.

vecturum moriens frustra delphina vocabis;

ad terram solos devehit ille viros.

quisquis adhue similes eunuchus tendit in actus, 75

respiciens Cyprum desinat esse ferox.

[183]

wealth thy son shall inherit? In no other way couldst thou have been father to an emperor.[103] Why insatiably weary heaven with a woman’s plaints? A haven of refuge is prepared for thee on the shores of Cyprus. Thou hast plunged the world in war with barbary; the sea, believe me, is safer than the land.

wealth your son will inherit? There’s no other way you could have been the father of an emperor.[103] Why keep bothering heaven with a woman’s complaints? A safe haven has been prepared for you on the shores of Cyprus. You’ve thrown the world into war with the barbarians; trust me, the sea is safer than the land.

No longer wilt thou strike terror into the Armenians with javelin and bow, no more scour the plain on thy fleet charger. The senate of Byzantium has been deprived of thy loved voice; uncertainty holds the august assembly that is now deprived of thy counsels. Hang up thy toga, retired consul; hang up thy quiver, veteran soldier; return to Venus’ service; that is thy true calling. The pander’s hand knows not to serve Mars featly; Cytherea will right gladly take back her slave. Dancing fills the island of Cyprus, home of the happy loves; there purity commands no respect. Paphian maidens gaze forth from the high cliffs, anxious till the wave has brought thy bark safe to land. Yet fear I lest the Tritons detain thee in the deep to teach them how they may seduce the sportive Nereids, or that those same winds which hindered Gildo’s flight may seek to drown thee in the sea. Tabraca owes its fame to the overthrow of the Moor; may Cyprus win prestige from thy shipwreck. In vain will thy last breath be spent in calling on the dolphin to carry thee to shore: his back bears only men.[104] Hereafter should any eunuch attempt to emulate thine actions let him turn his eye towards Cyprus and abate his pride.

You will no longer instill fear in the Armenians with your javelin and bow, nor will you ride across the plains on your swift horse. The Byzantine Senate has lost your beloved voice; uncertainty grips the esteemed assembly now lacking your counsel. Hang up your toga, retired consul; put away your quiver, veteran soldier; return to the service of Venus; that is your true calling. A pander’s hand cannot serve Mars skillfully; Cytherea will gladly take back her slave. The island of Cyprus is filled with dancing, the home of happy loves; there, purity commands no respect. Paphian maidens look out from the high cliffs, anxious until the waves bring your ship safely to shore. Yet I fear the Tritons might keep you in the depths to teach them how to seduce the playful Nereids, or that the same winds that hindered Gildo’s flight may seek to drown you in the sea. Tabraca is famous for the defeat of the Moor; may Cyprus gain prestige from your shipwreck. In vain will your last breath be spent calling on the dolphin to carry you to shore: its back only supports men.[104] From now on, if any eunuch attempts to imitate your actions, let him look to Cyprus and humble his pride.

[103] Eutropius had been raised by Arcadius to the highest of all ranks, that of Patrician. These patricii were called the “fathers” of the Emperor. Hence Eutropius, a patrician, left (i.e. forfeited) his property on his banishment to Cyprus to his “son” Arcadius.

[103] Eutropius had been elevated by Arcadius to the highest rank, that of Patrician. These patricii were referred to as the “fathers” of the Emperor. Therefore, Eutropius, being a patrician, gave up his property when he was exiled to Cyprus to his “son” Arcadius.

[104] A reference to the rescue of Arion by the dolphin.

[104] A mention of how the dolphin saved Arion.

[184]

IN EUTROPIUM

LIBER II.

(XX.)

Mygdonii cineres et si quid restat Eoi,

quod pereat, regni: certe non augure falso

prodigii patuere minae, frustraque peracto

vulnere monstriferi praesagia discitis anni.

cautior ante tamen violentum navita Caurum 5

prospicit et tumidae subducit vela procellae.

quid iuvat errorem mersa iam puppe fateri?

quid lacrimae delicta levant? stant omina vestri

consulis: inmotis haesere piacula fatis.

tunc decuit sentire nefas, tunc ire recentes 10

detersum maculas. veteri post obruta morbo

corpora Paeonias nequiquam admoveris herbas.

ulcera possessis alte suffusa medullis

non leviore manu, ferro sanantur et igni,

ne noceat frustra mox eruptura cicatrix. 15

ad vivum penetrant flammae, quo funditus umor

defluat et vacuis corrupto sanguine venis

[185]

AGAINST EUTROPIUS

BOOK II

(XX.)

Ashes of Phrygia and you last remnants of the ruined East (if any such remain), the augury was but too true, too clear the threats of heaven: now that the blow has fallen what use to learn the presagings of this year of portents? The sailor is more cautious; he foresees the violence of the North wind and hauls in his canvas before the swelling storm. Of what avail to acknowledge a mistake when his vessel is already sunk? Can tears extenuate a crime? The sinister auspices of your consul live on; the atonement due to unmoved fate remains fixed. Ere the deed was done you should have realized its horror; you should have erased the blot ere it had dried. When the body is overwhelmed by long-standing disease ’tis all in vain that thou makest use of healing medicines. When an ulcer has penetrated to the marrow of the bones the touch of a hand is useless, steel and fire must sane the place that the wound heal not on the surface, like any moment to re-open. The flame must penetrate to the quick to make a way for the foul humours to escape; in order that, once the veins are emptied of corrupted blood, the

Ashes of Phrygia and you, the last remnants of the ruined East (if any still exist), the omens were all too true, the warnings from above were very clear: now that the blow has struck, what’s the point of understanding the signs from this year full of omens? The sailor is more cautious; he sees the fury of the North wind coming and takes in his sails before the storm hits. What good is it to admit a mistake when his ship has already sunk? Can tears lessen a crime? The ominous signs of your consul live on; the atonement owed to unyielding fate is still unchanged. Before the act was carried out, you should have realized its horror; you should have wiped away the stain before it dried. When the body is overwhelmed by a long-standing illness, it’s pointless to use healing remedies. When a sore has reached the bone, a gentle touch is useless; steel and fire must cleanse the area so that the wound doesn’t just heal on the surface, only to open again at any moment. The flame must reach the core to create an escape for the bad humors; so that, once the veins are cleared of tainted blood, the

[186]

arescat fons ipse mali; truncatur et artus,

ut liceat reliquis securum degere membris.

at vos egregie purgatam creditis aulam, 20

Eutropium si Cyprus habet? vindictaque mundi

semivir exul erit? qui vos lustrare valebit

oceanus? tantum facinus quae diluet aetas?

Induerat necdum trabeas: mugitus ab axe

redditus inferno, rabies arcana cavernas 25

vibrat et alterno confligunt culmina lapsu.

bacchatus per operta tremor Calchedona movit

pronus et in geminas nutavit Bosphorus urbes.

concurrere freti fauces, radice revulsa

vitant instabilem rursum Symplegada nautae. 30

scilicet haec Stygiae praemittunt signa sorores

et sibi iam tradi populos hoc consule gaudent.

mox oritur diversa lues: hinc Mulciber ignes

sparserat, hinc victa proruperat obice Nereus;

haec flagrant, haec tecta natant. quam, numina,

poenam 35

servatis sceleri, cuius tot cladibus omen

constitit? incumbas utinam, Neptune, tridenti

pollutumque solum toto cum crimine mergas.

unam pro mundo Furiis concedimus urbem. 39

Utque semel patuit monstris iter, omnia tempus

nacta suum properant: nasci tum decolor imber

infantumque novi vultus et dissona partu

semina, tum lapidum fletus armentaque vulgo

ausa loqui mediisque ferae se credere muris;

tum vates sine more rapi lymphataque passim 45

[187]

fountain-head of the evil may be dried up. Nay, even limbs are amputated to assure the healthy life of the rest of the body. Think you the Court fitly cleansed by Eutropius’ exile in Cyprus? The world avenged by the banishment of a eunuch? Can any ocean wash away that stain? any age bring forgetfulness of so great a crime?

fountain-head of the evil may be dried up. No, even limbs are amputated to ensure the healthy life of the rest of the body. Do you think the Court is suitably cleansed by Eutropius’ exile in Cyprus? Is the world avenged by the banishment of a eunuch? Can any ocean wash away that stain? Can any age bring forgetfulness of such a great crime?

Ere yet he had donned the consul’s robe there came a rumbling from the bowels of the earth; a hidden madness shook the subterranean caverns and buildings crashed one on another. Chalcedon, shaken to the foundations, tottered like a drunken man, and Bosporus, straying from his course, flooded the cities on his either bank. The shores of the strait came together and the sailors once more had to avoid the Clashing Rocks, torn from their foundation and errant. Surely such presages were sent by the sister deities of Styx, rejoicing that under this consul at last all peoples were delivered into their hands. Soon arose divers forms of ruin: here the fire-god spread his flames; there Nereus, god of the sea, brake his bounds. Here men’s homes were burned, there flooded. Ye gods, what punishment do ye hold in store for the scoundrel whose rise to power was marked by such portents? O’ercome us, Neptune, with thy trident and overwhelm our defiled soil along with all the guilt. One city we yield to the Furies, a scapegoat for the sins of the world.

Before he even put on the consul’s robe, a rumbling came from deep within the earth; a hidden madness shook the underground caverns, and buildings collapsed on top of one another. Chalcedon, shaken to its core, swayed like a drunk person, and the Bosporus, veering off its path, flooded the cities on both sides. The shores of the strait closed in, and once again, sailors had to steer clear of the Clashing Rocks, pulled from their base and wandering. Surely these omens were sent by the sister deities of Styx, celebrating that under this consul, all peoples were finally in their grasp. Soon various forms of destruction arose: here the fire god unleashed his flames; there Nereus, the sea god, broke free from his confines. Here homes were burned, there they were flooded. O gods, what punishment do you have in store for the scoundrel whose rise to power was marked by such warnings? Overwhelm us, Neptune, with your trident and inundate our tainted land along with all its guilt. One city we surrender to the Furies, a scapegoat for the sins of the world.

Once the way was open for portents, prodigies of every sort hasted to disclose themselves. Rain of blood fell, children of weird form were born and offspring discordant with their breed. Statues wept, not seldom the herds dared to speak, and wild beasts braved an entrance into the city. Then seers raved

Once the path was clear for signs, marvels of every kind rushed to reveal themselves. Blood rained down, children with strange appearances were born, and offspring that clashed with their lineage appeared. Statues wept, herds occasionally dared to speak, and wild animals boldly entered the city. Then, the seers went wild.

[188]

pectora terrifici stimulis ignescere Phoebi.

fac nullos cecinisse deos: adeone retusi

quisquam cordis erit, dubitet qui partibus illis

adfore fatalem castrati consulis annum?

sed quam caecus inest vitiis amor! omne futurum 50

despicitur suadentque brevem praesentia fructum

et ruit in vetitum damni secura libido,

dum mora supplicii lucro serumque quod instat

creditur, haud equidem contra tot signa Camillo

detulerim fasces, nedum (pro sexus!) inerti 55

mancipio, cui, cuncta licet responsa iuberent

hortantesque licet sponderent prospera divi,

turpe fuit cessisse viros.

Exquirite retro

crimina continui lectis annalibus aevi,

prisca recensitis evolvite saecula fastis: 60

quid senis infandi Capreae, quid scaena Neronis

tale ferunt? spado Romuleo succinctus amictu

sedit in Augustis laribus. vulgata patebat

aula salutantum studiis; huc plebe senatus

permixta trepidique duces omnisque potestas 65

confluit. advolvi genibus, contingere dextram

ambitus et votum deformibus oscula rugis

figere. praesidium legum genitorque vocatur

principis et famulum dignatur regia patrem.

posteritas, admitte fidem: monumenta petuntur 70

dedecoris multisque gemunt incudibus aera

formatura nefas. haec iudicis, ilia togati,

[189]

strangely and frenzied hearts were everywhere ablaze, stirred by the fires of the dread god Phoebus. Yet even had no god warned us, whose mind shall be so dull as to doubt that the year of an emasculate consul must be fatal to those lands? Blind folly ever accompanies crime; of the future no account is taken; sufficient for the day is its short-lived pleasure; heedless of loss passion plunges into forbidden joys, counting the postponement of punishment a gain and believing distant the retribution that even now o’erhangs. In face of such portents I would not have entrusted Camillus’ self with the fasces, let alone a sexless slave (oh! the shame of it!), to yield it to whom were, for men, a disgrace, even though every oracle decreed it, and the insistent deities gave pledges of prosperity.

strangely and frenzied hearts were everywhere ablaze, stirred by the fires of the dreaded god Phoebus. Yet even if no god had warned us, who could be so dull as to doubt that the year of a powerless consul must be disastrous for those lands? Blind folly always accompanies crime; the future is ignored; enough for the day is its fleeting pleasure; heedless of loss, passion dives into forbidden joys, seeing the delay of punishment as a win and believing the retribution that even now looms overhead is far off. In light of such signs I would not have entrusted even Camillus himself with the fasces, let alone a genderless servant (oh! the shame of it!), to give it to whom would be, for men, a disgrace, even if every oracle declared it, and the persistent gods promised prosperity.

Look back in the annals of crime, read o’er all past history, unroll the volumes of Rome’s story. What can the Capri of Tiberius’ old age, what can Nero’s theatre offer like to this?[105] A eunuch, clad in the cloak of Romulus, sat within the house of the emperors; the staled palace lay open to the eager throng of visitors; hither hasten senators, mingling with the populace, anxious generals and magistrates of every degree; all are fain to be the first to fall at his feet and to touch his hand; the prayer of all is to set kisses on those hideous wrinkles. He is called defender of the laws, father of the emperor, and the court deigns to acknowledge a slave as its overlord. Ye who come after, acknowledge that it is true! Men must needs erect monuments to celebrate this infamy; on many an anvil groans the bronze that is to take upon it the form of this monster. Here gleams his statue as a judge,

Look back through the history of crime, read over all past events, and unfold the narratives of Rome's past. What can Tiberius' Capri in his old age, or Nero’s theater, compare to this? [105] A eunuch, dressed in the cloak of Romulus, sat in the emperors’ palace; the long-abandoned palace stood open to the eager crowd of visitors; here come senators, mingling with the common people, anxious generals, and officials of every rank; all are eager to be the first to bow at his feet and touch his hand; everyone's wish is to kiss those grotesque wrinkles. He’s called defender of the laws, father of the emperor, and the court even recognizes a slave as its master. You who come after, recognize that this is true! People must build monuments to celebrate this disgrace; on many a forge, bronze groans as it takes on the shape of this monster. Here shines his statue as a judge,

[105] Suetonius draws a lurid (and probably exaggerated) picture of the debaucheries of Tiberius’ old age at Capri. The same author describes the “scaena Neronis.” The curious may find the account in Suet, Nero, xxix.

[105] Suetonius paints a shocking (and likely exaggerated) portrayal of the excesses of Tiberius' later years in Capri. The same author discusses the “scaena Neronis.” Those interested can find the account in Suet, Nero, xxix.

[190]

haec nitet armati species; numerosus ubique

fulget eques: praefert eunuchi curia vultus.

ac veluti caveant ne quo consistere virtus 75

possit pura loco, cunctas hoc ore laborant

incestare vias. maneant inmota precamur

certaque perpetui sint argumenta pudoris.

subter adulantes tituli nimiaeque leguntur

vel maribus laudes: claro quod nobilis ortu 80

(cum vivant domini!), quod maxima proelia solus

impleat (et patitur miles!), quod tertius urbis

conditor (hoc Byzas Constantinusque videbant!).

inter quae tumidus leno producere cenas

in lucem, foetere mero, dispergere plausum 85

empturas in vulgus opes, totosque theatris

indulgere dies, alieni prodigus auri.

at soror et, si quid portentis creditur, uxor

mulcebat matres epulis et more pudicae

coniugis eunuchi celebrabat vota mariti. 90

hanc amat, hanc summa de re vel pace vel armis

consulit, huic curas et clausa palatia mandat

ceu stabulum vacuamque domum. sic magna tueri

regna nihil, patiensque iugi deluditur orbis?

Mitior alternum Zephyri iam bruma teporem 95

senserat et primi laxabant germina flores,

iamque iter in gremio pacis sollemne parabant

ad muros, Ancyra, tuos, auctore repertum

Eutropio, pelagi ne taedia longa subirent,

[191]

there as a consul, there as a warrior. On every side one sees that figure of his mounted on his horse; before the very doors of the senate-house behold a eunuch’s countenance. As though to rob virtue of any place where she might sojourn undefiled, men labour to befoul every street with this vile image. May they rest for ever undisturbed, indisputable proofs of our eternal shame; such is my prayer. Beneath the statues one reads flattering titles and praises too great even for men. Do they tell of his noble race and lineage while his owners are still alive? What soldier brooks to read that single-handed he, Eutropius, won great battles? Are Byzas [106] and Constantine to be told that he is the third founder of Rome? Meanwhile the arrogant pander prolongs his revels till the dawn, stinking of wine and scattering money amid the crowd to buy their applause. He spends whole days of amusement in the theatres, prodigal of another’s money. But his sister and spouse (if such a prodigy can be conceived) wins the favour of Rome’s matrons by entertainments, and, like a chaste wife, sings the praises of her eunuch husband. ’Tis her he loves, her he consults on all matters of importance, be it of peace or war, to her care he entrusts the keys of the palace, as one would of a stable or empty house. Is the guardianship of a mighty empire thus naught? Is it thus he makes a mockery of a world’s obedience?

there as a consul, there as a warrior. Everywhere you look, you see his figure mounted on his horse; right outside the senate house, there's the face of a eunuch. It's like men are trying to taint every street with this disgusting image to take away any place where virtue can remain unspoiled. May they forever be left undisturbed, undeniable evidence of our eternal shame; that’s my wish. Beneath the statues, you read flattering titles and praises that are too much even for men. Do they boast of his noble birth while his owners are still alive? What soldier can stand to read that he, Eutropius, won great battles all by himself? Are Byzas [106] and Constantine to be told that he is the third founder of Rome? Meanwhile, the arrogant pander continues his partying until dawn, reeking of wine and tossing money into the crowd to buy their cheers. He spends entire days enjoying the theaters, squandering someone else's cash. But his sister and wife (if such a bizarre thing can be imagined) gains the support of Rome’s women through her entertainment, and, like a virtuous wife, sings the praises of her eunuch husband. It’s she whom he loves, she whom he consults on all important matters, whether it be war or peace, and to her he entrusts the keys of the palace, just like one would to a stable or an empty house. Is the responsibility of a mighty empire really worth so little? Is this how he mocks the obedience of the world?

Winter, passing into spring, had now felt the returning warmth of Zephyrus’ breezes and the earliest flowers had oped their buds when, in the lap of peace, they were preparing the annual journey to thy walls, Ancyra. ’Twas Eutropius’ device that weariness of the sea [107] might not come upon him,

Winter, transitioning into spring, had started to feel the returning warmth of Zephyrus’ breezes, and the first flowers had opened their buds when, in a time of peace, they were getting ready for the annual journey to your walls, Ancyra. It was Eutropius’ plan that the weariness of the sea [107] wouldn’t affect him,

[106] Mythical founder of Byzantium (= Constantinople): said to have been contemporaneous with the Argonauts (Diod. iv. 49. 1).

[106] Mythical founder of Byzantium (= Constantinople): said to have lived at the same time as the Argonauts (Diod. iv. 49. 1).

[107] i.e. to prevent his being bored with the view of the Bosporus.

[107] i.e. to keep him from being bored by the view of the Bosporus.

[192]

sed vaga lascivis flueret discursibus aestas: 100

unde tamen tanta sublimes mole redibant,

ceu vinctos traherent Medos Indumque bibissent.

ecce autem flavis Gradivus ab usque Gelonis

arva cruentato repetebat Thracia curru:

subsidunt Pangaea rotis altaeque sonoro 105

stridunt axe nives. ut vertice constitit Haemi

femineasque togas pressis conspexit habenis,

subrisit cradele pater cristisque micantem

quassavit galeam; tunc implacabile numen

Bellonam adloquitur, quae sanguine sordida vestem

Illyricis pingues pectebat stragibus hydros: 111

“Necdum mollitiae, necdum, germana, mederi

possumus Eoae? numquam corrupta rigescent

saecula? Cappadocum tepidis Argaeus acervis

aestuat; infelix etiamnum pallet Orontes. 115

dum pereunt, meminere mali; si corda parumper

respirare sinas, nullo tot funera sensu

praetereunt: antiqua levis iactura cruoris!

“Adspicis obscaenum facinus? quid crinibus ora

protegis? en quales sese diffudit in actus 120

parva quies, quantum nocuerunt otia ferri!

qui caruit bellis, eunucho traditur annus.

actum de trabeis esset, si partibus una

mens foret Hesperiis; rueret derisa vetustas

nullaque calcati starent vestigia iuris, 125

ni memor imperii Stilicho morumque priorum

turpe relegasset defenso Thybride nomen

[193]

but a roaming summer might slide away in pleasure journeys. But so magnificent was their return, you would have imagined they brought conquered Persia in their train and had drunk of the waters of Indus. Look you! Mars, returning from the distant lands of the yellow-haired Geloni, was re-seeking the lands of Thrace in his bloody chariot. Pangaeus subsided beneath his wheels, the mountain snows cried out under his sounding axle. Scarce had the father stayed on Haemus’ summit and, reining in his coursers, looked upon the toga-clad woman, when he smiled a cruel smile and shook his gleaming crested helm; then he addressed Bellona, implacable goddess, who, her raiment all stained with blood, was combing her snake-hair, fattened on the slaughter of Illyrians.

but a wandering summer might slip away in joyful travels. But their return was so incredible that you would think they had brought back conquered Persia with them and had drunk from the waters of the Indus. Look! Mars, returning from the faraway lands of the fair-haired Geloni, was looking for the lands of Thrace in his bloody chariot. Pangaeus gave way beneath his wheels, the mountain snows cried out under his thundering axle. Hardly had the father paused on Haemus’ peak and, pulling in his horses, looked at the woman in a toga, when he smiled a cruel smile and shook his shining helmet adorned with crest; then he spoke to Bellona, the relentless goddess, who, her clothes all stained with blood, was combing her snake-hair, nourished by the bloodshed of Illyrians.

“Sister, shall we never succeed in curing the East of effeminacy? Will this corrupt age never learn true manliness? Argaeus yet reeks with those heaps of dead Cappadocians not yet cold; Orontes is still pale from misery. But they only remember evil while they suffer it; give them a moment’s respite and all their slaughter fades from their minds unfelt; little they reck of bloodshed that is past.

“Sister, will we never manage to rid the East of its weakness? Will this corrupt age never understand what true manliness is? Argaeus is still stinking from the piles of dead Cappadocians that aren't even cold yet; Orontes is still pale from suffering. But they only remember the bad as long as they’re feeling it; give them a brief break and all their violence fades from their minds as if it never happened; they care very little for the bloodshed that's already done.”

“Seest thou this foul deed? Why veil thy face with thine hair? See what crimes a short spell of peace has wrought! what a curse has the sheathèd sword proved! The year that has known no war has had a eunuch for its consul. The consulship would have been at an end had a like spirit animated Italy; this age-long office had fallen amid mockery and no traces been left of its trampled rights, had not Stilicho, heedful of the empire and of the character and morals of a past age, banished from Tiber’s city

“Do you see this awful act? Why are you hiding your face with your hair? Look at the crimes that a brief moment of peace has caused! What a curse has the hidden sword been! The year without war has had a eunuch as its consul. The consulship would have ended if Italy had shared the same spirit; this long-standing office would have disappeared in ridicule, leaving no trace of its violated rights, if not for Stilicho, who, mindful of the empire and the values and morals of the past, drove away from the city by the Tiber.”

[194]

intactamque novo servasset crimine Romam.

ille dedit portum, quo se pulsata referret

maiestas Latii deformataeque secures; 130

ille dedit fastos, ad quos Oriente relicto

confugeret sparsum maculis servilibus aevum.

“Quam similes haec aula viros! ad moenia visus

dirige: num saltem tacita formidine mussant?

num damnant animo? plaudentem cerne senatum 135

et Byzantinos proceres Graiosque Quirites.

o patribus plebes, o digni consule patres!

quid? quod et armati cessant et nulla virilis

inter tot gladios sexum reminiscitur ira?

hucine nostrorum cinctus abiere nepotum? 140

sic Bruti despectus honos?

“Ignosce parenti,

Romule, quod serus temeratis fascibus ultor

advenio: iamiam largis haec gaudia faxo

compensent lacrimis. quid dudum inflare moraris

Tartaream, Bellona, tubam, quid stringere falcem, 145

qua populos a stirpe metis? molire tumultus,

excute delicias. Thracum Macetumque ruinae

taedet et in gentes iterum saevire sepultas.

damna minus consueta move; trans aequora saevas

verte faces; aliis exordia sume rapinis. 150

non tibi Riphaeis hostis quaerendus ab oris,

non per Caucasias accito turbine valles

est opus. Ostrogothis colitur mixtisque Gruthungis

Phryx ager: hos parvae poterunt impellere causae

[195]

this shameful name and kept Rome unsullied by an unheard of crime. He has given us a harbour to which the exiled majesty of Latium and the disgraced fasces might retire; he has given us annals wherein, abandoning the East, an age polluted with servile stains might find a refuge.

this shameful name kept Rome pure from an unheard-of crime. He has provided us a harbor where the exiled majesty of Latium and the disgraced powers could take refuge; he has given us records in which, turning away from the East, an era tarnished by servile stains might find safety.

“How like to its lord the inhabitants of the palace! Turn your eyes to the city walls. Surely they at least mutter disapprobation, though fear forbids them speak out? Do they not condemn him in their hearts? No: list the plaudits of the senate, of the lords of Byzantium, of the Grecian citizens of Rome. O people worthy of such a senate, senate worthy of such a consul! To think that all these bear arms and use them not, that manly indignation reminds not of their sex those many whose thighs bear a sword! Has my descendants’ robe of office sunk so low? Is Brutus’ renown thus brought to scorn?

“How much like its ruler are the people of the palace! Look over at the city walls. Surely, they at least whisper their disapproval, even if fear keeps them silent? Don’t they condemn him in their hearts? No: listen to the praises of the senate, the lords of Byzantium, and the Greek citizens of Rome. Oh, a people deserving of such a senate, a senate deserving of such a consul! To think that all of them bear arms yet do not use them, that their manly indignation does not remind those who wield a sword of their duty! Has my descendants’ robe of office fallen so low? Is Brutus’ fame really brought to disgrace?

“Romulus, forgive thy sire for coming so tardy an avenger of those outraged fasces. Right soon will I make them pay for this joy with liberal tears. Why delayest thou, Bellona, to sound the trumpet of hell and to arm thyself with the scythe wherewith thou mowest the people to the ground? Foment discord, banish pleasures. I am aweary of the devastation of Thrace and Macedon, of vengeance twice wreaked on races already buried. Arouse less accustomed destruction; spread fire and sword beyond the seas, make a beginning of new devastation. Seek not now thy foe on Riphaeus’ heights: what boots it to rouse the storm of war amid Caucasia’s ravines? Ostrogoths and Gruthungi together inhabit the land of Phrygia; ’twill need but a touch

“Romulus, forgive your father for being such a late avenger of those wronged fasces. I will make them pay for this joy with plenty of tears soon enough. Why are you waiting, Bellona, to sound the trumpet of hell and to arm yourself with the scythe that you use to mow down the people? Stir up conflict, banish pleasures. I’m tired of the destruction in Thrace and Macedonia, of revenge taken twice on races that are already gone. Bring forth new destruction; spread fire and sword across the seas, start a new wave of devastation. Don’t search for your enemy in the heights of Riphaeus: what’s the point in raising the storm of war in the ravines of Caucasia? The Ostrogoths and Gruthungi live together in the land of Phrygia; it will only take a touch."

[196]

in scelus; ad mores facilis natura reverti. 155

sic eat: in nostro quando iam milite robur

torpuit et molli didicit parere magistro,

vindicet Arctous violatas advena leges;

barbara Romano succurrant arma pudori.”

Sic fatus clipeo, quantum vix ipse deorum 160

arbiter infesto cum percutit aegida nimbo,

intonuit. responsat Athos Haemusque remugit;

ingeminat raucum Rhodope concussa fragorem.

cornua cana gelu mirantibus extulit undis

Hebrus et exanguem glacie timor adligat Histrum. 165

tunc, adamante gravem nodisque rigentibus hastam,

telum ingens nullique deo iaculabile, torsit.

fit late ruptis via nubibus; ilia per auras

tot freta, tot montes uno contenta volatu

transilit et Phrygiae mediis adfigitur arvis. 170

sensit humus; gemuit Nysaeo palmite felix

Hermus et aurata Pactolus inhorruit urna

totaque summissis fleverunt Dindyma silvis.

Nec dea praemissae stridorem segnius hastae

consequitur, centumque vias meditata nocendi 175

tandem Tarbigilum (Geticae dux improbus alae [108]

hic erat) adgreditur. viso tum forte redibat

Eutropio vacuus donis, feritasque dolore

creverat et, teneris etiam quae crimina suadet

[108] alae Rubenus; MSS. (followed by Birt) have aulae.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ alae Rubenus; MSS. (followed by Birt) have aulae.

[197]

to precipitate them into revolt; readily does nature return to her old ways. So be it. Since our soldiers’ valour is numbed and they have learned to obey an unmanned master, let a stranger from the north avenge our outraged laws and barbarian arms bring relief to disgraced Rome.”

to push them into rebellion; nature quickly goes back to her old habits. So be it. Since our soldiers' courage is dulled and they’ve learned to follow a master without strength, let someone from the north take revenge for our violated laws and savage weapons bring relief to ashamed Rome.”

So spake he and thundered with his shield nigh as loud as the ruler of the gods when he shakes his aegis from out the lowering cloud. Athos replies, Haemus re-echoes; again and again shaken Rhodope repeats the hoarse uproar. Hebrus raised from out the wondering waters his horns hoary with frost, and bloodless Ister froze in fear. Then the god cast his javelin,[109] heavy with steel, and stiff with knotted shaft, a mighty weapon such as none other god could wield. The clouds part before its onset and give it free passage; through the air it speeds o’er seas and mountains by one mighty cast and comes to earth amid the plains of Phrygia. The ground felt the shock; Hermus blessed with Dionysus’ vines groaned thereat, Pactolus’ golden urn shuddered, all Dindymus bent his forest fleece and wept.

So he spoke and thundered with his shield almost as loudly as the king of the gods when he shakes his aegis from the dark clouds. Athos replies, and Haemus echoes back; again and again, the shaken Rhodope repeats the harsh roar. Hebrus rises from the astonished waters with his frost-covered horns, and the bloodless Ister freezes in fear. Then the god threw his javelin,[109] heavy with steel and rigid with a knotted shaft, a powerful weapon that no other god could handle. The clouds parted before its approach, giving it a clear path; it sped through the air over seas and mountains with one tremendous throw and landed on the plains of Phrygia. The ground felt the impact; Hermus, blessed with Dionysus’ vines, groaned, Pactolus’ golden urn trembled, and all of Dindymus bowed his forest foliage and wept.

Bellona, too, hastens forth with speed no less than that of Mars’ whistling spear; a hundred ways of hurt she pondered and at last approached Tarbigilus,[110] fierce leader of the Getic squadron. It chanced he had but late returned with empty hands from a visit to Eutropius; disappointment and indignation aggravated his ferocity, and poverty, that can incite

Bellona also rushed forward just as quickly as Mars' whistling spear; she thought of a hundred ways to cause pain and eventually approached Tarbigilus,[110] the fierce leader of the Getic squadron. It happened that he had just returned empty-handed from a visit to Eutropius; disappointment and anger intensified his ferocity, and poverty, which can provoke

[109] Alluding to the Roman custom of casting a spear as a sign of the declaration of war; cf. Ovid, Fasti, vi. 207—

[109] Referring to the Roman practice of throwing a spear to signal the declaration of war; cf. Ovid, Fasti, vi. 207—

Hinc solet hasta manu belli praenuntia mitti

In regem et gentes cum placet arma capi.

[110] Tarbigilus seems to have belonged to the nation of the Gruthungi. The exact form of his name is a matter of uncertainty. The MSS. vary: Zosimus (v. 13. 2) calls him Τριβίγιλδος. His revolt in Phrygia (cf. ll. 274, etc.) took place in 399.

[110] Tarbigilus seems to have been part of the Gruthungi nation. The exact spelling of his name is unclear. The Manuscripts. differ: Zosimus (v. 13. 2) refers to him as Τριβίγιλδος. His revolt in Phrygia (cf. ll. 274, etc.) happened in 399.

[198]

ingeniis, Scythicum pectus flammabat egestas. 180

huic sese vultu simulatae coniugis offert

mentitoque ferox incedit barbara gressu,

carbaseos induta sinus: post terga reductas

uberibus propior mordebat fibula vestes,

inque orbem tereti mitra retinente capillum 185

strinxerat et virides flavescere iusserat angues.

advolat ac niveis reducem complectitur ulnis

infunditque animo furiale per oscula virus.

principe quam largo veniat, quas inde reportet

divitias, astu rabiem motura requirit. 190

ille iter ingratum, vanos deflere labores,

quos super eunuchi fastus, quae probra tulisset.

continuo secat ungue genas et tempore pandit

adrepto gemitus:

“I nunc, devotus aratris

scinde solum positoque tuos mucrone sodales 195

ad rastros sudare doce. bene rura Gruthungus

excolet et certo disponet sidere vites.

felices aliae, quas debellata maritis

oppida, quas magnis quaesitae viribus ornant

exuviae, quibus Argivae pulchraeque ministrant 200

Thessalides, famulas et quae meruere Lacaenas.

me nimium timido, nimium iunxere remisso

fata viro, totum qui degener exuit Histrum,

qui refugit patriae ritus, quem detinet aequi

gloria concessoque cupit vixisse colonus 205

quam dominus rapto. quid pulchra vocabula pigris

[199]

the gentlest heart to crime, inflamed his savage breast. Taking upon her the similitude of his wife she comes to meet him; proudly she steps forth like the barbarian queen, clothed in linen raiment. Close to her breast a brooch fastened her dress that trailed behind her; she had bound her locks into a coil that a polished circlet confined, and bidden her green snakes turn to gold. She hastens to greet him on his return and throws her snowy arms about his neck, instilling the poison of the furies into his soul by her kisses. Guilefully to stir his rage she asks if the great man has been generous to him; if he brings back rich presents. With tears he recounts his profitless journey, his useless toil, the pride and insults, moreover, which he had to bear at the eunuch’s hands. At once she seized the favourable moment, and tearing her cheek with her nails, discloses her complaints.

the gentlest heart to crime, inflamed his savage breast. Taking on the appearance of his wife, she comes to meet him; proudly, she steps forward like a barbarian queen, dressed in linen. Close to her chest, a brooch holds her dress that trails behind her; she has pulled her hair into a coil secured by a shiny circlet and commanded her green snakes to turn to gold. She hurries to greet him on his return and wraps her snowy arms around his neck, filling his soul with the poison of the furies through her kisses. In a deceitful attempt to provoke his anger, she asks if the great man has been generous to him; if he brings back valuable gifts. With tears, he recounts his fruitless journey, his pointless labor, and the pride and insults he had to endure at the eunuch’s hands. At once, she seizes the moment, tearing at her cheek with her nails, revealing her complaints.

“Go then, busy thyself with the plough, cleave the soil, bid thy followers lay aside their swords and sweat o’er the harrow. The Gruthungi will make good farmers and will plant their vines in due season. Happy those other women whose glory is seen in the towns their husbands have conquered, they whose adornment is the spoils so hardly won from an enemy, whose servants are fair captives of Argos or Thessaly, and who have won them slaves from Sparta. Fate has mated me with too timid, too indolent a husband, a degenerate who has forgotten the valour of Ister’s tribes, who deserts his country’s ways, whom a vain reputation for justice attracts, while he longs to live as a husbandman by favour rather than as a prince by plunder. Why give fair names to shameful weakness?

“Go then, get busy with the plow, break the soil, tell your followers to put down their swords and work hard at the fields. The Gruthungi will be great farmers and will plant their vines at the right time. Lucky are those other women whose pride is seen in the towns their husbands have conquered, those whose beauty comes from the spoils won with great effort from the enemy, whose servants are attractive captives from Argos or Thessaly, and who have claimed them as slaves from Sparta. Fate has paired me with a husband who is too timid, too lazy, a weakling who has forgotten the bravery of Ister’s tribes, who turns away from his country’s traditions, drawn by a false reputation for justice, while he wishes to live as a farmer by favor rather than as a leader by conquest. Why call shameful weakness by pretty names?”

[200]

praetentas vitiis? probitatis inertia nomen,

iustitiae formido subit. tolerabis iniquam

pauperiem, cum tela geras? et flebis inultus,

cum pateant tantae nullis custodibus urbes? 210

“Quippe metus poenae. pridem mos ille vigebat,

ut meritos colerent impacatisque rebelles

urgerent odiis; at nunc, qui foedera rumpit,

ditatur; qui servat, eget. vastator Achivae

gentis et Epirum nuper populates inultam 215

praesidet Illyrico; iam, quos obsedit, amicos

ingreditur muros illis responsa daturus,

quorum coniugibus potitur natosque peremit.

sic hostes punire solent, haec praemia solvunt

excidiis. cunctaris adhuc numerumque tuorum 220

respicis exiguamque manum? tu rumpe quietem;

bella dabunt socios. nec te tam prona monerem,

si contra paterere viros: nunc alter in armis

sexus et eunuchis se defensoribus orbis

credidit; hos aquilae Romanaque signa sequuntur.

incipe barbaricae tandem te reddere vitae, 226

te quoque iam timeant admirenturque nocentem,

quem sprevere pium. spoliis praedaque repletus

cum libeat Romanus eris.”

Sic fata repente

in diram se vertit avem rostroque recurvo 230

turpis et infernis tenebris obscurior alas

auspicium veteri sedit ferale sepulcro.

Ille, pavor postquam resoluto corde quievit

[201]

Cowardice is called loyalty; fear, a sense of justice. Wilt thou submit to humiliating poverty though thou bearest arms? Wilt thou weep unavenged, though so many cities open to thee their undefended gates?

Cowardice is called loyalty; fear, a sense of justice. Will you accept humiliating poverty even if you bear arms? Will you weep unavenged, even though so many cities welcome you through their unguarded gates?

“Dost thou fear the consequences? Rome’s old way was to reward merit and vent on rebels a hate that knew no bound. Now he who breaks a treaty wins riches, while he who observes one lives in want. The ravager of Achaea and recent devastator of defenceless Epirus is lord of Illyria [111]; he now enters as a friend within the walls to which he was laying siege, and administers justice to those whose wives he has seduced and whose children he has murdered. Such is the punishment meted out to an enemy, such the vengeance exacted for wholesale slaughter—and dost thou still hesitate? Hast thou regard to the small numbers of thy followers? Nay, have done with peace: war will give thee allies. Nor would I urge thee so instantly hadst thou to face men. It is another sex that is in arms against thee; the world has entrusted itself to the protection of eunuchs; ’tis such leaders the eagles and standards of Rome follow. Time it is thou didst return to a barbarian life; be thou in thy turn an object of terror, and let men marvel at thy crimes who despised thy virtues. Laden with booty and plunder thou shalt be a Roman when it pleases thee.”

“Are you afraid of the consequences? Rome used to reward merit and unleash boundless hatred on rebels. Now, the one who breaks a treaty gets rich, while the one who keeps it lives in poverty. The destroyer of Achaea and recent ravager of defenseless Epirus is the lord of Illyria [111]; he now enters as a friend to the very walls he was besieging and administers justice to those whose wives he has seduced and whose children he has killed. This is the punishment dealt to an enemy, this is the vengeance taken for mass slaughter—and do you still hesitate? Do you care about the small number of your followers? No, abandon peace: war will bring you allies. I wouldn’t urge you so strongly if you were facing men. It’s another type of opponent that is armed against you; the world has put itself under the protection of eunuchs; it’s such leaders that the eagles and standards of Rome follow. It’s time for you to return to a savage life; be a source of terror, and let people marvel at your crimes who once looked down on your virtues. Loaded with booty and plunder, you shall be a Roman whenever it suits you.”

So saying she suddenly changed into an ill-omened bird, a loathsome sight with its hooked beak and plumage blacker than Hell’s darkness, and perched, a sinister augury, on an old tomb.

So saying, she suddenly transformed into a bad omen of a bird, a disgusting sight with its hooked beak and feathers darker than Hell’s darkness, and perched, a foreboding sign, on an old tomb.

So soon as repose from terror came to his freed

So soon as the fear subsided for him after being freed

[111] Alaric was made magister militum in Illyricum: see Introduction, p. x.

[111] Alaric was appointed magister militum in Illyricum: see Introduction, p. x.

[202]

et rigidae sedere comae, non distulit atrox

iussa deae; sociis, quae viderat, ordine pandit 235

inritatque sequi. Coniurat barbara pubes

nacta ducem Latiisque palam descivit ab armis.

Pars Phrygiae, Scythicis quaecumque Trionibus alget

proxima, Bithynos, solem quae condit, Ionas,

quae levat, attingit Galatas. utrimque propinqui 240

finibus obliquis Lydi Pisidaeque feroces

continuant australe latus. gens una fuere

tot quondam populi, priscum cognomen et unum

appellata Phryges; sed (quid non longa valebit

permutare dies?) dicti post Maeona regem 245

Maeones. Aegaeos insedit Graecia portus;

Thyni Thraces arant quae nunc Bithynia fertur;

nuper ab Oceano Gallorum exercitus ingens

illis ante vagus tandem regionibus haesit

gaesaque deposuit, Graio iam mitis amictu, 250

pro Rheno poturus Halyn. dat cuncta vetustas

principium Phrygibus; nec rex Aegyptius ultra

restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers

in Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem.

Hie cecidit Libycis iactata paludibus olim 255

tibia, foedatam cum reddidit umbra Minervam,

hic et Apollinea victus testudine pastor

suspensa memores inlustrat pelle Celaenas.

[203]

heart, and his stiffened hair sank down again, he made all haste to carry out the commands of the goddess. He told his followers all that he had seen and urged them to follow him. Rebellious Barbary had found a champion and openly threw off the Latin yoke.

heart, and his stiffened hair fell back down, he quickly set out to carry out the orders of the goddess. He shared everything he had witnessed with his followers and encouraged them to join him. Rebellious Barbary had found a champion and boldly rejected the Latin rule.

That part of Phrygia which lies towards the north beneath the cold constellation of the Wain borders on Bithynia; that towards the sunset on Ionia, and that towards the sunrise on Galatia. On two sides runs the transverse boundary of Lydia while the fierce Pisidians hem it in to the south. All these peoples once formed one nation and had one name: they were of old called the Phrygians, but (what changes does time not bring about?) after the reign of a king Maeon, were known as Maeones. Then the Greeks settled on the shores of the Aegean, and the Thyni from Thrace cultivated the region now called Bithynia. Not long since a vast army of Gauls, nomad hitherto, came at last to rest in the district; these laid by their spears, clothed them in the civilized robe of Greece and drank no longer from Rhine’s, but from Halys’, waters. All antiquity gives priority to the Phrygian, even Egypt’s king had perforce to recognize it when the babe, nourished at no human breast, first opened his lips to lisp the Phrygian tongue.[112]

That part of Phrygia that lies to the north under the cold constellation of the Wain borders Bithynia; the part towards the west is on Ionia, and the part towards the east is on Galatia. On two sides, it is bordered by Lydia, while the fierce Pisidians encircle it to the south. All these people once formed a single nation and had one name: they were once called the Phrygians, but (what changes doesn’t time bring?) after the reign of King Maeon, they were known as Maeones. Then the Greeks settled along the shores of the Aegean, and the Thyni from Thrace cultivated the area now called Bithynia. Recently, a vast army of Gauls, who had been nomads, finally settled in the region; they laid down their spears, donned the civilized clothing of Greece, and drank not from the Rhine but from the waters of Halys. All of history gives priority to the Phrygian; even Egypt’s king had to acknowledge it when the infant, nurtured by no human breast, first opened his lips to speak the Phrygian language.[112]

Here fell the pipe once hurled into the marshes of Libya, what time the stream reflected Minerva’s disfigured countenance.[113] Here, too, there perished, conquered by Apollo’s lyre, the shepherd Marsyas whose flayed skin brought renown to the city of

Here fell the pipe that was once thrown into the marshes of Libya, when the stream reflected Minerva’s disfigured face.[113] Here, too, there perished, defeated by Apollo’s lyre, the shepherd Marsyas whose skinned body brought fame to the city of

[112] The reference is to Herodotus ii. 2. Psammetichus, King of Egypt, wishing to find out which was the most ancient nation, had two children reared in complete silence. As the first word they uttered was “Becos,” the Phrygian word for “bread,” Phrygia was accorded the honour.

[112] The reference is to Herodotus ii. 2. Psammetichus, King of Egypt, wanted to find out which was the oldest nation, so he had two kids raised in total silence. When they finally spoke and the first word they said was “Becos,” the Phrygian word for “bread,” Phrygia was given the title.

[113] Minerva is said to have thrown her pipe into the river when she observed in the reflection the facial contortions apparently necessary to play it; cf. Ovid, Fasti, vi. 699.

[113] Minerva is said to have tossed her pipe into the river when she saw in the reflection the facial expressions needed to play it; cf. Ovid, Fasti, vi. 699.

[204]

quattuor hinc magnis procedunt fontibus amnes

auriferi; nec miror aquas radiare metallo, 260

quae totiens lavere Midan. diversus ad Austrum

cursus et Arctoum fluviis mare. Dindyma fundunt

Sangarium, vitrei puro qui gurgite Galli

auctus Amazonii defertur ad ostia Ponti.

Icarium pelagus Mycalaeaque litora iuncti 265

Marsya Maeanderque petunt; sed Marsya velox,

dum suus est, flexuque carens iam flumine mixtus

mollitur, Maeandre, tuo; contraria passus,

quam Rhodano stimulatus Arar: quos inter aprica

planities Cererique favet densisque ligatur 270

vitibus et glaucae fructus attollit olivae,

dives equis, felix pecori pretiosaque picto

marmore purpureis, caedit quod Synnada, venis.

Talem tum Phrygiam Geticis populatibus uri

permisere dei. securas barbarus urbes 275

inrupit facilesque capi. spes nulla salutis,

nulla fugae: putribus iam propugnacula saxis

longo corruerant aevo pacisque senecta.

Interea gelidae secretis rupibus Idae

dum sedet et thiasos spectat de more Cybebe 280

Curetumque alacres ad tympana suscitat enses,

aurea sanctarum decus inmortale comarum

defluxit capiti turris summoque volutus

vertice crinalis violatur pulvere murus.

obstipuere truces omen Corybantes et uno 285

fixa metu tacitas presserunt orgia buxos.

indoluit genetrix, tum sic commota profatur:

[205]

Celaenae. Hence flow four broad auriferous rivers. Small wonder that the waters in which King Midas bathed so often glitter with the rare metal. Two flow north, two southwards. Dindymus gives birth to the river Sangarius, which, swollen by the clear stream of the Gallus, hastens on to the Euxine, the sea of the Amazon. The conjoined streams of Marsyas and Meander make for the Icarian main and Mycale’s strand. Marsyas flows fast and straight while his course is his own; mingled with thy waters, Meander, he goes slowly—unlike the Saône whose waters are hastened by the Rhone’s inflowing. Between these rivers is a sun-kissed plain; kindly is it to the corn, thick-set with vines and displaying the fruit of the grey-green olive; rich, too, in horses, fertile in flocks, and wealthy with the purple-veined marble that Synnada quarries.

Celaenae. Here, four wide golden rivers flow. It's no surprise that the waters where King Midas often bathed shine with the precious metal. Two rivers flow north, and two flow south. Dindymus gives rise to the river Sangarius, which, fed by the clear stream of the Gallus, rushes toward the Euxine, the sea of the Amazon. The combined waters of Marsyas and Meander head for the Icarian Sea and the shores of Mycale. Marsyas flows quickly and directly while he’s on his own; when mixed with your waters, Meander, he moves slowly—unlike the Saône, whose waters are sped up by the Rhone’s inflow. Between these rivers is a sunlit plain; it's generous to the grain, lush with vines, and showcasing the fruit of the grey-green olive; also rich in horses, fertile with flocks, and blessed with the purple-veined marble that Synnada quarries.

Such was Phrygia then when the gods allowed it to be ravaged by Getic brigands. The barbarian burst in upon those cities so peaceful, so easy of capture. There was no hope of safety, no chance of escape. Long and peaceful ages had made the crumbling stones of their battlements to fall.

Such was Phrygia at that time when the gods allowed it to be attacked by Getic raiders. The barbarians invaded those cities that were so peaceful and easy to conquer. There was no hope for safety, no chance to escape. Long periods of peace had caused the crumbling stones of their defenses to fall apart.

Meanwhile Cybele was seated amid the hallowed rocks of cold Ida, watching, as is her wont, the dance, and inciting the joyous Curetes to brandish their swords at the sound of the drum, when, lo, the golden-turreted crown, the eternal glory of her blessèd hair, fell from off her head and, rolling from her brow, the castellated diadem is profaned in the dust. The Corybantes stopped in amazement at this omen; general alarm checked their orgies and silenced their pipes. The mother of the gods wept; then spake thus in sorrow.

Meanwhile, Cybele was sitting among the sacred rocks of cold Ida, watching, as she usually does, the dance and urging the joyful Curetes to wave their swords to the sound of the drum. Suddenly, the golden-turreted crown, the eternal glory of her blessed hair, slipped from her head and rolled from her brow, the castle-like diadem now dishonored in the dust. The Corybantes stopped in shock at this omen; the general alarm interrupted their festivities and silenced their pipes. The mother of the gods wept; then spoke in her sorrow.

[206]

“Hoc mihi iam pridem Lachesis grandaeva canebat

augurium: Phrygiae casus venisse supremos

delapsus testatur apex, heu sanguine qualis 290

ibit Sangarius quantasque cadavera lenti

Maeandri passura moras! inmobilis haeret

terminus, haec dudum nato placuere Tonanti.

par et finitimis luctus, frustraque Lyaei

non defensuros implorat Lydia thyrsos. 295

iamque vale Phrygiae tellus perituraque flammis

moenia, conspicuas quae nunc attollitis arces,

mox campi nudumque solum! dilecta valete

flumina! non vestris ultra bacchabor in antris

nec iuga sulcabit noster Berecynthia currus.” 300

dixit et ad tristes convertit tympana planctus.

labentem patriam sacris ululatibus Attis

personat et torvi lacrimis maduere leones.

Eutropius, nequeat quamvis metuenda taceri

clades et trepidus vulgaverit omnia rumor, 305

ignorare tamen fingit regnique ruinas

dissimulat: parvam latronum errare catervam,

ad sontes tormenta magis quam tela parari

nec duce frangendas iactat, sed iudice vires:

vasta velut Libyae venantum vocibus ales 310

cum premitur calidas cursu transmittit harenas

inque modum veli sinuatis flamine pennis

pulverulenta volat; si iam vestigia retro

clara sonent, oblita fugae stat lumine clauso

(ridendum!) revoluta caput creditque latere, 315

quem non ipsa videt. furtim tamen ardua mittit

[207]

“This is the portent that agèd Lachesis foretold long years ago. My fallen crown assures me that Phrygia’s final crisis is upon her. Alas for the blood that shall redden Sangarius’ waves; for all the corpses that shall retard Meander’s slow stream. The hour is fixed irrevocably; such, long since, was my son’s, the Thunderer’s, will. A like disaster awaits the neighbouring peoples; in vain does Lydia invoke the thyrsus of Bacchus in her defence. Now fare thee well, land of Phrygia, farewell, walls doomed to the flames, walls that now rear aloft proud towers but will soon be levelled with the ground and the bare earth. Farewell, dear rivers: never more shall I hold my inspired revels in your grottoes; no more shall my chariot leave the traces of its wheels on Berecynthus’ heights.” So spake she, and turned her drums to strains of mourning. Attis filled his devoted country with holy lamentations and Cybele’s tawny lions burst into tears.

“This is the warning that elderly Lachesis predicted long ago. My fallen crown tells me that Phrygia’s final crisis is here. Alas for the blood that will stain the waves of Sangarius; for all the bodies that will slow the Meander’s flow. The moment is set and cannot be changed; that was my son, the Thunderer’s, decree long ago. A similar disaster awaits the neighboring peoples; Lydia’s calls for Bacchus’s thyrsus in her defense are useless. Now goodbye, land of Phrygia, farewell, walls destined for flames, walls that currently stand with proud towers but will soon be leveled to the ground and the bare earth. Goodbye, beloved rivers: I will never again celebrate my inspired revels in your grottos; my chariot will no longer leave marks of its wheels on the heights of Berecynthus.” So she spoke, and turned her drums to mournful strains. Attis filled his devoted land with sacred lamentations, and Cybele’s tawny lions wept.

Eutropius, although this terrible revolt could not be hid and although rumour had spread everywhere the dread news, none the less affects to ignore it and shuts his eyes to the empire’s peril. ’Twas some poor troop of wandering brigands; such wretches call for punishment not war; a judge—so he brags—not a general should crush their strength. Even so the great Libyan bird, hard pressed by the cries of its pursuers, runs o’er the burning sands and flies through the dust, curving its wings like sails to catch the breeze; but when it clearly hears the footsteps close behind it, it forgets its flight, standing with closed eyes and hiding its head, believing, poor fool, it cannot be seen by those whom itself cannot see. None the less Eutropius

Eutropius, even though this terrible revolt couldn't be hidden and the frightening news spread everywhere, still acts like he’s unaware and shuts his eyes to the empire's danger. It’s just a small band of wandering bandits; those kinds of people deserve punishment, not war; a judge—so he claims—should crush their power, not a general. Yet, just like the great Libyan bird, pressured by the shouts of its chasers, runs across the scorching sands and flies through the dust, bending its wings like sails to catch the wind; but when it hears the footsteps right behind it, it forgets to fly, standing with closed eyes and hiding its head, foolishly believing that it can't be seen by those it can't see. Nonetheless, Eutropius

[208]

cum donis promissa novis, si forte rogatus

desinat. ille semel nota dulcedine praedae

se famulo servire negat, nec grata timentum

munera; militiam nullam nec prima superbus 320

cingula dignari; nam quis non consule tali

vilis honos?

Postquam precibus mitescere nullis,

non auro cessisse videt creberque recurrit

nuntius incassum nec spes iam foederis extat:

tandem consilium belli confessus agendi 325

ad sua tecta vocat. iuvenes venere protervi

lascivique senes, quibus est insignis edendi

gloria corruptasque dapes variasse decorum,

qui ventrem invitant pretio traduntque palato

sidereas Iunonis aves et si qua loquendi 330

gnara coloratis viridis defertur ab Indis,

quaesitos trans regna cibos, quorumque profundam

ingluviem non Aegaeus, non alta Propontis,

non freta longinquis Maeotia piscibus explent.

vestis odoratae studium; laus maxima risum 335

per vanos movisse sales minimeque viriles

munditiae; compti vultus; onerique vel ipsa

serica. si Chunus feriat, si Sarmata portas,

solliciti scaenae; Romam contemnere sueti

mirarique suas, quas Bosphorus obruat! aedes; 340

saltandi dociles aurigarumque periti.

Pars humili de plebe duces; pars compede suras

[209]

sends towering promises with new gifts, if haply his foe may pause at his entreaty. But the barbarian, in whose heart was once waked the old love of plunder, refuses to submit to a slave; for him the gifts of fear have no charm; haughtily he disdains any rank,[114] even the highest, for under such a consul what honour would not be disgrace?

sends grand promises with new gifts, hoping his enemy might stop and listen to his plea. But the barbarian, who once felt the old excitement of looting, refuses to bow to a master; the gifts of fear have no appeal for him; he proudly disregards any status, even the highest, because under such a leader, what honor wouldn't be shame?

When Eutropius saw that no prayers could move him nor any gold win him over; when messenger after messenger returned, his mission unfulfilled, and all hopes of an alliance were at an end, he at last recognized the necessity for war and summoned the council to his palace. Thither they came—wanton lads and debauched greybeards whose greatest glory was gluttony, and whose pride it was to diversify the outraged banquet. Their hunger is only aroused by costly meats, and they tickle their palates with foods imported from overseas, the flesh of the many-eyed fowl of Juno,[115] or of that coloured bird brought from farthest Ind that knows how to speak. Not the Aegean, not deep Propontis, not Maeotis’ lake afar can sate their appetites with fish. Perfumed garments are their care, their pride to move foolish laughter with their silly jests. On their adornment and toilette they bestow a woman’s care and find even the silk they wear too heavy a burden. Should the Hun, the Sarmatian, strike at the city’s gates yet trouble they for nought but the theatre. Rome they despise and reserve their admiration for their own houses—may Bosporus’ waters overwhelm them! Skilful dancers they and clever judges of charioteers.

When Eutropius realized that no prayers could sway him and no amount of gold could buy his favor; when messenger after messenger returned empty-handed and all hopes of an alliance were dashed, he finally understood that war was unavoidable and called a council at his palace. They arrived—young party animals and indulgent old men whose greatest achievement was gluttony, and whose pride lay in varied feasts. Their appetites are only piqued by expensive dishes, and they indulge in exotic foods from afar, the meat of the many-eyed bird of Juno, or that colorful bird from distant India that can talk. Neither the Aegean Sea, deep Propontis, nor the distant lake of Maeotis can satisfy their cravings for fish. They care more about their scented clothes, and they take pride in evoking foolish laughter with their silly jokes. They devote a woman’s attention to their appearance and find even the silk they wear burdensome. If the Hun or Sarmatian were to attack the city, they would only be concerned about the theater. They look down on Rome and save their admiration for their own homes—may the waters of the Bosporus drown them! They are skilled dancers and clever judges of chariot races.

Some sprung from the dregs of the people are generals; some magistrates—though their legs and

Some emerge from the lowest ranks of society as generals; some become magistrates—though their legs and

[114] Claudian uses the word cingulum (= a soldier’s belt) as = military service—a not uncommon late use, cf. Serv. Aen. viii. 724 and (frequently) cingi = to serve, in the Digests.

[114] Claudian uses the term cingulum (= a soldier’s belt) to mean military service—this later usage isn’t uncommon, cf. Serv. Aen. viii. 724 and (often) cingi = to serve, in the Digests.

[115] i.e. the peacock.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ (i.e. the peacock).

[210]

cruraque signati nigro liventia ferro

iura regunt, facies quamvis inscripta repugnet

seque suo prodat titulo. sed prima potestas 345

Eutropium praefert Hosio subnixa secundo.

dulcior hic sane cunctis prudensque movendi

iuris et admoto qui temperet omnia fumo,

fervidus, accensam sed qui bene decoquat iram.

considunt apices gemini dicionis Eoae, 350

hic cocus, hic leno, defossi verbere terga,

servitio, non arte pares, hic saepius emptus,

alter ad Hispanos nutritus verna penates.

Ergo ubi collecti proceres, qui rebus in artis

consulerent tantisque darent solacia morbis, 355

obliti subito Phrygiae bellisque relictis

ad solitos coepere iocos et iurgia circi

tendere. nequiquam magna confligitur ira,

quis melius vibrata puer vertigine molli

membra rotet, verrat quis marmora crine supino? 360

quis magis enodes laterum detorqueat arcus,[116]

quis voci digitos, oculos quis moribus aptet?

hi tragicos meminere modos; his fabula Tereus,

his necdum commissa choro cantatur Agave.

Increpat Eutropius: non haec spectacula tempus

poscere; nunc alias armorum incumbere curas; 366

se satis Armenio fessum pro limite cingi

[116] Birt artus; I return to the vulg. arcus.

[116] Birt artus; I return to the common term. arcus.

[211]

ankles are still scarred and livid with their wearing of the fetters of servitude and though their branded foreheads deny their owners’ right to office and disclose their true title. Among them Eutropius holds the first place; Hosius, on whom he relies, comes next. He of a truth is more popular, a cunning artificer of justice who knows well how to steam his cases; at times boiling with anger, yet well able to render down that anger when aroused.[117] These sit enthroned, joint rulers of the eastern empire, the one a cook the other a pander. The backs of both are scarred with the whip, each was a slave though of a different kind. The one had been bought and sold a hundred times, the other brought up a dependant in a Spanish household.

ankles are still scarred and angry-looking from their shackles of servitude, and even though their branded foreheads deny their owners’ right to hold office, they reveal their true identity. Among them, Eutropius is at the top; Hosius, whom he relies on, comes next. He is indeed more popular, a clever manipulator of justice who knows how to handle his cases; sometimes boiling with anger, yet able to control that anger when it arises.[117] These two sit in power, joint rulers of the eastern empire, one a cook and the other a pimp. Both their backs are marked by the whip; both were slaves, but of different kinds. One had been bought and sold a hundred times, while the other was raised as a dependent in a Spanish household.

When, therefore, the chief men were gathered together for consultation in this strait and to comfort the sickness of the state, forthwith they forget Phrygia and, setting aside the question of war, start their accustomed fooling and engage in disputes about the Circus. With heat as fierce as it is pointless they wrangle what boy can best whirl quivering limbs in an easy somersault or sweep the marble floor with his drooping locks; who can most twist his flanks into a boneless arch; who can best suit his gestures to his words and his eyes to his character. Some recite speeches from tragedy, others chant the play of Tereus, others again that of Agave, never before staged.

When the leading men gathered together to discuss the urgent issues and comfort the failing state, they immediately forgot about Phrygia and, brushing aside the question of war, fell back into their usual antics and got into arguments about the Circus. With a heated intensity that was both fierce and meaningless, they bickered about which boy could best perform a graceful somersault or sweep the marble floor with his long hair; who could arch his body into the most flexible curve; who could best match his movements to his words and his expressions to his character. Some recited lines from tragedies, others performed the play of Tereus, while yet others presented Agave, which had never been staged before.

Eutropius chides them; the present moment, says he, demands other spectacles than these; it is war which now should claim all their care. For his part (for he is an old man and a weary) it is enough to defend the frontiers of Armenia; single-handed

Eutropius scolds them; he says the current situation calls for different displays than these; it is war that should occupy all their attention now. As for him (being an old man and tired), it's enough to defend the borders of Armenia; on his own.

[117] Hosius, by birth a Spaniard, had been a slave and a cook—whence these various double meanings. He rose to be magister officiorum at the court of Arcadius (circa 396-8).

[117] Hosius, originally from Spain, had once been a slave and a cook—hence these different meanings. He eventually became the magister officiorum at the court of Arcadius (around 396-8).

[212]

nec tantis unum subsistere posse periclis;

ignoscant senio, iuvenes ad proelia mittant:—

qualis pauperibus nutrix invisa puellis 370

adsidet et tela communem quaerere victum

rauca monet; festis illae lusisse diebus

orant et positis aequaevas visere pensis,

irataeque operi iam lasso pollice fila

turbant et teneros detergent stamine fletus. 375

Emicat extemplo cunctis trepidantibus audax

crassa mole Leo, quem vix Cyclopia solum

aequatura fames, quem non ieiuna Celaeno

vinceret; hinc nomen fertur meruisse Leonis.

acer in absentes linguae iactator, abundans 380

corporis exiguusque animi, doctissimus artis

quondam lanificae, moderator pectinis unci.

non alius lanam purgatis sordibus aeque

praebuerit calathis, similis nec pinguia quisquam

vellera per tenues ferri producere rimas. 385

tunc Aiax erat Eutropii lateque fremebat,

non septem vasto quatiens umbone iuvencos,

sed, quam perpetuis dapibus pigroque sedili

inter anus interque colos oneraverat, alvum.

adsurgit tandem vocemque expromit anhelam: 390

“Quis novus hic torpor, socii? quonam usque sedemus

femineis clausi thalamis patimurque periclum

gliscere desidia? graviorum turba malorum

texitur, ignavis trahimus dum tempora votis.

me petit hic sudor. numquam mea dextera segnis

ad ferrum. faveat tantum Tritonia coeptis, 396

[213]

he cannot cope with all these perils. They must pardon his age and send younger men to the war:—it is as though a hated forewoman were sitting among a crowd of poor working-girls and bidding them in her raucous voice ply the loom and gain their livelihood, while they beg to be allowed the enjoyment of a holiday, to lay aside their tasks and visit their friends; angered at her refusal and wearied of their work they crush the threads in their hands and wipe away their gentle tears with the cloth.

He can't handle all these dangers. They should forgive his age and send younger men to fight: it’s like a despised supervisor sitting among a group of struggling workers, yelling at them to work hard and make a living, while they plead for a break to enjoy some time off and see their friends; frustrated by her refusal and tired of their labor, they tear the threads in their hands and wipe their gentle tears with the fabric.

Sudden from out that trembling throng upleaps bold Leo [118] with his vast bulk, he whose single prowess Cyclopean hunger could scarce match, whom starving Celaeno could not outvie. ’Tis to this fact that he is said to have owed his name. Bold (when his foe was absent), brave (as a speaker), great in bulk but small of heart, once a highly skilled spinner of thread and a cunning carder, none other could so well cleanse the dirt from out the fleece and fill the baskets, none other pull the thick wool over the iron teeth of the comb as could he. He was then Eutropius’ Ajax and far and near he raged, shaking not a huge shield compact of seven layers of ox-hide, but that belly of his, laden with continuous feastings, as he sat lazily among old dames and distaffs. At length he arose and, panting, said, “What unwonted sluggishness is this, my friends? How long must we sit closeted in the women’s apartments and suffer our perils to increase by reason of our sloth? Fate weaves for us a network of ill while we waste our time in useless vows. This difficult task demands my action; never was my hand slow to use iron. Let but Minerva favour

Suddenly, from that trembling crowd, bold Leo [118] leaps up with his massive size, someone whose individual strength could barely be matched by the Cyclops’ hunger and whom the starving Celaeno couldn't surpass. It's said that this is how he got his name. Bold (when his enemy was away), courageous (as a speaker), large in size but small in spirit, once a highly skilled spinner and a clever carder, no one else could clean the dirt from the fleece and fill the baskets as well as he could, nor could anyone pull the thick wool through the iron teeth of the comb like he did. He was then Eutropius' Ajax, and he raged far and wide, not shaking a massive shield made of seven layers of ox-hide, but his belly, heavy from constant feasting, as he sat lazily among old women and spindles. Eventually, he stood up, panting, and said, “What unusual slowness is this, my friends? How long must we stay shut up in the women’s quarters and let our dangers grow because of our laziness? Fate is weaving a web of misfortune for us while we waste our time on worthless oaths. This tough task needs my action; my hand has never been slow to use iron. If only Minerva would favor us...

[118] Gainas and Leo were sent by Eutropius to put down the revolt of Tarbigilus. Gainas, however, never left the Hellespont and Leo, advancing into Pamphylia, there met, and was defeated by, Tarbigilus (Zosim. v. 16. 5). We gather from Claudian that he had once been a weaver.

[118] Eutropius sent Gainas and Leo to squash the rebellion of Tarbigilus. However, Gainas never left the Hellespont, and Leo, moving into Pamphylia, encountered and was defeated by Tarbigilus (Zosim. v. 16. 5). We learn from Claudian that he had once been a weaver.

[214]

inceptum peragetur opus. iam cuncta furorem

qui gravat, efficiam leviorem pondere lanae

Tarbigilum tumidum, desertoresque Gruthungos

ut miseras populabor oves et pace relata 400

pristina restituam Phrygias ad stamina matres.”

His dictis iterum sedit; fit plausus et ingens

concilii clamor, qualis resonantibus olim

exoritur caveis, quotiens crinitus ephebus

aut rigidam Nioben aut flentem Troada fingit. 405

protinus excitis iter inremeabile signis

adripit infaustoque iubet bubone moveri

agmina Mygdonias mox impletura volucres.

Pulcher et urbanae cupiens exercitus umbrae,

adsiduus ludis, avidus splendere lavacris 410

nec soles imbresve pati, multumque priori

dispar, sub clipeo Thracum qui ferre pruinas,

dum Stilicho regeret, nudoque hiemare sub axe

sueverat et duris haurire bipennibus Hebrum.

cum duce mutatae vires. Byzantia robur 415

fregit luxuries Ancyranique triumphi.

non peditem praecedit eques; non commoda castris

eligitur regio; vicibus custodia nullis

advigilat vallo; non explorantur eundae

vitandaeque viae; nullo se cornua flectunt 420

ordine: confusi passim per opaca vagantur

lustra, per ignotas angusto tramite valles.

[215]

mine attempts and the work begun will be the work completed. Now will I render proud Tarbigilus, whose madness has caused all this turmoil, of less weight than a ball of wool, the faithless Gruthungi I will drive before me like a flock of wretched sheep; and when I have restored peace I will set the women of Phrygia once more beside their ancient spinning.”

mine attempts and the work begun will be the work completed. Now will I render proud Tarbigilus, whose madness has caused all this turmoil, of less weight than a ball of wool; the faithless Gruthungi I will drive before me like a flock of wretched sheep; and when I have restored peace I will set the women of Phrygia once more beside their ancient spinning.

So saying he sat down again. Great clamour and applause filled the council-chamber, applause such as rises from the rows of spectators in the theatre when some curled youth impersonates Niobe turned to stone, or Hecuba in tears. Straightway Leo unfolds his banners and starts on the journey whence there is to be no return. To the accompaniment of the screech-owl’s ill-omened cry he bids march the host destined so soon to feed the vultures of Mygdonia.

So saying, he sat down again. A loud uproar and applause filled the council chamber, the kind that rises from the audience in a theater when some well-groomed young man portrays Niobe turned to stone or Hecuba in tears. Immediately, Leo unfolds his banners and sets off on the journey from which there will be no return. To the haunting call of the screech owl, he commands the army to march, destined soon to feed the vultures of Mygdonia.

’Tis a well-favoured army, enamoured of the city’s shade, ever present at the games, anxious to shine in the baths, not to bear sun-scorch and rain, and oh! how different to that former army who, ’neath the leadership of Stilicho, endured under arms the frosts of Thrace and were wont to winter in the open air and break with their axes the frozen waters of Hebrus for a draught. Changed is the leader and changed their character. Byzantium’s luxury and Ancyra’s pomp [119] have destroyed their vigour. No longer does the cavalry ride ahead of the foot; suitable ground is not chosen for camps; no constant change of sentries safeguards the ramparts, no scouts are sent forward to discover which roads to take or which to avoid; their evolutions are performed without drill or discipline, in confusion they stray hither and thither amid dark forests, along narrow

It’s a well-favored army, fond of the city’s shade, always present at the games, eager to shine in the baths, avoiding sunburn and rain, and oh! how different from that previous army who, under Stilicho’s leadership, endured the cold of Thrace and often spent the winter outdoors, breaking the frozen waters of Hebrus with their axes for a drink. The leader has changed and so has their character. Byzantium’s luxury and Ancyra’s splendor [119] have weakened their strength. No longer does the cavalry lead the infantry; suitable camping grounds are not selected; there’s no regular rotation of sentries to protect the walls, no scouts sent out to find which roads to take or to avoid; their maneuvers are done without training or order, wandering aimlessly through dark forests and along narrow paths.

[119] Triumphi is ironical. Claudian refers to Eutropius’ pleasure journey to Ancyra; cf. l. 98 of this poem.

[119] Triumphi is ironic. Claudian talks about Eutropius' enjoyable trip to Ancyra; cf. l. 98 of this poem.

[216]

sic vacui rectoris equi, sic orba magistro

fertur in abruptum casu, non sidere, puppis;

sic ruit in rupes amisso pisce sodali 425

belua, sulcandas qui praevius edocet undas

inmensumque pecus parvae moderamine caudae

temperat et tanto coniungit foedera monstro;

illa natat rationis inops et caeca profundi;

iam brevibus deprensa vadis ignara reverti 430

palpitat et vanos scopulis inlidit hiatus.

Tarbigilus simulare fugam flatusque Leonis

spe nutrire leves improvisusque repente,

dum gravibus marcent epulis hostique catenas

inter vina erepant, largo sopita Lyaeo 435

castra subit. pereunt alii, dum membra cubili

tarda levant; alii leto iunxere soporem;

ast alios vicina palus sine more ruentes

excipit et cumulis inmanibus aggerat undas.

ipse Leo damma cervoque fugacior ibat 440

sudanti tremebundus equo: qui pondere postquam

decidit, implicitus limo cunctantia pronus

per vada reptabat. caeno subnixa tenaci

mergitur et pingui suspirat corpore moles

more suis, dapibus quae iam devota futuris 445

turpe gemit, quotiens Hosius mucrone corusco

armatur cingitque sinus secumque volutat,

quas figat verubus partes, quae frusta calenti

[217]

paths in unexplored valleys. So goes a horse that has lost his rider, thus a ship whose helmsman has been drowned is swept to the abyss, chance guiding her and not the stars. So too the sea monster [120] is dashed to pieces against the rocks when it has lost the comrade fish that swam before it and guided its course through the waves, piloting the great beast with the motion of its tiny tail according to the compact which is between it and its huge companion. Aimlessly the monster swims all unguided through the deep; then, surprised in the shallow water and knowing not how to return to the sea, pants and to no purpose dashes its gaping jaws against the rocks.

paths in unexplored valleys. So goes a horse that has lost its rider, just like a ship whose captain has drowned is swept into the abyss, with chance guiding it instead of the stars. Similarly, the sea monster [120] is smashed against the rocks when it loses the companion fish that swam ahead of it and directed its path through the waves, steering the massive creature with the motion of its tiny tail based on the agreement between them. Aimlessly, the monster swims through the depths, completely lost. Then, when caught in shallow water and unable to find its way back to the sea, it gasps and futilely strikes its gaping jaws against the rocks.

Tarbigilus feigns retreat and raises the presumptuous hopes of Leo, then suddenly he bursts all unexpected upon the wine-sodden army, as, overcome by the heavy feast, they brag over their cups of leading the foe in chains. Some are slain as they lift their sluggish limbs from the couch, others know not any break between sleep and death. Others rush pell-mell into a neighbouring swamp and heap the marsh high with their dead bodies. Leo himself, swifter than deer or antelope, fled trembling on his foam-flecked horse, and it falling under his weight Leo sank in the mire and on all fours fought his way through the clinging slime. Held up at first by the thick mud, his fat body gradually settles down panting like a common pig, which, destined to grace the coming feast, squeals when Hosius arms him with flashing knife, and gathers up his garments, pondering the while what portions he will transfix with spits, which pieces of the flesh he will boil and how much sea-urchin

Tarbigilus pretends to retreat and raises Leo's false hopes, then suddenly attacks the wine-soaked army, who, in their drunken state, boast about leading the enemy in chains. Some are killed as they struggle to get up from their seats, while others can't tell the difference between sleep and death. Many charge into a nearby swamp, creating a heap of dead bodies in the marsh. Leo himself, faster than a deer or an antelope, fled in fear on his foamy horse, which fell under his weight. Leo sank into the mud and crawled through the sticky sludge on all fours. At first, the thick mud held him up, but his heavy body gradually sank down, panting like a common pig, which, destined to be the main course of the upcoming feast, squeals as Hosius prepares to butcher him with a shiny knife, while contemplating what parts to skewer, which cuts of meat to boil, and how much sea-urchin to serve.

[120] The balaena or whale. According to ancient naturalists the balaena entered into an alliance with the musculus or sea-mouse which, in Pliny’s words, “vada praenatans demonstrat oculorumque vice fungitur” (Pliny, H.N. ix. 186).

[120] The balaena or whale. According to ancient naturalists, the balaena formed a partnership with the musculus or sea-mouse which, in Pliny’s words, “swims through the shallows and acts in place of eyes” (Pliny, H.N. ix. 186).

[218]

mandet aquae quantoque cutem distendat echino.

flagrat opus; crebro pulsatus perstrepit ictu;[121] 450

contexit varius penetrans Calchedona nidor.

Ecce levis frondes a tergo concutit aura:

credit tela Leo; valuit pro vulnere terror

implevitque vicem iaculi, vitamque nocentem

integer et sola formidine saucius efflat. 455

quis tibi tractandos pro pectine, degener, enses,

quis solio campum praeponere suasit avito?

quam bene texentum laudabas carmina tutus

et matutinis pellebas frigora mensis!

hic miserande iaces; hic, dum tua vellera vitas, 460

tandem fila tibi neverunt ultima Parcae.

Iam vaga pallentem densis terroribus aulam

fama quatit; stratas acies, deleta canebat

agmina, Maeonios foedari caedibus agros,

Pamphylos Pisidasque rapi. metuendus ab omni 465

Tarbigilus regione tonat; modo tendere cursum

in Galatas, modo Bithynis incumbere fertur.

sunt qui per Cilicas rupto descendere Tauro,

sunt qui correptis ratibus terraque marique

adventare ferant; geminantur vera pavoris 470

ingenio: longe spectari puppibus urbes

accensas, lucere fretum ventoque citatas

omnibus in pelago velis haerere favillas.

Hos inter strepitus funestior advolat alter

[121] I print Birt’s text; but unless pulsatus be taken as a substantive (Baehrens’ suggestion, cf. P. Lat. Min. v. p. 120 l. 169) it is untranslatable. Emendations proposed are pulsu Cos … icta Barthius; pulsatus aper strepit Buecheler; cultri sus or pulpae ius Birt. The sense demands, however, some such word as Bosporus to make a parallelism with Calchedona. Possibly the line ended pulsatur Bosporus ictu, perstrepit being a gloss on pulsatur and eventually ousting Bosporus.

[121] I’m printing Birt’s text; but unless pulsating is taken as a noun (Baehrens’ suggestion, cf. P. Lat. Min. v. p. 120 l. 169) it can’t be translated. Proposed changes include pulsu Cos … icta by Barthius; The pulse sounds loudly. by Buecheler; cultri sus or pulpae law by Birt. The meaning, however, requires some word like Bosphorus to create a parallel with Calchedon. It’s possible the line ended with the Bosporus beats, it resounds, serving as a gloss on pulsates and eventually replacing Bosporus Strait.

[219]

stuffing will be needed to fill the empty skin. The work of preparation goes on apace, Bosporus echoes to many a blow and the savoury smell envelops Chalcedon.

stuffing will be needed to fill the empty skin. The work of preparation continues quickly, the Bosporus echoes with many blows, and the savory smell surrounds Chalcedon.

Suddenly a gentle breeze stirs the foliage behind Leo’s back. He thinks it an arrow, and terror, taking a missile’s place, does duty for a wound. Untouched and stricken only by fear he breathes his last. Degenerate Roman, by whose advice didst thou exchange the comb for the sword, thine ancestral calling for the field of battle? How much better to praise in safety the work of the weavers at their looms and keep out the cold by means of morning feasts. Here thou hast suffered a wretched death; here, while thou soughtest to shirk thy spinning, the Fates have at last spun for thee the final thread.

Suddenly, a gentle breeze rustles the leaves behind Leo. He thinks it’s an arrow, and terror takes the place of any physical wounds. Unharmed, but overwhelmed with fear, he draws his last breath. Degenerate Roman, whose advice led you to trade the comb for the sword, and your family’s legacy for the battlefield? How much better it would be to safely praise the weavers at their looms and stay warm with morning feasts. Here, you’ve met a wretched end; here, while you tried to avoid your spinning, the Fates have finally woven your last thread.

Now spreading rumour shakes the palace, pale with terror upon terror. It told how that the army was destroyed, the troops butchered, the plain of Maeonia red with slaughter, Pamphylia and Pisidia o’errun by the enemy. On all sides rings the dread name of Tarbigilus. He is now said to be bearing down upon Galatia, now to be meditating an attack on Bithynia. Some say he has crossed the Taurus and is descending upon Cilicia, others that he has possessed himself of a fleet and is advancing both by land and sea. Truth is doubled by panic’s fancy; they say that from the ships far cities are seen ablaze, that the straits are aglow and that ashes driven by the wind catch in the sails of every ship at sea.

Now, rumors are spreading throughout the palace, filled with fear upon fear. They say the army has been wiped out, the troops slaughtered, and the plains of Maeonia stained red with blood, while Pamphylia and Pisidia are overrun by the enemy. From every direction, the terrifying name of Tarbigilus echoes. He’s rumored to be heading towards Galatia, while some say he’s planning to attack Bithynia. Others claim he’s crossed the Taurus Mountains and is moving into Cilicia, or that he has gained control of a fleet and is advancing by both land and sea. The truth is twisted by panic; they say that distant cities can be seen burning from the ships, the straits are lit up, and ashes driven by the wind get caught in the sails of every ship out at sea.

Amid all this confusion comes a yet more terrible

Amid all this confusion comes something even more terrible.

[220]

nuntius: armatam rursus Babylona minari 475

rege novo; resides Parthos ignava perosos

otia Romanae finem iam quaerere paci.

rarus apud Medos regum cruor; unaque cuncto

poena manet generi: quamvis crudelibus aeque

paretur dominis. sed quid non audeat annus 480

Eutropii? socium nobis fidumque Saporem

perculit et Persas in regia vulnera movit

rupturasque fidem, leto pars ne qua vacaret,

Eumenidum taedas trans flumina Tigridis egit.

Tum vero cecidere animi tantisque procellis 485

deficiunt. saepti latrantibus undique bellis

infensos tandem superos et consulis omen

agnovere sui, nec iam revocabile damnum

eventu stolido serum didicere magistro.

namque ferunt geminos uno de semine fratres 490

Iapetionidas generis primordia nostri

dissimili finxisse manu: quoscumque Prometheus

excoluit multumque innexuit aethera limo,

hi longe ventura notant dubiisque parati

casibus occurrunt fabro meliore politi. 495

deteriore luto pravus quos edidit auctor,

quem merito Grai perhibent Epimethea vates,

et nihil aetherii sparsit per membra vigoris,

hi pecudum ritu non impendentia vitant

nec res ante vident; accepta clade queruntur 500

et seri transacta gemunt.

[221]

rumour—that Babylon is again in arms and, under a new monarch,[122] threatens our Empire; the Parthians, long inactive, and now scorning slothful ease, seek to put an end to the peace imposed by Rome. Rare among the Medes is the murder of a king, for punishment falls on the regicide’s whole family. Thus equal obedience is offered to their overlords, cruel as well as kind. But what would not the year of Eutropius’ consulship dare? ’Tis that has stricken down our faithful ally Sapor and roused the Persians’ swords against their own king; that has cast the torch of the Furies across the Euphrates, there to kindle rebellion, that no quarter of the globe may escape carnage.

Rumor has it that Babylon is once again preparing for war and, under a new ruler,[122] threatens our Empire. The Parthians, who have been inactive for a long time and are now tired of being lazy, are looking to end the peace that Rome has enforced. It’s rare for a king to be murdered among the Medes, as the punishment falls on the entire family of the regicide. Therefore, they show equal obedience to their rulers, whether they are cruel or kind. But what wouldn’t the year of Eutropius’ consulship attempt? It has brought down our loyal ally Sapor and stirred the Persians to rise against their own king; it has set off the fury of rebellion across the Euphrates, igniting chaos so that no corner of the world remains untouched by violence.

Then indeed men’s hearts failed them, their courage ebbed away amid all these storms; surrounded as they were on every side by the din of war, at last they recognized the wrath of heaven and their consul’s evil omen, learning too late—schooled by the stubborn issue—their now irrevocable doom. They say that the twin sons of Iapetus formed our first parents of the same materials but with unequal skill. Those whom Prometheus fashioned, and with whose clay he mingled abundant ether, foresee the distant future and, thanks to their more careful making by a better workman, are thus prepared to meet what fate has in store for them. Those framed of baser clay by the sorry artificer the Greek poets so well call Epimetheus, men through whose limbs no ethereal vigour spreads—these, like sheep, cannot avoid the dangers that o’erhang them, nor foresee aught. Not till the blow has fallen do they protest and weep too late the accomplished deed.

Then indeed people's hearts failed them, their courage faded away amid all these storms; surrounded as they were on every side by the noise of war, they finally recognized the anger of heaven and their consul’s bad omen, learning too late—taught by the stubborn outcome—their now unavoidable doom. They say that the twin sons of Iapetus created our first parents from the same materials but with different skill. Those whom Prometheus shaped, with whose clay he mixed plenty of ether, can foresee the distant future and, thanks to their more careful creation by a better craftsman, are prepared to face what fate has in store for them. Those made of inferior clay by the pathetic creator the Greek poets aptly call Epimetheus, people through whose limbs no ethereal energy flows—these, like sheep, cannot escape the dangers that threaten them, nor can they foresee anything. Not until the blow has fallen do they protest and weep too late for what has been done.

[122] Varanes IV., who, like his three predecessors, Artaxerxes, Sapor III., and Varanes III., had observed a truce with Rome, died in 399 and was succeeded by Isdigerdes. For all Claudian’s real or simulated anxiety this monarch was as peaceably disposed as the previous ones (see Oros. vii. 34). Claudian seems to have made an error in calling him Sapor (l. 481).

[122] Varanes IV, like his three predecessors, Artaxerxes, Sapor III, and Varanes III, who had maintained a truce with Rome, died in 399 and was succeeded by Isdigerdes. Despite Claudian’s genuine or feigned concern, this ruler was just as peaceful as the ones before him (see Oros. vii. 34). Claudian appears to have made a mistake by referring to him as Sapor (l. 481).

[222]

Iam sola renidet

in Stilichone salus, et cuius semper acerbum

ingratumque sibi factorum conscius horror

credidit adventum, quem si procedere tantum

Alpibus audissent, mortem poenasque tremebant,

iam cuncti venisse volunt, scelerumque priorum 506

paenitet; hoc tantis bellorum sidus in undis

sperant, hoc pariter iusti sontesque precantur:

ceu pueri, quibus alta pater trans aequora merces

devehit, intenti ludo studiisque soluti 510

latius amoto passim custode vagantur;

si gravis auxilio vacuas invaserit aedes

vicinus laribusque suis proturbet inultos,

tum demum patrem implorant et nomen inani

voce cient frustraque oculos ad litora tendunt. 515

Omnes supplicio dignos letoque fatentur,

qui se tradiderint famulis Stilichone relicto.

mutati stupuere diu sensuque reducto

paulatim proprii mirantur monstra furoris

avertuntque oculos: proiectis fascibus horret 520

lictor et infames labuntur sponte secures:

quales Aonio Thebas de monte reversae

Maenades infectis Pentheo sanguine thyrsis,

cum patuit venatus atrox matrique rotatum

conspexere caput, gressus caligine figunt 525

et rabiem desisse dolent. quin protinus ipsa

tendit ad Italiam supplex Aurora potentem

[223]

There now shone forth but one hope of salvation—Stilicho. Him the expectation of whose visits the consciousness of deeds ill-done had ever rendered bitter and unpleasant, him whose approach even as far as the Alps afflicted the Byzantines with fear of death and punishment, all now wish to come, repentant of their former wrongdoing. To him they look as to a star amid this universal shipwreck of war; to him innocent and guilty alike address their prayers. So children whose sire carries merchandise across the sea, wrapt up in their amusements and heedless of their studies, wander afield more joyfully now that their guardian is absent, yet, should a dangerous neighbour invade their defenceless home and seek to drive them forth unprotected as they are from their fireside, then they beg their father’s help, call upon his name with useless cries and all to no purpose direct their gaze towards the shore.

There now shone forth but one hope of salvation—Stilicho. The thought of his visits, which had always been tinged with the bitterness of their wrongdoings, now filled everyone with expectation. His approach, even as far as the Alps, had previously filled the Byzantines with fear of death and punishment; now they longed for him, filled with regret for their past actions. They look to him like a star amid the widespread devastation of war; to him, both the innocent and the guilty send their prayers. It's like children whose father carries goods across the sea, lost in their play and ignoring their studies, wandering more happily now that their guardian is away. But if a dangerous neighbor invades their unprotected home and tries to drive them away from their hearth, then they cry out for their father's help, calling his name in vain and helplessly looking toward the shore.

All admit that they deserve punishment and death for deserting Stilicho and entrusting themselves to the governance of slaves. Long they stood dazed with altered thoughts, and as their senses slowly return they marvel at the results of their own madness and turn away their eyes; flinging down his rods the lictor shudders, and the dishonoured axes fall of their own accord. Even so the Maenads returning to Thebes from the Aonian mount, their thyrses dripping with Pentheus’ blood, learning the true character of their dreadful hunting and seeing the head cast by the mother herself, hide them in the darkness and lament the end of their madness. Thereupon suppliant Aurora turned her flight towards powerful Italy, her hair no

All admit that they deserve punishment and death for abandoning Stilicho and putting themselves under the control of slaves. They stood there for a long time, dazed by their changed thoughts, and as they slowly regained their senses, they were shocked by the consequences of their own madness and turned their eyes away. The lictor dropped his rods in fear, and the dishonored axes fell to the ground on their own. Just like the Maenads returning to Thebes from the Aonian mountain, their thyrses dripping with Pentheus’ blood, realizing the true nature of their horrific hunt and seeing the head thrown by the mother herself, they hid it in the shadows and mourned the end of their madness. Then, the supplicant Aurora turned her flight towards powerful Italy, her hair no...

[224]

non radiis redimita comam, non flammea vultu

nec croceum vestita diem; stat livida luctu,

qualis erat Phrygio tegeret cum Memnona busto.

quam simul agnovit Stilicho nec causa latebat, 531

restitit; illa manum victricem amplexa moratur

altaque vix lacrimans inter suspiria fatur:

“Tantanc te nostri ceperunt taedia mundi?

sic me ludibrium famulis risumque relinquis 535

dux quondam rectorque meus? solamque tueris

Hesperiam? domiti nec te post bella tyranni

cernere iam licuit? sic te victoria nobis

eripuit Gallisque dedit? Rufinus origo

prima mali: geminas inter discordia partes 540

hoc auctore fuit. sed iam maiora moventi

occurrit iusta rediens exercitus ira,

fortis adhuc ferrique memor. brevis inde reluxit

falsaque libertas; rursum Stilichonis habenis

sperabam me posse regi. pro caeca futuri 545

gaudia! fraterno coniungi coeperat orbis

imperio (quis enim tanto terrore recentis

exempli paribus sese committeret ausis?),

cum subito (monstrosa mihi turpisque relatu

fabula) Rufini castratus prosilit heres, 550

et similes iterum luctus Fortuna reduxit,

ut solum domini sexum mutasse viderer.

“Hic primum thalami claustris delicta tegebat

clam timideque iubens; erat invidiosa potestas,

sed tamen eunuchi, necdum sibi publica iura 555

[225]

longer aureole-crowned and she no more bright of countenance nor clothed with the saffron of the dawn. She stands wan with woe, even as when she buried Memnon in his Phrygian grave. Stilicho recognized her and stayed, well knowing the reason of her visit. Long time she clasped his victorious hand and at length amid tears and sighs addressed him.

longer wearing a halo and no longer bright-faced or dressed in the colors of dawn. She stands pale with sorrow, just like when she buried Memnon in his Phrygian grave. Stilicho recognized her and paused, well aware of why she was there. For a long time, she held his victorious hand, and eventually, through tears and sighs, she spoke to him.

“Why art thou so wearied of the world whereon I shine? Leavest thou me thus to be the sport and laughing-stock of slaves and carest only for Italy, thou that wert once my guide and my leader? Since thy victory over the tyrant Eugenius I have not seen thee. Has victory thus robbed me of thee and given thee to Gaul? Rufinus was the prime cause of the trouble; ’twas he who wrought disunion between the two empires. But when he aimed at more there met him an army returning in righteous wrath, an army still strong, still mindful of its former prowess. For a moment I was dazzled by the mirage of liberty: I hoped that Stilicho would once more hold the reins of our empire. Alas for my short-sighted happiness! The world had begun to form one single empire under the rule of the two brothers (for who, with the awful example [123] so fresh in his mind, would dare embark upon a like venture?) when suddenly (it is a monstrous story which scarce bears the telling) a eunuch came forward as Rufinus’ heir. Thus fortune brought back my former miseries with this one difference—that of changing my master’s sex.

“Why are you so tired of the world where I shine? Are you really leaving me here to be the target of laughter and scorn from the powerless, only caring for Italy, you who were once my guide and leader? Since your victory over the tyrant Eugenius, I haven’t seen you. Has victory taken you away from me and given you to Gaul? Rufinus was the main cause of the trouble; he divided the two empires. But when he aimed for more, he encountered an army returning in righteous anger, an army still strong, still remembering its former strength. For a moment, I was misled by the illusion of freedom: I hoped that Stilicho would once again take charge of our empire. Alas for my short-sighted happiness! The world had started to form a single empire under the rule of the two brothers (for who, with such a terrible example so fresh in mind, would dare attempt something like that?) when suddenly (it’s a monstrous tale that’s hard to tell) a eunuch stepped forward as Rufinus’ heir. Thus, fate brought back my previous miseries, with the only difference being the change in my master’s gender.”

At first he kept his crimes hidden behind the doors of his chamber, an unseen and timid ruler; power was his that all envied, yet only a eunuch’s, nor dared he yet arrogate to himself the right of

At first, he kept his crimes hidden behind the doors of his room, an unseen and timid ruler; power was his that everyone envied, yet only a eunuch’s, nor did he dare to claim the right of

[123] i.e. that of Rufinus.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ like Rufinus.

[226]

sumere nec totas audebat vertere leges.

at postquam pulsisque bonis et faece retenta

peiores legit socios dignusque satelles

hinc Hosius stetit, inde Leo, fiducia crevit

regnandique palam flagravit aperta libido. 560

patricius, consul maculat quos vendit honores,

plus maculat quos ipse gerit. iam signa tubaeque

mollescunt, ipsos ignavia fluxit in enses.

exultant merito gentes facilisque volenti

praeda sumus. iam Bistoniis Haemoque nivali 565

vastior expulsis Oriens squalescit aratris.

ei mihi, quas urbes et quanto tempore Martis

ignaras uno rapuerunt proelia cursu!

nuper ab extremo veniens equitatus Araxe

terruit Antiochi muros, ipsumque decorae 570

paene caput Syriae flammis hostilibus arsit.

utque gravis spoliis nulloque obstante profunda

lactus caede redit, sequitur mucrone secundo

continuum vulnus; nec iam mihi Caucasus hostes

nec mittit gelidus Phasis; nascuntur in ipso 575

bella sinu. legio pridem Romana Gruthungi,

iura quibus victis dedimus, quibus arva domusque

praebuimus, Lydos Asiaeque uberrima vastant

ignibus et si quid tempestas prima reliquit.

nec vi nec numero freti; sed inertia nutrit 580

proditioque ducum, quorum per crimina miles

[227]

governing the state or of trampling on the laws. But when he had banished the good and, retaining the dregs of the people, had chosen therefrom advisers of no worth; when his creature Hosius stood on his one side and Leo on the other, then indeed his self-confidence waxed and his lust for power broke forth into open flame. Patrician and consul he brought defilement on the honours he sold; even greater defilement on those he carried himself. The very standards and trumpets of war grew feeble; a palsy seized upon our swords. What wonder the nations rejoiced and we became the easy prey of any who would subdue us? Gone are ploughs and ploughmen; the East is more a desert than Thrace and snowy Haemus. Alas! how many cities, how long unused to war’s alarms, have perished in a single invasion! Not long since a mounted band coming from Araxes’ farthest banks threatened the walls of Antioch and all but set fire to the chief city of the fair province of Syria. Laden with spoil and rejoicing in the vast carnage it had wrought the band returned with none to bar its passage; now it pursues its victorious career inflicting on me wound upon wound. ’Tis not now Caucasus nor cold Phasis that send forces against me; wars arise in the very centre of my empire. Time was when the Gruthungi formed a Roman legion; conquered we gave them laws; fields and dwelling-places we apportioned them. Now they lay waste with fire Lydia and the richest cities of Asia, ay, and everything that escaped the earlier storm. ’Tis neither on their own valour or numbers that they rely; it is our cowardice urges them on, cowardice and the treason of generals, through whose guilt our soldiers now

governing the state or ignoring the laws. But when he had banished the good and kept the worst of the people, choosing worthless advisers from among them; when his puppet Hosius stood on one side and Leo on the other, then his self-confidence really grew, and his desire for power burst into open flame. He defiled the honors of patrician and consul that he sold; he brought even greater disgrace upon those he held himself. The very standards and trumpets of war grew weak; a paralysis seized our swords. It's no surprise that the nations rejoiced and we became an easy target for anyone looking to conquer us. Gone are the plows and the farmers; the East is more of a desert than Thrace and snowy Haemus. Alas! How many cities, long unaccustomed to the alarms of war, have perished in a single invasion! Not long ago, a mounted band from the far banks of Araxes threatened the walls of Antioch and almost set fire to the chief city of the beautiful province of Syria. Loaded with loot and rejoicing in the vast destruction it had caused, the band returned unhindered; now it continues its victorious path, inflicting wound after wound on me. It's not now Caucasus or cold Phasis that send forces against me; wars arise in the very center of my empire. There was a time when the Gruthungi formed a Roman legion; we conquered and gave them laws; we allotted them fields and homes. Now they lay waste to Lydia and the richest cities of Asia with fire, and everything that survived the earlier storm. They don't rely on their own bravery or numbers; it's our cowardice that pushes them on, cowardice and the betrayal of generals, through whose fault our soldiers now

[228]

captivis dat terga suis, quos teste subegit

Danuvio partemque timet qui reppulit omnes.

“Aula choris epulisque vacat nec perdita curat,

dum superest aliquid. ne quid tamen orbe reciso

venditor amittat, provincia quaeque superstes 586

dividitur geminumque duplex passura tribunal

cogitur alterius pretium sarcire peremptae.

sic mihi restituunt populos; hac arte reperta

rectorum numerum terris pereuntibus augent. 590

“In te iam spes una mihi. pro fronde Minervae

has tibi protendo lacrimas: succurre ruenti,

eripe me tandem, servilibus eripe regnis.

neve adeo cunctos paucorum crimine damnes

nec nova tot meritis offensa prioribus obstet. 595

iamiam flecte animum. suprema pericula semper

dant veniam culpae. quamvis iratus et exul

pro patriae flammis non distulit arma Camillus.

nec te subtrahimus Latio; defensor utrique

sufficis. armorum liceat splendore tuorum 600

in commune frui; clipeus nos protegat idem

unaque pro gemino desudet cardine virtus.”

[229]

flee before their own captives, whom, as Danube’s stream well knows, they once subdued; and those now fear a handful who once could drive back all.

flee from their own captives, who, as the Danube's river well knows, they once conquered; and now they fear a few who once could push everyone back.

Meanwhile the palace devotes its attention to dances and feastings, and cares not what be lost so something remain. But lest our salesman lose aught by this dismemberment of the empire he has divided each remaining province into two, and forces the two halves, each under its own governor, to compensate him for the loss of other provinces. ’Tis thus they give me back my lost peoples: by this ingenious device they increase the number of my rulers while the lands they should rule are lost.

Meanwhile, the palace focuses on parties and celebrations, not caring about what is lost as long as something remains. But to ensure our salesman doesn’t lose anything from this breakup of the empire, he has split each remaining province into two and has each half, each with its own governor, make up for the lost provinces. This is how they return my lost people to me: through this clever trick, they increase the number of my rulers while the lands they should govern are gone.

In thee is now my only hope; in place of Minerva’s supplicating branch I offer thee my tears. Help me in my distress. Save me from this tyranny of a slave master; do not condemn all for the fault of a few, and let not a recent offence cancel former merits. Grant me now my request; extreme danger ever exonerates from blame. Camillus, though justly angered at his banishment, forebore not to succour his country when in flames. I seek not to draw thee away from Italy; thou art enough defence for both empires. Let both have the benefit of thine illustrious arms; let the same shield defend us and one hero work the salvation of a twofold world”

In you is my only hope now; instead of Minerva’s supplicating branch, I offer you my tears. Help me in my distress. Save me from this tyranny of a slave master; don’t condemn everyone for the mistakes of a few, and don’t let a recent offense overshadow past merits. Grant me my request now; extreme danger always excuses blame. Camillus, even though justly angered by his banishment, didn’t hesitate to help his country when it was on fire. I’m not trying to pull you away from Italy; you’re enough protection for both empires. Let both benefit from your amazing strength; let the same shield defend us, and one hero save a dual world.

[230]

FESCENNINA DE NUPTIIS HONORII AUGUSTI

I. (XI.)

Princeps corusco sidere pulchrior,

Parthis sagittas tendere doctior,

eques Gelonis imperiosior,

quae digna mentis laus erit arduae?

quae digna formae laus erit igneae? 5

te Leda mallet quam dare Castorem;

praefert Achilli te proprio Thetis;

victum fatetur Delos Apollinem;

credit minorem Lydia Liberum.

tu cum per altas impiger ilices 10

praedo citatum cornipedem reges

ludentque ventis instabiles comae,

telis iacebunt sponte tuis ferae

gaudensque sacris vulneribus leo

admittet hastam morte superbior. 15

Venus reversum spernit Adonidem,

damnat reductum Cynthia Virbium.

Cum post labores sub platani voles

virentis umbra vel gelido specu

torrentiorem fallere Sirium 20

et membra somno fessa resolveris:

o quantus uret tum Dryadas calor!

quot aestuantes ancipiti gradu

furtiva carpent oscula Naides!

[231]

FESCENNINE VERSES IN HONOUR OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS [124]

I. (XI.)

Prince, fairer than the day-star, who shootest thine arrows with an aim more sure than the Parthian’s, rider more daring than the Geloni, what praise shall match thy lofty mind, what praise thy brilliant beauty? Leda would rather have thee her son than Castor; Thetis counts thee dearer than her own Achilles; Delos’ isle admits thee Apollo’s victor; Lydia puts Bacchus second to thee. When in the heat of the chase thou guidest thy coursing steed amid the towering holm-oaks and thy tossing locks stream out upon the wind, the beasts of their own accord will fall before thine arrows and the lion, right gladly wounded by a prince’s sacred hand, will welcome thy spear and be proud so to die. Venus scorns Adonis returned from the dead, Diana disapproves Hippolytus recalled to life.

Prince, more radiant than the morning star, who shoots your arrows with aim more precise than the Parthians, rider more fearless than the Gelonians, what praise can match your noble spirit, what praise your dazzling beauty? Leda would prefer you as her son over Castor; Thetis cherishes you more than her own Achilles; the island of Delos accepts you as Apollo’s champion; Lydia ranks Bacchus after you. When in the heat of the hunt you steer your galloping horse among the tall holm oaks and your flowing hair streams in the wind, the animals will willingly fall before your arrows, and the lion, happily struck by a prince’s sacred hand, will embrace your spear and feel honored to die this way. Venus rejects Adonis back from the dead, Diana disapproves of Hippolytus brought back to life.

When after thy toils thou seekest the shade of a green plane-tree or shunnest Sirius’ extreme heat in some cool grot and freest thy wearied limbs in sleep, what a passion of love will inflame the Dryads’ hearts! how many a Naiad will steal up with trembling foot and snatch an unmarked kiss! Who,

When after your hard work you seek the shade of a green plane tree or avoid the blazing heat of Sirius in some cool cave and let your tired limbs rest in sleep, what a wave of love will ignite the Dryads’ hearts! How many Naiads will quietly approach with trembling feet and steal a secret kiss! Who,

[124] The marriage of Honorius and Maria, daughter of Stilicho, took place at Milan, Feb. 398.

[124] Honorius and Maria, the daughter of Stilicho, got married in Milan on February 398.

[232]

quis vero acerbis horridior Scythis, 25

quis beluarum corde furentior,

qui, cum micantem te prope viderit,

non optet ultro servitium pati,

qui non catenas adripiat libens

colloque poscat vincula libero?

tu si nivalis per iuga Caucasi 30

saevas petisses pulcher Amazonas,

peltata pugnas desereret cohors

sexu recepto; patris et inmemor

inter frementes Hippolyte tubas

strictam securim languida poneret 35

et seminudo pectore cingulum

forti negatum solveret Herculi,

bellumque solus conficeret decor.

Beata, quae te mox faciet virum 40

primisque sese iunget amoribus.

II. (XII.)

II. (12.)

Age cuncta nuptiali

redimita vere tellus

celebra toros eriles;

omne nemus cum fluviis,

omne canat profundum 5

Ligures favete campi,

Veneti favete montes,

subitisque se rosetis

vestiat Alpinus apex

et rubeant pruinae. 10

Athesis strepat choreis

calamisque flexuosus

leve Mincius susurret

[233]

though he be more uncivilized than the wild Scythians and more cruel even than the beasts, but will, when he has seen near at hand thy transcendent loveliness, offer thee a ready servitude? Who will not willingly seize the chains of slavery and demand the yoke for a neck as yet free? Hadst thou o’er the heights of snowy Caucasus gone against the cruel Amazons in all thy beauty, that warrior band had fled the fight and called to mind again their proper sex; Hippolyte, amid the trumpets’ din, forgetful of her sire, had weakly laid aside her drawn battle-axe, and with half-bared breast loosed the girdle all Hercules’ strength availed not to loose. Thy beauty alone would have ended the war.

though he may be more uncivilized than the wild Scythians and even more cruel than beasts, he will, when he sees your extraordinary beauty up close, offer you his willing servitude. Who wouldn't eagerly embrace the chains of slavery and ask for a yoke around a neck that’s still free? If you had faced the ruthless Amazons over the snowy heights of Caucasus in all your glory, that warrior group would have fled and remembered their true nature; Hippolyte, amidst the trumpet's sound, forgetting her father, would have weakly set down her drawn battle-axe and loosed the girdle that even Hercules couldn’t undo. Your beauty alone would have ended the war.

Blessed is she who will soon call thee husband and unite herself to thee with the bonds of first love.

Blessed is she who will soon call you husband and join herself to you with the bonds of first love.

II. (XII.)

II. (12.)

Come, earth, wreathed about with nuptial spring, do honour to thy master’s marriage-feast. Sing, woods and rivers all, sing, deep of ocean. Give your blessing, too, Ligurian plains and yours, Venetian hills. Let Alpine heights on a sudden clothe themselves with rose-bushes and the fields of ice grow red. Let the Adige re-echo the sound of choric lays and meandering Mincius whisper gently through his

Come, earth, adorned with spring's wedding charm, honor your master’s wedding feast. Sing, all you woods and rivers, sing, deep ocean. Give your blessings, Ligurian plains, and you too, Venetian hills. Let the Alpine heights suddenly be adorned with rose bushes and let the icy fields turn red. Let the Adige echo the sound of choral songs and the winding Mincius whisper softly through his

[234]

et Padus electriferis

admoduletur alnis; 15

epulisque iam repleto

resonet Quirite Thybris

dominique laeta votis

aurea septemgeminas

Roma coronet arces. 20

procul audiant Hiberi,

fluit unde semen aulae,

ubi plena laurearum

imperio feta domus

vix numerat triumphos. 25

habet hinc patrem maritus,

habet hinc puella matrem

geminaque parte ductum

Caesareum flumineo

stemma recurrit ortu. 30

decorent virecta Bactim,

Tagus intumescat auro

generisque procreator

sub vitreis Oceanus

luxurietur antris. 35

Oriensque regna fratrum

simul Occidensque plaudat;

placide iocentur urbes,

quaeque novo quaeque nitent

deficiente Phoebo. 40

Aquiloniae procellae,

rabidi tacete Cauri,

taceat sonorus Auster.

solus ovantem Zephyrus

perdominetur annum. 45

[235]

reeds and Padus make answer with his amber-dripping alders. Let Tiber’s banks now ring with the voices of Rome’s full-fed citizens and the golden city, rejoicing in her lord’s marriage, crown her seven hills with flowers.

reeds and Padus respond with his amber-dripping alders. Let Tiber’s banks now echo with the voices of Rome’s well-fed citizens and the golden city, celebrating her lord’s marriage, crown her seven hills with flowers.

Let Spain hear afar, Spain the cradle of the imperial race, where is a house that is mother of emperors, rich in crowns of laurel, whose triumphs can scarce be numbered. Hence came the bridegroom’s sire, hence the bride’s mother; from either branch flows the blood of the Caesars, like twin streams reunited. Let rich herbage clothe Baetis’ banks and Tagus swell his golden flood; may Ocean, ancestor of the imperial race, make merry in his crystal caves. Let East and West, the two brothers’ realms, join in their applause, and peace and joy fill the cities illumined by the sun at his rising and at his setting. Be still, ye storms of the north and ye mad blasts of Caurus; sounding Auster, sink to rest. Let Zephyrus have sole rule over this year of triumph.

Let Spain be heard from afar, Spain, the birthplace of the imperial lineage, where a house is the mother of emperors, rich with laurel crowns, whose victories are almost countless. This is where the bridegroom’s father came from, and where the bride’s mother originates; from both branches flows the blood of the Caesars, like twin rivers reunited. Let lush greenery cover the banks of the Baetis and let the Tagus swell with his golden waters; may the Ocean, ancestor of the imperial lineage, rejoice in his crystal caves. Let the East and West, the two brother realms, join in their celebration, and may peace and joy fill the cities illuminated by the sun at its rising and setting. Be still, you northern storms and wild winds of Caurus; noisy Auster, settle down. Let Zephyrus have sole dominion over this year of triumph.

[236]

III. (XIII.)

Solitas galea fulgere comas,

Stilicho, molli necte corona.

cessent litui saevumque procul

Martem felix taeda releget.

tractus ab aula rursus in aulam 5

redeat sanguis. patris officiis

iunge potenti pignora dextra.

gener Augusti pridem fueras,

nunc rursus eris socer Augusti.

quae iam rabies livoris erit? 10

vel quis dabitur color invidiae?

Stilicho socer est, pater est Stilicho.

IV. (XIV.)

Attollens thalamis Idalium iubar

dilectus Veneri nascitur Hesperus.

iam nuptae trepidat sollicitus pudor,

iam produnt lacrimas flammea simplices.

ne cessa, iuvenis, comminus adgredi, 5

impacata licet saeviat unguibus.

non quisquam fruitur veris odoribus

Hyblaeos latebris nec spoliat favos,

si fronti caveat, si timeat rubos;

armat spina rosas, mella tegunt apes. 10

crescunt difficili gaudia iurgio

accenditque magis, quae refugit, Venus.

quod flenti tuleris, plus sapit osculum.

dices “o!” quotiens, “hoc mihi dulcius

quam flavos deciens vincere Sarmatas!” 15

[237]

III. (XIII.)

Twine with a soft garland, Stilicho, the locks whereon a helmet is wont to shine. Let the trumpets of war cease and the propitious torch of marriage banish savage Mars afar. Let regal blood unite once more with regal blood. Perform a father’s office and unite these children with thine illustrious hand. Thou didst marry an emperor’s daughter, now, in turn, thy daughter shall marry an emperor. What room is here for the madness of jealousy? What excuse for envy? Stilicho is father both of bride and bridegroom.

Twine a soft garland around, Stilicho, the locks that a helmet usually shines on. Let the sounds of war fade away and the blessed torch of marriage push away fierce Mars. Let royal blood unite once again with royal blood. Act as a father and bring these children together with your esteemed hand. You married an emperor's daughter; now, in turn, your daughter will marry an emperor. What place is there for jealousy? What reason for envy? Stilicho is the father of both the bride and the groom.

IV. (XIV.)

Hesperus, loved of Venus, rises and shines for the marriage with his Idalian [125] rays. Maiden shame now overcomes the anxious bride; her veil now shows traces of innocent tears. Hesitate not to be close in thine attacks, young lover, e’en though she oppose thee savagely with cruel finger-nail. None can enjoy the scents of spring nor steal the honey of Hybla from its fastnesses if he fears that thorns may scratch his face. Thorns arm the rose and bees find a defence for their honey. The refusals of coyness do but increase the joy; the desire for that which flies us is the more inflamed; sweeter is the kiss snatched through tears. How oft wilt thou say: “Better this than ten victories over the yellow-haired Sarmatae”!

Hesperus, beloved of Venus, rises and shines for the wedding with his Idalian rays. The anxious bride is now overcome with maidenly shame; her veil bears signs of innocent tears. Don’t hesitate to get close in your pursuits, young lover, even if she fiercely resists you with her cruel nails. No one can enjoy the scents of spring or steal the honey of Hybla from its hideouts if he’s afraid of getting scratched by thorns. Thorns protect the rose, and bees find defenses for their honey. The rejections of shyness only increase the joy; the desire for what eludes us is even more intense; a kiss stolen through tears is sweeter. How often will you say: “Better this than ten victories over the yellow-haired Sarmatae”!

[125] Idalian: from Idalium, a mountain in Cyprus, sacred to Venus.

[125] Idalian: from Idalium, a mountain in Cyprus, dedicated to Venus.

[238]

Adspirate novam pectoribus fidem

mansuramque facem tradite sensibus.

tam iunctis manibus nectite vincula,

quam frondens hedera stringitur aesculus,

quam lento premitur palmite populus, 20

et murmur querula blandius alite

linguis adsiduo reddite mutuis.

et labris animum conciliantibus

alternum rapiat somnus anhelitum.

amplexu caleat purpura regio 25

et vestes Tyrio sanguine fulgidas

alter virgineus nobilitet cruor.

tum victor madido prosilias toro

nocturni referens vulnera proelii.

Ducant pervigiles carmina tibiae 30

permissisque iocis turba licentior

exultet tetricis libera legibus.

passim cum ducibus ludite milites,

passim cum pueris ludite virgines.

haec vox aetheriis insonet axibus, 35

haec vox per populos, per mare transeat:

“formosus Mariam ducit Honorius.”

[239]

Breathe a new loyalty into your breasts and let your senses kindle a flame that shall never be extinguished. May your clasped hands form a bond more close than that betwixt ivy and leafy oak tree or poplar and pliant vine. Be the frequent kisses that ye give and receive breathed more softly than those of plaintive doves, and when lips have united soul to soul let sleep still your throbbing breath. Be the purple couch warm with your princely wooing, and a new stain ennoble coverlets ruddy with Tyrian dye. Then leap victorious from the marriage-bed, scarred with the night’s encounter.

Breathe new loyalty into your hearts and let your senses ignite a flame that will never go out. May your joined hands create a bond that's tighter than that between ivy and oak or poplar and flexible vine. Let the kisses you give and receive be softer than those of gentle doves, and when your lips meet soul to soul, let sleep calm your racing heart. Make the purple couch warm with your royal affection, and may a new mark elevate the covers dyed in rich red. Then rise victorious from the marriage bed, marked by the night’s embrace.

All night long let the music of the flute resound and the crowd, set free from law’s harsh restraints, with larger licence indulge the permitted jest. Soldiers, make merry with your leaders, girls with boys. Be this the cry that re-echoes from pole to pole, among the peoples, over the seas: “Fair Honorius weds with Maria.”

All night, let the flute's music play loudly, and the crowd, freed from the strict rules, can enjoy themselves even more. Soldiers, have fun with your leaders, and girls with boys. Let this shout echo everywhere: “Fair Honorius is marrying Maria.”

[240]

EPITHALAMIUM DE NUPTIIS HONORII AUGUSTI

PRAEFATIO

(IX.)

Surgeret in thalamum ducto cum Pelion arcu

nec caperet tantos hospita terra deos,

cum socer aequoreus numerosaque turba sororum

certarent epulis continuare dies

praeberetque Iovi communia pocula Chiron, 5

molliter obliqua parte refusus equi,

Peneus gelidos mutaret nectare fontes,

Oetaeis fluerent spumea vina iugis:

Terpsichore facilem lascivo pollice movit

barbiton et molles duxit in antra choros. 10

carmina nec superis nec displicuere Tonanti,

cum teneris nossent congrua vota modis.

Centauri Faunique negant. quae flectere Rhoeton,

quae rigidum poterant plectra movere Pholum?

Septima lux aderat caelo totiensque renato 15

viderat exactos Hesperus igne choros:

tum Phoebus, quo saxa domat, quo pertrahit ornos,

pectine temptavit nobiliore lyram

venturumque sacris fidibus iam spondet Achillem,

iam Phrygias caedes, iam Simoënta canit. 20

frondoso strepuit felix Hymenaeus Olympo;

reginam resonant Othrys et Ossa Thetim.

[241]

EPITHALAMIUM OF HONORIUS AND MARIA

PREFACE

(IX.)

When Pelion reared his height to form a bridal chamber with long-drawn arches, and his hospitable land could not contain so many gods; when Nereus, sire of the bride, and all the throng of her sisters strove to link day to day with feastings; when Chiron, lying at ease with his horse-flanks curled under him, offered the loving-cup to Jove; when Peneus turned his cold waters to nectar and frothing wine flowed down from Oeta’s summit, Terpsichore struck her ready lyre with festive hand and led the girlish bands into the caves. The gods, the Thunderer himself, disdained not these songs, for they knew that lovers’ vows ever harmonized with tender strains. Centaurs and Fauns would have none of it: what lyre could touch Rhoetus or move inhuman Pholus?

When Pelion rose high to create a wedding space with long arches, and his welcoming land couldn't hold so many gods; when Nereus, the father of the bride, and all her sisters tried to connect day to day with celebrations; when Chiron, lounging comfortably with his horse's legs curled beneath him, offered a loving cup to Jove; when Peneus turned his cold waters into nectar and frothing wine flowed down from Oeta’s peak, Terpsichore struck her ready lyre with a festive hand and led the young women into the caves. The gods, including the Thunderer himself, didn’t ignore these songs, knowing that lovers' promises always matched with sweet melodies. Centaurs and Fauns wanted nothing to do with it: what lyre could reach Rhoetus or move the inhuman Pholus?

The seventh day had flamed in heaven, seven times had Hesperus relumed his lamp and seen the dances completed; then Phoebus touched his lyre with that nobler quill, wherewith he leads captive rocks and mountain-ashes, and sang to his sacred strings now the promised birth of Achilles, now the slaughter of the Trojans and the river Simois. The happy marriage-cry re-echoed o’er leafy Olympus, and Othrys and Ossa gave back their mistress Thetis’ name.

The seventh day shone in the sky, seven times Hesperus had lit up his lamp and witnessed the dances wrapped up; then Phoebus strummed his lyre with that finer quill, with which he captivates rocks and mountain ashes, and sang to his sacred strings about the long-awaited birth of Achilles, the defeat of the Trojans, and the Simois river. The joyful cries of marriage echoed across leafy Olympus, and Othrys and Ossa resonated with the name of their goddess Thetis.

[242]

EPITHALAMIUM

(X.)

Hauserat insolitos promissae virginis ignes

Augustus primoque rudis flagraverat aestu;

nec novus unde calor nec quid suspiria vellent,

noverat incipiens et adhuc ignarus amandi.

non illi venator equus, non spicula curae, 5

non iaculum torquere libet; mens omnis aberrat

in vulnus, quod fixit Amor. quam saepe medullis

erupit gemitus! quotiens incanduit ore

confessus secreta rubor nomenque beatum

iniussae scripsere manus! iam munera nuptae 10

praeparat et pulchros Mariae sed luce minores

eligit ornatus, quidquid venerabilis olim

Livia divorumque nurus gessere superbae.

incusat spes aegra moras longique videntur

stare dies segnemque rotam non flectere Phoebe. 15

Scyria sic tenerum virgo flammabat Achillem

fraudis adhuc expers bellatricesque docebat

ducere fila manus et, mox quos horruit Ide,

Thessalicos roseo nectebat pollice crines.

Haec etiam queritur secum: “quonam usque verendus 20

[243]

EPITHALAMIUM

(X.)

Unfelt before was the fire the Emperor Honorius had conceived for his promised bride, and he burned, all unexperienced, with passion’s first fever, nor knew whence came the heat, what meant the sighs—a tyro and as yet ignorant of love. Hunting, horses, javelins—for none of these he now cares nor yet to fling the spear; Love’s wound occupies all his thoughts. How often he groaned from the very heart; how often a blush, mantling to his cheeks, betrayed his secret; how often, unbidden of himself, his hand would write the loved one’s name. Already he prepares gifts for his betrothed and selects to adorn her (though their beauty is less than hers) the jewels once worn by noble Livia of old and all the proud women of the imperial house. The impatient lover chafes at the delay; the long days seem as though they stood still and the moon as though she moved not her slow wheel. Thus Deidamia, girl of Scyros, e’er yet she sees through his disguise, inflamed with love the young Achilles, and taught his warrior hands to draw the slender thread and passed her rosy fingers through the locks of that Thessalian of whom all Ida was soon to stand in awe.

Unfelt before was the fire that Emperor Honorius had for his promised bride, and he burned, completely inexperienced, with the first heat of passion, not knowing where the warmth came from or what the sighs meant—a novice still ignorant of love. He no longer cares for hunting, horses, or javelins; all he thinks about is Love’s wound. How often he groaned from deep within; how often a blush crept to his cheeks, revealing his secret; how often, without intending to, his hand would write the name of his beloved. He’s already preparing gifts for his fiancée and choosing to adorn her with the jewels once worn by noble Livia of old and all the proud women of the imperial house, even though those jewels aren’t as beautiful as she is. The impatient lover is frustrated by the wait; the long days feel like they’re standing still, and the moon seems to be barely moving at all. Just like Deidamia, the girl from Scyros, who inflamed the young Achilles with love before she saw through his disguise, teaching his warrior hands to weave delicate threads and running her rosy fingers through the hair of that Thessalian who would soon make all of Ida tremble in awe.

Thus too he communed with himself: “How long

Thus too he talked to himself: “How long

[244]

cunctatur mea vota socer? quid iungere differt,

quam pepigit, castasque preces implere recusat?

non ego luxuriem regum moremque secutus

quaesivi vultum tabulis [126] ut nuntia formae

lena per innumeros iret pictura penates, 25

nec variis dubium thalamis lecturus [127] amorem

ardua commisi falsae conubia cerae.

non rapio praeceps alienae foedera taedae,

sed quae sponsa mihi pridem patrisque relicta

mandatis uno materni sanguinis ortu 30

communem partitur avum. fastidia supplex

deposui gessique procum; de limine sacro

oratum misi proceres, qui proxima nobis

iura tenent. fateor, Stilicho, non parva poposci,

sed certe mereor princeps, hoc principe natus 35

qui sibi te generum fraterna prole revinxit,

cui Mariam debes. faenus mihi solve paternum,

redde suos aulae. mater fortasse rogari

mollior. o patrui germen, cui nominis heres

successi, sublime decus torrentis Hiberi, 40

stirpe soror, pietate parens, tibi creditus infans

inque tuo crevi gremio, partuque remoto

tu potius Flaccilla mihi. quid dividis ergo

[126] tabulis vulg.; Birt reads thalamis with the better MSS.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ common tables; Birt reads bedrooms with the better MSS.

[127] Birt reads laturus with P; other MSS. lecturus.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Birt reads laturus with P; other MSS. lecturus.

[245]

will honoured Stilicho forbear to grant my prayers? Why postpones he the union of those whose love he has approved? Why should he refuse to fulfil my chaste desires? I follow not the example of luxurious princes in seeking the beauties of a pictured countenance, whereby the pander canvass may pass from house to house to make known the charms demanded; nor yet have I sought to choose the uncertain object of my love from this house or from that, and thus entrusted to deceptive wax the difficult selection of a bride. I sever not in violence the bonds that unite a wedded woman to her lord; her I seek who hath long been betrothed to me, who by a father’s orders was left my affianced bride and who through her mother shares with me a common grandsire. A suppliant I have laid aside my rank and acted the suitor. Princes, second only to myself in rank, have I sent from my imperial palace to present my petition. ’Tis no small thing I ask, Stilicho; that I admit; yet surely to me, an emperor, son of that other emperor who, by giving thee his brother’s adopted daughter to wife, made thee his son-in-law,—to me thou dost owe Maria. Pay back to the son the interest due to his sire; restore to the palace those who are its own. Mayhap her mother [128] will be less inexorable. Daughter of mine uncle Honorius, whence I derive my name, chief glory of the land of swift-flowing Ebro, cousin by birth, by mother’s love a mother, to thy care was mine infancy entrusted, in thine arms I grew to boyhood; save for my birth thou, rather than Flacilla, art my mother. Why dost thou separate thy two

will honored Stilicho hold back from granting my requests? Why does he delay the union of those whose love he has accepted? Why should he refuse to satisfy my pure desires? I do not follow the example of extravagant princes in pursuing the beauty of a painted face, where the matchmaker's canvases can parade from house to house to announce the desired charms; nor have I sought to choose the uncertain object of my love from this house or that, thus leaving the difficult choice of a bride to misleading wax. I do not violently break the bonds that tie a married woman to her husband; I seek her who has long been promised to me, who by her father’s orders was left my betrothed and who through her mother shares a common ancestry with me. As a supplicant, I have set aside my rank and acted as a suitor. I have sent princes, second only to myself in status, from my imperial palace to present my request. It is no small thing I ask, Stilicho; I acknowledge that. Yet surely to me, an emperor, son of that other emperor who made you his son-in-law by giving you his brother’s adopted daughter to wife, you owe Maria. Return to the son what is due from his father; bring back to the palace those who rightfully belong there. Perhaps her mother [128] will be less unyielding. Daughter of my uncle Honorius, from whom I get my name, chief glory of the land of the swift-flowing Ebro, cousin by blood, by maternal love a mother, you were entrusted with my childhood, in your arms I grew into boyhood; except for my birth, you, rather than Flacilla, are my mother. Why do you separate your two

[128] Serena, daughter of Honorius, the elder, the brother of Theodosius the Great. Theodosius adopted Serena so that by adoption Honorius and Serena were brother and sister, by birth cousins. Serena was probably born in 376; Honorius not till Sept. 9, 384.

[128] Serena, the daughter of Honorius the Elder, who was the brother of Theodosius the Great. Theodosius adopted Serena, making them brother and sister by adoption, while they were cousins by blood. Serena was likely born in 376, and Honorius was born later, on September 9, 384.

[246]

pignora? quid iuveni natam non reddis alumno?

optatusne dies aderit? dabiturne iugalis 45

nox umquam?”

Tali solatur vulnera questu.

risit Amor placidaeque volat trans aequora matri

nuntius et totas iactantior explicat alas.

Mons latus Ionium Cypri praeruptus obumbrat,

invius humano gressu, Phariumque cubile 50

Proteos et septem despectat cornua Nili.

hunc neque candentes audent vestire pruinae,

hunc venti pulsare timent, hunc laedere nimbi.

luxuriae Venerique vacat. pars acrior anni

exulat; aeterni patet indulgentia veris. 55

in campum se fundit apex; hunc aurea saepes

circuit et fulvo defendit prata metallo.

Mulciber, ut perhibent, his oscula coniugis emit

moenibus et tales uxorius obtulit arces.

intus rura micant, manibus quae subdita nullis 60

perpetuum florent, Zephyro contenta colono,

umbrosumque nemus, quo non admittitur ales,

ni probet ante suos diva sub iudice cantus:

quae placuit, fruitur ramis; quae victa, recedit.

vivunt in Venerem frondes omnisque vicissim 65

felix arbor amat; nutant ad mutua palmae

foedera, populeo suspirat populus ictu

et platani platanis alnoque adsibilat alnus.

Labuntur gemini fontes, hic dulcis, amarus

alter, et infusis corrumpunt mella venenis, 70

[247]

children? Why not bestow a daughter born upon an adopted son? Will the longed-for day ever come; the marriage-night ever be sanctioned?”

children? Why not give a daughter to an adopted son? Will the long-awaited day ever come; will the wedding night ever be approved?”

With such complaint he assuages the wounds of love. Cupid laughed and speeding across the deep bore the news to his gentle mother, proudly spreading his wings to their full extent.

With such complaints, he soothes the wounds of love. Cupid laughed and quickly flew across the deep to tell his gentle mother, fully spreading his wings.

Where Cyprus looks out over the Ionian main a craggy mountain overshadows it; unapproachable by human foot it faces the isle of Pharos, the home of Proteus and the seven mouths of the Nile. The hoar frost dares not clothe its sides, nor the rude winds buffet it nor clouds obscure. It is consecrate to pleasure and to Venus. The year’s less clement seasons are strangers to it, whereover ever brood the blessings of eternal spring. The mountain’s height slopes down into a plain; that a golden hedge encircles, guarding its meadows with yellow metal. This demesne, men say, was the price paid by Mulciber for the kisses of his wife, these towers were the gift of a loving husband. Fair is the enclosed country, ever bright with flowers though touched with no labouring hand, for Zephyr is husbandman enough therefor. Into its shady groves no bird may enter save such as has first won the goddess’ approval for its song. Those which please her may flit among the branches; they must quit who cannot pass the test. The very leaves live for love and in his season every happy tree experiences love’s power: palm bends down to mate with palm, poplar sighs its passion for poplar, plane whispers to plane, alder to alder.

Where Cyprus overlooks the Ionian Sea, a rugged mountain towers over it; inaccessible by foot, it faces the island of Pharos, home of Proteus and the seven mouths of the Nile. The frost doesn’t dare to cover its slopes, nor do harsh winds batter it, nor do clouds obscure it. It is dedicated to pleasure and to Venus. The harsher seasons of the year are strangers to it, as the blessings of eternal spring always linger there. The height of the mountain slopes down to a plain, which is enclosed by a golden fence, protecting its meadows with yellow metal. This land, people say, was the price paid by Mulciber for the kisses of his wife, and these towers were the gift of a loving husband. The enclosed countryside is beautiful, always bright with flowers despite no human labor, for the West Wind is enough of a farmer there. In its shady groves, no bird may enter unless it has first won the goddess’ approval for its song. Those that please her can flit among the branches; those that don’t must leave. The very leaves exist for love, and in their season, every happy tree feels love’s power: the palm leans down to mate with the palm, the poplar sighs for the poplar, the plane whispers to the plane, and the alder to the alder.

Here spring two fountains, the one of sweet water, the other of bitter, honey is mingled with the first, poison with the second, and in these streams ’tis said

Here spring two fountains, one with sweet water, the other with bitter. Honey flows with the first, while poison mixes with the second, and in these streams it is said

[248]

unde Cupidineas armari fama sagittas.

mille pharetrati ludunt in margine fratres,

ore pares, aevo similes, gens mollis Amorum.

hos Nymphae pariunt, illum Venus aurea solum

edidit. ille deos caelumque et sidera cornu 75

temperat et summos dignatur figere reges;

hi plebem feriunt. nec cetera numina desunt:

hic habitat nullo constricta Licentia nodo

et flecti faciles Irae vinoque madentes

Excubiae Lacrimaeque rudes et gratus amantum 80

Pallor et in primis titubans Audacia furtis

iucundique Metus et non secura Voluptas;

et lasciva volant levibus Periuria ventis.

quos inter petulans alta cervice Iuventas

excludit Senium luco. 85

Procul atria divae

permutant radios silvaque obstante virescunt.

Lemnius haec etiam gemmis extruxit et auro

admiscens artem pretio trabibusque smaragdi

supposuit caesas hyacinthi rupe columnas.

beryllo paries et iaspide lubrica surgunt 90

limina despectusque solo calcatur achates.

in medio glaebis redolentibus area dives

praebet odoratas messes; hic mitis amomi,

hic casiae matura seges, Panchaeaque turgent

cinnama, nec sicco frondescunt vimina costo 95

tardaque sudanti prorepunt balsama rivo.

Quo postquam delapsus Amor longasque peregit

penna vias, alacer passuque superbior intrat.

caesariem tunc forte Venus subnixa corusco

fingebat solio. dextra laevaque sorores 100

stabant Idaliae: largos haec nectaris imbres

[249]

that Cupid dips his arrows. A thousand brother Loves with quivers play all around upon the banks, a tender company like to Cupid himself in face and of equal age. The nymphs are their mothers; Cupid is the only child of golden Venus. He with his bow subdues the stars and the gods and heaven, and disdains not to wound mighty kings; of the others the common people is the prey. Other deities, too, are here: Licence bound by no fetters, easily moved Anger, Wakes dripping with wine, inexperienced Tears, Pallor that lovers ever prize, Boldness trembling at his first thefts, happy Fears, unstable Pleasure, and lovers’ Oaths, the sport of every lightest breeze. Amid them all wanton Youth with haughty neck shuts out Age from the grove.

that Cupid dips his arrows. A thousand sibling Loves with quivers play all around on the banks, a tender group resembling Cupid himself in appearance and of equal age. The nymphs are their mothers; Cupid is the only child of golden Venus. He uses his bow to conquer the stars, the gods, and the heavens, and he doesn't hesitate to wound mighty kings; the others prey on the common people. Other deities are here as well: Unrestrained Freedom, easily stirred Anger, Bacchanalian Revelry dripping with wine, Naive Tears, the coveted Pallor that lovers adore, Boldness trembling at his first crimes, Joyful Fears, fickle Pleasure, and lovers’ Oaths, easily swayed by the slightest breeze. Among them all, playful Youth with a proud neck keeps Age out of the grove.

Afar shines and glitters the goddess’ many-coloured palace, green gleaming by reason of the encircling grove. Vulcan built this too of precious stones and gold, wedding their costliness to art. Columns cut from rock of hyacinth support emerald beams; the walls are of beryl, the high-builded thresholds of polished jaspar, the floor of agate trodden as dirt beneath the foot. In the midst is a courtyard rich with fragrant turf that yields a harvest of perfume; there grows sweet spikenard and ripe cassia, Panchaean cinnamon-flowers and sprays of oozy balm, while balsam creeps forth slowly in an exuding stream.

Afar, the goddess's colorful palace shines and sparkles, green and radiant thanks to the surrounding grove. Vulcan also built this with precious stones and gold, combining their value with artistry. Columns carved from hyacinth rock support emerald beams; the walls are made of beryl, the tall thresholds are polished jasper, and the floor is agate, easily trampled underfoot. In the center is a courtyard filled with fragrant grass that produces a bounty of perfume; sweet spikenard and ripe cassia grow there, along with Panchaean cinnamon flowers and clusters of rich balm, while balsam oozes out slowly in a streaming flow.

Hither Love glided down, winging his way o’er the long journey. Joyfully and with prouder gait than e’er his wont he enters. Venus was seated on her glittering throne, tiring her hair. On her right hand and on her left stood the Idalian sisters.[129] Of these one pours a rich stream of nectar over Venus’

Hither Love glided down, winging his way over the long journey. Joyfully and with a prouder gait than ever before, he enters. Venus was seated on her glittering throne, arranging her hair. On her right hand and on her left stood the Idalian sisters. Of these, one pours a rich stream of nectar over Venus.

[129] i.e. the Graces.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ i.e. the Graces.

[250]

inrigat, haec morsu numerosi dentis eburno

multifidum discrimen arat; sed tertia retro

dat varios nexus et iusto dividit orbes

ordine, neglectam partem studiosa relinquens: 105

plus error decuit. speculi nec vultus egebat

iudicio; similis tecto monstratur in omni

et capitur [130] quocumque videt. dum singula cernit,

seque probat, nati venientis conspicit umbram

ambrosioque sinu puerum complexa ferocem 110

“quid tantum gavisus?” ait; “quae proelia sudas

improbe? quis iacuit telis? iterumne Tonantem

inter Sidonias cogis mugire iuvencas?

an Titana domas? an pastoralia Lunam

rursus in antra vocas? durum magnumque videris

debellasse deum.” 116

Suspensus in oscula matris

ille refert: “Laetare, parens; inmane tropaeum

rettulimus, nostrum iam sensit Honorius arcum.

scis Mariam patremque ducem, qui cuspide Gallos

Italiamque fovet, nec te praeclara Serenae 120

fama latet. propera; regalibus adnue votis:

iunge toros.”

Gremio natum Cytherea removit

et crines festina ligat peplumque fluentem

adlevat et blando spirantem numine ceston

cingitur, impulsos pluviis quo mitigat amnes, 125

quo mare, quo ventos irataque fulmina solvit.

ut stetit ad litus, parvos adfatur alumnos:

“Heus! quis erit, pueri, vitreas qui lapsus in undas

huc rapidum Tritona vocet, quo vecta per altum

[130] Birt, following the MSS., rapitur; capitur was suggested by Conington, comparing Virg. Aen. viii. 311.

[130] Birt, following the MSS., raptured; capitur was suggested by Conington, comparing Virg. Aen. viii. 311.

[251]

head, another parts her hair with a fine ivory comb. A third, standing behind the goddess, braids her tresses and orders her ringlets in due array, yet carefully leaving a part untended; such negligence becomes her more. Nor did her face lack the mirror’s verdict; her image is reflected over all the palace and she is charmed wheresoever she looks. While she surveys each detail and approves her beauty she notes the shadow of her son as he approaches and catches the fierce boy to her fragrant bosom. “Whence comes thy joy?” she asks; “cruel child, what battles hast thou fought? What victim has thine arrow pierced? Hast thou once more compelled the Thunderer to low among the heifers of Sidon? Hast thou overcome Apollo, or again summoned Diana to a shepherd’s cave? Methinks thou hast triumphed over some fierce and potent god.”

head, another parting her hair with a fine ivory comb. A third, standing behind the goddess, braids her hair and arranges her curls neatly but intentionally leaves one part messy; that makes her even more captivating. Her face is not without the mirror’s approval; her reflection fills the palace, and she charms everyone with her gaze. As she inspects every detail and admires her beauty, she notices her son’s shadow as he approaches and pulls the fierce boy into her fragrant embrace. “What’s bringing you joy?” she asks; “wicked child, what battles have you fought? What victim has your arrow struck? Have you once again forced the Thunderer to bow down among the heifers of Sidon? Have you defeated Apollo, or summoned Diana to a shepherd’s cave again? It seems you’ve triumphed over some fierce and powerful god.”

Hanging upon his mother’s kisses he answered: “Mother, be thou glad; a great victory is ours. Now has Honorius felt our arrows. Thou knowest Maria and her sire, the general whose spear protects Gaul and Italy; the fame of noble Serena is not hidden from thee. Haste thee, assent to their princely prayers and seal this royal union.”

Hanging on his mother’s kisses, he replied: “Mom, be happy; we’ve achieved a great victory. Now Honorius has felt our arrows. You know Maria and her father, the general whose spear protects Gaul and Italy; the fame of noble Serena is not unknown to you. Hurry, agree to their noble requests and finalize this royal union.”

Cytherea freed her from her son’s embrace, hastily bound up her hair, gathered up her flowing dress and girt herself about with the divine girdle whose all-compelling charm can stay the rain-swollen torrent and appease the sea, the winds and angry thunderbolts. Soon as she stood on the shore she thus addressed her small foster-children. “Come, children, which of you will plunge beneath the glassy wave and summon me hither fleet Triton to bear me

Cytherea freed herself from her son’s embrace, quickly tied up her hair, picked up her flowing dress, and fastened herself with the divine girdle whose irresistible charm can calm the swollen river, soothe the sea, the winds, and fierce thunder. As soon as she stood on the shore, she spoke to her little foster-children. “Come, kids, which of you will dive into the smooth wave and call forth swift Triton to bring me here?

[252]

deferar? haud umquam tanto mihi venerit usu. 130

sacri, quos petimus, thalami. pernicius omnes

quaerite, seu concha Libycum circumsonat aequor,

Aegaeas seu frangit aquas. quicumque repertum

duxerit, aurata donabitur ille pharetra.”

Dixerat et sparsa diversi plebe feruntur 135

exploratores. pelagi sub fluctibus ibat

Carpathiis Triton obluctantemque petebat

Cymothoën. timet illa ferum seseque sequenti

subripit et duris elabitur uda lacertis.

“heus,” inquit speculatus Amor, “non vestra sub imis

furta tegi potuere vadis. accingere nostram 141

vecturus dominam: pretium non vile laboris

Cymothoën facilem, quae nunc detrectat, habebis.

hac mercede veni.”

Prorupit gurgite torvus

semifer; undosi verrebant brachia crines; 145

hispida tendebant bifido vestigia cornu,

qua pistrix commissa viro. ter pectora movit;

iam quarto Paphias tractu sulcabat harenas.

umbratura deam retro sinuatur in arcum

belua; tum vivo squalentia murice terga 150

purpureis mollita toris [131]: hoc navigat antro [132]

fulta Venus; niveae delibant aequora plantae.

prosequitur volucer late comitatus Amorum

tranquillumque choris quatitur mare. serta per omnem

Neptuni dispersa domum. Cadmeia ludit 155

Leucothoë, frenatque rosis delphina Palaemon;

alternas violis Nereus interserit algas;

[131] toris A, followed by Birt; but rosis VP is attractive.

[131] toris A, then Birt; however, rosis VP is appealing.

[132] antro P¹; vulg. ostro.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ antro P¹; slang ostro.

[253]

quickly o’er the deep? Never will he have come to do us better service. Sacred is the marriage that I seek. Make all speed in your search; may be the Libyan sea rings to his conch, may be he cleaves the Aegean main. Whoso shall find and bring him hither shall have a golden quiver as a reward.”

quickly over the sea? He'll never come to serve us better. The marriage I seek is sacred. Hurry in your search; maybe the Libyan sea responds to his conch, or maybe he’s crossing the Aegean Sea. Whoever finds him and brings him back here will receive a golden quiver as a reward.

She spake and, dividing into various bands, the scouts set out. Triton was swimming beneath the waves of the Carpathian sea, pursuing reluctant Cymothoë. She feared her rough lover and eluded his pursuit, her wet form gliding through the embraces of his strong arms. One of the Loves espied him and cried, “Stay! the deeps cannot hide your amours. Make ready to carry our mistress; as a reward for thy services (and ’tis no meagre one) thou shalt have Cymothoë, a complaisant mistress shall she be though she flout thee now. Come and win thy recompense.”

She spoke, and splitting into different groups, the scouts set out. Triton was swimming under the waves of the Carpathian Sea, chasing the reluctant Cymothoë. She was afraid of her rough lover and managed to slip away from him, her wet body gliding through his strong arms. One of the Loves saw him and shouted, “Wait! The depths can’t hide your romantic escapades. Get ready to take our mistress; as a reward for your efforts (and it’s quite a generous one), you’ll get Cymothoë, who will be an agreeable mistress, even if she’s teasing you now. Come and claim your reward.”

The dread monster uprose from the abyss; his billowing hair swept his shoulders; hoofs of cloven horn grown round with bristles sprang from where his fishy tail joined his man’s body. He swam three strokes and at the fourth stranded upon the shore of Cyprus. To shade the goddess the monster arched back his tail; then his back, rough with living purple, was bedded with scarlet coverlets; resting in such a retreat does Venus voyage, her snowy feet just dipping in the sea. A great company of wingèd Loves fly after her, troubling the calm surface of Ocean. Neptune’s palace is all adorned with flowers. Leucothoë, daughter of Cadmus, sports on the water, and Palaemon drives his dolphin with a bridle of roses. Nereus sets violets here

The terrifying monster rose up from the depths; his flowing hair brushed his shoulders; cloven hooves covered in bristles emerged from where his fishy tail connected to his human body. He swam three strokes and on the fourth, he reached the shore of Cyprus. To provide shade for the goddess, the monster arched his tail back; then his back, rough and covered in living purple, was lined with scarlet blankets; resting in such a haven does Venus travel, her snowy feet just touching the water. A large group of winged Loves follows her, disturbing the calm surface of the sea. Neptune’s palace is all decorated with flowers. Leucothoë, the daughter of Cadmus, plays in the water, and Palaemon guides his dolphin with a bridle made of roses. Nereus places violets here.

[254]

canitiem Glaucus ligat inmortalibus herbis.

nec non et variis vectae Nereides ibant

audito rumore feris (hanc pisce voluto 160

sublevat Oceani monstrum Tartesia tigris;

hanc timor Aegaei rupturus fronte carinas

trux aries; haec caeruleae suspensa leaenae

innatat; haec viridem trahitur complexa iuvencum)

certatimque novis onerant conubia donis. 165

cingula Cymothoë, rarum Galatea monile

et gravibus Psamathe bacis diadema ferebat

intextum, Rubro quas legerat ipsa profundo.

mergit se subito vellitque corallia Doto:

vimen erat dum stagna subit; processerat undis: 170

gemma fuit.

Nudae Venerem cinxere catervae

plaudentesque simul tali cum voce sequuntur:

“hos Mariae cultus, haec munera nostra precamur

reginae regina feras. dic talia numquam

promeruisse Thetim nec cum soror Amphitrite 175

nostro nupta Iovi. devotum sentiat aequor,

agnoscat famulum virgo Stilichonia pontum.

victrices nos saepe rates classemque paternam

veximus, attritis cum tenderet ultor Achivis.”

Iam Ligurum terris spumantia pectora Triton 180

adpulerat lassosque fretis extenderat orbes.

continuo sublime volans ad moenia Gallis

condita, lanigeri suis ostentantia pellem,

pervenit. adventu Veneris pulsata recedunt

nubila, clarescunt puris Aquilonibus Alpes. 185

[255]

and there among the seaweed and Glaucus wreathes his grey hair with deathless flowers. Hearing the tale the Nereids, too, came mounted on various beasts: one (maiden above but fish below) rides the dread sea-tiger of Tartessus; another is carried by that fierce ram, the terror of the Aegean, who shatters ships with his forehead; a third bestrides the neck of a sea-lion; another is borne along by the sea-calf to which she clings. They vie with one another in bringing gifts to the newly-wedded pair. Cymothoë presents a girdle, Galatea a precious necklace, Psamathe a diadem heavily encrusted with pearls gathered by herself from the depths of the Red Sea. Doto suddenly dives to gather coral, a plant so long as it is beneath the water, a jewel once it is brought forth from the waves.

and there among the seaweed and Glaucus wreathes his gray hair with everlasting flowers. Hearing the tale, the Nereids also arrived riding various beasts: one (a maiden above but a fish below) rides the fearsome sea tiger of Tartessus; another is carried by that fierce ram, the terror of the Aegean, known for smashing ships with his head; a third straddles the neck of a sea lion; another is carried along by the sea calf she clings to. They compete with each other in bringing gifts to the newlyweds. Cymothoë offers a belt, Galatea a precious necklace, Psamathe a diadem heavily adorned with pearls she gathered herself from the depths of the Red Sea. Doto suddenly dives to collect coral, a plant as long as it stays underwater, a jewel once it is brought forth from the waves.

The nude crowd of Nereids throng around Venus, following her and singing praises after this manner: “We beg thee, Venus, our queen, to bear these our gifts, these adornments, to queen Maria. Tell her that never did Thetis receive their like nor even our sister Amphitrite when she espoused our Jupiter.[133] Let the daughter of Stilicho hereby realize the devotion of the sea and know that Ocean is her slave. ’Tis we who bore up her father’s fleet, the hope of his victorious land, what time he set out to avenge the ruined Greeks.”

The nude crowd of Nereids gathers around Venus, following her and singing praises like this: “We ask you, Venus, our queen, to carry these gifts, these decorations, to Queen Maria. Tell her that Thetis never received anything like them, nor did our sister Amphitrite when she married Jupiter. [133] Let the daughter of Stilicho understand the devotion of the sea and know that Ocean is her servant. We are the ones who supported her father’s fleet, the hope of his victorious land, when he set out to avenge the fallen Greeks.”

And now Triton’s foam-flecked breast had touched the Ligurian shore and his wearied coils were extended over the surface of the water. Straightway Venus flew high in the air to the city founded by the Gauls, the city that shows as its device the fleece-covered pelt of a sow.[134] At the coming of the goddess the routed clouds retire; bright shine the Alps beneath

And now Triton's foamy chest had reached the Ligurian shore, and his tired coils lay stretched on the water's surface. Right away, Venus soared up into the sky toward the city established by the Gauls, the city that displays the fleece-covered pelt of a sow as its symbol.[134] When the goddess arrived, the scattered clouds faded away; the Alps below sparkled brightly.

[133] i.e. Neptune.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ i.e. Neptune.

[134] Milan; cf. Isid. Orig. XV. 1 vocatum Mediolanum ab eo, quod ibi sus in medio lanea perhibetur inventa; Sidon. Apol. vii. 17 et quae lanigero de sue nomen habent.

[134] Milan; cf. Isid. Orig. XV. 1 called Mediolanum because a pig is said to have been found there in the middle of a woolly area; Sidon. Apol. vii. 17 and those that have a name derived from the wool-bearing pig.

[256]

laetitiae causas ignorat dicere miles

laetaturque tamen; Mavortia signa rubescunt

floribus et subitis animantur frondibus hastae.

illa suum dictis adfatur talibus agmen:

“Gradivum, nostri comites, arcete parumper, 190

ut soli vacet aula mihi. procul igneus horror

thoracum, gladiosque tegat vagina minaces.

stent bellatrices aquilae saevique dracones.

fas sit castra meis hodie succumbere signis:

tibia pro lituis et pro clangore tubarum 195

molle lyrae festumque canant. epulentur ad ipsas

excubias; mediis spirent crateres in armis.

laxet terribiles maiestas regia fastus

et sociam plebem non indignata potestas

confundat turbae proceres. solvantur habenis 200

gaudia nec leges pudeat ridere severas.

“Tu festas, Hymenaee, faces, tu, Gratia, flores

elige, tu geminas, Concordia, necte coronas.

vos, pennata cohors, quocumque vocaverit usus,

divisa properate manu, neu marceat ulla 205

segnities: alii funalibus ordine ductis

plurima venturae suspendite lumina nocti;

hi nostra nitidos postes obducere myrto

contendant; pars nectareis adspergite tecta

fontibus et flamma lucos adolete Sabaeos; 210

pars infecta croco velamina lutea Serum

pandite Sidoniasque solo prosternite vestes.

ast alii thalamum docto componite textu;

stamine gemmato picturatisque columnis

[257]

the clear North wind. The soldier rejoices though he cannot tell why. The standards of war burgeon with red flowers and the spears on a sudden sprout with living leaves. Then Venus thus addresses her attendant throng. “Comrades mine, keep away for a while the god of war that the palace may be mine and mine alone. Banish afar the terror of the flashing breastplate; let its scabbard sheath the threatening sword. Advance not the standards of war, the eagles and savage dragons. This day the camp shall yield to my standards; the flute shall sound instead of the bugle, the soft strains of the happy lyre take the place of the trumpets’ blare. Let the soldiers feast even when on guard and the beakers foam in the midst of arms. Let regal majesty lay by its awful pride and power, disdaining not to associate with the people, make one the nobles with the crowd. Let joy be unrestrained and sober Law herself be not ashamed to laugh.

the clear North wind. The soldier is happy even though he doesn't know why. The banners of war bloom with red flowers and the spears suddenly sprout with fresh leaves. Then Venus speaks to her group. “My friends, keep the god of war away for a while so that the palace can be mine and mine alone. Push away the fear of the shining armor; let its sheath cover the menacing sword. Don’t raise the banners of war, the eagles, and fierce dragons. Today, the camp will submit to my banners; the flute will play instead of the bugle, and the soft tunes of the cheerful lyre will replace the trumpets’ blast. Let the soldiers celebrate even while on duty and let the cups overflow amidst their arms. Let royal majesty set aside its terrible pride and not hesitate to mingle with the people, making the nobles one with the crowd. Let joy be free and even sober Law herself not be ashamed to laugh.

“Hymen, choose thou the festal torches, and ye Graces gather flowers for the feast. Thou, Concord, weave two garlands. You, winged band, divide and hasten whithersoever you can be of use: let none be slothful or lazy. You others hang numberless lamps in order from their brackets against the coming of night. Let these haste to entwine the gleaming door-posts with my sacred myrtle. Do you sprinkle the palace with drops of nectar and kindle a whole grove of Sabaean incense. Let others unfold yellow-dyed silks from China and spread tapestries of Sidon on the ground. Do you employ all your arts in decorating the marriage-bed. Woven with jewels and upborne on carved columns be its canopy, such

“Hymen, pick out the festive torches, and you Graces gather flowers for the celebration. You, Concord, weave two garlands. You, winged group, spread out and hurry wherever you can help: let no one be idle or lazy. You others hang countless lamps neatly from their brackets in preparation for the night. Let these hurry to wrap the shining doorposts with my sacred myrtle. You sprinkle the palace with drops of nectar and light up a whole grove of Sabaean incense. Let others unfold yellow-dyed silks from China and lay down tapestries from Sidon on the ground. You use all your skills to decorate the marriage bed. Its canopy should be woven with jewels and supported on carved columns, such

[258]

aedificetur apex, qualem non Lydia dives 215

erexit Pelopi nec quem struxere Lyaeo

Indorum spoliis et opaco palmite Bacchae.

illic exuvias omnes cumulate parentum:

quidquid avus senior Mauro vel Saxone victis,

quidquid ab innumeris socio Stilichone tremendus 220

quaesivit genitor bellis, quodcumque Gelonus

Armeniusve dedit; quantum crinita sagittis

attulit extremo Meroë circumflua Nilo;

misit Achaemenio quidquid de Tigride Medus,

cum supplex emeret Romanam Parthia pacem. 225

nobilibus gazis opibusque cubilia surgant

barbaricis; omnes thalamo conferte triumphos.”

Sic ait et sponsae petit improvisa penates.

illa autem secura tori taedasque parari

nescia divinae fruitur sermone parentis 230

maternosque bibit mores exemplaque discit

prisca pudicitiae Latios nec volvere libros

desinit aut Graios, ipsa genetrice magistra,

Maeonius quaecumque senex aut Thracius Orpheus

aut Mytilenaeo modulatur pectine Sappho 235

(sic Triviam Latona monet; sic mitis in antro

Mnemosyne docili tradit praecepta Thaliae):

cum procul augeri nitor et iucundior aër

attonitam lustrare domum fundique comarum

gratus odor. mox vera fides numenque refulsit. 240

cunctatur stupefacta Venus; nunc ora puellae,

[259]

as rich Lydia ne’er built for Pelops nor yet the Bacchae for Lyaeus, decked as his was with the spoils of Ind and the mantling vine. Heap up there all the gathered wealth of the family, all the spoil that Honorius the elder, our emperor’s grandsire, won from Moor and Saxon, all that his dread father with Stilicho at his side gained from numberless wars, all that the Geloni and Armenians have contributed or Meroë added—Meroë encircled by furthermost Nile whose people decorate their hair with arrows; whatever the Medes sent from the banks of Persian Tigris when suppliant Parthia bought peace of Rome. Let the lofty couch be adorned with the barbaric splendour of kings’ treasuries; be all the wealth of all our triumphs gathered in that marriage-chamber.”

as rich Lydia never built for Pelops nor the Bacchae for Lyaeus, decorated as his was with the spoils of India and the covering vine. Pile up all the accumulated wealth of the family, all the loot that Honorius the elder, our emperor’s grandfather, seized from the Moors and Saxons, all that his fearsome father gained alongside Stilicho from countless wars, all that the Geloni and Armenians contributed or Meroë added—Meroë surrounded by the distant Nile whose people decorate their hair with arrows; whatever the Medes sent from the banks of the Persian Tigris when the submissive Parthia bought peace from Rome. Let the grand couch be adorned with the exotic splendor of royal treasuries; let all the wealth of our triumphs be gathered in that marriage chamber.

So spake she and all unannounced sought the bride’s home. But Maria, with no thoughts of wedlock nor knowing that the torches were being got ready, was listening with rapt attention to the discourse of her saintly mother, drinking in that mother’s nature and learning to follow the example of old-world chastity; nor does she cease under that mother’s guidance to unroll the writers of Rome and Greece, all that old Homer sang, or Thracian Orpheus, or that Sappho set to music with Lesbian quill; (even so Latona taught Diana; so gentle Mnemosyne in her cave gave instruction to meek Thalia)—when the sky from afar grows more bright, a sweeter air breathes through the astonished palace and there is spread the happy fragrance of scented locks. Soon came the proof; in all her beauty the goddess bursts upon them. Yet Venus stands amazed, admiring now the daughter’s

So she spoke and, without saying a word, headed to the bride’s home. But Maria, who had no thoughts of marriage and was unaware that the torches were being prepared, was listening intently to her saintly mother's talk, absorbing her mother’s nature and learning to follow the example of old-fashioned purity. Guided by her mother, she also continued to study the writings of Rome and Greece, everything old Homer sang, or what Thracian Orpheus wrote, or what Sappho set to music with her Lesbian quill; (just like Latona taught Diana; and gentle Mnemosyne in her cave instructed quiet Thalia)—when the sky brightens from afar, a sweeter breeze fills the astonished palace, and the delightful scent of fragrant hair spreads through the air. Then came the confirmation; in all her beauty, the goddess appeared to them. Yet Venus stood amazed, now admiring the daughter’s

[260]

nunc flavam niveo miratur vertice matrem.

haec modo crescenti, plenae par altera lunae:

adsurgit ceu forte minor sub matre virenti

laurus et ingentes ramos olimque futuras 245

promittit iam parva comas; vel flore sub uno

ceu geminae Paestana rosae per iugera regnant:

haec largo matura die saturataque vernis

roribus indulget spatio; latet altera nodo

nec teneris audet foliis admittere soles. 250

Adstitit et blande Mariam Cytherea salutat:

“salve sidereae proles augusta Serenae,

magnorum suboles regum parituraque reges.

te propter Paphias sedes Cyprumque reliqui,

te propter libuit tantos explere labores 255

et tantum transnare maris, ne vilior ultra

privatos paterere lares neu tempore longo

dilatos iuvenis nutriret Honorius ignes.

accipe fortunam generis, diadema resume,

quod tribuas natis, et in haec penetralia rursus, 260

unde parens progressa, redi. fac nulla subesse

vincula cognatae: quamvis aliena fuisses

principibus, regnum poteras hoc ore mereri.

quae propior sceptris facies? qui dignior aula 264

vultus erit? non labra rosae, non colla pruinae,

non crines aequant violae, non lumina flammae.

quam iuncti leviter sese discrimine confert

umbra supercilii! miscet quam iusta pudorem

temperies nimio nec sanguine candor abundat!

[261]

loveliness, now the snowy neck and golden hair of the mother. The one is like unto the crescent moon, the other to the full. So grows a young laurel beneath the shadow of its parent tree and, small as it now is, gives promise of great branches and thick foliage to come. Or as ’twere two roses of Paestum on one stalk; the one day’s fulness has brought to maturity; steeped in the dews of spring it spreads abroad its petals; the other yet nestles in its bud nor dares receive the sun’s warmth within its tender heart.

loveliness, now the snowy neck and golden hair of the mother. One is like the crescent moon, the other like the full moon. Just as a young laurel grows under the shade of its parent tree and, small as it is now, promises great branches and thick foliage in the future. Or like two roses from Paestum on one stem; one has fully bloomed, having matured in the spring dews, spreading its petals wide; the other still rests in its bud, hesitant to embrace the sun's warmth within its delicate heart.

Venus stood and addressed Maria with these gentle words: “All hail! revered daughter of divine Serena, scion of great kings and destined to be the mother of kings. For thy sake have I left my home in Paphos’ isle and Cyprus; for thy sake was I pleased to face so many labours and cross so many seas lest thou shouldst continue to live a private life little befitting thy true worth and lest young Honorius should still feed in his heart the flame of unrequited love. Take the rank thy birth demands, resume the crown to bequeath it to thy children and re-enter the palace whence thy mother sprang. E’en though no ties of blood united thee to the royal house, though thou wert in no way related thereto, yet would thy beauty render thee worthy of a kingdom. What face could rather win a sceptre? What countenance better adorn a palace? Redder than roses thy lips, whiter than the hoar-frost thy neck, cowslips [135] are not more yellow than thine hair, fire not more bright than thine eyes. With how fine an interspace do the delicate eyebrows meet upon thy forehead! How just the blend that makes thy blush, thy fairness not o’ermantled with too much

Venus stood and spoke to Maria with these gentle words: “Greetings! revered daughter of the divine Serena, descendant of great kings and destined to be the mother of kings. For your sake, I have left my home in Paphos and Cyprus; for your sake, I willingly faced countless challenges and crossed many seas so you wouldn’t continue to live a life that doesn’t reflect your true worth and so young Honorius wouldn’t keep the flame of unrequited love alive in his heart. Take the position your birth deserves, reclaim the crown to pass it on to your children, and return to the palace from which your mother came. Even though there are no blood ties connecting you to the royal house, even if you aren’t related at all, your beauty alone makes you worthy of a kingdom. What face could better deserve a scepter? What visage could better grace a palace? Redder than roses are your lips, whiter than frost is your neck, cowslips are not more yellow than your hair, and fire is not more bright than your eyes. How beautifully do your delicate eyebrows meet on your forehead! How perfectly balanced is your blush, your fairness not overshadowed by too much.”

[135] The viola was probably a pansy or wallflower, Gk λευκόϊον.

[135] The viola was likely a pansy or wallflower, Gk λευκόϊον.

[262]

Aurorae vincis digitos umerosque Dianae; 270

ipsam iam superas matrem. si Bacchus amator

dotali potuit caelum signare corona,

cur nullis virgo redimitur pulchrior astris?

iam tibi molitur stellantia serta Bootes

inque decus Mariae iam sidera parturit aether. 275

i, digno nectenda viro tantique per orbem

consors imperii! iam te venerabitur Hister;

nomen adorabunt populi; iam Rhenus et Albis

serviet; in medios ibis regina Sygambros.

quid numerem gentes Atlanteosque recessus 280

Oceani? toto pariter donabere mundo.”

Dixit et ornatus, dederant quos nuper ovantes

Nereides, collo membrisque micantibus aptat.

ipsa caput distinguit acu, substringit amictus;

flammea virgineis accommodat ipsa capillis. 285

ante fores iam pompa sonat, pilentaque sacra

praeradiant ductura nurum. calet obvius ire

iam princeps tardumque cupit discedere solem:

nobilis haud aliter sonipes, quem primus amoris

sollicitavit odor, tumidus quatiensque decoras 290

curvata cervice iubas Pharsalia rura

pervolat et notos hinnitu flagitat amnes

naribus accensis; mulcet fecunda magistros

spes gregis et pulchro gaudent armenta marito.

Candidus interea positis exercitus armis 295

exultat socerum circa; nec signifer ullus

[263]

red! Pinker thy fingers than Aurora’s, firmer thy shoulders than Diana’s; even thy mother dost thou surpass. If Bacchus, Ariadne’s lover, could transform his mistress’ garland into a constellation how comes it that a more beauteous maid has no crown of stars? Even now Boötes is weaving for thee a starry crown, even now heaven brings new stars to birth to do thee honour. Go, mate with one who is worthy of thee and share with him an empire co-extensive with the world. Ister now shall do thee homage; all nations shall adore thy name. Now Rhine and Elbe shall be thy slaves; thou shalt be queen among the Sygambri. Why should I number the peoples and the Atlantic’s distant shores? The whole world alike shall be thy dowry.”

red! Your fingers are pinker than Aurora’s, your shoulders stronger than Diana’s; you even surpass your mother. If Bacchus, Ariadne’s lover, could turn his mistress’ garland into a constellation, why is it that a more beautiful maiden has no crown of stars? Even now Boötes is weaving a starry crown for you, even now the heavens are bringing forth new stars to honor you. Go, unite with someone worthy of you and share an empire that stretches across the world. The Ister will now pay you tribute; all nations will adore your name. Now the Rhine and Elbe will be your servants; you will be queen among the Sygambri. Why should I count the peoples and the distant shores of the Atlantic? The whole world will be your dowry.

She spake and fitted to Maria’s neck and shining limbs the rich gear which the happy Nereids had just given her. She parted her hair with the spear’s point, girded up her dress, and with her own hands set the veil over the maiden’s hair.[136] The procession is halted singing at the door; brightly gleams the holy chariot in which the new bride is to fare. The prince burns to run and meet her and longs for the sun’s tardy setting. Even so the noble steed when first the smell that stirs his passions smites upon him proudly shakes his thick, disordered mane and courses over Pharsalia’s plains. His nostrils are aflame and with a neighing he greets the streams that saw his birth. His masters smile at the hope of their stud’s increase, and the mares take pleasure in their handsome mate.

She spoke and fitted Maria’s neck and shining limbs with the beautiful jewelry that the happy Nereids had just given her. She parted her hair with the point of the spear, cinched her dress, and with her own hands placed the veil over the maiden’s hair.[136] The procession is stopped, singing at the door; the holy chariot in which the new bride is to depart shines brightly. The prince is eager to run and meet her, longing for the sun to set faster. Just as a noble horse, when the scent that ignites his desires hits him, proudly shakes his thick, tangled mane and gallops across the plains of Pharsalia. His nostrils burn with excitement, and with a neigh, he greets the streams that witnessed his birth. His masters smile at the prospect of their horse producing offspring, and the mares enjoy the company of their handsome mate.

Meanwhile the army has laid aside its swords: the soldiers are dressed in white and throng around Stilicho, the bride’s father. No standard-bearer nor

Meanwhile, the army has put down its swords: the soldiers are dressed in white and gather around Stilicho, the bride’s father. No standard-bearer nor

[136] Venus acts as pronuba. The parting of the hair with the spear was a relic of marriage by capture (cf. Catullus lxi.).

[136] Venus serves as the pronuba. The act of parting the hair with the spear was a remnant of marriage by capture (cf. Catullus lxi.).

[264]

nec miles pluviae flores dispergere ritu

cessat purpureoque ducem perfundere nimbo.

haec quoque velati lauro myrtoque canebant:

“Dive parens, seu te complectitur axis Olympi,

seu premis Elysias animarum praemia valles, 301

en promissa tibi Stilicho iam vota peregit;

iam gratae rediere vices; cunabula pensat;

acceptum reddit thalamum natoque reponit,

quod dederat genitor. numquam te, sancte, pigebit

iudicii nec te pietas suprema fefellit. 306

dignus cui leges, dignus cui pignora tanti

principis et rerum commendarentur habenae.

dicere possemus, quae proelia gesta sub Haemo

quaeque cruentarint fumantem Strymona pugnae,

quam notus clipeo, quanta vi fulminet hostem, 311

ni prohiberet Hymen, quae tempestiva relatu,

nunc canimus. quis consilio, quis iuris et aequi

nosse modum melior? quod semper dissilit, in te

convenit, ingenio robur, prudentia forti. 315

fronte quis aequali? quem sic Romana decerent

culmina? sufficerent tantis quae pectora curis?

stes licet in populo, clamet quicumque videbit:

‘hic est, hic Stilicho!’ sic se testatur et offert

celsa potestatis species, non voce feroci, 320

non alto simulata gradu, non improba gestu.

adfectant alii quidquid fingique laborant,

hoc donat natura tibi. pudor emicat una

[265]

common soldier fails to scatter flowers like rain and to drench their leader in a mist of purple blossoms. Crowned with laurel and myrtle they sing: “Blessed father, whether the vault of heaven is thy home, or thou walkest in Elysium, the mansion of the blest, behold Stilicho hath now fulfilled the promises he made thee. A happy interchange has now been made: he compensates thee for his upbringing, and renders marriage in return for marriage, giving back to a son what thou, that son’s father, gave to him. Never needst thou repent of thy choice; a dying father’s love misled thee not. Worthy is he to be thine heir, worthy to be entrusted with the child of so powerful a prince and to hold the reins of government. Now could I tell of the battles fought beneath the slopes of Mount Haemus, the contests wherefrom Strymon reeked red with blood; I could sing the fame of his arms and how, like a thunderbolt, he falls upon his foes, but the marriage-god says me nay. Our song must be such as now befits the singing. Who can surpass Stilicho in counsel? who in knowledge of law and equity? In thee are two opposèd qualities reconciled, wisdom and strength, prudence and fortitude. Was e’er so noble a brow? Whom would Rome’s highest place more befit? What heart but thine is strong enough to bear so many troubles? Shouldst thou stand amid the crowd whoe’er shall see thee would exclaim, ‘That is Stilicho.’ It is thus that the aspect of supreme majesty brings its own witness—not with arrogant voice, or pompous walk, or haughty gesture. The graces which others affect and strive to seem to possess are thine by nature’s gift. Modesty shines forth together with a noble sternness,

common soldier doesn’t scatter flowers like rain or shower their leader with a mist of purple blooms. Crowned with laurel and myrtle, they sing: “Blessed father, whether you dwell in the heavens, or walk in Elysium, the home of the blessed, see that Stilicho has now kept the promises he made to you. A joyful exchange has taken place: he pays you back for his upbringing, and gives marriage in return for marriage, returning to a son what you, the father, gave to him. You will never regret your choice; a dying father’s love did not mislead you. He is worthy to be your heir, worthy to be entrusted with the child of such a powerful prince and to hold the reins of government. Now I could recount the battles fought at the foot of Mount Haemus, the contests that left Strymon soaked in blood; I could sing the glory of his arms and how, like a thunderbolt, he strikes down his enemies, but the god of marriage says no. Our song must match the occasion. Who can match Stilicho in wisdom? Who is more knowledgeable in law and fairness? In you, wisdom and strength, caution and courage, are perfectly balanced. Has there ever been such a noble brow? Who would be more suited for the highest office in Rome? What heart but yours is strong enough to endure so many challenges? If you stood among the crowd, anyone who’d see you would exclaim, ‘That is Stilicho.’ It’s how the aura of supreme dignity speaks for itself—not with an arrogant voice, or pompous stride, or haughty gesture. The qualities others feign and strive to possess are inherently yours. Modesty radiates along with a noble seriousness,

[266]

formosusque rigor vultusque auctura verendos

canities festina venit. cum sorte remota 325

contingat senio gravitas viresque iuventae,

utraque te cingit propriis insignibus aetas.

ornatur Fortuna viro. non ulla nocendi

tela nec infecti iugulis civilibus enses.

non odium terrore moves nec frena resolvit 330

gratia; diligimus pariter pariterque timemus.

ipse metus te noster amat, iustissime legum

arbiter, egregiae pacis fidissime custos,

optime ductorum, fortunatissime patrum.

plus iam, plus domino cuncti debere fatemur, 335

quod gener est, invicte, tuus. vincire corona;

insere te nostris contempto iure choreis.

sic puer Eucherius superet virtute parentem;

aurea sic videat similes Thermantia taedas;

sic uterus crescat Mariae; sic natus in ostro 340

parvus Honoriades genibus considat avitis.”

[267]

and white hairs come hastening to increase the reverence of thy face. Though dignity be the crown of age and strength, by a far different lot, of youth, yet either season decks thee with its own peculiar honours. Thou art the ornament of fortune. Never tookst thou up the sword for hurt nor ever didst steep its blade in citizens’ blood. No cruelties on thy part aroused men’s hatred; favouritism never slacks the reins of justice. We love thee, yet we fear thee. Our very fear testifies to our love, O thou most righteous interpreter of Law, guardian most sure of peace with honour, greatest of our generals, most blessèd among the fathers of our country. We all confess that now we owe our emperor an even firmer allegiance for that thou, hero invincible, art the father of his bride. Crown thy head with a garland, lay aside thy rank for a moment and join our dances. An thou dost this, so may thy son Eucherius [137] surpass the virtues of his sire; so may the fair Thermantia, thy daughter, live to see a marriage such as this; so may Maria’s womb grow big and a little Honorius, born in the purple, rest on his grandsire’s lap.”

and white hairs come rushing in to enhance the respect on your face. Although dignity is the crown of age and strength, youth has its own way of adorning you. You are the treasure of fortune. You have never raised a sword to harm nor stained its blade with citizens’ blood. No cruelty on your part has stirred people’s resentment; favoritism never loosens the grip of justice. We love you, yet we fear you. Our very fear is proof of our love, O you most just interpreter of the Law, most reliable guardian of peace with honor, greatest of our generals, most blessed among the fathers of our country. We all acknowledge that we owe our emperor an even stronger loyalty now that you, invincible hero, are the father of his bride. Adorn your head with a garland, set aside your rank for a moment, and join our celebrations. If you do this, may your son Eucherius surpass the virtues of his father; may the lovely Thermantia, your daughter, live to witness a marriage like this; may Maria's womb swell, and may a little Honorius, born into royalty, rest on his grandfather’s lap.

[137] Eucherius (born about 388) was the son, and Thermantia the younger daughter, of Stilicho and Serena. After the death of Maria she became Honorius’ second wife.

[137] Eucherius (born around 388) was the son, and Thermantia the younger daughter, of Stilicho and Serena. After Maria's death, she became Honorius’ second wife.

[268]

PANEGYRICUS DE TERTIO CONSULATU HONORII AUGUSTI

PRAEFATIO

(VI.)

Parvos non aquilis fas est educere fetus

ante fidem solis iudiciumque poli.

nam pater, excusso saluit cum tegmine proles

ovaque maternus rupit hiulca tepor,

protinus implumes convertit ad aethera nidos 5

et recto flammas imperat ore pati.

consulit ardentes radios et luce magistra

natorum vires ingeniumque probat.

degenerem refugo torsit qui lumine visum,

unguibus hunc saevis ira paterna ferit. 10

exploratores oculis qui pertulit ignes

sustinuitque acie nobiliore diem,

nutritur volucrumque potens et fulminis heres,

gesturus summo tela trisulca Iovi.

me quoque Pieriis temptatum saepius antris 15

audet magna suo mittere Roma deo.

iam dominas aures, iam regia tecta meremur

et chelys Augusto iudice nostra sonat.

[269]

PANEGYRIC ON THE THIRD CONSULSHIP OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS (CE 396)

PREFACE

(VI.)

Eagles may not rear their young without the sun’s permission and the goodwill of heaven. So soon as the chicks have shattered their shells and issued forth, after that the warmth of their mother’s body has cracked the opening egg, the father bird makes haste to carry the unfledged nestlings aloft and bids them gaze at the sun’s fires with unblinking eye. He takes counsel of those bright beams and under light’s schooling makes trial of the strength and temper of his sons. The angry father strikes with pitiless talons the degenerate who turns away his glance, but he whose eye can bear the searching flame, who with bolder sight can outstare the noonday sun, is brought up a king of birds, heir to the thunderbolt, destined to carry Jove’s three-forked weapon. So mighty Rome fears not to send me, oft tested e’er now in the Muses’ caverns, to face the emperor, her god. Now have I won an emperor’s ear, the entrance to an emperor’s palace and the emperor himself as judge of my lyre’s song.

Eagles can't raise their young without the sun's permission and the favor of the heavens. As soon as the chicks break out of their shells and emerge, after the warmth of their mother's body has cracked the egg open, the father bird quickly takes the fledglings up high and encourages them to look at the sun's flames with unblinking eyes. He consults those bright rays and, under the guidance of light, tests the strength and character of his sons. The angry father strikes with ruthless talons at the one who turns away his gaze, but the one whose eye can endure the blazing light, who can boldly stare down the noonday sun, is raised to be a king of birds, heir to the thunderbolt, destined to wield Jove’s three-pronged weapon. So mighty Rome is not afraid to send me, often tested now in the Muses’ grottos, to face the emperor, her god. Now I have gained the attention of an emperor, access to his palace, and the emperor himself as the judge of my lyre's song.

[270]

PANEGYRICUS

(VII.)

Tertia Romulei sumant exordia fasces

terque tuas ducat bellatrix pompa curules;

festior annus eat cinctusque imitata Gabinos

dives Hydaspeis augescat purpura gemmis;

succedant armis trabeae, tentoria lictor 5

ambiat et Latiae redeant ad signa secures.

tuque o qui patrium curis aequalibus orbem

Eoo cum fratre regis, procede secundis

alitibus Phoebique novos ordire meatus,

spes votumque poli, quem primo a limine vitae 10

nutrix aula fovet, strictis quem fulgida telis

inter laurigeros aluerunt castra triumphos.

ardua privatos nescit Fortuna penates

et regnum cum luce dedit. cognata potestas

excepit Tyrio venerabile pignus in ostro 15

lustravitque tuos aquilis victricibus ortus

miles et in mediis cunabula praebuit hastis.

te nascente ferox toto Germania Rheno

[271]

PANEGYRIC

(VII.)

Let the consular fasces of Romulus open a third year, and for the third time let the warlike procession accompany thy curule litter. More festal in array be the coming year, and let purple, folded in Gabine [138] guise, be proudly enriched with gems of Hydaspes; let the cloak of peace succeed the arms of war; let the lictor guard the consul’s tent and the Latin axes return to the standards.[139] And do thou, Honorius, who with thy brother, lord of the East, governest with equal care a world that was once thy sire’s, go thy way with favourable omens and order the sun’s new course, thyself heaven’s hope and desire, palace-nurtured even from life’s threshold, to whom the camp, gleaming with drawn swords, gave schooling among the laurels of victory. Thy towering fortune has never known the condition of a private citizen; when thou wast born thou wast born a king. Power which was thine by birth received thee, a precious pledge, amid the purple; soldiers bearing victorious standards inaugurated thy birth and set thy cradle in the midst of arms. When thou wast born fierce Germany trembled along

Let the consuls of Romulus start a third year, and for the third time let the military parade accompany your grand chariot. Make the coming year more festive, and let purple, draped in a Gabine style, be richly adorned with gems from Hydaspes; let the peaceful cloak replace the weapons of war; let the lictor guard the consul’s tent, and let the Latin axes return to the standards. And you, Honorius, who together with your brother, lord of the East, governs a world once ruled by your father, go forth with good omens and guide the sun's new path, being heaven's hope and aspiration, raised in a palace from the very start of life, to whom the camp, glistening with drawn swords, taught lessons among the victories of laurels. Your towering fortune has never experienced the life of a private citizen; when you were born, you were born a king. The power that was yours by birth welcomed you, a precious gift, among the purple; soldiers carrying victorious standards celebrated your birth and placed your cradle in the midst of arms. When you were born, fierce Germany trembled along.

[138] The cinctus Gabinus was one of the insignia of the consulship. It consisted in girding the toga tight round the body by means of one of its laciniae (= loose ends). Servius (on Virg. Aen. vii. 612) has a story that Gabii was invaded during the performance of a sacrifice and that the participants repulsed the enemy in their cinctus.

[138] The cinctus Gabinus was one of the symbols of the consulship. It involved tightly wrapping the toga around the body using one of its laciniae (loose ends). Servius (on Virg. Aen. vii. 612) tells a story that Gabii was attacked during a sacrifice and that the participants defended against the enemy while in their cinctus.

[139] Claudian suggests the uniting of civil and military power in the hands of Honorius.

[139] Claudian implies that both civil and military power should be held by Honorius.

[272]

intremuit movitque suas formidine silvas

Caucasus et positis numen confessa pharetris 20

ignavas Meroë traxit de crine sagittas.

reptasti per scuta puer, regumque recentes

exuviae tibi ludus erant, primusque solebas

aspera complecti torvum post proelia patrem,

signa triumphato quotiens flexisset ab Histro 25

Arctoa de strage calens, et poscere partem

de spoliis, Scythicos arcus aut rapta Gelonis

cingula vel iaculum Daci vel frena Suebi.

ille coruscanti clipeo te saepe volentem

sustulit adridens et pectore pressit anhelo 30

intrepidum ferri galeae nec triste timentem

fulgur et ad summas tendentem brachia cristas.

tum sic laetus ait: “rex o stellantis Olympi,

talis perdomito redeat mihi filius hoste,

Hyrcanas populatus opes aut caede superbus 35

Assyria, sic ense rubens, sic flamine crebro

turbidus et grato respersus pulvere belli,

armaque gaviso referat captiva parenti.”

Mox ubi firmasti recto vestigia gressu,

non tibi desidias molles nec marcida luxu 40

otia nec somnos genitor permisit inertes,

sed nova per duros instruxit membra labores

et cruda teneras exercuit indole vires:

frigora saeva pati, gravibus non cedere nimbis,

aestivum tolerare iubar, transnare sonoras 45

torrentum furias, ascensu vincere montes,

[273]

the Rhine’s full course, Caucasus shook his forests in fear, and the people of Meroë, confessing thy divinity, laid aside their quivers and drew the useless arrows from their hair. As a child thou didst crawl among shields, fresh-won spoils of monarchs were thy playthings, and thou wert ever the first to embrace thy stern father on his return from rude battles, when that, reeking with the blood of northern savages, he came home victorious from his conquest over the tribes of the Danube. Then wouldst thou demand thy share of the spoils, a Scythian bow or a belt won from the Geloni, a Dacian spear or Suabian bridle. Often would he smile on thee and uplift thee, eager for the honour, on his shining shield, and clasp thee to his still panting bosom. Thou fearedst not his coat of mail nor the dread gleam of his helmet but stretchedst out thy hands to grasp its lofty plumes. Then in his joy thy father cried: “King of starry Olympus, may this my son return in like manner from the lands of conquered foes, rich with the spoils of Hyrcania or proud with the slaughter of the Assyrians; his sword thus red with blood, his countenance thus roughened by the constant blasts and stained with the welcome dust of heroic combat, may he bring back to his happy father the arms of his conquered foes.”

the Rhine's entire journey, the Caucasus shook its forests in fear, and the people of Meroë, recognizing your divinity, put down their quivers and pulled the useless arrows from their hair. As a child, you crawled among shields, the spoils of kings were your toys, and you were always the first to greet your stern father when he came home from fierce battles, returning victorious from his conquests over the tribes of the Danube, still reeking of the blood of northern savages. Then you would ask for your share of the spoils, a Scythian bow or a belt taken from the Geloni, a Dacian spear or a Suabian bridle. He would often smile at you and lift you up, eager for the honor, on his shining shield, holding you close to his still heaving chest. You didn’t fear his chainmail or the terrifying shine of his helmet but reached out your hands to grasp its tall plumes. Then, in his joy, your father exclaimed: “King of starry Olympus, may my son return in the same way from the lands of conquered enemies, rich with the spoils of Hyrcania or proud of the slaughter of the Assyrians; his sword stained with blood, his face weathered by the constant winds and marked with the welcome dust of heroic battle, may he bring back to his happy father the arms of his defeated foes.”

Soon when thou couldst stand upright and walk with firm step thy sire forbade thee enervating sloth, luxurious ease, time-wasting slumbers. He strengthened thy young limbs with hard toils and rude was the training wherewith he exercised thy tender powers. Thou wert taught to bear winter’s cruel cold, to shrink not before storm and tempest, to face the heat of summer, to swim across loud-roaring torrents, to

Soon when you could stand upright and walk with a firm step, your father forbade you from lazy habits, luxurious comfort, and time-wasting sleep. He strengthened your young limbs with hard work, and his training was tough as he exercised your developing abilities. You were taught to endure the harsh cold of winter, not to shrink back from storms and tempests, to face the heat of summer, and to swim across loud-roaring torrents, to

[274]

planitiem cursu, valles et concava saltu,

nec non in clipeo vigiles producere noctes,

in galea potare nives, nunc spicula cornu

tendere, nunc glandes Baleari spargere funda. 50

quoque magis nimium pugnae inflammaret amorem,

facta tui numerabat avi, quem litus adustae

horrescit Libyae ratibusque impervia Thule:

ille leves Mauros nec falso nomine Pictos

edomuit Scottumque vago mucrone secutus 55

fregit Hyperboreas remis audacibus undas

et geminis fulgens utroque sub axe tropaeis

Tethyos alternae refluas calcavit harenas.

hos tibi virtutum stimulos, haec semina laudum,

haec exempla dabat. non ocius hausit Achilles 60

semiferi praecepta senis, seu cuspidis artes

sive lyrae cantus medicas seu disceret herbas.

Interea turbata fides. civilia rursus

bella tonant dubiumque quatit discordia mundum.

pro crimen superum, longi pro dedecus aevi: 65

barbarus Hesperias exul possederat urbes

sceptraque deiecto dederat Romana clienti.

iam princeps molitur iter gentesque remotas

colligit Aurorae, tumidus quascumque pererrat 69

Euphrates, quas lustrat Halys, quas ditat Orontes;

turiferos Arabes saltus, vada Caspia Medi,

Armenii Phasin, Parthi liquere Niphaten.

Quae tibi tuna Martis rabies quantusque sequendi

ardor erat? quanto flagrabant pectora voto

[275]

climb mountains, to run o’er the plain, to leap ravines and hollows, to spend sleepless nights of watching under arms, to drink melted snow from thy casque, to shoot the arrow from the bow or hurl the acorn-missiles with a Balearic sling. And the more to inflame thy heart with love of battle he would recount to thee the deeds of thy grandsire, object of dread to Libya’s sun-scorched shores and Thule whither no ship can sail. He conquered the fleet Moors and the well-named [140] Picts; his roaming sword pursued the flying Scot; his adventurous oars broke the surface of the northern seas. Crowned with the spoils of triumphs won beneath the northern and the southern sky he trod the wave-swept strand of either Ocean. Thus did he spur thy courage, thus sow the seeds of fame; these were the examples he gave. Not more avidly did Achilles himself drink in the Centaur’s precepts when he learnt of him how to wield the spear or play the lyre or discern healing plants.

climb mountains, run across the plain, leap over ravines and hollows, spend sleepless nights on guard, drink melted snow from your helmet, shoot arrows from a bow, or hurl acorn missiles with a Balearic sling. To ignite your love of battle even more, he would tell you tales of your grandfather, feared by the sun-baked shores of Libya and in Thule, where no ship can reach. He defeated the fleet of Moors and the aptly named Picts; his roaming sword chased the fleeing Scots; his daring oars broke the surface of the northern seas. Adorned with the spoils of victories achieved under both northern and southern skies, he walked the wave-swept shores of either ocean. This is how he boosted your courage, how he planted the seeds of glory; these were the examples he set. No one was more eager than Achilles himself to learn from the Centaur about how to wield a spear, play the lyre, or identify healing plants.

Meanwhile the world forgot its loyalty: the thunder of civil war sounded afresh and discord shook the tottering earth. O ye guilty gods! O shame everlasting!—a barbarian [141] exile had possessed himself of the cities of Italy and had entrusted the government of Rome to some low-born dependent. But Theodosius was already afoot, rallying to his standard the distant nations of the East, the dwellers on the banks of flooding Euphrates, clear Halys, and rich Orontes. The Arabs left their spicy groves, the Medes the waters of the Caspian Sea, the Armenians the river Phasis, the Parthians the Niphates.

Meanwhile, the world forgot its loyalty: the thunder of civil war echoed again, and discord shook the crumbling earth. Oh, you guilty gods! Oh, everlasting shame!—a barbarian exile had taken control of the cities of Italy and had handed over the government of Rome to some low-born dependent. But Theodosius was already on the move, rallying the distant nations of the East to his side, the people living along the overflowing Euphrates, clear Halys, and wealthy Orontes. The Arabs left their fragrant groves, the Medes the waters of the Caspian Sea, the Armenians the river Phasis, the Parthians the Niphates.

What lust of battle then filled thy heart, what longing to accompany thy father! What would not

What desire for battle then filled your heart, what longing to be with your father! What wouldn't

[140] Pict, to a Roman, means “painted.” They were. “well-named Picts” because they painted themselves with woad or other stain.

[140] To a Roman, "Pict" means "painted." They were "well-named Picts" because they decorated their bodies with woad or other dyes.

[141] Arbogast is the “barbarian,” Eugenius (by trade a rhetorician) the “dependent.” See Introduction, p. ix.

[141] Arbogast is the “outsider,” and Eugenius (who works as a rhetorician) is the “dependent.” See Introduction, p. ix.

[276]

optatas audire tubas campique cruenta 75

tempestate frui truncisque inmergere plantas?

ut leo, quem fulvae matris spelunca tegebat

uberibus solitum pasci, cum crescere sensit

ungue pedes et terga iubis et dentibus ora,

iam negat imbelles epulas et rupe relicta 80

Gaetulo comes ire patri stabulisque minari

aestuat et celsi tabo sordere iuvenci.

ille vetat rerumque tibi commendat habenas

et sacro meritos ornat diademate crines.

tantaque se rudibus pietas ostendit in annis, 85

sic aetas animo cessit, quererentur ut omnes

imperium tibi sero datum.

Victoria velox

auspiciis effecta tuis. Pugnastis uterque:

tu fatis genitorque manu. te propter et Alpes

invadi faciles cauto nec profuit hosti 90

munitis haesisse locis: spes inrita valli

concidit et scopulis patuerunt claustra revulsis.

te propter gelidis Aquilo de monte procellis

obruit adversas acies revolutaque tela

vertit in auctores et turbine reppulit hastas 95

o nimium dilecte deo, cui fundit ab antris

Aeolus armatas hiemes, cui militat aether

et coniurati veniunt ad classica venti.

Alpinae rubuere nives, et Frigidus amnis

[277]

thine eager spirit have given to hear the beloved clarion’s note and to revel in the bloody storm of battle, trampling upon the slaughtered bodies of thy foes! Like a young lion in a cave, accustomed to look for nourishment to the teats of its tawny mother, who, so soon as he finds talons beginning to grow from out his paws and a mane sprout from his neck and teeth arm his jaws, will have none of this inglorious food but burns to leave his cavern home and accompany his Gaetulian sire, to bring death upon the herds and steep him in the gore of some tall steer. But Theodosius said thee nay, and put the reins of government into thy hands, crowning thy head with the sacred diadem it wore so meetly. And so did thy virtue show in earliest years, so did thy soul out-range thy youth that all complained that to thee empire was granted late.

Your eager spirit has longed to hear the beloved clarion's call and to enjoy the fierce storm of battle, trampling over the slaughtered bodies of your enemies! Like a young lion in a cave, used to seeking nourishment from the teats of its tawny mother, as soon as he sees claws beginning to grow from his paws and a mane sprouting from his neck and teeth arming his jaws, he will have none of this shameful food but burns to leave his cave home and join his Gaetulian father, to bring death to the herds and immerse himself in the blood of some tall bull. But Theodosius said no and placed the reins of government in your hands, crowning your head with the sacred diadem that fit you so well. And so your virtue was evident in your early years, so did your spirit surpass your youth that everyone complained that the empire was granted to you too late.

Swiftly beneath thy auspices was victory achieved. Both fought for us—thou with thy happy influence, thy father with his strong right arm. Thanks to thee the Alps lay open to our armies, nor did it avail the careful foe to cling to fortified posts. Their ramparts, and the trust they put therein, fell; the rocks were torn away and their hiding-places exposed. Thanks to thine influence the wind of the frozen North overwhelmed the enemy’s line with his mountain storms, hurled back their weapons upon the throwers and with the violence of his tempest drove back their spears. Verily God is with thee, when at thy behest Aeolus frees the armed tempests from his cave, when the very elements fight for thee and the allied winds come at the call of thy trumpets. The Alpine snows grew red with slaughter, the cold Frigidus, its waters turned to blood, ran hot and steaming, and would

Swiftly under your guidance, victory was achieved. Both fought for us—you with your favorable influence, your father with his strong arm. Thanks to you, the Alps were open to our armies, and it did not help the cautious enemy to cling to their fortified positions. Their defenses and the trust they placed in them crumbled; the rocks were torn away, and their hiding spots were exposed. Thanks to your influence, the cold northern winds overwhelmed the enemy’s line with mountain storms, hurled their weapons back at them, and with the force of the storm drove back their spears. Truly, God is with you when, at your command, Aeolus releases the armed storms from his cave, when the very elements fight for you and the allied winds respond to the sound of your trumpets. The Alpine snows turned red with bloodshed, the cold Frigidus ran hot and steaming, its waters turned to blood, and would

[278]

mutatis fumavit aquis turbaque cadentum 100

staret, ni rapidus iuvisset flumina sanguis.

At ferus inventor scelerum traiecerat altum

non uno mucrone latus, duplexque tepebat

ensis, et ultrices in se converterat iras

tandem iusta manus. iam libertate reducta, 105

quamvis emeritum peteret natura reverti

numen et auratas astrorum panderet arces

nutaretque oneris venturi conscius Atlas,

distulit Augustus cupido se credere caelo,

dum tibi pacatum praesenti traderet orbem. 110

nec mora: Bistoniis alacer consurgis ab oris,

inter barbaricas ausus transire cohortes

impavido vultu; linquis Rhodopeia saxa

Orpheis animata modis; iuga deseris Oetes

Herculeo damnata rogo; post Pelion intras 115

Nereis inlustre toris; te pulcher Enipeus

celsaque Dodone stupuit rursusque locutae

in te Chaoniae moverunt carmina quercus.

Illyrici legitur plaga litoris; arva teruntur

Dalmatiae; Phrygii numerantur stagna Timavi. 120

gaudent Italiae sublimibus oppida muris

adventu sacrata tuo, summissus adorat

Eridanus blandosque iubet mitescere fluctus

et Phaëthonteas solitae deflere ruinas

roscida frondosae revocant electra sorores. 125

Quanti tum iuvenes, quantae sprevere pudorem

spectandi studio matres, puerisque severi

[279]

have been choked with the heaps of corpses had not their own fast-flowing gore helped on its course.

have been choked with piles of bodies if their own rushing blood hadn’t helped it along.

Meanwhile Arbogast, the cause of this wicked war, had pierced his side deep not with a single blade: two swords [142] reeked with his blood, and his own hand, learning justice at last, had turned its savage fury against himself. Thus was liberty restored; but though Nature demanded the return to heaven of divine Theodosius whose work was now accomplished, though the sky threw open the golden palaces of its starry vault and Atlas staggered knowing the burden he was to bear, yet did the emperor forbear to entrust him to expectant Olympus until he could in thy presence hand over to thee a world at peace. Straightway didst thou, Honorius, leave the coasts of Thrace, and, braving the dangers of the journey, pass without a tremor through the hordes of barbarians. Thou leavest the rocks of Rhodope to which Orpheus’ lyre gave life; thou quittest the heights of Oeta, scene of Hercules’ ill-omened funeral pyre; next thou climbest Pelion, famed for the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. Fair Enipeus and lofty Dodona look upon thee in amaze, and the oaks of Chaonia, finding tongues once more, utter oracles in thine honour. Thou skirtest the extreme coasts of Illyria and, passing over Dalmatia’s fields, dost cross in turn the nine sources of Trojan Timavus.[143] The high-walled cities of Italy rejoice in the blessings of thy presence. Eridanus bows his head and worships, bidding his waves flow gently to the sea; and Phaëthon’s leafy sisters, that ever weep their brother’s death, check the flow of their dewy amber.

Meanwhile, Arbogast, the reason for this terrible war, had deeply wounded himself not with a single blade: two swords [142] were drenched in his blood, and his own hand, finally learning justice, had turned its savage rage against himself. Thus, liberty was restored; but although Nature demanded that divine Theodosius return to heaven now that his work was done, and although the sky opened the golden palaces of its starry vault while Atlas staggered under the burden he was to bear, the emperor hesitated to send him to waiting Olympus until he could hand over to you a world at peace in your presence. Right away, you, Honorius, left the shores of Thrace and, facing the dangers of the journey, passed through the barbarian hordes without flinching. You left the rocks of Rhodope, where Orpheus’ lyre came to life; you departed the heights of Oeta, the site of Hercules’ ill-fated funeral pyre; next, you climbed Pelion, famous for the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. Beautiful Enipeus and tall Dodona looked at you in amazement, and the oaks of Chaonia, regaining their voices, spoke oracles in your honor. You skimmed the extreme coasts of Illyria and, crossing Dalmatia’s fields, passed over the nine sources of the Trojan Timavus.[143] The fortified cities of Italy rejoiced in the blessings of your presence. Eridanus bowed his head in worship, urging his waves to flow gently to the sea; and Phaëthon’s leafy sisters, who forever mourn their brother’s death, slowed the flow of their dewy amber.

How many youths, how many matrons set modesty aside in eagerness to behold thee! Austere greybeards

How many young people, how many women set aside their modesty in their eagerness to see you! Serious older men

[142] This is obscure. Zosimus (iv. 58. 6) and Socrates (v. 25) merely mention suicide, but from Claudian’s account it looks as though, like Nero, Arbogast’s courage had failed him and an attendant had had to help him to his death.

[142] This is unclear. Zosimus (iv. 58. 6) and Socrates (v. 25) only refer to suicide, but from Claudian’s description, it seems that, like Nero, Arbogast lost his nerve and needed assistance from an attendant to end his life.

[143] The Fons Timavi (near Aquileia and the river Frigidus) is called Trojan from the story of the colonization of Venetia by the Trojan Antenor (Livy i. 1. 3).

[143] The Fons Timavi (near Aquileia and the Frigidus River) is referred to as Trojan because of the tale of how Venetia was colonized by the Trojan Antenor (Livy i. 1. 3).

[280]

certavere senes, cum tu genitoris amico

exceptus gremio mediam veherere per urbem

velaretque pios communis laurea currus! 130

quis non Luciferum roseo cum Sole videri

credidit aut iunctum Bromio radiare Tonantem?

floret cristatis exercitus undique turmis,

quisque sua te voce canens. praestringit aena

lux oculos, nudique seges Mavortia ferri 135

ingeminat splendore diem. pars nobilis arcu,

pars longe iaculis, pars comminus horrida contis;

hi volucres tollunt aquilas, hi picta draconum

colla levant, multusque tumet per nubila serpens

iratus stimulante Noto vivitque receptis 140

flatibus et vario mentitur sibila tractu.

Ut ventum ad sedes, cunctos discedere tectis

dux iubet et generum compellat talibus ultro:

“bellipotens Stilicho, cuius mihi robur in armis,

pace probata fides: quid enim per proelia gessi 145

te sine? quem merui te non sudante triumphum?

Odrysium pariter Getico foedavimus Hebrum

sanguine, Sarmaticas pariter prostravimus alas

Riphaeaque simul fessos porreximus artus

in glacie stantemque rota sulcavimus Histrum: 150

ergo age, me quoniam caelestis regia poscit,

tu curis succede meis, tu pignora solus

nostra fove: geminos dextra tu protege fratres.

[281]

struggle with boys for places whence to see thee in the tender embraces of thy sire, borne through the midst of Rome on a triumphal chariot decked but with the shade of a simple laurel branch. Who did not then think that he beheld the morning-star together with the rosy sun, or the Thunderer shine in concert with Bacchus? On every side stretches the host of plumed warriors, each hymning thy praises in his own tongue; the brightness of bronze dazzles the eye and the martial glint of a forest of unsheathed swords redoubles the light of day. Some are decked with bows, others bristle with far-flung javelins or pikes for fighting at close quarters. These raise standards adorned with flying eagles, or with embroidered dragons or writhing serpents, that in their thousands seem to be roused to angry life by the breath of the wind which, as it blows them this way and that, causes them to rustle with a sound like the hiss of a living snake.

struggle with boys for spots where we can see you in the loving arms of your father, carried through the heart of Rome on a victory chariot adorned only with the shade of a simple laurel branch. Who didn’t think they were witnessing the morning star alongside the rosy sun, or the Thunderer shining in harmony with Bacchus? All around us are armies of feathered warriors, each singing your praises in their own language; the shine of bronze dazzles the eye and the glint of a forest of unsheathed swords intensifies the light of day. Some are armed with bows, others are equipped with long-range javelins or pikes for close combat. These soldiers raise standards decorated with soaring eagles, or with embroidered dragons or writhing serpents, which seem to come alive by the breath of the wind, rustling with a sound like the hiss of a living snake as it moves them this way and that.

When they reached the palace the emperor bade all depart and thus unbidden addressed his son-in-law: “Victorious Stilicho, of whose courage in war, of whose loyalty in peace I have made proof—what warlike feat have I performed without thine aid? What triumph have I won that thou helpedst me not in the winning? Together we caused Thracian Hebrus to run red with Getic blood, together overthrew the squadrons of the Sarmatae, together rested our weary limbs on the snows of Mount Riphaeus and scarred the frozen Danube with our chariot’s wheel—come, therefore, since heaven’s halls claim me, do thou take up my task; be thou sole guardian of my children, let thy hand protect my two sons. I adjure thee by

When they arrived at the palace, the emperor asked everyone to leave and then spoke directly to his son-in-law: “Victorious Stilicho, whose bravery in battle and loyalty in times of peace I have confirmed—what military achievement have I accomplished without your help? What victory have I gained that you didn’t contribute to? Together, we made the Thracian Hebrus run red with Getic blood, together we defeated the Sarmatae cavalry, together we rested our tired bodies on the snows of Mount Riphaeus and left our mark on the frozen Danube with our chariot wheels—so now, since the heavens call me, you take on my responsibilities; be the sole guardian of my children, let your hand protect my two sons. I urge you by

[282]

per consanguineos thalamos noctemque beatam,

per taedas, quas ipsa tuo regina levavit 155

coniugio sociaque nurum produxit ab aula,

indue mente patrem, crescentes dilige fetus

ut ducis, ut soceri. Iamiam securus ad astra

te custode ferar; rupta si mole Typhoeus

prosiliat, vinclis Tityos si membra resolvat, 160

si furor Enceladi proiecta mugiat Aetna,

opposito Stilichone cadent.”

Nec plura locutus,

sicut erat, liquido signavit tramite nubes

ingrediturque globum Lunae limenque relinquit

Arcados et Veneris clementes advolat auras. 165

hinc Phoebi permensus iter flammamque nocentem

Gradivi placidumque Iovem; stetit arce suprema,

algenti qua zona riget Saturnia tractu.

machina laxatur caeli rutilaeque patescunt

sponte fores. Arctoa parat convexa Bootes, 170

australes reserat portas succinctus Orion

invitantque novum sidus, pendentque vicissim

quas partes velit ipse sequi, quibus esse sodalis

dignetur stellis aut qua regione morari.

o decus aetherium, terrarum gloria quondam, 175

te tuus Oceanus natali gurgite lassum

excipit et notis Hispania proluit undis.

fortunate parens, primos cum detegis ortus,

adspicis Arcadium; cum te proclivior urges,

occiduum visus remoratur Honorius ignem; 180

et quocumque vagos flectas sub cardine cursus,

[283]

that marriage that makes thee kin with me, by the night that saw its consummation, by the torch which at thy wedding-feast the queen carried in her own hand when she led thy bride-elect from out the imperial palace, take on thee a father’s spirit, guard the years of their childhood. Was not their sire thy master and thy wife’s father? Now, now I shall mount untroubled to the stars for thou wilt watch over them. Even should Typhoeus rend away the rocks and leap forth, should Tityus free his captive limbs, should Enceladus, hurling Etna from him, roar in rage—each and all will fall before Stilicho’s attack.”

that marriage that connects you to me, by the night that completed it, by the torch that the queen herself carried at your wedding when she led your bride out of the royal palace, take on a father’s spirit, protect the years of their childhood. Wasn’t their father your master and your wife’s father? Now, now I will rise peacefully to the stars because you will look after them. Even if Typhoeus tears apart the mountains and emerges, if Tityus breaks free from his captivity, if Enceladus, throwing Etna off of him, roars in fury—each of them will fall before Stilicho’s attack.

He spake no more but still in human form clove a furrow of light through the clouds; he passes to Luna’s globe, leaves Mercury’s threshold and hastens to the gentle airs of Venus. Hence he traverses Phoebus’ path, Mars’ baleful fires and Jupiter’s quiet quarters, and stands upon the very crown of the sky, cold Saturn’s frozen zone. Heaven’s fabric opens, unbidden the shining doors swing back. Boötes prepares a place in the vault of the northern sky, sword-girt Orion unbars the portals of the south; they offer welcome to the new star, uncertain each in turn to what region he will betake himself, what constellation he will grace with his presence, or in what quarter he will elect to shine alone. O glory of heaven as once thou wert of earth, the ocean that laves the shores of the land of thy birth receives thee wearied with thy nightly course, Spain bathes thee in thy natal waves. Happy father, when first thou risest above the horizon thou lookest upon Arcadius, when thou dippest to thy setting the sight of Honorius delays thy westering fires. Through whichever hemisphere thou takest thy wandering

He spoke no more, but still in human form sliced a path of light through the clouds; he moves to Luna’s sphere, leaves Mercury's edge and hurries to the gentle breezes of Venus. From there, he crosses Phoebus’ route, Mars’ ominous flames and Jupiter’s peaceful realm, and stands at the very peak of the sky, in cold Saturn’s frozen territory. Heaven's structure opens, the shining doors swing open unbidden. Boötes makes a space in the vault of the northern sky, sword-belted Orion unlocks the gates of the south; they welcome the new star, unsure each in turn of where he will go, what constellation he will embellish with his presence, or in which direction he will choose to shine alone. O glory of heaven as you once were upon earth, the ocean that washes the shores of your birthplace receives you, tired from your nightly journey, Spain enfolds you in your native waves. Happy father, when you first rise above the horizon you look upon Arcadius, and when you dip towards setting, the sight of Honorius delays your westward course. Wherever you wander in either hemisphere,

[284]

natorum per regna venis, qui mente serena

maturoque regunt iunctas moderamine gentes,

saecula qui rursus formant meliore metallo.

luget Avarities Stygiis innexa catenis 185

cumque suo demens expellitur Ambitus auro.

non dominantur opes nec corrumpentia sensus

dona valent: emitur sola virtute potestas.

Unanimi fratres, quorum mare terraque fatis

debetur, quodcumque manus evasit avitas, 190

quod superest patri: vobis iam Mulciber arma

praeparat et Sicula Cyclops incude laborat,

Brontes innumeris exasperat aegida signis,

altum fulminea crispare in casside conum

festinat Steropes, nectit thoraca Pyragmon 195

ignifluisque gemit Lipare fumosa cavernis.

vobis Ionia virides Neptunus in alga

nutrit equos, qui summa freti per caerula possint

ferre viam segetemque levi percurrere motu,

nesciat ut spumas nec proterat ungula culmos. 200

iam video Babylona rapi Parthumque coactum

non ficta trepidare fuga, iam Bactra teneri

legibus et famulis Gangen pallescere ripis

gemmatosque humilem dispergere Persida cultus.

ite per extremum Tanaim pigrosque Triones, 205

ite per ardentem Libyam, superate vapores

solis et arcanos Nili deprendite fontes,

Herculeum finem, Bacchi transcurrite metas:

vestri iuris erit, quidquid complectitur axis,

vobis Rubra dabunt pretiosas aequora conchas, 210

Indus ebur, ramos Panchaia, vellera Seres.

[285]

journey, thou passest over the domains of sons who with tranquil mind and ripe control rule over allied peoples, who once again fashion the ages from a nobler ore. Avarice is left to weep in Stygian chains, mad Ambition and his gold banished afar. Wealth does not hold sway; sense-corrupting gifts are of no avail; virtue alone can purchase power.

journey, you pass through the lands of those who with calm minds and mature control govern united peoples, who once again shape the ages from a better substance. Greed is left to lament in dark chains, mad Ambition and his gold cast far away. Wealth doesn’t rule; corrupting gifts are useless; only virtue can buy power.

Brothers twain, with the heart of one, brothers to whose rule fate has entrusted sea and land, if there is aught that has escaped your grandsire’s conquering hand, aught your father has left unsubdued, even now Vulcan prepares the arms for their subjection and Cyclops labours on the Sicilian anvil. Brontes carves countless figures on the shield, Steropes hastes to bend the lofty peak of the flashing helmet, Pyragmon knits the coat of mail, smoky Lipare roars throughout its fire-belching caves. ’Tis for you that Neptune pastures in the seaweed meadows of the Ionian main green sea-horses who can fly o’er the surface of the blue waters with so light a step that their hoofs are unflecked with foam, and course o’er fields of corn so delicately that the ears do not bend beneath their weight. E’en now I see the sack of Babylon and the Parthian driven to flight that is not feigned, Bactria subjected to the Law, the fearful pallor of the Ganges’ servile banks, the humbled Persian throwing off his gem-encrusted robes. Mount to Tanais’ source, explore the frozen North, traverse sun-scorched Libya, o’ercome the fires of Titan and surprise Nile’s hidden spring; pass the Pillars of Hercules, the bourne, too, whence Bacchus returned; whatever heaven enfolds shall own your dominion. To you the Red Sea shall give precious shells, India her ivory, Panchaia perfumes, and China silk.

Two brothers, united as one, rulers of both sea and land as fate has ordained. If there’s anything your grandpa couldn’t conquer, anything your dad left unbeaten, Vulcan is getting the weapons ready to defeat them, and the Cyclops is working hard at the Sicilian forge. Brontes is carving countless designs on the shield, Steropes is hurrying to shape the towering crest of the shining helmet, Pyragmon is weaving the armor, and the smoky Lipara rumbles through its fire-breathing caves. It’s for you that Neptune raises flying sea horses in the seaweed fields of the Ionian Sea, who can skim over the blue waters so lightly that their hooves don’t even stir up foam, and run over fields of grain so gently that the ears don’t bend under their weight. Even now, I see the sack of Babylon and the real flight of the Parthians, Bactria subjected to the Law, the fearful pallor of the Ganges’ submissive banks, and the humbled Persian discarding his gem-encrusted robes. Ascend to the source of the Tanais, explore the frozen North, cross the sun-scorched land of Libya, overcome the fires of Titan, and uncover the hidden spring of the Nile; pass the Pillars of Hercules, the boundary from which Bacchus returned; whatever is in the heavens will fall under your dominion. The Red Sea will offer you precious shells, India will provide ivory, Panchaia will give perfumes, and China will deliver silk.

[286]

PANEGYRICUS DE QUARTO CONSULATU HONORII AUGUSTI

(VIII.)

Auspiciis iterum sese regalibus annus

induit et nota fruitur iactantior aula,

limina nec passi circum privata morari

exultant reduces Augusto consule fasces,

cernis ut armorum proceres legumque potentes 5

patricios sumant [144] habitus? et more Gabino

discolor incedit legio positisque parumper

bellorum signis sequitur vexilla Quirini.

lictori cedunt aquilae ridetque togatus

miles et in mediis effulget curia castris. 10

ipsa Palatino circumvallata senatu

iam trabeam Bellona gerit parmamque removit

et galeam sacras umeris vectura curules.

nec te laurigeras pudeat, Gradive, secures

pacata gestare manu Latiaque micantem 15

loricam mutare toga, dum ferreus haeret

currus et Eridani ludunt per prata iugales.

Haud indigna coli nec nuper cognita Marti

Ulpia progenies et quae diademata mundo

sparsit Hibera domus. nec tantam vilior unda 20

[144] sumant B; Birt reads sumunt, following the other MSS.

[287]

PANEGYRIC ON THE FOURTH CONSULSHIP OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS (CE 398)

(VIII.)

Once more the year opens under royal auspices and enjoys in fuller pride its famous prince; not brooking to linger around private thresholds the returning fasces rejoice in Caesar’s consulship. Seest thou how the armed chiefs and mighty judges don the raiment of senators? and the soldiers step forth in garb of peaceful hue worn Gabine [145] wise, and laying aside for a season the standards of war follow the banner of Quirinus. The eagles give way to the lictors, the smiling soldier wears the toga of peace and the senate-house casts its brilliance in the midst of the camp. Bellona herself, surrounded by a noble band of senators, puts on the consul’s gown and lays by her shield and helmet in order to harness the sacred curule chair to her shoulders. Think it no shame, Gradivus, to bear the laurel-crowned axes in a hand of peace and to exchange thy shining breastplate for the Latin toga while thine iron chariot remains unused and thy steeds disport them in the pastures of Eridanus.

Once again, the year starts off under royal protection and takes pride in its famous prince; no longer waiting around private homes, the returning fasces celebrate Caesar’s consulship. Do you see how the armed leaders and powerful judges wear the robes of senators? The soldiers step out in peaceful attire, subtly dressed, and put away their war standards to follow the banner of Quirinus for a while. The eagles are replaced by the lictors, the cheerful soldier wears the toga of peace, and the senate house shines brightly in the middle of the camp. Bellona herself, surrounded by a noble group of senators, puts on the consul’s gown and sets aside her shield and helmet to take on the sacred curule chair. Don’t think it’s shameful, Gradivus, to carry the laurel-crowned axes in a peaceful hand and to swap your gleaming breastplate for the Latin toga while your iron chariot sits idle and your horses play in the pastures of Eridanus.

Not unworthy of reverence nor but newly acquainted with war is the family of Trajan and that Spanish house which has showered diadems upon the world. No common stream was held worthy

Not without respect and not entirely new to war is the family of Trajan and that Spanish house that has bestowed crowns upon the world. No ordinary river was deemed worthy

[145] As marking a festival; see note on vii. 3.

[145] As indicating a celebration; see note on vii. 3.

[288]

promeruit gentis seriem: cunabula fovit

Oceanus; terrae dominos pelagique futuros

inmenso decuit rerum de principe nasci.

hinc processit avus, cui post Arctoa frementi

classica Massylas adnexuit Africa laurus, 25

ille, Caledoniis posuit qui castra pruinis,

qui medios Libyae sub casside pertulit aestus,

terribilis Mauro debellatorque Britanni

litoris ac pariter Boreae vastator et Austri.

quid rigor aeternus, caeli quid frigora prosunt 30

ignotumque fretum? maduerunt Saxone fuso

Orcades; incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thyle;

Scottorum cumulos flevit glacialis Hiverne.

quid calor obsistit forti? per vasta cucurrit

Aethiopum cinxitque novis Atlanta maniplis, 35

virgineum Tritona bibit sparsosque venenis

Gorgoneos vidit thalamos et vile virentes

Hesperidum risit, quos ditat fabula, ramos.

arx incensa Iubae, rabies Maurusia ferro

cessit et antiqui penetralia diruta Bocchi. 40

Sed laudes genitor longe transgressus avitas

subdidit Oceanum sceptris et margine caeli

clausit opes, quantum distant a Tigride Gades,

inter se Tanais quantum Nilusque relinquunt:

haec tamen innumeris per se quaesita tropaeis, 45

[289]

to water the homeland of so illustrious a race; Ocean laved their cradle, for it befitted the future lords of earth and sea to have their origin in the great father [146] of all things. Hence came Theodosius, grandfather of Honorius, for whom, exultant after his northern victories, Africa twined fresh laurels won from the Massylae. ’Twas he who pitched his camp amid the snows of Caledonia,[147] who never doffed his helmet for all the heat of a Libyan summer, who struck terror into the Moors, brought into subjection the coasts of Britain and with equal success laid waste the north and the south. What avail against him the eternal snows, the frozen air, the uncharted sea? The Orcades ran red with Saxon slaughter; Thule was warm with the blood of Picts; ice-bound Hibernia wept for the heaps of slain Scots. Could heat stay the advance of a courageous general? No; he overran the deserts of Ethiopia, invested Atlas with troops strange to him, drank of lake Triton where was born the virgin goddess Minerva, beheld the Gorgon’s empoisoned lair, and laughed to see the common verdure of those gardens of the Hesperides which story had clothed with gold. Juba’s fortress was burned down, the frenzied valour of the Moor yielded to the sword and the palace of ancient Bocchus was razed to the ground.

to nourish the homeland of such a remarkable race; the Ocean washed their cradle, as it was fitting for the future lords of land and sea to have their origins in the great father [146] of all things. Thus came Theodosius, grandfather of Honorius, who, celebrating his victories in the north, had Africa weave fresh laurels won from the Massylae. It was he who set up camp in the snows of Caledonia,[147] who never took off his helmet despite the heat of a Libyan summer, who instilled fear in the Moors, brought the coasts of Britain under control, and successfully devastated both the north and the south. What could the eternal snows, the icy air, or the uncharted sea do against him? The Orcades ran red with Saxon blood; Thule was soaked with the blood of Picts; ice-bound Hibernia mourned the heaps of slain Scots. Could heat stop a brave general's advance? No; he swept through the deserts of Ethiopia, surrounded Atlas with unfamiliar troops, drank from lake Triton, where the virgin goddess Minerva was born, saw the Gorgon's poisoned lair, and laughed at the common greenery of those gardens of the Hesperides that stories had clothed in gold. Juba’s fortress was set ablaze, the wild bravery of the Moor fell to the sword, and the ancient palace of Bocchus was brought to the ground.

But thy father’s fame far surpassed that of thy grandsire: he subdued Ocean to his governance and set the sky for border to his kingdom, ruling from Gades to the Tigris, and all that lies ’twixt Tanais and Nile; yet all these lands won by countless triumphs of his own, he gained them not by gift

But your father's fame far surpassed that of your grandfather: he brought the ocean under his control and set the sky as the boundary of his kingdom, ruling from Gades to the Tigris, and all the lands in between the Tanais and the Nile; yet all these lands he won through countless victories of his own, not by gift.

[146] Claudian is thinking of such passages in Homer as e.g. Il. xiv. 245-246:

[146] Claudian is referring to passages in Homer like e.g. Il. xiv. 245-246:

ῤέεθρα

Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅς περ γένεσις πάντεσσι τέτυκται,

or perhaps Vergil’s Oceanumque patrem rerum (Virg. Georg. iv. 382).

[147] Cf. note on xv. 216.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ See note on xv. 216.

[290]

non generis dono, non ambitione potitus.

digna legi virtus. ultro se purpura supplex

obtulit et solus meruit regnare rogatus.

nam cum barbaries penitus commota gementem

inrueret Rhodopen et mixto turbine gentes 50

jam deserta suas in nos transfunderet Arctos,

Danuvii totae vomerent cum proelia ripae,

cum Geticis ingens premeretur Mysia plaustris

flavaque Bistonios operirent agmina campos,

omnibus adflictis et vel labentibus ictu 55

vel prope casuris: unus tot funera contra

restitit extinxitque faces agrisque colonos

reddidit et leti rapuit de faucibus urbes.

nulla relicta foret Romani nominis umbra,

ni pater ille tuus iamiam ruitura subisset 60

pondera turbatamque ratem certaque levasset

naufragium commune manu: velut ordine rupto

cum procul insanae traherent Phaëthonta quadrigae

saeviretque dies terramque et stagna propinqui

haurirent radii, solito cum murmure torvis 65

sol occurrit equis; qui postquam rursus eriles

agnovere sonos, rediit meliore magistro

machina concentusque poli, currusque recepit

imperium flammaeque modum.

Sic traditus ille

servatusque Oriens. at non pars altera rerum 70

tradita: bis possessa manu, bis parta periclis.

per varium gemini scelus erupere tyranni

tractibus occiduis: hunc saeva Britannia fudit;

[291]

of birth or from lust of power. It was his own merit secured his election. Unsought the purple begged his acceptance of itself; he alone when asked to rule was worthy to do so. For when unrest at home drove barbarian hordes over unhappy Rhodope and the now deserted north had poured its tribes in wild confusion across our borders, when all the banks of Danube poured forth battles and broad Mysia rang beneath the chariots of the Getae, when flaxen-haired hordes covered the plains of Thrace and amid this universal ruin all was either prostrate or tottering to its fall, one man alone withstood the tide of disaster, quenched the flames, restored to the husbandmen their fields and snatched the cities from the very jaws of destruction. No shadow of Rome’s name had survived had not thy sire borne up the tottering mass, succoured the storm-tossed bark and with sure hand averted universal shipwreck. As when the maddened coursers broke from their path and carried Phaëthon far astray, when day’s heat grew fierce and the sun’s rays, brought near to earth, dried up both land and sea, Phoebus checked his fierce horses with his wonted voice; for they knew once more their master’s tones, and with a happier guide heaven’s harmonious order was restored; for now the chariot again accepted government and its fires control.

of birth or from a desire for power. It was his own merit that secured his election. The purple robe sought his acceptance; he alone was worthy to rule when asked. When unrest at home drove barbarian hordes over the troubled Rhodope and the now deserted north overflowed with tribes in wild confusion across our borders, when all the banks of the Danube erupted into battles and broad Mysia echoed under the chariots of the Getae, when flaxen-haired hordes covered the plains of Thrace and amid this universal ruin everything was either brought low or on the verge of collapse, one man stood firm against the tide of disaster, extinguished the flames, restored the fields to the farmers, and rescued the cities from the brink of destruction. No trace of Rome's name would have survived if your father hadn't supported the crumbling empire, aided the storm-tossed ship, and skillfully averted a complete shipwreck. Just as when the frantic horses broke from their path and carried Phaëthon far off course, when the day's heat became intense and the sun’s rays, drawn closer to earth, dried up both land and sea, Phoebus reined in his fierce horses with his familiar voice; for they recognized their master’s command again, and with a steadier guide, heaven's harmonious order was restored; for now the chariot once more accepted control and its fires were managed.

Thus was the East entrusted to him and thus was its salvation assured; but the other half of the world was not so entrusted: twice was the West gained by valour, twice won by dangers. In those lands of the sunset by manifold crime there arose to power tyrants twain: wild Britain produced one (Maximus), the other (Eugenius) was chosen

Thus the East was entrusted to him, and its salvation was guaranteed; however, the other half of the world was not so fortunate: the West was conquered twice through bravery and risk. In those lands of the sunset, through various crimes, two tyrants rose to power: one emerged from wild Britain (Maximus), and the other (Eugenius) was elected.

[292]

hunc sibi Germanus famulum delegerat exul:

ausus uterque nefas, domini respersus uterque 75

insontis iugulo. novitas audere priori

suadebat cautumque dabant exempla sequentem.

hic nova moliri praeceps, hic quaerere tuta

providus; hic fusis, collectis viribus ille;

hic vagus excurrens, hic intra claustra reductus. 80

dissimiles, sed morte pares, evadere neutri

dedecus aut mixtis licuit procumbere telis.

amissa specie, raptis insignibus ambo

in vultus rediere suos manibusque revinctis

oblati gladiis summittunt colla paratis 85

et vitam veniamque rogant. pro damna pudoris!

qui modo tam densas nutu movere cohortes,

in quos iam dubius sese libraverat orbis,

non hostes victore cadunt, sed iudice sontes;

damnat voce reos, petiit quos Marte tyrannos. 90

amborum periere duces: hic sponte carina

decidit in fluctus, illum suus abstulit ensis;

hunc Alpes, hunc pontus habet. solacia caesis

fratribus haec ultor tribuit: necis auctor uterque

labitur; Augustas par victima mitigat umbras. 95

has dedit inferias tumulis, iuvenumque duorum

purpureos merito placavit sanguine manes.

Illi iustitiam confirmavere triumphi,

[293]

as a tool by a Frankish outlaw (Arbogast). Both dared monstrous guilt; both stained their hands with an innocent emperor’s [148] blood. Sudden elevation inspired Maximus with audacity, his failure taught his successor caution. Maximus was quick to arm rebellion, Eugenius careful to attempt only what was safe. The one o’erran the country, spreading his forces in all directions, the other kept his troops together and himself secure behind a rampart. Different were they, but in their deaths alike. To neither was it granted to escape an ignominious end and to fall in the thick of the fight. Gone was their glory, their weapons were reft from them and they reduced to their former state; their arms were bound behind their backs and they stretched forth their necks to the sword’s imminent stroke, begging for pardon and for life. What a fall did pride there suffer! They who but lately had moved such countless cohorts with but a nod, into whose palm a wavering world had hung ready to drop, fall not as warriors at a victor’s hand but as malefactors before a judge; he sentences with his voice as criminals those whom he assailed in war as tyrants. With both perished their lieutenants: Andragathius hurled himself from his ship into the waves, Arbogast took his life with his own sword; the Alps mark the tomb of the one, the sea of the other. This solace at least the avenger afforded to those murdered brothers that both the authors of their deaths themselves were slain; two victims went to appease those royal ghosts. Such was Theodosius’ oblation at their tomb and with the blood of the guilty he appeased the shades of the two young emperors.

as a tool by a Frankish outlaw (Arbogast). Both committed terrible crimes; both stained their hands with the blood of an innocent emperor. Sudden rise to power filled Maximus with boldness, while his failure taught his successor caution. Maximus quickly armed for rebellion, while Eugenius was careful to only attempt what was safe. One ravaged the land, spreading his forces in all directions, while the other kept his troops together and stayed secure behind a rampart. They were different, but their deaths were the same. Neither of them was allowed to escape a disgraceful end or to fall in the heat of battle. Their glory was gone, their weapons taken from them, and they were reduced to their former state; their arms were bound behind their backs as they stretched their necks out for the sword’s deadly blow, pleading for forgiveness and for their lives. What a downfall pride suffered there! Those who had recently commanded countless troops with just a nod, into whose hands a shaky world was about to fall, fell not as warriors at the hands of a victor but as criminals before a judge; he condemned with his voice those whom he had fought in war as tyrants. With both died their lieutenants: Andragathius jumped from his ship into the waves, Arbogast took his own life with his sword; the Alps mark the tomb of one, the sea of the other. This at least was some comfort for the avenger to give to those murdered brothers: both the authors of their deaths were slain; two victims went to appease those royal spirits. Such was Theodosius’ offering at their tomb, and with the blood of the guilty, he appeased the souls of the two young emperors.

Those triumphs stablished Justice on her throne

Those victories established Justice on her throne.

[148] Maximus was responsible for the murder of the Emperor Gratian, Eugenius for that of Valentinian II. See Introduction, p. viii.

[148] Maximus was behind the murder of Emperor Gratian, and Eugenius was responsible for the killing of Valentinian II. See Introduction, p. viii.

[294]

praesentes docuere deos. hinc saecula discant

indomitum nihil esse pio tutumve nocenti: 100

nuntius ipse sui longas incognitus egit

praevento rumore vias, inopinus utrumque

perculit et clausos montes, ut plana, reliquit.

extruite inmanes scopulos, attollite turres,

cingite vos fluviis, vastas opponite silvas, 105

Garganum Alpinis Appenninumque nivalem

permixtis sociate iugis et rupibus Haemum

addite Caucasiis, involvite Pelion Ossae:

non dabitis murum sceleri. qui vindicet, ibit:

omnia subsident meliori pervia causae. 110

Nec tamen oblitus civem cedentibus atrox

partibus infremuit; non insultare iacenti

malebat: mitis precibus, pietatis abundans,

poenae parcus erat; paci non intulit iram;

post acies odiis idem qui terminus armis. 115

profuit hoc vincente capi, multosque subactos

prospera [149] laturae commendavere catenae.

magnarum largitor opum, largitor honorum

pronus et in melius gaudens convertere fata.

hinc amor, hinc validum devoto milite robur. 120

hinc natis mansura fides.

Hoc nobilis ortu

nasceris aequaeva cum maiestate creatus

nullaque privatae passus contagia sortis.

omnibus acceptis ultro te regia solum

protulit et patrio felix adolescis in ostro, 125

[149] Birt, with the MSS., aspera; I return to the prospera of the edit. princeps.

[149] Birt, with the Manuscripts., rough; I go back to the successful of the edit. first edition.

[295]

and taught that heaven gives help. From them let the ages learn that righteousness need fear no foe and guilt expect no safety. Himself his own messenger, outstripping the rumour of his approach, Theodosius traversed those long journeys undetected by his enemies. Suddenly he fell on both, passing over entrenched mountains as if they were a plain. Build up monstrous rocks, raise towers, surround yourselves with rivers, set limitless forests to protect you, put Garganus and the snowy Apennines upon the summits of the Alps that all form one vast mountain barrier, plant Haemus on the crags of Caucasus, roll Pelion on Ossa, yet will ye not gain security for guilt. The avenger will come; for the better cause all things shall sink to make a path.

and taught that heaven provides assistance. Let the ages learn from them that righteousness has nothing to fear and guilt can expect no safety. Becoming his own messenger, surpassing the rumors of his arrival, Theodosius journeyed stealthily, unnoticed by his enemies. Suddenly, he struck both forces, crossing fortified mountains as if they were flat ground. Build towering cliffs, raise castles, surround yourselves with rivers, use endless forests for protection, place Garganus and the snowy Apennines on the peaks of the Alps that create one massive mountain barrier, plant Haemus on the cliffs of Caucasus, roll Pelion onto Ossa, but you will not find safety in guilt. The avenger will arrive; for the just cause, all obstacles shall fall away to create a path.

Yet never did Theodosius forget that he and the vanquished were fellow-citizens, nor was his anger implacable against those who yielded. Not his the choice to exult over the fallen. His ears were open to prayers, his clemency unbounded, his vengeance restrained. His anger did not survive the war to darken the days of peace; the day that set an end to the combat set an end to his wrath. Capture by such a victor was a gain; and many a conquered foe did their chains commend to future fortune.[150] As liberal of money as of honours he was ever bent to redress the injuries of fate. Hence the love, the fortitude, the devotion of his troops; hence their abiding loyalty to his sons.

Yet Theodosius never forgot that he and the defeated were citizens of the same community, nor was his anger unyielding against those who surrendered. It wasn't in his nature to take pleasure in the fallen. He listened to pleas for mercy, his kindness was limitless, and he held back his desire for revenge. His anger didn't linger after the war to cloud the peace; the day that ended the fighting also ended his fury. Being captured by such a conqueror was a fortunate outcome; many of the defeated found their chains led to better fortunes in the future. As generous with money as he was with honors, he was always focused on correcting the misfortunes of others. This is why his troops loved him, showed great strength, and were so devoted to him; this is why they remained loyal to his sons.

Child of so noble a sire, thy kingly state was coëval with thy birth nor ever knewest thou the soilure of a private lot. To thee all things came unsought; thee only [151] did a palace rear; thy happy growth was in ancestral purple, and thy limbs, never

Child of such a noble father, your royal status began at your birth, and you never experienced the hardships of a common life. Everything came to you effortlessly; only you did a palace build for; your fortunate upbringing was in royal splendor, and your body, never

[150] i.e. by winning first the pity and then the favour of Theodosius.

[150] i.e. by first gaining Theodosius's pity and then his favor.

[151] “Only,” because Arcadius was born before Theodosius became emperor.

[296]

membraque vestitu numquam violata profano

in sacros cecidere sinus. Hispania patrem

auriferis eduxit aquis, te gaudet alumno

Bosphorus. Hesperio de limine surgit origo,

sed nutrix Aurora tibi; pro pignore tanto 130

certatur, geminus civem te vindicat axis.

Herculis et Bromii sustentat gloria Thebas,

haesit Apollineo Delos Latonia partu

Cretaque se iactat tenero reptata Tonanti;

sed melior Delo, Dictaeis clarior oris 135

quae dedit hoc numen regio; non litora nostro

sufficerent angusta deo. nec inhospita Cynthi

saxa tuos artus duro laesere cubili:

adclinis genetrix auro, circumflua gemmis

in Tyrios enixa toros; ululata verendis 140

aula puerperiis. quae tunc documenta futuri?

quae voces avium? quanti per inane volatus?

qui vatum discursus erat? tibi corniger Hammon

et dudum taciti rupere silentia Delphi,

te Persae cecinere magi, te sensit Etruscus 145

augur et inspectis Babylonius horruit astris,

Chaldaei stupuere senes Cumanaque rursus

intonuit rupes, rabidae delubra Sibyllae.

nec te progenitum Cybeleius aere sonoro

lustravit Corybas: exercitus undique fulgens 150

adstitit; ambitur signis augustior infans,

sentit adorantes galeas, redditque ferocem

vagitum lituus.

Vitam tibi contulit idem

[297]

outraged by garb profane, were laid upon a hallowed lap. Spain with its rivers of gold gave birth to thy sire; Bosporus boasts thee among its children. The West is the cradle of thy race but the East was thine own nurse; rivals are they for so dear a pledge, either hemisphere claims thee as its citizen. The fame of Hercules and Bacchus has immortalized Thebes; when Latona gave birth to Apollo in Delos that island stayed its errant course; it is Crete’s boast that over its fields the infant Thunderer crawled. But the land that brought divine Honorius to birth is a greater than Delos, a more famous than Crete. Such narrow shores would not suffice our god. Nor did the bleak rocks of Cynthus hurt thy body with their rough bed; on couch of gold, clothed in jewelled raiment, thy mother gave birth to thee amid Tyrian purples; a palace rang with joy at that royal deliverance. What presages were there not then of future prosperity? what songs of birds, what flights of good omen in the heavens? What was the hurrying to and fro of seers? Hornèd Ammon and Delphi so long dumb at length broke their silence; Persian magi prophesied thy triumphs; Tuscan augurs felt thine influence; seers of Babylon beheld the stars and trembled; amazement seized the Chaldaean priests; the rock of Cumae, shrine of raging Sibyl, thundered once again. Cybele’s corybants surrounded not thy cradle with the clatter of their brazen shields; a shining host stood by thee on every side. Standards of war hedged in the royal babe who marked the bowed helmets of the worshipping soldiery while the trumpet’s blare answered his warlike cries.

Outraged by disrespectful attire, you were laid upon a sacred lap. Spain, with its rivers of gold, gave birth to your father; the Bosporus claims you among its children. The West is the cradle of your race, but the East was your true nurse; both regions vie for such a precious child, each hemisphere claims you as its own. The fame of Hercules and Bacchus has made Thebes immortal; when Latona gave birth to Apollo in Delos, that island paused in its wandering path; Crete boasts that the infant Thunderer crawled over its fields. But the land that gave birth to divine Honorius is greater than Delos and more famous than Crete. Those narrow shores could not contain our god. Nor did the harsh rocks of Cynthus harm your body with their rough bed; on a golden couch, dressed in jeweled garments, your mother gave birth to you amidst Tyrian purples; a palace resounded with joy at that royal birth. What signs were there of future prosperity? What bird songs, what good omens in the skies? What was the rushing about of seers? Horned Ammon and Delphi, silent for so long, finally spoke; Persian magi foretold your triumphs; Tuscan augurs felt your influence; Babylonian seers gazed at the stars and trembled; amazement seized the Chaldaean priests; the rock of Cumae, the shrine of the frenzied Sibyl, resonated once more. Cybele’s corybants did not surround your cradle with the clatter of their bronze shields; a shining host stood around you on every side. Standards of war enclosed the royal babe who noticed the bowed helmets of the adoring soldiers while the trumpet's blare responded to his warlike cries.

The day that gave thee birth gave thee a kingdom;

The day you were born gave you a kingdom;

[298]

imperiumque dies; inter cunabula consul

proveheris, signas posito modo nomine fastos 155

donaturque tibi, qui te produxerat, annus.

ipsa Quirinali parvum te cinxit amictu

mater et ad primas docuit reptare curules.

uberibus sanctis inmortalique dearum

crescis adoratus gremio: tibi saepe Diana 160

Maenalios arcus venatricesque pharetras

suspendit, puerile decus; tu saepe Minervae

lusisti clipeo fulvamque impune pererrans

aegida tractasti blandos interritus angues;

saepe tuas etiam iam tum gaudente marito 165

velavit regina comas festinaque voti

praesumptum diadema dedit, tum lenibus ulnis

sustulit et magno porrexit ad oscula patri.

nec dilatus honos: mutatur principe Caesar;

protinus aequaris fratri. 170

Non certius umquam

hortati superi, nullis praesentior aether

adfuit ominibus. tenebris involverat atra

lumen hiems densosque Notus collegerat imbres.

sed mox, cum solita miles te voce levasset,

nubila dissolvit Phoebus pariterque dabantur 175

sceptra tibi mundoque dies: caligine liber

Bosphorus adversam patitur Calchedona cerni.

nec tantum vicina nitent, sed tota repulsis

nubibus exuitur Thrace, Pangaea renident

insuetosque palus radios Maeotia vibrat. 180

[299]

in thy cradle thou wast raised to the consulship.[152] With the name so recently bestowed upon thee thou dowerest the fasti and the year wherein thou wert born is consecrated to thee. Thy mother herself wrapped thy small form in the consular robe and directed thy first steps to the curule chair. Nourished at a goddess’ breasts, honoured with the embraces of immortal arms thou grewest to maturity. Oft to grace thy boyish form Diana hung upon thy shoulders her Maenalian bow and huntress’ quiver; oft thou didst sport with Minerva’s shield and, crawling unharmed over her glittering aegis, didst caress its friendly serpents with fearless hand. Often even in those early days thy mother beneath thy sire’s happy gaze crowned thy tender locks and, anticipating the answer to her prayers, gave thee the diadem that was to be thine hereafter; then raising thee in her gentle arms she held thee up to receive thy mighty father’s kiss. Nor was that honour long in coming; thou, then Caesar, didst become emperor and wert straightway made equal with thy brother.[153]

In your cradle, you were raised to the consulship.[152] With the name recently given to you, you adorn the records, and the year you were born is dedicated to you. Your mother herself wrapped your small body in the consular robe and guided your first steps to the curule chair. Fed at a goddess's breast and honored with the embrace of immortal arms, you grew up. Often, to enhance your boyish form, Diana placed her Maenalian bow and huntress's quiver on your shoulders; you often played with Minerva's shield, crawling safely over her shining aegis and gently touching its friendly serpents with fearless hands. Even in those early days, your mother, under your father's joyful gaze, crowned your delicate locks and, hoping for the answer to her prayers, gave you the diadem that would be yours in the future; then, lifting you in her gentle arms, she held you up to receive your mighty father's kiss. That honor didn't take long to arrive; you, then Caesar, became emperor and were immediately made equal to your brother.[153]

Never was the encouragement of the gods more sure, never did heaven attend with more favouring omens. Black tempest had shrouded the light in darkness and the south wind gathered thick rain-clouds, when of a sudden, so soon as the soldiers had borne thee aloft with customary shout, Phoebus scattered the clouds and at the same moment was given to thee the sceptre, to the world light. Bosporus, freed from clouds, permits a sight of Chalcedon on the farther shore; nor is it only the vicinity of Byzantium that is bathed in brightness; the clouds are driven back and all Thrace is cleared; Pangaeus shows afar and lake Maeotis makes quiver the rays he

Never was the gods' support more certain, and never did heaven provide more favorable signs. A dark storm had wrapped the light in shadows, and the south wind gathered storm clouds when, all of a sudden, as soon as the soldiers lifted you up with their usual cheer, Apollo cleared the clouds, and at that moment you were handed the scepter, bringing light to the world. The Bosporus, freed from clouds, reveals a view of Chalcedon on the other side; it's not just the area around Byzantium that is shining bright; the clouds are pushed back, and all of Thrace is clear. Pangaeus can be seen from afar, and Lake Maeotis reflects the shimmering rays.

[152] Honorius, who was born Sept. 9, 384, was made consul for 386.

[152] Honorius, born on September 9, 384, was appointed consul in 386.

[153] Arcadius was made Augustus Jan. 16 (? 19), 383: Honorius not till Nov. 20, 393. Both succeeded to the throne Jan. 17, 395.

[153] Arcadius became Augustus on January 16 (or possibly January 19), 383; Honorius didn't take the throne until November 20, 393. Both ascended to the throne on January 17, 395.

[300]

nec Boreas nimbos aut sol ardentior egit:

imperii lux illa fuit; praesagus obibat

cuncta nitor risitque tuo natura sereno.

visa etiam medio populis mirantibus audax

stella die, dubitanda nihil nec crine retuso 185

languida, sed quantus numeratur nocte Bootes,

emicuitque plagis alieni temporis hospes

ignis et agnosci potuit, cum luna lateret:

sive parens Augusta fuit, seu forte reluxit

divi sidus avi, seu te properantibus astris 190

cernere sol patiens caelum commune remisit.

adparet quid signa ferant. ventura potestas

claruit Ascanio, subita cum luce comarum

innocuus flagraret apex Phrygioque volutus

vertice fatalis redimiret tempora candor. 195

at tua caelestes inlustrant omina flammae.

talis ab Idaeis primaevus Iuppiter antris

possessi stetit arce poli famulosque recepit

natura tradente deos; lanugine nondum

vernabant vultus nec adhuc per colla fluebant 200

moturae convexa comae; tum scindere nubes

discebat fulmenque rudi torquere lacerto.

Laetior augurio genitor natisque superbus

iam paribus duplici fultus consorte redibat

splendebatque pio complexus pignora curru. 205

haud aliter summo gemini cum patre Lacones,

progenies Ledaea, sedent: in utroque relucet

frater, utroque soror; simili chlamys effluit auro;

[301]

rarely sees. ’Tis not Boreas nor yet Phoebus’ warmer breath that has put the mists to flight. That light was an emperor’s star. A prophetic radiance was over all things, and with thy brightness Nature laughed. Even at mid-day did a wondering people gaze upon a bold star (’twas clear to behold)—no dulled nor stunted beams but bright as Boötes’ nightly lamp. At a strange hour its brilliance lit up the sky and its fires could be clearly seen though the moon lay hid. May be it was the Queen mother’s star or the return of thy grandsire’s now become a god, or may be the generous sun agreed to share the heavens with all the stars that hasted to behold thee. The meaning of those signs is now unmistakable. Clear was the prophecy of Ascanius’ coming power when an aureole crowned his locks, yet harmed them not, and when the fires of fate encircled his head and played about his temples.[154] Thy future the very fires of heaven foretell. So the young Jove, issuing from the caves of Ida, stood upon the summit of the conquered sky and received the homage of the gods whom Nature handed to his charge. The bloom of youth had not yet clothed his cheeks nor flowed there o’er his neck the curls whose stirrings were to shake the world. He was yet learning how to cleave the clouds and hurl the thunderbolt with unpractised hand.

rarely sees. It’s not Boreas or even Phoebus’ warmer breath that has chased away the mists. That light was an emperor’s star. A prophetic glow illuminated everything, and with your brightness, Nature rejoiced. Even at midday, a curious crowd stared at a bold star (it was clear to see)—not dull or stunted beams but bright as Boötes’ nightly lamp. At an unusual hour, its brilliance lit up the sky, and its fires could be clearly seen though the moon was hidden. Maybe it was the Queen mother’s star, or the return of your grandfather now turned into a god, or perhaps the generous sun decided to share the heavens with all the stars that rushed to see you. The meaning of those signs is now unmistakable. The prophecy of Ascanius’ future power was clear when a halo crowned his hair, yet didn’t harm it, and when the fires of fate encircled his head and danced around his temples.[154] The very fires of heaven foretell your future. So the young Jove, emerging from the caves of Ida, stood on the peak of the conquered sky and received the praise of the gods whom Nature entrusted to him. The freshness of youth had not yet adorned his cheeks nor had the curls that would stir the world flowed over his neck. He was still learning how to part the clouds and hurl the thunderbolt with an inexperienced hand.

Gladdened by that augury and proud of his now equal sons the sire returned, upstayed on the two princes and lovingly embracing his children in glittering car. Even so the Spartan twins, the sons of Leda, sit with highest Jove; in each his brother is mirrored, in each their sister; round each alike flows a golden dress, and star-crowned are the

Gladdened by that omen and proud of his now equal sons, the father returned, lifting up the two princes and lovingly embracing his children in a sparkling chariot. Just like the Spartan twins, the sons of Leda, sit with the great Jupiter; in each, his brother is reflected, in each, their sister; around each flows a golden robe, and they are both crowned with stars.

[154] Virgil mentions the portent (Aen. ii. 682).

[154] Virgil talks about the omen (Aen. ii. 682).

[302]

stellati pariter crines. iuvat ipse Tonantem

error et ambiguae placet ignorantia matri; 210

Eurotas proprios discernere nescit alumnos.

Ut domus excepit reduces, ibi talia tecum

pro rerum stabili fertur dicione locutus:

“Si tibi Parthorurm solium Fortuna dedisset,

care puer, terrisque procul venerandus Eois 215

barbarus Arsacio consurgeret ore tiaras:

sufficeret sublime genus luxuque fluentem

deside nobilitas posset te sola tueri.

altera Romanae longe rectoribus aulae

condicio. virtute decet, non sanguine niti. 220

maior et utilior fato coniuncta potenti,

vile latens virtus. quid enim? submersa tenebris

proderit obscuro veluti sine remige puppis

vel lyra quae reticet vel qui non tenditur arcus.

“Hanc tamen haud quisquam, qui non agnoverit ante 225

semet et incertos animi placaverit aestus,

inveniet; longis illuc ambagibus itur.

disce orbi, quod quisque sibi. cum conderet artus

nostros, aetheriis miscens terrena, Prometheus,

sinceram patri mentem furatus Olympo 230

continuit claustris indignantemque revinxit

et, cum non aliter possent mortalia fingi,

adiunxit geminas. illae cum corpore lapsae

intereunt, haec sola manet bustoque superstes

evolat. hanc alta capitis fundavit in arce 235

mandatricem operum prospecturamque labori;

[303]

locks of both. The Thunderer rejoices in his very uncertainty, and to their hesitating mother her ignorance brings delight; Eurotas cannot make distinction between his own nurslings.

locks of both. The Thunderer finds joy in his own unpredictability, and for their uncertain mother, her lack of knowledge brings happiness; Eurotas cannot tell apart his own offspring.

When all had returned to the palace, Theodosius, anxious for the world’s just governance, is said to have addressed thee in these terms:

When everyone had come back to the palace, Theodosius, concerned about fair governance in the world, is said to have spoken to you in these words:

“Had fortune, my dear son, given thee the throne of Parthia, hadst thou been a descendant of the Arsacid house and did the tiara, adored by Eastern lands afar, tower upon thy forehead, thy long lineage would be enough, and thy birth alone would protect thee, though wantoning in idle luxury. Very different is the state of Rome’s emperor. ’Tis merit, not blood, must be his support. Virtue hidden hath no value, united with power ’tis both more effective and more useful. Nay, o’erwhelmed in darkness it will no more advantage its obscure possessor than a vessel with no oars, a silent lyre, an unstrung bow.

“Had luck, my dear son, given you the throne of Parthia, had you been a descendant of the Arsacid dynasty and worn the tiara admired by distant Eastern lands, your long lineage would be enough, and your birth alone would protect you, even if you indulged in lazy luxury. The situation for Rome’s emperor is very different. It’s merit, not lineage, that must support him. Hidden virtue has no value; when combined with power, it becomes both more effective and useful. No, overwhelmed by darkness, it won’t benefit its obscure possessor any more than a vessel without oars, a silent lyre, or an unstrung bow.”

“Yet virtue none shall find that has not first learned to know himself and stilled the uncertain waves of passion within him. Long and winding is the path that leads thereto. What each man learns in his own interests learn thou in the interests of the world. When Prometheus mixed earthly and heavenly elements and so formed human kind, he stole man’s spirit pure from his own heavenly home, held it imprisoned and bound despite its outcries, and since humanity could be formed in no other way he added two more souls.[155] These fail and perish with the body; the first alone remains, survives the pyre and flies away. This soul he stationed in the lofty fastness of the brain to control and oversee the work and labours of the body. The other

“Yet no one will find virtue who hasn’t first learned to understand themselves and calmed the uncertain waves of their own passions. The journey to this understanding is long and winding. What each person learns for their own benefit, learn you for the benefit of the world. When Prometheus combined earthly and heavenly elements to create humankind, he stole the pure spirit of humanity from its heavenly home, kept it imprisoned and restrained despite its cries, and since humanity could only be formed this way, he added two more souls.[155] These fail and perish with the body; the first alone remains, survives the fire, and escapes. This soul he placed in the high retreat of the brain to control and oversee the work and efforts of the body. The other

[155] Claudian here follows the Platonic psychology which divides the soul into τὸ ἐπιθυμητικόν, τὸ θυμοειδές, the two (” geminas” ) baser elements, and τὸ λογιστικόν (the “haec” of l. 234).

[155] Claudian follows Platonic psychology here, which divides the soul into the appetitive part, the spirited part, and the rational part (the “haec” of l. 234).

[304]

illas inferius collo praeceptaque summae

passuras dominae digna statione locavit.

quippe opifex veritus confundere sacra profanis

distribuit partes animae sedesque removit. 240

iram sanguinei regio sub pectore cordis

protegit imbutam flammis avidamque nocendi

praecipitemque sui. rabie succensa tumescit,

contrahitur tepefacta metu. cumque omnia secum

duceret et requiem membris vesana negaret, 245

invenit pulmonis opem madidumque furenti

praebuit, ut tumidae ruerent in mollia fibrae.

at sibi cuncta petens, nil conlatura cupido

in iecur et tractus imos compulsa recessit,

quae, velut inmanis reserat dum belua rictus, 250

expleri pascique nequit: nunc verbere curas

torquet avaritiae, stimulis nunc flagrat amorum,

nunc gaudet, nunc maesta dolet satiataque rursus

exoritur caesaque redit pollentius hydra.

“Hos igitur potuit si quis sedare tumultus, 255

inconcussa dabit purae sacraria menti.

tu licet extremos late dominere per Indos,

te Medus, te mollis Arabs, te Seres adorent:

si metuis, si prava cupis, si duceris ira,

servitii patiere iugum; tolerabis iniquas 260

interius leges. tunc omnia iure tenebis,

cum poteris rex esse tui. proclivior usus

in peiora datur suadetque licentia luxum

inlecebrisque effrena favet. tum vivere caste

[305]

two he set below the neck in a place befitting their functions, where it is their part to obey the commands of the directing soul. Doubtless our creator, fearing to mix the heavenly with the mortal, placed the different souls in different parts and kept their dwelling-places distinct. Near to the heart whence springs our blood there is within the breast a place where fiery anger lurks, eager to hurt and uncontrolled. This cavity swells when heated by rage and contracts when cooled by fear. Then, since anger swept everything away with it and in its fury gave the limbs no rest, Prometheus invented the lungs to aid the body and applied their humidity to the raging of anger to soothe our wrath-swollen flesh. Lust, that asks for everything and gives nought, was driven down into the liver and of necessity occupied the lowest room. Like a beast, opening its capacious jaws, lust can never be full fed nor satisfied; it is a prey now to the cruel lash of sleepless avarice, now to the fiery goads of love; is swayed now by joy, now by misery, and is no sooner fed than fain to be fed again, returning with more insistence than the oft-beheaded hydra.

Two he set below the neck in a spot fitting their roles, where they must obey the commands of the guiding soul. Our creator, likely wanting to keep the divine separate from the mortal, placed different souls in distinct areas and kept their residences separate. Close to the heart, from which our blood flows, there is a place within the chest where fiery anger hides, eager to harm and uncontrollable. This space expands when heated by rage and contracts when calmed by fear. Since anger overwhelmed everything and, in its fury, left the body restless, Prometheus created the lungs to help the body and used their moisture to calm our flesh swollen with wrath. Lust, which desires everything and offers nothing in return, was pushed down into the liver and necessarily occupied the lowest position. Like a beast, opening its huge jaws, lust can never be completely satisfied; it is a victim of the relentless whip of insatiable greed and the fiery prods of love; it sways between joy and misery and is no sooner satisfied than eager to be fed again, returning with more insistence than the often-beheaded hydra.

“Can any assuage this tumult he will assure an inviolable sanctuary for a spotless soul. Thou mayest hold sway o’er farthest India, be obeyed by Mede, unwarlike Arab or Chinese, yet, if thou fearest, hast evil desires, art swayed by anger, thou wilt bear the yoke of slavery; within thyself thou wilt be a slave to tyrannical rule. When thou canst be king over thyself then shalt thou hold rightful rule over the world. The easier way often trod leads to worse; liberty begets licence and, when uncontrolled, leads to vice. Then is a chaste

“Anyone who can calm this chaos will create a safe haven for a pure soul. You might have power over distant India, be obeyed by the Medes, the peaceful Arabs, or the Chinese, but if you are afraid, harbor bad intentions, or are ruled by anger, you will bear the burden of slavery; within yourself, you will be a prisoner to cruel authority. When you can govern yourself, then you will have true control over the world. The easier path often leads to worse outcomes; freedom can lead to excess and, when left unchecked, can result in moral decay. Then, a pure heart...

[306]

asperius, cum prompta Venus; tum durius irae 265

consulitur, cum poena patet. sed comprime motus

nec tibi quid liceat, sed quid fecisse decebit

occurrat, mentemque domet respectus honesti.

“Hoc te praeterea crebro sermone monebo,

ut te totius medio telluris in ore 270

vivere cognoscas, cunctis tua gentibus esse

facta palam nec posse dari regalibus usquam

secretum vitiis; nam lux altissima fati

occultum nihil esse sinit, latebrasque per omnes

intrat et abstrusos explorat fama recessus. 275

“Sis pius in primis; nam cum vincamur in omni

munere, sola deos aequat clementia nobis.

neu dubie suspectus agas neu falsus amicis

rumorumve avidus: qui talia curat, inanes

horrebit strepitus nulla non anxius hora. 280

non sic excubiae, non circumstantia pila

quam tutatur amor. non extorquebis amari;

hoc alterna fides, hoc simplex gratia donat.

nonne vides, operum quod se pulcherrimus ipse

mundus amore liget, nec vi conexa per aevum 285

conspirent elementa sibi? quod limite Phoebus

contentus medio, contentus litore pontus

et, qui perpetuo terras ambitque vehitque,

nec premat incumbens oneri nec cesserit aër?

qui terret, plus ipse timet; sors ista tyrannis 290

convenit; invideant claris fortesque trucident,

[307]

life harder when love is at call; then is it a sterner task to govern anger when vengeance is to hand. Yet master thine emotions and ponder not what thou mightest do but what thou oughtest to do, and let regard for duty control thy mind.

life is tougher when love is involved; it becomes a bigger challenge to manage anger when revenge is within reach. However, control your emotions and think not about what you could do but about what you should do, and let a sense of duty guide your thoughts.

“Of this too I cannot warn thee too often: remember that thou livest in the sight of the whole world, to all peoples are thy deeds known; the vices of monarchs cannot anywhere remain hid. The splendour of their lofty station allows nought to be concealed; fame penetrates every hiding-place and discovers the inmost secrets of the heart.

“Of this I can’t warn you enough: remember that you live in view of the entire world, your actions are known to all people; the wrongdoings of rulers can’t stay hidden anywhere. The glory of their high position allows nothing to be concealed; fame reaches every hiding place and reveals the deepest secrets of the heart.”

“Above all fail not in loving-kindness; for though we be surpassed in every virtue yet mercy alone makes us equal with the gods. Let thine actions be open and give no grounds for suspicion, be loyal to thy friends nor lend an ear to rumours. He who attends to such will quake at every idle whisper and know no moment’s peace. Neither watch nor guard nor yet a hedge of spears can secure thee safety; only thy people’s love can do that. Love thou canst not extort; it is the gift of mutual faith and honest goodwill. Seest thou not how the fair frame of the very universe binds itself together by love, and how the elements, not united by violence, are for ever at harmony among themselves? Dost thou not mark how that Phoebus is content not to outstep the limits of his path, nor the sea those of his kingdom, and how the air, which in its eternal embrace encircles and upholds the world, presses not upon us with too heavy a weight nor yet yields to the burden which itself sustains? Whoso causes terror is himself more fearful; such doom befits tyrants. Let them be jealous of another’s fame, murder the

“Above all, never fail to show kindness; for even if we lack in every other virtue, mercy alone makes us equal to the gods. Let your actions be transparent and give no reason for suspicion; be loyal to your friends and don’t listen to rumors. Those who pay attention to such things will tremble at every idle whisper and find no moment of peace. Neither watchfulness nor guards nor a wall of spears can keep you safe; only your people's love can do that. Love cannot be forced; it is a gift born from mutual trust and genuine goodwill. Don’t you see how the beautiful structure of the universe holds itself together through love, and how the elements, united not by force, remain in harmony with one another? Don’t you notice how Phoebus is content to stay within the limits of his path, nor the sea to overstep its territory, and how the air, which eternally wraps around and supports the world, doesn't weigh us down too heavily nor gives in to the burden it carries? Those who instill fear are often more afraid themselves; such a fate is fitting for tyrants. Let them be envious of each other's success, murder the

[308]

muniti gladiis vivant saeptique venenis,

ancipites habeant arces trepidique minentur:

tu civem patremque geras, tu consule cunctis,

non tibi, nec tua te moveant, sed publica vota. 295

“In commune iubes si quid censesque tenendum,

primus iussa subi: tunc observantior aequi

fit populus nec ferre negat, cum viderit ipsum

auctorem parere sibi. componitur orbis

regis ad exemplum, nec sic inflectere sensus 300

humanos edicta valent quam vita regentis:

mobile mutatur semper cum principe vulgus.

“His tamen effectis neu fastidire minores

neu pete praescriptos homini transcendere fines.

inquinat egregios adiuncta superbia mores. 305

non tibi tradidimus dociles servire Sabaeos,

Armeniae dominum non te praefecimus orae,

nec damus Assyriam, tenuit quam femina, gentem.

Romani, qui cuncta diu rexere, regendi,

qui nec Tarquinii fastus nec iura tulere 310

Caesaris. annales veterum delicta loquuntur:

haerebunt maculae. quis non per saecula damnat

Caesareae portenta domus? quem dira Neronis

funera, quem rupes Caprearum taetra latebit

incesto possessa seni? victura feretur 315

gloria Traiani, non tam quod Tigride victo

nostra triumphati fuerint provincia Parthi,

alta quod invectus fractis Capitolia Dacis,

[309]

brave, live hedged about with swords and fenced with poisons, dwelling in a citadel that is ever exposed to danger, and threaten to conceal their fears. Do thou, my son, be at once a citizen and a father, consider not thyself but all men, nor let thine own desires stir thee but thy people’s.

brave, live surrounded by swords and protected by poisons, residing in a fortress that is always at risk, and claim to hide their fears. Do you, my son, be both a citizen and a father, think not of yourself but of all people, and do not let your own desires drive you but those of your community.

“If thou make any law or establish any custom for the general good, be the first to submit thyself thereto; then does a people show more regard for justice nor refuse submission when it has seen their author obedient to his own laws. The world shapes itself after its ruler’s pattern, nor can edicts sway men’s minds so much as their monarch’s life; the unstable crowd ever changes along with the prince.

“If you make any law or set up any custom for the common good, be the first to follow it; that way, people will show more respect for justice and won't resist when they see their leader obeying his own laws. The world follows the example of its ruler, and decrees can’t influence people’s minds as much as their monarch’s behavior; the fickle crowd always shifts with the prince.”

“Nor is this all: show no scorn of thine inferiors nor seek to overstep the limits established for mankind. Pride joined thereto defaces the fairest character. They are not submissive Sabaeans whom I have handed over to thy rule, nor have I made thee lord of Armenia; I give thee not Assyria, accustomed to a woman’s rule. Thou must govern Romans who have long governed the world, Romans who brooked not Tarquin’s pride nor Caesar’s tyranny. History still tells of our ancestors’ ill deeds; the stain will never be wiped away. So long as the world lasts the monstrous excesses of the Julian house will stand condemned. Will any not have heard of Nero’s murders or how Capri’s foul cliffs were owned by an agèd lecher [156]? The fame of Trajan will never die, not so much because, thanks to his victories on the Tigris, conquered Parthia became a Roman province, not because he brake the might of Dacia and led their chiefs in triumph up the slope of the Capitol, but because

“Nor is this all: don’t look down on those beneath you or try to cross the boundaries set for humanity. Pride combined with this tarnishes the finest character. They are not submissive Sabaeans that I’ve put under your control, nor have I made you the ruler of Armenia; I’m not giving you Assyria, where women are used to holding power. You must rule over Romans who have long ruled the world, Romans who wouldn’t tolerate Tarquin’s arrogance or Caesar’s tyranny. History still recounts our ancestors’ wrongdoings; the stain will never fade. As long as the world exists, the outrageous excesses of the Julian house will be condemned. Has anyone not heard of Nero’s murders or how the filthy cliffs of Capri belonged to an aging lecher [156]? The legacy of Trajan will never fade, not just because, thanks to his victories on the Tigris, conquered Parthia became a Roman province, not because he broke the strength of Dacia and led their leaders in triumph up the slope of the Capitol, but because

[156] i.e. Tiberius.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Tiberius.

[310]

quam patriae quod mitis erat. ne desine tales,

nate, sequi.

“Si bella canant, prius agmina duris

exerce studiis et saevo praestrue Marti. 321

non brumae requies, non hibernacula segnes

enervent torpore manus. ponenda salubri

castra loco; praebenda vigil custodia vallo.

disce, ubi denseri cuneos, ubi cornua tendi 325

aequius aut iterum flecti; quae montibus aptae,

quae campis acies, quae fraudi commoda vallis,

quae via difficilis. fidit si moenibus hostis,

tum tibi murali libretur machina pulsu;

saxa rota; praeceps aries protectaque portas 330

testudo feriat; ruat emersura iuventus

effossi per operta soli. si longa moretur

obsidio, tum vota cave secura remittas

inclusumve putes; multis damnosa fuere

gaudia; dispersi pereunt somnove soluti; 335

saepius incautae nocuit victoria turbae.

neu tibi regificis tentoria larga redundent

deliciis, neve imbelles ad signa ministros

luxuries armata trahat. neu flantibus Austris

neu pluviis cedas, neu defensura calorem 340

aurea summoveant rapidos umbracula soles.

inventis utere cibis. solabere partes

aequali sudore tuas: si collis iniquus,

[311]

he was kindly to his country. Fail not to make such as he thine example, my son.

he was kind to his country. Be sure to make someone like him your example, my son.

“Should war threaten, see first that thy soldiers are exercised in the practices of war and prepare them for the rigours of service. The ease of winter months spent in winter quarters must not weaken nor unnerve their hands. Establish thy camps in healthy places and see that watchful sentries guard the ramparts. Learn how to know when to mass your troops and when it is better to extend them or face them round; study the formations suitable for mountain warfare and those for fighting on the plain. Learn to recognize what valleys may conceal an ambush and what routes will prove difficult. If thine enemy trusts in his walls to defend him then let thy catapults hurl stones at his battlements; fling rocks thereat and let the swinging ram and shield-protected testudo [157] shake his gates. Your troops should undermine the walls and issuing from this tunnel should rush into the town. Should a long siege delay thee, then take care thou unbend not thy purpose in security or count thine enemy thy prisoner. Many ere this have found premature triumph their undoing, scattered or asleep they have been cut to pieces; indeed victory itself has not seldom been the ruin of careless troops. Not for thee let spacious tents o’erflow with princely delights nor luxury don arms and drag to the standards her unwarlike train. Though the storm winds blow and the rain descends yield not to them and use not cloth of gold to guard thee from the sun’s fierce rays. Eat such food as thou canst find. It will be a solace to thy soldiers that thy toil is as heavy as theirs; be the first to mount the arduous hill and, should

“Should war threaten, first ensure that your soldiers are trained in the ways of battle and prepare them for the challenges of service. The comfort of winter spent in quarters should not weaken or unnerve them. Set up your camps in healthy locations and make sure vigilant sentries guard the walls. Learn when to gather your troops and when it's better to spread them out or form a circle; study the formations that work best for fighting in the mountains and on the plains. Recognize which valleys might hide an ambush and which routes could be difficult. If your enemy relies on their walls for protection, let your catapults launch stones at their fortifications; throw rocks and let the swinging ram and shield-covered testudo shake their gates. Your troops should tunnel under the walls and rush into the town through this passage. If a long siege holds you back, be careful not to relax your resolve or consider your enemy defeated. Many have found that premature victory leads to their downfall; scattered or distracted, they have been cut down. Indeed, victory itself has often been the downfall of careless troops. Do not let large tents overflow with luxurious comforts, nor let luxury wear armor and drag along unprepared followers. Even when the storm winds rage and the rain falls, do not yield and use no gold cloth to shield you from the sun's fierce rays. Eat whatever food you can find. It will reassure your soldiers that your burden is as heavy as theirs; be the first to climb the steep hill and, should

[157] A well-known Roman method of attack by which the troops advanced to the point of attack in close formation, each man holding his shield above his head. The protection thus afforded to the assaulting band was likened to the shell of the tortoise (testudo).

[157] A famous Roman tactic where the troops moved toward the target in tight formation, each soldier holding his shield over his head. This protective setup for the attacking group was compared to the shell of a tortoise (testudo).

[312]

primus ini; silvam si caedere provocat usus,

sumpta ne pudeat quercum stravisse bipenni. 345

calcatur si pigra palus, tuus ante profundum

pertemptet sonipes. fluvios tu protere cursu

haerentes glacie, liquidos tu scinde natatu.

nunc eques in medias equitum te consere turmas;

nunc pedes adsistas pediti. tum promptius ibunt

te socio, tum conspicuus gratusque geretur 351

sub te teste labor.”

Dicturum plura parentem

voce subis: “equidem, faveant modo numina coeptis,

haec effecta dabo, nec me fratrique tibique

dissimilem populi commissaque regna videbunt. 355

sed cur non potius, verbis quae disseris, usu

experior? gelidas certe nunc tendis in Alpes.

duc tecum comitem; figant sine nostra tyrannum

spicula; pallescat nostro sine barbarus arcu.

Italiamne feram furiis praedonis acerbi 360

subiectam? patiar Romam servire clienti?

usque adeone puer? nec me polluta potestas

nec pia cognati tanget vindicta cruoris?

per strages equitare libet. da protinus arma.

cur annos obicis? pugnae cur arguor impar?

aequalis mihi Pyrrhus erat, cum Pergama solus 365

verteret et patri non degeneraret Achilli.

denique si princeps castris haerere nequibo,

vel miles veniam.”

Delibat dulcia nati

oscula miratusque refert: “laudanda petisti; 370

sed festinus amor, veniet robustior aetas;

ne propera. necdum decimas emensus aristas

adgrederis metuenda viris: vestigia magnae

[313]

necessity demand the felling of a forest, be not ashamed to grasp the axe and hew down the oak. If a stagnant marsh must be crossed let thy horse be the first to test the depth of it. Boldly tread the frozen river; swim the flood. Mounted thyself, ride amid thy squadrons of horse or again stand foot to foot with the infantry. They will advance the bolder for thy presence, and with thee to witness glorious and glad shall be the fulfilment of their task.”

If it's necessary to cut down a forest, don't hesitate to take the axe and chop down the oak. If you need to cross a stagnant marsh, let your horse be the first to check the depth. Walk confidently over the frozen river; swim through the flood. Once you're mounted, ride among your cavalry or stand shoulder to shoulder with the infantry. They'll move forward more bravely with you there, and your presence will make their accomplishments glorious and joyful.

More would he have spoken but Honorius broke in and said: “All this will I do, so God favour my attempts. The peoples and kingdoms committed to my care shall find me not unworthy of thee nor of my brother. But why should I not experience in action what thou has taught in words? Thou goest to the wintry Alps: take me with thee. Let mine arrows pierce the tyrant’s body, and the barbarians pale at my bow. Shall I allow Italy to become the prey of a ruthless bandit? Rome to serve one who is himself but a servant? Am I still such a child that neither power profaned nor just revenge for an uncle’s blood shall move me? Fain would I ride through blood. Quick, give me arms. Why castest thou my youth in my teeth? Why thinkest me unequal to the combat? I am as old as was Pyrrhus when alone he o’erthrew Troy and proved himself no degenerate from his father Achilles. If I may not remain in thy camp as a prince I will come even as a soldier.”

More he would have said, but Honorius interrupted and said: “I will do all of this, so God help my efforts. The people and kingdoms under my care will see that I am worthy of you and my brother. But why shouldn’t I experience in action what you’ve taught in words? You’re heading to the snowy Alps: take me with you. Let my arrows strike the tyrant’s body, and let the barbarians tremble at my bow. Should I really let Italy fall prey to a ruthless bandit? Rome serve someone who is merely a servant himself? Am I still such a kid that neither the desecration of power nor the rightful revenge for my uncle’s blood can move me? I would willingly ride through blood. Hurry, give me arms. Why do you keep bringing up my youth? Why do you think I'm not fit for battle? I am as old as Pyrrhus was when he single-handedly toppled Troy and proved he was no lesser than his father Achilles. If I can't stay in your camp as a prince, I'll come as a soldier.”

Theodosius kissed his son’s sweet lips and answered him wondering: “Nought have I but praise for thy petition, but this love of glory has bloomed too early. Thy strength will increase with years; till then be patient. Though thou hast not yet completed ten summers thou wouldst hansel dangers that a man

Theodosius kissed his son’s sweet lips and answered him thoughtfully: “I have nothing but praise for your request, but this desire for glory has come too soon. Your strength will grow with time; until then, be patient. Even though you haven’t yet turned ten, you would face dangers that a man

[314]

indolis agnosco, fertur Pellaeus, Eoum

qui domuit Porum, cum prospera saepe Philippi 375

audiret, laetos inter flevisse sodales

nil sibi vincendum patris virtute relinqui.

hos video motus. fas sit promittere patri:

tantus eris. nostro nec debes regna favori,

quae tibi iam natura dedit. sic mollibus olim 380

stridula ducturum pratis examina regem

nascentem venerantur apes et publica mellis

iura petunt traduntque favos; sic pascua parvus

vindicat et necdum firmatis cornibus audax

iam regit armentum vitulus. sed proelia differ 385

in iuvenem patiensque meum cum fratre tuere

me bellante locum, vos impacatus Araxes,

vos celer Euphrates timeat, sit Nilus ubique

vester et emisso quidquid sol imbuit ortu.

si pateant Alpes, habeat si causa secundos 390

iustior eventus, aderis partesque receptas

suscipies, animosa tuas ut Gallia leges

audiat et nostros aequus modereris Hiberos.

tunc ego securus fati laetusque laborum

discedam, vobis utrumque regentibus axem. 395

“Interea Musis animus, dum mollior, instet

et quae mox imitere legat; nec desinat umquam

tecum Graia loqui, tecum Romana vetustas.

antiquos evolve duces, adsuesce futurae

[315]

might fear: I mark the tokens of a noble nature. It is said that Alexander, conqueror of eastern Porus, wept at the constant news of Philip’s fortune, telling his companions who rejoiced thereat that his sire’s valour left him nought to conquer. In thee I see like spirit. May a father be allowed this prophecy—“thou shalt be as great”! It is not to my goodwill thou owest the kingdom, for nature has already made it thine. So even from his birth bees reverence the king [158] who is to lead their buzzing swarms through the soft meadows, ask his public laws for the gathering of the honey and entrust to him their combs. So the spirited young bull-calf claims sovereignty over the grazing-grounds and, though as yet his horns are not grown strong, lords it over the herd. Nay: postpone thy campaigns till thou art a man and while I do battle patiently help thy brother to fulfil my office. Be you two the terror of untamed Araxes and of swift Euphrates; may Nile throughout all his length belong to you and all the lands upon which the morning sun lets fall his beam. Should I force a passage over the Alps, should success crown the juster cause, thou shalt come and govern the recovered provinces, whereby fierce Gaul shall obey thy laws and my native Spain be guided by thy just rule. Then, careless of doom and rejoicing in my labours, I shall quit this mortal life, while you, my sons, rule either hemisphere.

might fear: I mark the signs of a noble nature. It is said that Alexander, conqueror of eastern Porus, wept at the constant news of Philip’s fortune, telling his companions, who rejoiced at it, that his father's courage left him nothing to conquer. In you, I see the same spirit. May a father be allowed this prediction—“you shall be as great”! You don’t owe the kingdom to my goodwill, for nature has already made it yours. Just as from birth, bees respect the king who is to lead their buzzing swarms through the soft meadows, ask him for the public laws for gathering honey and trust him with their combs. Similarly, the spirited young bull-calf claims sovereignty over the grazing-grounds, and although his horns are not yet strong, he rules over the herd. No: delay your campaigns until you are a man and, while I battle patiently, help your brother fulfill my role. May you two be the terror of untamed Araxes and swift Euphrates; may the Nile, throughout its entire length, belong to you and all the lands where the morning sun shines. If I manage to cross the Alps, and success favors the rightful cause, you shall come and govern the recovered provinces, making fierce Gaul obey your laws and my native Spain guided by your fair rule. Then, carefree and happy in my labors, I shall leave this mortal life, while you, my sons, rule over both hemispheres.

“Meanwhile cultivate the Muses whilst thou art yet young; read of deeds thou soon mayest rival; never may Greece’s story, never may Rome’s, cease to speak with thee. Study the lives of the heroes of old to accustom thee for wars that are to be.

“Meanwhile, nurture the Muses while you are still young; read about feats you could soon match; may the stories of Greece and Rome never stop inspiring you. Learn about the lives of the heroes of the past to prepare yourself for the battles that lie ahead.”

[158] As is well known, the ancients mistook the sex of the queen bee.

[158] As is well known, the ancient people misunderstood the gender of the queen bee.

[316]

militiae, Latium retro te confer in aevum. 400

libertas quaesita placet? mirabere Brutum.

perfidiam damnas? Metti satiabere poenis.

triste rigor nimius? Torquati despice mores.

mors impensa bonum? Decios venerare ruentes.

vel solus quid fortis agat, te ponte soluto 405

oppositus Cocles, Muci te flamma docebit;

quid mora perfringat, Fabius; quid rebus in artis

dux gerat, ostendet Gallorum strage Camillus.

discitur hinc nullos meritis obsistere casus:

prorogat aeternam feritas tibi Punica famam, 410

Regule; successus superant adversa Catonis.

discitur hinc quantum paupertas sobria possit:

pauper erat Curius, reges cum vinceret armis,

pauper Fabricius, Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum;

sordida dictator flexit Serranus aratra: 415

lustratae lictore casae fascesque salignis

postibus adfixi; collectae consule messes

et sulcata diu trabeato rura colono.”

Haec genitor praecepta dabat: velut ille carinae

longaevus rector, variis quem saepe procellis 420

exploravit hiems, ponto iam fessus et annis

aequoreas alni nato commendat habenas

et casus artesque docet: quo dextra regatur

sidere; quo fluctus possit moderamine falli;

quae nota nimborum; quae fraus infida sereni; 425

[317]

Go back to the Latin age. Admirest thou a fight for liberty? Thou wilt admire Brutus. Does treachery rouse thine indignation? The punishment of Mettius [159] will fill thee with satisfaction. Dost thou hate undue severity? Abominate Torquatus’ savagery. Is it a virtue to die for one’s country? Honour the self-devotion of the Decii. Horatius Cocles, facing the foe on the broken bridge, Mucius holding his arm in the flames,[160] these shall show thee what, single-handed, brave men can do. Fabius will show thee what overthrow delay can cause; Camillus and his slaughter of the Gauls what in face of odds a leader can effect. From history thou mayest learn that no ill fortune can master worth; Punic savagery extends thy fame, Regulus, to eternity; the failure of Cato outdoes success. From history thou mayest learn the power of frugal poverty; Curius was a poor man when he conquered kings in battle; Fabricius was poor when he spurned the gold of Pyrrhus; Serranus, for all he was dictator, drove the muddy plough. In those days the lictors kept watch at a cottage door, the fasces were hung upon a gateway of wood; consuls helped to gather in the harvest, and for long years the fields were ploughed by husbandmen who wore the consular robe.”

Go back to the Roman era. Do you admire the fight for freedom? You will admire Brutus. Does treachery stir your anger? The punishment of Mettius [159] will satisfy you. Do you hate excessive harshness? Hate Torquatus’ brutality. Is it admirable to die for your country? Honor the selflessness of the Decii. Horatius Cocles, facing the enemy on the broken bridge, Mucius holding his arm in the flames,[160] these will show you what brave individuals can accomplish alone. Fabius will demonstrate the downfall that can come from delay; Camillus and his defeat of the Gauls will show what a leader can achieve against the odds. From history, you can learn that no misfortune can overcome true worth; Punic cruelty extends your fame, Regulus, to eternity; the failure of Cato surpasses success. From history, you can learn the strength of humble poverty; Curius was poor when he defeated kings in battle; Fabricius was poor when he rejected the gold of Pyrrhus; Serranus, despite being dictator, worked the muddy plow. In those days, the lictors stood guard at a cottage door, the fasces were hung on a wooden gate; consuls helped to harvest, and for many years, the fields were plowed by farmers wearing the consular robe.

Such were the precepts of the sire. Even so an aged helmsman oft proved by winter’s various storms, aweary now of the sea and his weight of years, commends to his son the rudder of his bark, tells him of dangers and devices—by what art the helmsman’s hand is guided; what steerage may elude the wave; what is a sign of storms; what the treachery of a cloudless sky, the promise of the

Such were the teachings of the father. Even so, an old helmsman, often worn down by the winter’s storms and tired of the sea and his years, hands his son the rudder of his boat, telling him about dangers and strategies—how to steer, how to navigate the waves, what signs indicate a storm, and the deceitfulness of a clear sky, the promise of the

[159] The story of the punishment of Mettius Fufetius, the Alban dictator, by the Roman king Tullus Hostilius for his treachery in the war against Fidenae is told by Livy (i. 28. 10) and referred to by Claudian (xv. 254).

[159] The tale of how Mettius Fufetius, the Alban leader, was punished by the Roman king Tullus Hostilius for his betrayal during the war against Fidenae is recounted by Livy (i. 28. 10) and mentioned by Claudian (xv. 254).

[160] For Mucius (Scaevola) holding his arm in the flame to show Lars Porsenna how little he, a Roman, minded bodily pain see Livy ii. 12.

[160] For Mucius (Scaevola) holding his arm in the flame to show Lars Porsenna how little he, a Roman, cared about physical pain see Livy ii. 12.

[318]

quid sol occiduus prodat; quo saucia vento

decolor iratos attollat Cynthia vultus.

adspice nunc, quacumque micas, seu circulus Austri,

magne parens, gelidi seu te meruere Triones,

adspice: completur votum. iam natus adaequat 430

te meritis et, quod magis est optabile, vincit

subnixus Stilichone tuo, quem fratribus ipse

discedens clipeum defensoremque dedisti.

pro nobis nihil ille pati nullumque recusat

discrimen temptare sui, non dura viarum, 435

non incerta maris, Libyae squalentis harenas

audebit superare pedes madidaque cadente

Pleiade Gaetulas intrabit navita Syrtes.

Hunc tamen in primis populos lenire feroces

et Rhenum pacare iubes. volat ille citatis 440

vectus equis nullaque latus stipante caterva,

aspera nubiferas qua Raetia porrigit Alpes,

pergit et hostiles (tanta est fiducia) ripas

incomitatus adit. totum properare per amnem

attonitos reges humili cervice videres. 445

ante ducem nostrum flavam sparsere Sygambri

caesariem pavidoque orantes murmure Franci

procubuere solo: iuratur Honorius absens

imploratque tuum supplex Alamannia nomen.

Bastarnae venere truces, venit accola silvae 450

Bructerus Hercyniae latisque paludibus exit

Cimber et ingentes Albim liquere Cherusci.

[319]

setting sun; what storm-wind frets the Moon so that discoloured she uplifts an angry face. Behold now, great father, in whatsoever part of heaven thou shinest, be it the southern arch or the cold constellation of the Plough that has won the honour of thy presence; see, thy prayer has been answered; thy son now equals thee in merit, nay, a consummation still more to be desired, he surpasseth thee, thanks to the support of thy dear Stilicho whom thou thyself at thy death didst leave to guard and defend the brothers twain. For us there is nought that Stilicho is not ready to suffer, no danger to himself he is not willing to face, neither hardships of the land nor hazards of the sea. His courage will carry him on foot across the deserts of Libya, at the setting of the rainy Pleiads his ship will penetrate the Gaetulian Syrtes.

setting sun; what storm-wind troubles the Moon so that discolored she raises an angry face. Look now, great father, in whatever part of heaven you shine, be it the southern arch or the cold constellation of the Plough that has won the honor of your presence; see, your prayer has been answered; your son now equals you in merit, nay, a fulfillment even more to be desired, he surpasses you, thanks to the support of your dear Stilicho whom you yourself at your death left to guard and defend the two brothers. For us there is nothing that Stilicho is not ready to endure, no danger to himself he isn’t willing to face, neither hardships of the land nor hazards of the sea. His courage will carry him on foot across the deserts of Libya, at the setting of the rainy Pleiads his ship will navigate the Gaetulian Syrtes.

To him, however, thy first command is to calm fierce nations and bring peace to the Rhine. On wind-swift steed, no escort clinging to his side, he crosses the cloud-capped summits of the Raetian Alps, and, so great is his trust in himself, approaches the river unattended. Then mightest thou have seen from source to mouth come hastening up Rhine’s princes, bending their heads in fearful submission. Before our general the Sygambri abased their flaxen locks and the Franks cast themselves upon the ground and sued with trembling voice for pardon. Germany swears allegiance to the absent Honorius and addresses her suppliant prayers to him. Fierce Bastarnae were there and the Bructeri who dwell in the Hercynian forest. The Cimbrians left their broad marsh-lands, the tall Cherusci came from the river Elbe. Stilicho listens

To him, however, your first order is to calm fierce nations and bring peace to the Rhine. On a fast-moving horse, with no escort by his side, he crosses the cloud-covered peaks of the Raetian Alps, and his confidence in himself is so great that he approaches the river alone. Then you might have seen the princes of the Rhine rushing from source to mouth, bowing their heads in fearful submission. Before our general, the Sygambri lowered their blonde hair, and the Franks fell to the ground, trembling as they begged for forgiveness. Germany swears loyalty to the distant Honorius and sends her humble prayers to him. The fierce Bastarnae were present, along with the Bructeri who live in the Hercynian forest. The Cimbrians left their vast marshlands, and the tall Cherusci came from the Elbe River. Stilicho listens.

[320]

accipit ille preces varias tardeque rogatus

adnuit et magno pacem pro munere donat.

nobilitant veteres Germanica foedera Drusos, 455

Marte sed ancipiti, sed multis cladibus empta—quis

victum meminit sola formidine Rhenum?

quod longis alii bellis potuere mereri,

hoc tibi dat Stilichonis iter.

Post otia Galli

limitis hortaris Graias fulcire ruinas. 460

Ionium tegitur velis ventique laborant

tot curvare sinus servaturasque Corinthum

prosequitur facili Neptunus gurgite classes,

et puer, Isthmiaci iam pridem litoris exul,

secura repetit portus cum matre Palaemon. 465

plaustra cruore natant: metitur pellita iuventus:

pars morbo, pars ense perit. non lustra Lycaei,

non Erymantheae iam copia sufficit umbrae

innumeris exusta rogis, nudataque ferro

sic flagrasse suas laetantur Maenala silvas. 470

excutiat cineres Ephyre, Spartanus et Arcas

tutior exanguis pedibus proculcet acervos

fessaque pensatis respiret Graecia poenis!

gens, qua non Scythicos diffusior ulla Triones

incoluit, cui parvus Athos angustaque Thrace, 475

cum transiret, erat, per te viresque tuorum

fracta ducum lugetque sibi iam rara superstes,

et, quorum turbae spatium vix praebuit orbis,

uno colle latent. sitiens inclusaque vallo

[321]

to their various prayers, gives tardy assent to their entreaties and of his great bounty bestows upon them peace. A covenant with Germany gave glory to the Drusi of old, but purchased by what uncertain warfare, by how many disasters! Who can recall the Rhine conquered by terror alone? That which others were enabled to win by long wars—this, Honorius, Stilicho’s mere march gives thee.

to their various prayers, slowly agrees to their pleas and out of his great generosity grants them peace. A pact with Germany brought honor to the Drusi of old, but it was bought through unpredictable warfare and countless disasters! Who can remember the Rhine conquered only through fear? What others achieved through long battles—this, Honorius, Stilicho's simple march has given to you.

Thou biddest Stilicho after restoring peace in Gaul save Greece from ruin. Vessels cover the Ionian sea; scarce can the wind fill out so many sails. Neptune with favouring currents attends the fleet that is to save Corinth, and young Palaemon, so long an exile from the shores of his isthmus, returns in safety with his mother to the harbour. The blood of barbarians washes their wagons; the ranks of skin-clad warriors are mowed down, some by disease, some by the sword. The glades of Lycaeus, the dark and boundless forests of Erymanthus, are not enough to furnish such countless funeral pyres; Maenalus rejoices that the axe has stripped her of her woods to provide fuel for such a holocaust. Let Ephyre [161] rise from her ashes while Spartan and Arcadian, now safe, tread under foot the heaps of slain; let Greece’s sufferings be made good and her weary land be allowed to breathe once more. That nation, wider spread than any that dwells in northern Scythia, that found Athos too small and Thrace too narrow when it crossed them, that nation, I say, was conquered by thee and thy captains, and now, in the persons of the few that survive, laments its own overthrow. One hill now shelters a people whose hordes scarce the whole world could once contain. Athirst and hemmed within their rampart they

You’re asking Stilicho, after he brought peace to Gaul, to save Greece from destruction. Ships cover the Ionian Sea; it’s hard to find enough wind for all those sails. Neptune with his friendly currents is guiding the fleet that will save Corinth, and young Palaemon, long exiled from the shores of his isthmus, returns safely to the harbor with his mother. The blood of barbarians covers their wagons; the ranks of warriors in animal skins are cut down, some by disease, some by the sword. The glades of Lycaeus and the dark, vast forests of Erymanthus aren’t enough to provide countless funeral pyres; Maenalus is glad to have lost her woods to supply fuel for such a sacrifice. Let Ephyre [161] rise from her ashes while Spartans and Arcadians, now safe, walk over the piles of the slain; let Greece’s suffering be rectified and her weary land allowed to breathe again. That nation, more widespread than any that lives in northern Scythia, that found Athos too small and Thrace too narrow when it crossed them, that nation, I say, was conquered by you and your leaders, and now, in the few that survive, mourns its own defeat. One hill now shelters a people whose hordes once couldn’t fit in the entire world. Thirsty and trapped within their walls, they

[161] = Corinth.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ = Corinth.

[322]

ereptas quaesivit aquas, quas hostibus ante 480

contiguas alio Stilicho deflexerat actu

mirantemque novas ignota per avia valles

iusserat averso fluvium migrare meatu.

Obvia quid mirum vinci, cum barbarus ultro

iam cupiat servire tibi? tua Sarmata discors 485

sacramenta petit; proiecta pelle Gelonus

militat; in Latios ritus transistis Alani.

ut fortes in Marte viros animisque paratos,

sic iustos in pace legis longumque tueris

electos crebris nec succedentibus urges. 490

iudicibus notis regimur, fruimurque quietis

militiaeque bonis, ceu bellatore Quirino,

ceu placido moderante Numa. non inminet ensis,

nullae nobilium caedes; non crimina vulgo

texuntur; patria maestus non truditur exul; 495

impia continui cessant augmenta tributi;

non infelices tabulae; non hasta refixas

vendit opes; avida sector non voce citatur,

nec tua privatis crescunt aeraria damnis.

munificus largi, sed non et prodigus, auri. 500

perdurat non empta fides nec pectora merces

adligat; ipsa suo pro pignore castra laborant;

te miles nutritor amat.

Quae denique Romae

[323]

sought in vain for the stolen waters, that, once within our foemen’s reach, Stilicho had turned aside in another course, and commanded the stream, that marvelled at its strange channel amid unknown ways, to shift its altered track.

sought in vain for the stolen waters, that, once within our enemies’ reach, Stilicho had redirected in another course, and commanded the stream, that wondered at its unusual path amid unfamiliar ways, to change its altered course.

What wonder that the nations barring thy path should fall before thee, since the barbarian of his own choice now seeks to serve thee? The Sarmatae, ever a prey to internal strife, beg to swear allegiance to thee; the Geloni cast off their cloaks of hide and fight for thee; you, O Alans, have adopted the customs of Latium. As thou choosest for war men that are brave and eager for the fray, so thou choosest for the offices of peace men that are just, and once chosen keepest them long in their charge, not ousting them by ever new successors. We know the magistrates who govern us, and we enjoy the blessings of peace while we reap the advantages of war, as though we lived at one and the same time in the reign of warlike Romulus and peace-loving Numa. A sword is no longer hung over our heads; there are no massacres of the great; gone is the mob of false accusers; no melancholy exiles are driven from their fatherland. Unholy increase of perpetual taxes is at an end; there are no accursed lists,[162] no auctions of plundered wealth; the voice of greed summons not the salesman, nor is thy treasury increased by private losses. Thou art liberal with thy money, yet not wasteful of it. The loyalty of thy soldiers is a lasting loyalty, for it is not bought, nor is it gifts that win their love; the army is anxious for the success of its own child and loves thee who wast its nursling.

What a surprise that the nations blocking your way should fall before you, since the barbarian now willingly seeks to serve you! The Sarmatae, always caught up in internal conflict, want to pledge their loyalty to you; the Geloni have discarded their animal skins and fight for you; and you, O Alans, have embraced the customs of Latium. Just as you choose brave and eager men for battle, you also select just men for positions of peace, and once chosen, you keep them in their roles for a long time, not replacing them with new successors. We know the officials who govern us, and we enjoy the benefits of peace while reaping the rewards of war, as if we lived simultaneously under the warrior Romulus and the peace-loving Numa. There’s no sword hanging over our heads; no slaughter of the powerful; the crowd of false accusers has vanished; no sorrowful exiles are driven from their homeland. The unjust increase of endless taxes has come to an end; there are no cursed lists,[162] no auctions of stolen wealth; the voice of greed does not call upon the salesmen, nor is your treasury filled by the losses of individuals. You are generous with your money, but not wasteful. The loyalty of your soldiers is enduring, as it is not bought; their love is not earned through gifts. The army is eager for the success of its own champion and loves you, who was like a child to them.

And how deep is thy devotion to Rome herself!

And how deep is your devotion to Rome itself!

[162] i.e. lists of the proscribed and of their properties put up for sale.

[162] i.e. lists of the banned individuals and their properties for sale.

[324]

cura tibi! quam fixa manet reverentia patrum!

firmatur senium iuris priscamque resumunt 505

canitiem leges emendanturque vetustae

acceduntque novae. talem sensere Solonem

res Pandioniae; sic armipotens Lacedaemon

despexit muros rigido munita Lycurgo.

quae sub te vel causa brevis vel iudicis error 510

neglegitur? dubiis quis litibus addere finem

iustior et mersum latebris educere verum?

quae pietas quantusque rigor tranquillaque magni

vis animi nulloque levis terrore moveri

nec nova mirari facilis! quam docta facultas 515

ingenii linguaeque modus! responsa verentur

legati, gravibusque latet sub moribus aetas.

Quantus in ore pater radiat! quam torva voluptas

frontis et augusti maiestas grata pudoris!

iam patrias imples galeas; iam cornus avita 520

temptatur vibranda tibi; promittitur ingens

dextra rudimentis Romanaque vota moratur.

quis decor, incedis quotiens clipeatus et auro

squameus et rutilus cristis et casside maior!

sic, cum Threïcia primum sudaret in hasta, 525

flumina laverunt puerum Rhodopeia Martem.

quae vires iaculis vel, cum Gortynia tendis

spicula, quam felix arcus certique petitor

vulneris et iussum mentiri nescius ictum!

scis, quo more Cydon, qua dirigat arte sagittas 530

[325]

How fixed abides thy reverence for the Senate! Old customs are preserved, law has recovered its ancient sanctity in the amendment of former statutes and by the addition of new ones. Such an one as thee Pandion’s city [163] found in Solon; even so did warrior Lacedaemon disdain walls, for unyielding Lycurgus gave it defence. What case so petty, what judicial error so slight that it escapes thy notice? Who with truer justice put an end to dishonest suits and brought forth lurking truth from her hiding-place? What mercy, yet what firmness; thine is the quiet strength of a great soul, too firm to be stirred by fear, too stable to be swayed by the attraction of novelty. How stored with learning thy ready wit, how controlled thy speech; ambassadors are awe-stricken at thine answers, and thy grave manners make them forget thy years.

How steadfast is your respect for the Senate! Old traditions are upheld, the law has regained its ancient importance through changes to past statutes and the addition of new ones. Someone like you, Pandion’s city [163] found in Solon; just as warrior Lacedaemon disregarded walls, because unyielding Lycurgus provided its defense. What minor issue, what small judicial mistake escapes your attention? Who has more justly ended dishonest cases and revealed hidden truths? What compassion, yet what strength; yours is the quiet power of a noble spirit, too strong to be shaken by fear, too steady to be influenced by the lure of novelty. How filled with knowledge is your quick wit, how measured your speech; ambassadors are in awe of your responses, and your serious demeanor makes them forget your age.

How thy father’s nobility shines in thy face! How awful is thy winning brow, how charming the majesty of a blushing emperor! Boy though thou art, thou canst wear thy sire’s helmet and brandish thy grandsire’s spear. These exercises of thy youth foreshadow vast strength in manhood and convince Rome that the ruler of her prayers is come. How fair art thou in shield and golden armour girt, with waving plumes and taller by the altitude of a helmet! So looked the youthful Mars when after the toil and sweat of his first battle he bathed him in Thracian Rhodope’s mountain stream. With what vigour thou hurlest the javelin, and, when thou stretchest the Cretan bow, what success attends thy shaft! Sure is the wound it seeks; it knows not how to fail the appointed stroke. Thou knowest in what fashion the Cretan,

How your father's nobility shines in your face! How striking is your winning brow, how captivating the dignity of a blushing emperor! Even though you are just a boy, you can wear your father's helmet and wield your grandfather's spear. These activities in your youth suggest great strength in your future and convince Rome that the leader she longs for has arrived. You look so handsome in your shield and golden armor, with waving feathers and taller due to your helmet! This is how the young Mars looked when, after the hard work and sweat of his first battle, he bathed in the mountain stream of Thracian Rhodope. With what energy you throw the javelin, and when you draw the Cretan bow, what success follows your shot! The wound it aims for is certain; it knows no failure in hitting its target. You know how the Cretan,

[163] i.e. Athens.

Athens.

[326]

Armenius, refugo quae sit fiducia Partho:

sic Amphioniae pulcher sudore palaestrae

Alcides pharetras Dircaeaque tela solebat

praetemptare feris olim domitura Gigantes

et pacem latura polo, semperque cruentus 535

ibat et Alcmenae praedam referebat ovanti;

caeruleus tali prostratus Apolline Python

implicuit fractis moritura volumina silvis.

Cum vectaris equo simulacraque Martia ludis,

quis mollis sinuare fugas, quis tendere contum 540

acrior aut subitos melior flexisse recursus?

non te Massagetae, non gens exercita campo

Thessala, non ipsi poterunt aequare bimembres;

vix comites alae, vix te suspensa sequuntur

agmina ferventesque tument post terga dracones. 545

utque tuis primum sonipes calcaribus arsit,

ignescunt patulae nares, non sentit harenas

ungula discussaeque iubae sparguntur in armos;

turbantur phalerae, spumosis morsibus aurum

fumat, anhelantes exundant sanguine gemmae. 550

ipse labor pulvisque decet confusaque motu

caesaries; vestis radiato murice solem

combibit, ingesto crispatur purpura vento.

si dominus legeretur equis, tua posceret ultro

verbera Nereidum stabulis nutritus Arion 555

serviretque tuis contempto Castore frenis

[327]

with what skill the Armenian, directs his arrows; in what the retreating Parthian puts his trust. Thus was Alcides, graced with the sweat of the wrestling-ground at Thebes, wont to try his bow and Boeotian arrows on the beasts of the forest ere he turned them against the Giants and so secured peace for heaven. Stains of blood were ever upon him and proud was his mother Alcmena of the spoils he brought back home. Such was Apollo when he slew the livid serpent that enfolded and brake down forests in his dying coils.

with what skill the Armenian directs his arrows; in what the retreating Parthian puts his trust. Thus was Hercules, marked by the sweat of the wrestling ground at Thebes, used to test his bow and Boeotian arrows on the beasts of the forest before he aimed them at the Giants and secured peace for the heavens. Bloodstains were always upon him, and his mother Alcmena was proud of the trophies he brought back home. Such was Apollo when he killed the monstrous serpent that wrapped around and destroyed forests in its dying coils.

When mounted on thy horse thou playest the mimicry of war, who is quicker smoothly to wheel in flight, who to hurl the spear, or more skilled to sweep round in swift return? There the Massagetae are not thy peers nor the tribes of Thessaly, well versed though they be in riding, no, nor the very Centaurs themselves. Scarce can the squadrons and flying bands that accompany thee keep pace, while the wind behind thee bellies the fierce dragons on the flags. So soon as the touch of thy spur has fired thy steed, flames start from his swelling nostrils; his hoof scarce touches the ground and his mane is outspread over his shoulders. His harness rattles and the golden bit grows warm in his foam-flecked mouth. The jewels that stud his quivering bridle are red with blood. The signs of toil, the dust stains, the disorder of thy hair all do but increase thy beauty. Thy brilliant scarlet cloak drinks in the sunlight as the wind blows its gay surface into folds. Could horses choose their riders then surely would Arion, full fed in the stables of the Nereids, have prayed for the very whip of such a master, Cyllarus would have had none of Castor, but would have looked

When you're on your horse pretending to be in battle, who can turn more quickly in flight, who can throw a spear better, or who can make a swift return? The Massagetae and the tribes of Thessaly, no matter how skilled they are in riding, can't match you, not even the Centaurs themselves. The squads and fast-moving troops that follow you can hardly keep up, while the wind behind you makes the fierce dragons on the flags billow. As soon as your spur touches your horse, flames come from his flared nostrils; his hooves barely touch the ground, and his mane flows over his shoulders. His harness rattles, and the golden bit warms up in his foam-covered mouth. The jewels on his quivering bridle are stained red with blood. The signs of your effort, the dust in your hair, and the messy look only add to your beauty. Your brilliant red cloak catches the sunlight as the wind blows it into folds. If horses could choose their riders, then surely Arion, well-fed in the Nereids' stables, would have wished for the very whip of such a master, and Cyllarus wouldn't want Castor but would have looked

[328]

Cyllarus et flavum Xanthus sprevisset Achillem.

ipse tibi famulas praeberet Pegasus alas

portaretque libens melioraque pondera passus

Bellerophonteas indignaretur habenas. 560

quin etiam velox Aurorae nuntius Aethon,

qui fugat hinnitu stellas roseoque domatur

Lucifero, quotiens equitem te cernit ab astris,

invidet inque tuis mavult spumare lupatis.

Nunc quoque quos habitus, quantae miracula pompae 565

vidimus, Ausonio cum iam succinctus amictu

per Ligurum populos solito conspectior ires

atque inter niveas alte veherere cohortes,

obnixisque simul pubes electa lacertis

sidereum gestaret onus. sic numina Memphis 570

in vulgus proferre solet; penetralibus exit

effigies, brevis illa quidem: sed plurimus infra

liniger imposito suspirat vecte sacerdos

testatus sudore deum; Nilotica sistris

ripa sonat Phariosque modos Aegyptia ducit 575

tibia; summissis admugit cornibus Apis.

omnis nobilitas, omnis tua sacra frequentat

Thybridis et Latii suboles; convenit in unum

quidquid in orbe fuit procerum, quibus auctor honoris

vel tu vel genitor. numeroso consule consul 580

cingeris et socios gaudes admittere patres.

inlustri te prole Tagus, te Gallia doctis

civibus et toto stipavit Roma senatu.

portatur iuvenum cervicibus aurea sedes

ornatuque novo gravior deus. asperat Indus 585

velamenta lapis pretiosaque fila smaragdis

[329]

to thy reins for guidance and Xanthus have scorned to bear golden-haired Achilles. Pegasus himself had lent thee his subject wings and been glad to carry thee and, now that a mightier rider bestrode him, had turned in proud disdain from Bellerophon’s bridle. Nay, Aethon, swift messenger of dawn, who routs the stars with his neigh and is driven by rosy Lucifer, seeing thee from heaven as thou ridest by, is filled with envy and would choose rather to hold thy bit in his foaming mouth.

to your reins for guidance and Xanthus has refused to carry golden-haired Achilles. Pegasus himself had lent you his wings and was glad to carry you, and now that a mightier rider is on him, has turned away in proud disdain from Bellerophon’s bridle. No, Aethon, swift messenger of dawn, who drives off the stars with his neigh and is driven by rosy Lucifer, seeing you from heaven as you ride by, is filled with envy and would rather take your bit in his foaming mouth.

What raiment, too, have we not seen, what miracles of splendour, when, girt with the robe of Italy, thou didst go, still more glorious than thou art wont, through the peoples of Liguria, borne aloft amid thy troops clad in triumphal white and carried upon the shoulders of chosen warriors who so proudly upheld their godlike burden! ’Tis thus that Egypt brings forth her gods to the public gaze. The image issues from its shrine; small it is, indeed, yet many a linen-clad priest pants beneath the pole, and by his sweat testifies that he bears a god; Nile’s banks resound to the holy rattles, and Egypt’s pipe drones its native measure; Apis abases his horns and lows in reply. All the nobles, all whom Tiber and Latium rear, throng thy festival; gathered in one are all the great ones of the earth that owe their rank either to thee or to thy sire. Many a consular surrounds thee, the consul whose good pleasure it is to associate the senate in thy triumph. The nobles of Spain, the wise men of Gaul, and the senators of Rome all throng round thee. On young men’s necks is borne thy golden throne, and new adorning adds weight to deity. Jewels of India stud thy vestment, rows of green emeralds enrich

What clothing have we not seen, what amazing displays of beauty, when, dressed in the robe of Italy, you walked through the people of Liguria, even more glorious than usual, carried high among your troops dressed in triumphant white and lifted on the shoulders of chosen warriors who proudly supported their godlike burden! This is how Egypt shows off her gods to the public. The image comes out of its shrine; it may be small, but many a linen-clad priest struggles beneath the pole, and by his sweat proves that he carries a god; the banks of the Nile echo with the sacred rattles, and Egypt's flute plays its traditional tune; Apis lowers his horns and responds with a bellow. All the nobles, everyone raised by the Tiber and Latium, crowd around your festival; gathered are all the great ones of the earth who owe their status either to you or to your father. Many consuls surround you, the consul who happily includes the senate in your triumph. The nobles of Spain, the wise men of Gaul, and the senators of Rome all gather around you. Young men carry your golden throne, and new decorations add weight to your divinity. Indian jewels adorn your robe, and rows of green emeralds enhance it.

[330]

ducta virent; amethystus inest et fulgor Hiberus

temperat arcanis hyacinthi caerula flammis.

nec rudis in tali suffecit gratia textu;

auget acus meritum picturatumque metallis 590

vivit opus: multa remorantur iaspide cultus [164]

et variis spirat Nereia baca figuris.

quae tantum potuit digitis mollire rigorem

ambitiosa colus? vel cuius pectinis arte

traxerunt solidae gemmarum stamina telae? 595

invia quis calidi scrutatus stagna profundi

Tethyos invasit gremium? quis divitis algae

germina flagrantes inter quaesivit harenas?

quis iunxit lapides ostro? quis miscuit ignes

Sidonii Rubrique maris? tribuere colorem 600

Phoenices, Seres subtegmina, pondus Hydaspes.

hoc si Maeonias cinctu graderere per urbes,

in te pampineos transferret Lydia thyrsos,

in te Nysa choros; dubitassent orgia Bacchi,

cui furerent; irent blandae sub vincula tigres. 605

talis Erythraeis intextus nebrida gemmis

Liber agit currus et Caspia flectit eburnis

colla iugis: Satyri circum crinemque solutae

Maenades adstringunt hederis victricibus Indos;

ebrius hostili velatur palmite Ganges. 610

Auspice mox laetum sonuit clamore tribunal

te fastos ineunte quater. sollemnia ludit

omina libertas; deductum Vindice morem

lex celebrat, famulusque iugo laxatus erili

[164] Birt vultus; cod. Ambrosianus cultus.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Birt face; Ambrosian code worship.

[331]

the seams; there gleams the amethyst and the glint of Spanish gold makes the dark-blue sapphire show duller with its hidden fires. Nor in the weaving of such a robe was unadorned beauty enough; the work of the needle increases its value, thread of gold and silver glows therefrom; many an agate adorns the embroidered robes, and pearls of Ocean breathe in varied pattern. What bold hand, what distaff had skill enough to make thus supple elements so hard? What loom so cunning as to weave jewels into close-textured cloth? Who, searching out the uncharted pools of hot Eastern seas, despoiled the bosom of Tethys? Who dared seek o’er burning sands rich growth of coral? Who could broider precious stones on scarlet and so mingle the shining glories of the Red Sea and of Phoenicia’s waters? Tyre lent her dyes, China her silks, Hydaspes his jewels. Shouldst thou traverse Maeonian cities in such a garb, to thee would Lydia hand over her vine-wreathed thyrsus, to thee Nysa her dances; the revels of Bacchus would have doubted whence came their madness; tigers would pass fawning beneath thy yoke. Even such, his fawn-skin enwoven with orient gems, doth the Wine-god drive his car, guiding the necks of Hyrcanian tigers with ivory yoke; around him satyrs and wild-haired Maenads fetter Indians with triumphant ivy, while drunken Ganges twines his hair with the vine tendril.

the seams; there sparkles the amethyst, and the shine of Spanish gold makes the dark-blue sapphire look duller with its hidden fires. In creating such a robe, simple beauty wasn’t enough; the skill of the needle adds to its worth, as threads of gold and silver shine from it; many agates embellish the embroidered garments, and pearls from the ocean breathe in intricate patterns. What bold hand, what spinning wheel had the skill to turn such flexible materials into solid form? What loom so clever could weave jewels into tightly woven fabric? Who, seeking the uncharted depths of hot eastern seas, stripped the treasures from Tethys? Who dared to search across burning sands for the rich growth of coral? Who could embroider precious stones onto scarlet cloth and combine the shining glories of the Red Sea and the waters of Phoenicia? Tyre provided her dyes, China her silks, and Hydaspes his jewels. If you were to roam Maeonian cities in such an outfit, Lydia would offer you her vine-wreathed thyrsus, and Nysa her dances; the celebrations of Bacchus would question where their madness came from; tigers would come fawning under your yoke. Just like this, the Wine-god drives his chariot, his fawn-skin woven with Eastern gems, guiding the necks of Hyrcanian tigers with an ivory yoke; around him, satyrs and wild-haired Maenads bind Indians with triumphant ivy, while drunken Ganges twists vines into his hair.

Already shouts of joy and of good omen resound about the consul’s throne to welcome this thy fourth opening of Rome’s year. Liberty enacts her wonted ceremonies; Law observes the custom dating back to Vindex [165] whereby a slave freed from his master’s service is introduced into thy presence and thence

Already, cheers of joy and good fortune echo around the consul’s throne to celebrate your fourth opening of Rome’s year. Liberty performs her usual ceremonies; Law follows the tradition going back to Vindex [165] where a slave freed from his master’s service is brought before you and then

[165] Vindex (or Vindicius) was the name of the slave who was granted his liberty by Brutus for giving information of the royalist plot in which Brutus’ own sons were implicated. For the story (probably an aetiological myth to explain vindicta, another word for festuca) see Livy ii. 5.

[165] Vindex (or Vindicius) was the name of the slave who was granted his freedom by Brutus for revealing details about the royalist plot that involved Brutus’ own sons. For the story (likely an aetiological myth to explain vindicta, another word for festuca), see Livy ii. 5.

[332]

ducitur et grato remeat securior ictu. 615

tristis condicio pulsata fronte recedit;

in civem rubuere genae, tergoque removit

verbera permissi felix iniuria voti.

Prospera Romuleis sperantur tempora rebus

in nomen ventura tuum. praemissa futuris 620

dant exempla fidem: quotiens te cursibus aevi

praefecit, totiens accessit laurea patri.

ausi Danuvium quondam transnare Gruthungi

in lintres fregere nemus; ter mille ruebant

per fluvium plenae cuneis inmanibus alni. 625

dux Odothaeus erat. tantae conamina classis

incipiens aetas et primus contudit annus:

summersae sedere rates; fluitantia numquam

largius Arctoos pavere cadavera pisces;

corporibus premitur Peuce; per quinque recurrens

ostia barbaricos vix egerit unda cruores, 631

confessusque parens Odothaei regis opima

rettulit exuviasque tibi. civile secundis

conficis auspiciis bellum. tibi debeat orbis

fata Gruthungorum debellatumque tyrannum: 635

Hister sanguineos egit te consule fluctus;

Alpinos genitor rupit te consule montes.

Sed patriis olim fueras successibus auctor,

nunc eris ipse tuis. semper venere triumphi

cum trabeis sequiturque tuos victoria fasces. 640

[333]

dismissed—a freeman thanks to that envied stroke.[166] A blow upon the brow and his base condition is gone; reddened cheeks have made him a citizen, and with the granting of his prayer a happy insult has given his back freedom from the lash.

dismissed—a free man thanks to that coveted strike.[166] A hit to the forehead and his lowly status is erased; flushed cheeks have turned him into a citizen, and with the granting of his request, a fortunate insult has freed his back from the whip.

Prosperity awaits our empire; thy name is earnest for the fulfilment of our hopes. The past guarantees the future; each time that thy sire made thee chief magistrate of the year the laurels of victory crowned his arms. Once the Gruthungi, hewing down a forest to make them boats, dared to pass beyond the Danube. Three thousand vessels, each crowded with a barbarous crew, made a dash across the river. Odothaeus was their leader. Thy youth, nay, the first year of thy life, crushed the attempt of that formidable fleet. Its boats filled and sank; never did the fish of that northern river feed more lavishly on the bodies of men. The island of Peuce was heaped high with corpses. Scarce even through five mouths could the river rid itself of barbarian blood, and thy sire, owning thine influence, gave thanks to thee for the spoils won in person from King Odothaeus. Consul a second time thou didst end civil war by thine auspices. Let the world thank thee for the overthrow of the Gruthungi and the defeat of their king; thou wast consul when the Danube ran red with their blood, thou wast consul, too, when thy sire crossed the Alps to victory.[167]

Prosperity is coming for our empire; your name is key to fulfilling our hopes. The past assures the future; every time your father appointed you as chief magistrate of the year, he was crowned with the laurels of victory. Once, the Gruthungi cleared a forest to build boats and dared to cross the Danube. Three thousand vessels, each packed with a barbaric crew, rushed across the river. Odothaeus led them. Your youth, even in your first year of life, crushed the attack of that formidable fleet. Their boats filled with water and sank; never did the fish of that northern river feast more abundantly on the bodies of men. The island of Peuce was piled high with corpses. The river could hardly rid itself of barbarian blood, even through five mouths, and your father, recognizing your influence, thanked you for the spoils taken personally from King Odothaeus. As consul for the second time, you ended the civil war under your guidance. Let the world thank you for the defeat of the Gruthungi and their king; you were consul when the Danube flowed red with their blood, and you were also consul when your father crossed the Alps to victory.[167]

But thou, once author of thy father’s successes, shalt now be author of thine own. Triumph has ever attended thy consulship and victory thy fasces.

But you, who were once the reason for your father's successes, will now be the reason for your own. Triumph has always been with you during your time as consul, and victory has always accompanied your authority.

[166] A reference to the Roman method of manumitting a slave alapa et festuca, i.e. by giving him a slight blow (alapa) with a rod (festuca). See Gaius on vindicatio (iv. 16) and on the whole question R. G. Nisbet in Journal of Roman Studies, viii. Pt. 1.

[166] A reference to the Roman way of freeing a slave alapa et festuca, i.e. by giving them a light tap (alapa) with a stick (festuca). See Gaius on vindicatio (iv. 16) and for further discussion, R. G. Nisbet in Journal of Roman Studies, viii. Pt. 1.

[167] The campaign of Theodosius against Odothaeus, King of the Gruthungi (Zosimus iv. 35 calls him Ὀδόθεος) is thus dated as 386, the year of Honorius’ first consulship (see note on viii. 153). Honorius’ second consulship (394) saw the defeat of Eugenius.

[167] The campaign of Theodosius against Odothaeus, King of the Gruthungi (Zosimus iv. 35 refers to him as Ὀδόθεος) is therefore dated to 386, the year of Honorius’ first consulship (see note on viii. 153). Honorius’ second consulship (394) marked the defeat of Eugenius.

[334]

sis, precor, adsiduus consul Mariique relinquas

et senis Augusti numerum. quae gaudia mundo,

per tua lanugo cum serpere coeperit ora,

cum tibi protulerit festas nox pronuba taedas!

quae tali devota toro, quae murice fulgens 645

ibit in amplexus tanti regina mariti?

quaenam tot divis veniet nurus, omnibus arvis

et toto donanda mari? quantusque feretur

idem per Zephyri metas Hymenaeus et Euri!

o mihi si liceat thalamis intendere carmen 650

conubiale tuis, si te iam dicere patrem!

tempus erit, cum tu trans Rheni cornua victor,

Arcadius captae spoliis Babylonis onustus

communem maiore toga signabitis annum;

crinitusque tuo sudabit fasce Suebus, 655

ultima fraternas horrebunt Bactra secures.

[335]

Heaven grant thou mayest be our perpetual consul and outnumber Marius [168] and old Augustus. Happy universe that shall see the first down creep over thy cheeks, and the wedding-night that shall lead forth for thee the festal torches. Who shall be consecrated to such a couch; who, glorious in purple, shall pass, a queen, to the embraces of such a husband? What bride shall come to be the daughter of so many gods, dowered with every land and the whole sea? How gloriously shall the nuptial song be borne at once to farthest East and West! O may it be mine to sing thy marriage-hymn, mine presently to hail thee father! The time will come when, thou victorious beyond the mouths of the Rhine, and thy brother Arcadius laden with the spoil of captured Babylon, ye shall endow the year with yet more glorious majesty; when the long-haired Suebian shall bear the arms of Rome and the distant Bactrian tremble beneath the rule of thyself and thy brother.

Heaven grant that you may be our eternal consul and surpass Marius [168] and old Augustus. Happy universe that will witness the first down on your cheeks, and the wedding night that will bring forth the festive torches for you. Who will be blessed with such a marriage bed; who, adorned in purple, will join the embraces of such a husband? What bride will come to be the daughter of so many gods, gifted with every land and the entire sea? How gloriously will the wedding song be spread to the farthest East and West! Oh, may it be my privilege to sing your wedding hymn, mine to soon greet you as a father! The time will come when, you victorious beyond the Rhine, and your brother Arcadius carrying the spoils of captured Babylon, you will bestow even more glorious majesty upon the year; when the long-haired Suebian will carry the arms of Rome and the distant Bactrian will tremble under the rule of you and your brother.

[168] Marius was consul seven, Augustus thirteen, times.

[168] Marius served as consul seven times, while Augustus held the position thirteen times.

[336]

PANEGYRICUS DICTUS MANLIO THEODORO CONSULI

PRAEFATIO

(XVI.)

Audebisne, precor, tantae subiecta catervae,

inter tot proceres, nostra Thalia, loqui?

nec te fama vetat, vero quam celsius auctam

vel servasse labor vel minuisse pudor?

an tibi continuis crevit fiducia castris 5

totaque iam vatis pectora miles habet?

culmina Romani maiestatemque senatus

et, quibus exultat Gallia, cerne viros.

omnibus audimur terris mundique per aures

ibimus. ah nimius consulis urget amor! 10

Iuppiter, ut perhibent, spatium cum discere vellet

naturae regni nescius ipse sui,

armigeros utrimque duos aequalibus alis

misit ab Eois Occiduisque plagis.

Parnasus geminos fertur iunxisse volatus; 15

contulit alternas Pythius axis aves.

Princeps non aquilis terras cognoscere curat;

certius in vobis aestimat imperium.

hoc ego concilio collectum metior orbem;

hoc video coetu quidquid ubique micat. 20

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PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULSHIP OF FL. MANLIUS THEODORUS [169] (CE 399)

PREFACE

(XVI.)

Wilt dare to sing, my Muse, when so great, so august an assembly shall be thy critic? Does not thine own renown forbid thee? ’Tis greater now than thou deservest; how hard then to enhance, how disgraceful to diminish it! Or has thine assurance grown through ever dwelling in the camp, and does the soldier now wholly possess the poet’s breast? Behold the flower of the Roman senate, the majesty, the pride, the heroes of Gaul. The whole earth is my audience, my song shall sound in the ears of all the world. Alack! Love for our consul constrains too strongly. Jove, ’tis said, when he would fain learn its extent (for he knew not the bounds of his own empire) sent forth two eagles of equal flight from the East and from the West. On Parnassus, as they tell, their twin flights met; the Delphic heaven brought together the one bird and the other. Our Emperor needs no eagles to teach him the magnitude of his domains; yourselves are preceptors more convincing. ’Tis this assembly that gives to me the measure of the universe; here I see gathered all the brilliance of the world.

Will you dare to sing, my Muse, when such a great and esteemed audience will judge you? Doesn’t your own reputation hold you back? It’s greater now than you deserve; how difficult it is to elevate it, how shameful to lessen it! Or has your confidence grown from spending so much time in the camp, and does the soldier fully inhabit the poet's heart now? Look at the finest of the Roman Senate, the greatness, the pride, the heroes of Gaul. The whole world is my audience; my song will resonate in everyone's ears. Alas! Love for our consul puts too much pressure on me. It’s said that when Jove wanted to know the extent of his empire (since he didn’t know its boundaries), he sent out two eagles with equal flight from the East and the West. At Parnassus, as they say, their flights met; the Delphic heavens brought together one bird and the other. Our Emperor doesn’t need eagles to understand the magnitude of his lands; you all are more convincing teachers. It’s this assembly that gives me the measure of the universe; here I see all the brilliance of the world gathered together.

[169] See Introduction, p. xv. Judging from this poem Manlius started by being an advocatus in the praetorian prefect’s court, was then praeses of some district in Africa, then governor (consularis) of Macedonia, next recalled to Rome as Gratian’s magister epistularum, then comes sacrarum largitionum (= ecclesiastical treasurer) and after that praetorian prefect of Gaul (ll. 50-53).

[169] See Introduction, p. xv. From this poem, it seems that Manlius began as an advocate in the praetorian prefect's court, then became the governor of a district in Africa, next served as the governor of Macedonia, was recalled to Rome to be Gratian's master of letters, then was the treasurer of ecclesiastical funds, and finally became the praetorian prefect of Gaul (ll. 50-53).

[338]

PANEGYRICUS

(XVII.)

Ipsa quidem Virtus pretium sibi, solaque late

Fortunae secura nitet nec fascibus ullis

erigitur plausuve petit clarescere vulgi.

nil opis externae cupiens, nil indiga laudis,

divitiis animosa suis inmotaque cunctis 5

casibus ex alta mortalia despicit arce.

attamen invitam blande vestigat et ultro

ambit honor: docuit totiens a rure profectus

lictor et in mediis consul quaesitus aratris.

te quoque naturae sacris mundique vacantem, 10

emeritum pridem desudatisque remotum

iudiciis eadem rursum complexa potestas

evehit et reducem notis imponit habenis.

accedunt trabeae: nil iam, Theodore, relictum,

quo virtus animo crescat vel splendor honori.[170] 15

culmen utrumque tenes: talem te protinus anni

formavere rudes, et dignum vita curuli

traxit iter primaeque senes cessere iuventae.

iam tum canities animi, iam dulce loquendi

[170] honori conject. Birt; honore codd.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ honori conjecture Birt; honore codices.

[339]

PANEGYRIC

(XVII.)

Virtue is its own reward; alone with its far-flung splendour it mocks at Fortune; no honours raise it higher nor does it seek glory from the mob’s applause. External wealth cannot arouse its desires, it asks no praise but makes its boast of self-contained riches, and unmoved by all chances it looks down upon the world from a lofty citadel. Yet in its own despite importunate honours pursue it, and offer themselves unsought; that the lictor coming from the farm hath ofttimes proved and a consul sought for even at the plough. Thou, too, who wert at leisure to study the mysteries of nature and the heavens, thou who hadst served thy time and retired from the law courts where thou hadst toiled so long, art once more enfolded by a like dignity, which, raising thee aloft, sets in thy returning hands the familiar rein. The consulship now is thine, Theodorus, nor is there now aught left to add to thy virtues or to the glory of thy name. Thou art now at the summit of both; from thine earliest years thy character was thus formed, the whole course of thy life was worthy of the curule chair; thy earliest youth outrivalled age. Even then thy mind was hoar, thy pleasant talk weighty, thy

Virtue is its own reward; standing alone with its wide-reaching brilliance, it mocks Fortune; no honors elevate it further nor does it crave glory from the crowd's applause. External wealth can’t stir its desires; it seeks no praise but proudly boasts of its self-sufficient riches, and, unshaken by all circumstances, looks down on the world from a high fortress. Yet despite this, unwanted honors chase after it, offering themselves without being sought; this has often been proven by the lictor coming from the farm, and a consul has even been sought out while plowing. You, too, who had the time to study the mysteries of nature and the heavens, you who served your time and stepped away from the law courts where you toiled for so long, are once again wrapped in a similar dignity, which, lifting you up, places the familiar reins back in your hands. The consulship is now yours, Theodorus, and there is nothing left to add to your virtues or the glory of your name. You are now at the peak of both; from your earliest years, your character was shaped this way, the entire course of your life was worthy of the curule chair; your early youth surpassed age. Even then, your mind was wise, your pleasant conversation weighty, your

[340]

pondus et attonitas sermo qui duceret aures. 20

mox undare foro victrix opulentia linguae

tutarique reos. ipsa haec amplissima sedes

orantem stupuit, bis laudatura regentem.

hinc te pars Libyae moderantem iura probavit,

quae nunc tota probat; longi sed pignus amoris 25

exiguae peperere morae populumque clientem

publica mansuris testantur vocibus aera.

inde tibi Macetum tellus et credita Pellae

moenia, quae famulus quondam ditavit Hydaspes;

tantaque commissae revocasti gaudia genti 30

mitibus arbitriis, quantum bellante Philippo

floruit aut nigri cecidit cum regia Pori.

Sed non ulterius te praebuit urbibus aula:

maluit esse suum; terris edicta daturus,

supplicibus responsa venis. oracula regis 35

eloquio crevere tuo, nec dignius umquam

maiestas meminit sese Romana locutam.

hinc sacrae mandantur opes orbisque tributa

possessi, quidquid fluviis evolvitur auri,

quidquid luce procul venas rimata sequaces 40

abdita pallentis fodit sollertia Bessi.

Ac velut expertus [171] lentandis navita tonsis

praeficitur lateri custos; hinc ardua prorae

temperat et fluctus tempestatesque futuras

edocet; adsiduo cum Dorida vicerit usu, 45

iam clavum totamque subit torquere carinam:

[171] expertus Barthius; Birt keeps MSS. exertus.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ expertus Barthius; Birt keeps MSS. exertus.

[341]

converse the admiration and delight of all that heard it. The wealth of thy triumphant eloquence soon overflowed the forum and brought safety to the accused. Yea, this most august assembly was astonied at thy pleading, as it was twice to applaud thy governance. Next, a part of Libya approved the administration which it now in its entirety enjoys; but thy brief stay won for thee a pledge of perpetual love, and public statues bear witness with enduring eloquence that thou wert a nation’s guardian. Macedonia was next committed to thy care and the walls of Pella, enriched once by conquered Hydaspes. The mildness of thy rule brought to the country entrusted to thee such joy as it once knew under warlike Philip or when the empire of Indian Porus fell to Alexander’s arms.

converse the admiration and delight of everyone who heard it. The power of your incredible speech quickly spread beyond the forum and ensured the safety of the accused. Indeed, this esteemed assembly was amazed by your arguments, just as it applauded your leadership twice. Next, part of Libya supported the administration that it now enjoys completely; but your short time there earned you a promise of everlasting love, and public statues stand as a lasting testament that you were the guardian of a nation. Macedonia was next placed under your protection, along with the walls of Pella, once enriched by the defeated Hydaspes. The gentleness of your rule brought to the land under your care a happiness it once experienced under the warrior Philip or when the empire of Indian Porus fell to Alexander’s might.

But Rome could not spare thy services longer to the provinces; she chose rather to have thee for her own; thou comest to give edicts to the world, to make reply to suppliants. A monarch’s utterance has won dignity from thine eloquence, never can the majesty of Rome recall when she spoke more worthily. After this the offerings and wealth of the world, the tribute of the empire, is entrusted to thy care; the gold washed down by the rivers and that dug out of deep Thracian mines by the skill of pale-faced Bessi who track the hidden seams—all is thine.

But Rome could no longer spare your services for the provinces; she preferred to have you for herself. You come to issue edicts to the world and respond to those who seek your help. A monarch’s words have gained respect from your eloquence; Rome can hardly recall a time when she spoke so nobly. After this, the offerings and wealth of the world, the tribute of the empire, are entrusted to you; the gold carried by the rivers and that extracted from deep Thracian mines by the skilled pale-faced Bessi who find the hidden veins—all of it is yours.

As a sailor skilled in wielding the oar is at first set in charge of but a side of the vessel, then, when he can manage the lofty prow and is able, thanks to his long experience of the sea, to know beforehand what storms and tempests the vessel is like to encounter, he has charge of the helm and is entrusted with the

As a sailor who is good at using the oar starts out by being responsible for just one side of the boat, then, when he can handle the tall front and is able, due to his extensive experience at sea, to anticipate what storms and rough weather the boat is likely to face, he takes control of the steering and is given the responsibility for the

[342]

sic cum clara diu mentis documenta dedisses,

non te parte sui, sed in omni corpore sumpsit

imperium cunctaque dedit tellure regendos

rectores. Hispana tibi Germanaque Tethys 50

paruit et nostro diducta Britannia mundo,

diversoque tuas coluerunt gurgite voces

lentus Arar Rhodanusque ferox et dives Hiberus.

o quotiens doluit Rhenus, qua barbarus ibat,

quod te non geminis frueretur iudice ripis! 55

unius fit cura viri, quodcumque rubescit

occasu, quodcumque dies devexior ambit.

Tam celer adsiduos explevit cursus honores;

una potestatum spatiis interfuit aetas

totque gradus fati iuvenilibus intulit annis. 60

Postquam parta quies et summum nacta cacumen

iam secura petit privatum gloria portum,

ingenii redeunt fructus aliique labores,

et vitae pars nulla perit: quodcumque recedit

litibus, incumbit studiis, animusque vicissim 65

aut curam imponit populis aut otia Musis.

omnia Cecropiae relegis secreta senectae

discutiens, quid quisque novum mandaverit aevo

quantaque diversae producant agmina sectae.

Namque aliis princeps rerum disponitur aër; 70

hic confidit aquis; hic procreat omnia flammis.

[343]

direction of the entire ship; so when thou hadst long given illustrious proofs of thy character, the empire of Rome summoned thee to govern not a part but the whole of itself, and set thee as ruler over all the rulers of the world. The seas of Spain, the German ocean obeyed thee and Britain, so far removed from our continent. Rivers of all lands observed thy statutes, slow-flowing Saône, swift Rhone, and Ebro rich in gold. How often did the Rhine, in those districts where the barbarians dwell, lament that the blessings of thy rule extended not to both banks! All the lands the setting sun bathes in its rays, all that its last brilliance illumines are entrusted to the charge of one man.

direction of the entire ship; so when you had long demonstrated your remarkable character, the empire of Rome called upon you to govern not just a part but the whole of itself, and made you ruler over all the leaders of the world. The seas of Spain, the North Sea, and Britain, far removed from our continent, obeyed you. Rivers from all lands followed your laws, slow-flowing Saône, swift Rhone, and gold-rich Ebro. How often did the Rhine, in areas where the barbarians live, mourn that the benefits of your rule did not extend to both banks! All the lands that the setting sun touches, all that its final light illuminates, are placed under the authority of one man.

So swiftly did thy career fill office after office; a single period of life was enough for the round of dignities and gave to thy youthful years every step on fortune’s ladder.

So quickly did your career fill one position after another; a single phase of life was enough for the complete set of honors and gave your youthful years every rung on fortune’s ladder.

When repose was earned and now, after reaching the highest place, glory, laying care aside, seeks refuge in a private life, genius again wins reward from other tasks. No part of life is lost: all that is withdrawn from the law courts is devoted to the study, and thy mind in turn either bestows its efforts on the State or its leisure on the Muses. Once more thou readest the secrets of ancient Athens, examining the discoveries with which each sage has enriched posterity and noting what hosts of disciples the varying schools produce.

When rest is deserved and now, after achieving the top spot, glory sets aside worries and seeks comfort in a private life, talent once again earns rewards from different pursuits. No part of life is wasted: everything taken from court is dedicated to study, and your mind either contributes to the State or spends its free time with the Muses. Once again, you read the secrets of ancient Athens, exploring the discoveries that each wise person has given to future generations and observing the many followers produced by different schools of thought.

For some hold that air [172] is the first beginning of all things, others that water is, others again derive the sum of things from fire. Another, destined to

For some believe that air [172] is the original source of everything, others think it’s water, and yet others attribute the essence of all things to fire. Another, meant to

[172] Claudian refers to the early Ionian philosophers. Anaximenes believed that air was the first principle of all things, Thales said water, Heraclitus fire. l. 72 refers to Empedocles who postulated the four elements and two principles, love and hate, which respectively made and unmade the universe out of the elements. The “hic” of l. 75 may be Democritus or it may refer to the Sceptic, Pyrrho. The “hic” of l. 76 is Anaxagoras, the friend of Pericles. “Ille” (79) may be taken to refer to Leucippus, the first of the atomic philosophers; he postulated infinite space. “Hi” (82) = Democritus, Epicurus, and other atomists. “Alii” (83) are the Platonists.

[172] Claudian refers to the early Ionian philosophers. Anaximenes believed that air was the fundamental principle of everything, Thales claimed it was water, and Heraclitus identified fire. Line 72 mentions Empedocles, who proposed the four elements and two forces, love and hate, that respectively created and destroyed the universe from these elements. The “hic” in line 75 might refer to Democritus or possibly the Sceptic, Pyrrho. The “hic” in line 76 is Anaxagoras, a friend of Pericles. The term “Ille” in line 79 likely refers to Leucippus, the first of the atomic philosophers, who theorized about infinite space. “Hi” in line 82 refers to Democritus, Epicurus, and other atomists. “Alii” in line 83 are the Platonists.

[344]

alter in Aetnaeas casurus sponte favillas

dispergit revocatque deum rursusque receptis

nectit amicitiis quidquid discordia solvit.

corporis hic damnat sensus verumque videri 75

pernegat. hic semper lapsurae pondera terrae

conatur rapido caeli fulcire rotatu

accenditque diem praerupti turbine saxi.

ille ferox unoque tegi non passus Olympo

inmensum per inane volat finemque perosus 80

parturit innumeros angusto pectore mundos.

hi vaga collidunt caecis primordia plagis.

numina constituunt alii casusque relegant.

Graiorum obscuras Romanis floribus artes

inradias, vicibus gratis formare loquentes 85

suetus et alterno verum contexere nodo.

quidquid Socratico manavit ab ordine, quidquid

docta Cleantheae sonuerunt atria turbae,

inventum quodcumque tuo, Chrysippe, recessu,

quidquid Democritus risit dixitque tacendo 90

Pythagoras, uno se pectore cuncta vetustas

condidit et maior collectis viribus exit.

ornantur veteres et nobiliore magistro

in Latium spretis Academia migrat Athenis,

ut tandem propius discat, quo fine beatum 95

dirigitur, quae norma boni, qui limes honesti;

quaenam membra sui virtus divisa domandis

obiectet vitiis; quae pars iniusta recidat,

quae vincat ratione metus, quae frenet amores;

aut quotiens elementa doces semperque fluentis 100

[345]

fall self-immolated into Etna’s fiery crater, reduces God to principles of dispersion and re-collection and binds again in resumed friendship all that discord separates. This philosopher allows no authority to the senses and denies that the truth can be perceived. Another seeks to explain the suspension of the world in space by the rapid revolution of the sky (whence else the world would fall) and kindles day’s fires by the whirl of a rushing rock. That fearless spirit, not content with the covering of but one sky, flies through the limitless void and, scorning a limit, conceives in one small brain a thousand worlds. Others make wandering atoms clash with blind blows, while others again set up deities and banish chance.

fall self-immolated into Etna’s fiery crater, reduces God to principles of scattering and gathering and reconnects in restored friendship all that conflict separates. This philosopher dismisses any authority to the senses and claims that truth cannot be perceived. Another tries to explain how the world is suspended in space by the rapid movement of the sky (otherwise, the world would fall) and ignites day’s fires with the spin of a rushing rock. That fearless spirit, not satisfied with just one sky, soars through the endless void and, disregarding limits, envisions in one small brain a thousand worlds. Others make wandering atoms collide with random hits, while some create gods and eliminate chance.

Thou dost adorn the obscure learning of Greece with Roman flowers,[173] skilled to shape speech in happy interchange and weave truth’s garland with alternate knots. All the lore of Socrates’ school, the learning that echoed in Cleanthes’ lecture-room, the thoughts of the stoic Chrysippus in his retreat, all the laughter of Democritus, all that Pythagoras spoke by silence—all the wisdom of the ancients is stored in that one brain whence it issues forth the stronger for its concentration. The ancients gain fresh lustre and, scorning Athens, the Academy migrates to Latium under a nobler master, the more exactly at last to learn by what end happiness guides its path, what is the rule of the good, the goal of the right; what division of virtue should be set to combat and overthrow each separate vice, and what part of virtue it is that curbs injustice, that causes reason to triumph over fear, that holds lust in check. How often hast thou taught us the nature

You adorn the obscure knowledge of Greece with Roman insights, skilled at shaping speech in joyful exchange and weaving truth’s garland with alternating knots. All the wisdom from Socrates’ school, the teachings that echoed in Cleanthes’ lecture hall, the thoughts of the stoic Chrysippus in his retreat, all the laughter of Democritus, everything Pythagoras expressed in silence—all the wisdom of the ancients is stored in that one mind, which makes it even stronger through concentration. The ancients gain new brilliance, and disregarding Athens, the Academy moves to Latium under a greater leader, finally learning exactly how happiness guides its path, what constitutes the good, the goal of righteousness; how virtue should be divided to combat and overcome each specific vice, and which part of virtue restrains injustice, enables reason to triumph over fear, and keeps desire under control. How often have you taught us about the nature

[173] Claudian’s way of saying that Manlius translates Greek philosophy into clear and elegant Latin, throwing his translation into the form of a dialogue.

[173] Claudian is expressing that Manlius translates Greek philosophy into straightforward and stylish Latin, presenting his translation as a dialogue.

[346]

materiae causas: quae vis animaverit astra

impuleritque choros; quo vivat machina motu;

sidera cur septem retro nitantur in ortus

obluctata polo; variisne meatibus idem

arbiter an geminae convertant aethera mentes;

sitne color proprius rerum, lucisne repulsu 106

eludant aciem; tumidos quae luna recursus

nutriat Oceani; quo fracta tonitrua vento,

quis trahat imbriferas nubes, quo saxa creentur

grandinis; unde rigor nivibus; quae flamma per auras 110

excutiat rutilos tractus aut fulmina velox

torqueat aut tristem figat crinita cometem.

Iam tibi compositam fundaverat ancora puppim,

telluris iam certus eras; fecunda placebant

otia; nascentes ibant in saecula libri: 115

cum subito liquida cessantem vidit ab aethra

Iustitia et tanto viduatas iudice leges.

continuo frontem limbo velata pudicam

deserit Autumni portas, qua vergit in Austrum

Signifer et noctis reparant dispendia Chelae. 120

pax avibus, quacumque volat, rabiemque frementes

deposuere ferae; laetatur terra reverso

numine, quod prisci post tempora perdidit auri.

illa per occultum Ligurum se moenibus infert

et castos levibus plantis ingressa penates 125

invenit aetherios signantem pulvere cursus,

quos pia sollicito deprendit pollice Memphis:

[347]

of the elements and the causes of matter’s ceaseless change; what influence has given life to the stars, moving them in their courses; what quickens with movement the universal frame. Thou tellest why the seven planets strive backward towards the East, doing battle with the firmament; whether there is one lawgiver to different movements or two minds govern heaven’s revolution; whether colour is a property of matter or whether objects deceive our sight and owe their colours to reflected light; how the moon causes the ebb and flow of the tide; which wind brings about the thunder’s crash, which collects the rain clouds and by which the hail-stones are formed; what causes the coldness of snow and what is that flame that ploughs its shining furrow through the sky, hurls the swift thunderbolt, or sets in heaven’s dome the tail of the baleful comet.

of the elements and the reasons behind matter's constant change; what force has brought life to the stars, moving them along their paths; what drives the movement of the universe. You explain why the seven planets move backwards towards the East, battling with the sky; whether there is one lawgiver for various movements or two forces that control heaven’s rotation; whether color is a trait of matter or if objects fool our eyes and get their colors from reflected light; how the moon causes the tides to rise and fall; which wind creates the thunder's roar, gathers the rain clouds, and forms the hailstones; what causes the chill of snow and what is that flame that cuts its shining path through the sky, throws the fast thunderbolt, or sets the tail of the ominous comet in heaven’s dome.

Already had the anchor stayed thy restful bark, already thou wert minded to go ashore; fruitful leisure charmed and books were being born for immortality, when, of a sudden, Justice looked down from the shining heaven and saw thee at thine ease, saw Law, too, deprived of her great interpreter. She stayed not but, wreathing her chaste forehead with a band, left the gates of Autumn where the Standard-bearer dips towards the south and the Scorpion makes good the losses of the night. Where’er she flies a peace fell upon the birds and howling beasts laid aside their rage. Earth rejoices in the return of a deity lost to her since the waning of the age of gold. Secretly Justice enters the walls of Milan, Liguria’s city, and penetrating with light step the holy palace finds Theodorus marking in the sand those heavenly movements which reverent Memphis discovered by

Already the anchor had held your peaceful ship, already you were planning to go ashore; fruitful leisure enchanted you and books were being created for eternity, when, suddenly, Justice looked down from the shining heavens and saw you at ease, saw Law, too, deprived of her great interpreter. She did not hesitate but, wreathing her pure forehead with a band, left the gates of Autumn where the Standard-bearer dips toward the south and the Scorpion makes up for the losses of the night. Wherever she flies, a calm falls upon the birds and howling beasts put aside their rage. Earth rejoices in the return of a deity lost to her since the decline of the golden age. Secretly, Justice enters the walls of Milan, Liguria’s city, and, stepping lightly through the holy palace, finds Theodorus marking in the sand those heavenly movements which reverent Memphis discovered by

[348]

quae moveant momenta polum, quam certus in astris

error, quis tenebras solis causisque meantem

defectum indicat numerus, quae linea Phoeben 130

damnet et excluso pallentem fratre relinquat.

ut procul adspexit fulgentia Virginis ora

cognovitque deam, vultus veneratus amicos

occurrit scriptaeque notas confundit harenae.

Tum sic diva prior: “Manli, sincera bonorum 135

congeries, in quo veteris vestigia recti

et ductos video mores meliore metallo:

iam satis indultum studiis, Musaeque tot annos

eripuere mihi. pridem te iura reposcunt:

adgredere et nostro rursum te redde labori 140

nec tibi sufficiat transmissae gloria vitae.

humanum curare genus quis terminus umquam

praescripsit? nullas recipit prudentia metas.

adde quod haec multis potuit contingere sedes,

sed meriti tantum redeunt actusque priores 145

commendat repetitus honos, virtusque reducit

quos fortuna legit.[174] melius magnoque petendum

credis in abstrusa rerum ratione morari?

scilicet illa tui patriam praecepta Platonis

erexere magis, quam qui responsa secutus 150

obruit Eoas classes urbemque carinis

vexit et arsuras Medo subduxit Athenas?

Spartanis potuit robur praestare Lycurgus

matribus et sexum leges vicere severae

[174] Birt regit with the MSS. (he suggests nequit); Heinsius legit.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Birt rules with the MSS. (he suggests nequit); Heinsius reads legit.

[349]

anxious reckoning. He sought the forces that move the heavens, the fixed (though errant) path of the planets, the calculation which predicts the over-shadowing of the sun and its surely-fixed eclipse, and the line that sentences the moon to be left in darkness by shutting out her brother. Soon as from afar he beheld the shining face of the Maiden [175] and recognized the goddess, reverencing that dear countenance, he hurries to meet her, effacing from the sand the diagrams he had drawn.

anxious reckoning. He searched for the forces that move the heavens, the fixed (yet wandering) path of the planets, the calculations that predict the overshadowing of the sun and its inevitable eclipse, and the line that causes the moon to be left in darkness by blocking out her brother. As soon as he spotted the shining face of the Maiden [175] and recognized the goddess, honoring that beloved face, he rushed to meet her, erasing the diagrams he had drawn in the sand.

The goddess was the first to speak. “Manlius, in whom are gathered all the virtues unalloyed, in whom I see traces of ancient justice and manners moulded of a purer metal, thou hast devoted time enough now to study; all these years have the Muses reft from me my pupil. Long has Law demanded thy return to her allegiance. Come, devote thyself once more to my service, and be not content with the glory of thy past. To the service of mankind what boundary ever set the limits? Wisdom accepts no ends for herself. Then, too, to many has this office fallen, as well it might, but only the worthy return thereto; reappointment to office is the best commendation of office well held, and virtue brings back him whom chance elects. Deemst thou it a better and a worthier aim to spend thy days in exploring Nature’s secret laws? Dost thou think it was thy Plato’s precepts raised his country to glory rather than he [176] who, in obedience to the oracle, sank the Persian fleet, put his city on shipboard and saved from the Medes Athens destined for the flames? Lycurgus could dower the mothers of Sparta with a man’s courage and by his austere laws correct the weakness of their sex; by forbidding

The goddess was the first to speak. “Manlius, you who embody all the pure virtues, in whom I see signs of ancient justice and traditions shaped from a better quality, you have spent enough time on your studies; all these years the Muses have taken you away from me. Law has long required your loyalty to her once more. Come, devote yourself to my service again, and don’t be satisfied with the glory of your past. What boundaries has humanity ever set for service? Wisdom places no limits on herself. Many have held this position, as is right, but only the deserving return to it; being reappointed is the best praise for a position well-executed, and virtue brings back those whom fate has chosen. Do you think it's a better and more honorable goal to spend your days uncovering Nature’s hidden laws? Do you believe it was only your Plato’s teachings that raised his country to glory rather than he who, obeying the oracle, sank the Persian fleet, put his city on ships, and saved Athens from the flames of the Medes? Lycurgus could instill courage in the mothers of Sparta and, through his strict laws, strengthen their weakness by forbidding...

[175] Virgo (= Astraea) was a recognized synonym for the goddess Justice; see Virg. Ec. iv. 6.

[175] Virgo (= Astraea) was a known synonym for the goddess of Justice; see Virg. Ec. iv. 6.

[176] i.e. Themistocles.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Themistocles.

[350]

civibus et vetitis ignavo credere muro 155

tutius obiecit nudam Lacedaemona bellis:

at non Pythagorae monitus annique silentes

famosum Oebalii luxum pressere Tarenti.

“Quis vero insignem tanto sub principe curam

respuat? aut quando meritis maiora patebunt 160

praemia? quis demens adeo qui iungere sensus

cum Stilichone neget? similem quae protulit aetas

consilio vel Marte virum? nunc Brutus amaret

vivere sub regno, tali succumberet aulae

Fabricius, cuperent ipsi servire Catones. 165

nonne vides, ut nostra soror Clementia tristes

obtundat gladios fratresque amplexa serenos

adsurgat Pietas, fractis ut lugeat armis

Perfidia et laceris morientes crinibus hydri

lambant invalido Furiarum vincla veneno? 170

exultat cum Pace Fides, iam sidera cunctae

liquimus et placidas inter discurrimus urbes.

nobiscum, Theodore, redi.”

Subit ille loquentem

talibus: “agrestem dudum me, diva, reverti

cogis et infectum longi rubigine ruris 175

ad tua signa vocas. nam quae mihi cura tot annis

altera quam duras sulcis mollire novales,

nosse soli vires, nemori quae commoda rupes,

quis felix oleae tractus, quae glaeba faveret

frugibus et quales tegeret vindemia colles? 180

terribiles rursum lituos veteranus adibo

et desueta vetus temptabo caerula vector?

[351]

his fellow-citizens to put a coward’s trust in walls, he set Lacedemon to face wars more securely in her nakedness; but all the teaching of Pythagoras and his years of silence never crushed the infamous licentiousness of Sparta’s colony Tarentum.

his fellow citizens to put a coward’s trust in walls, he pushed Lacedemon to confront wars more confidently in her vulnerability; but all the lessons of Pythagoras and his years of silence never eradicated the notorious immorality of Sparta’s colony Tarentum.

“Besides, beneath such an emperor, who could refuse office? Was ever merit more richly rewarded? Who is so insensate as not to wish to meet Stilicho in council? Has ever any age produced his equal in prudence or in bravery? Now would Brutus love to live under a king; to such a court Fabricius would yield, the Catos themselves long to give service. Seest thou not how my sister Mercy blunts the cruel sword of war; how Piety rises to embrace the two noble brothers; how Treason laments her broken weapons and the snakes, writhing in death upon the Furies’ wounded heads, lick their chains with enfeebled venom? Peace and loyalty are triumphant. All the host of heaven leaves the stars and wanders from peaceful city to peaceful city. Return thou with us, Theodorus.”

“Besides, under such an emperor, who could turn down a position? Has any merit ever been rewarded so richly? Who is so foolish as not to want to meet Stilicho in council? Has any era ever produced someone as wise or as brave as him? Now Brutus would love to live under a king; even Fabricius would submit to such a court, and the Catos themselves long to serve. Don’t you see how my sister Mercy softens the harsh sword of war; how Piety rises to embrace the two noble brothers; how Treason mourns her shattered weapons and the snakes, writhing in death on the Furies’ wounded heads, lick their chains with weakened venom? Peace and loyalty are victorious. All the host of heaven leaves the stars and travels from peaceful city to peaceful city. Come back with us, Theodorus.”

Then Theodorus made answer: “From my long accustomed fields, goddess, thou urgest me to return, summoning to thy standard one grown rusty in the distant countryside. What else has been my care all these years but to break up the stubborn fallow-land into furrows, to know the nature of the soil, the rocky land suitable to the growth of trees, the country where the olive will flourish, the fields that will yield rich harvests of grain or the hills which my vineyards may clothe? I have served my time; am I to hearken once more to the dreadful trumpet? Is the old helmsman again to brave the seas whose lore he has forgotten?

Then Theodorus replied, “Goddess, you’re calling me back from my long-familiar fields, bringing back someone who’s grown rusty out in the countryside. What have I focused on all these years if not breaking up the stubborn land into furrows, understanding the soil’s nature, identifying the rocky areas good for trees, the places where olives thrive, the fields that produce rich grain harvests, and the hills that can support my vineyards? I’ve done my time; am I really supposed to listen to that dreadful trumpet again? Is the old captain really meant to face the seas he’s forgotten?”

[352]

collectamque diu et certis utcumque locatam

sedibus in dubium patiar deponere famam?

nec me, quid valeat natura fortior usus, 185

praeterit aut quantum neglectae defluat arti.

desidis aurigae non audit verbera currus,

nec manus agnoscit quem non exercuit arcum.

esse sed iniustum fateor quodcumque negatur

iustitiae. tu prima hominem silvestribus antris 190

elicis et foedo deterges saecula victu.

te propter colimus leges animosque ferarum

exuimus. nitidis quisquis te sensibus hausit,

inruet intrepidus flammis, hiberna secabit

aequora, confertos hostes superabit inermis. 195

ille vel Aethiopum pluviis solabitur aestus;

illum trans Scythiam vernus comitabitur aër.”

Sic fatus tradente dea suscepit habenas

quattuor ingenti iuris temone refusas.

prima Padum Thybrimque ligat crebrisque micantem

urbibus Italiam; Numidas [177] Poenosque secunda 201

temperat; Illyrico se tertia porrigit orbi;

ultima Sardiniam, Cyrnum trifidamque retentat

Sicaniam et quidquid Tyrrhena tunditur unda

vel gemit Ionia. nec te tot lumina rerum 205

aut tantum turbavit onus; sed ut altus Olympi

vertex, qui spatio ventos hiemesque relinquit,

perpetuum nulla temeratus nube serenum

celsior exurgit pluviis auditque ruentes

[177] Numidas Heinsius; Birt †Lydos.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Numidas Heinsius; Birt †Lydos.

[353]

My fame has long been gathered in and where it is ’tis in safe custody; am I to suffer its being put to the hazard? Full well do I realize that habit is a stronger force than nature, nor am I ignorant of the rapidity with which we forget an art that we have ceased to exercise. The whip of an unpractised charioteer is powerless to urge on his horses; the hand that is unaccustomed thereto cannot bend the bow. And yet it were unjust, I admit, to refuse aught to Justice. Thou first didst draw man from his woodland cave and free the human race from its foul manner of life. Thanks to thee we practise law and have put off the temper of wild beasts. Whosoever has drunk of thee with pure heart will rush fearless through flames, will sail the wintry seas, and overcome unarmed the densest company of foemen. Justice is to the just as rain to temper even the heat of Ethiopia, a breath of spring to journey with him across the deserts of Scythia.”

My fame has been built up over time, and now it's safely kept; am I really supposed to risk losing it? I know that habits are stronger than nature, and I'm aware of how quickly we forget a skill we haven't practiced. The whip of a novice charioteer can't urge his horses on; a hand that isn't used to it can't pull the bow. Yet, I admit it's unfair to deny anything to Justice. You were the one who first brought humans out of their cave and freed us from our terrible way of living. Thanks to you, we uphold the law and have shed the wild nature within us. Anyone who has embraced you with a pure heart will bravely run through flames, sail treacherous seas, and outmatch even the fiercest enemies without weapons. Justice is to the just like rain to cool the heat of Ethiopia, a breath of spring to help him cross the deserts of Scythia.

So spake he and took from the goddess’ hand the four reins that lay stretched along the huge pole of Justice’s car. The first harnesses the rivers Po and Tiber and Italy with all her glittering towns; the second guides Numidia and Carthage; the third runs out across the land of Illyria; the last holds Sardinia, Corsica, three-cornered Sicily and the coasts beaten by the Tyrrhenian wave or that echo to the Ionian. The splendour and magnitude of the undertaking troubled thee not one whit; but as the lofty summit of Olympus, far removed from the winds and tempests of the lower air, its eternal bright serene untroubled by any cloud, is lifted above the rain storms and hears the hurricane rushing

So he spoke and took the four reins from the goddess’s hand that were stretched along the massive pole of Justice’s chariot. The first reins connect the rivers Po and Tiber and all of Italy with its sparkling towns; the second controls Numidia and Carthage; the third stretches across the land of Illyria; and the last covers Sardinia, Corsica, triangular Sicily, and the shores battered by the Tyrrhenian waves or that echo the sounds of the Ionian Sea. The grandeur and scale of this task didn’t bother you at all; just like the high peak of Olympus, far from the winds and storms of the lower atmosphere, forever bright and calm without any clouds, rises above the rain and hears the hurricane rushing.

[354]

sub pedibus nimbos et rauca tonitrua calcat: 210

sic patiens animus per tanta negotia liber

emergit similisque sui, iustique tenorem

flectere non odium cogit, non gratia suadet.

nam spretas quis opes intactaque pectora lucro

commemoret? fuerint aliis haec forte decora: 215

nulla potest laus esse tibi, quae crimina purget.

servat inoffensam divina modestia vocem:

temperiem servant oculi; nec lumina fervor

asperat aut rabidas suffundit sanguine venas,

nullaque mutati tempestas proditur oris. 220

quin etiam sontes expulsa corrigis ira

et placidus delicta domas; nec dentibus umquam

instrepis horrendum, fremitu nec verbera poscis.

Qui fruitur poena, ferus est, legumque videtur

vindictam praestare sibi; cum viscera felle 225

canduerint, ardet stimulis ferturque nocendi

prodigus, ignarus causae: dis proximus ille,

quem ratio, non ira movet, qui facta rependens

consilio punire potest. mucrone cruento

se iactent alii, studeant feritate timeri 230

addictoque hominum cumulent aeraria censu.

lene fluit Nilus, sed cunctis amnibus extat

utilior nullo confessus murmure vires;

acrior ac rapidus tacitas praetermeat ingens

Danuvius ripas; eadem dementia sani 235

gurgitis inmensum deducit in ostia Gangen.

torrentes inmane fremant lassisque minentur

[355]

beneath its feet while it treads upon the thunder’s roar; so thy patient mind, unfettered by cares so manifold, rises high above them; thou art ever the same, no hatred can compel thee, no affection induce thee, to swerve from the path of justice. For why should any speak of riches scorned and a heart unallured by gain? These might perhaps be virtues in others: absence of vice is no praise to bestow on thee. The calm of a god banishes anger from thy voice; the spirit of moderation shines from thine eyes; passion never inflames that glance or fills with blood the angry veins; never is a tempest heralded on thy changed countenance. Nay, thou punishest the very criminals without show of anger and checkest their evil-doing with unruffled calm. Never dost thou gnash with thy teeth upon them nor shout orders for them to be chastised.

beneath its feet while it treads upon the thunder’s roar; so your patient mind, free from so many worries, rises high above them; you are always the same, no hatred can sway you, no affection make you stray from the path of justice. For why should anyone talk about wealth rejected and a heart unaffected by gain? These might be virtues in others: the absence of vice is no compliment for you. The calm of a god drives anger from your voice; the spirit of moderation shines in your eyes; passion never ignites that gaze or fills your veins with rage; never is a storm signaled by your changed expression. No, you punish the very criminals without showing anger and stop their wrongdoing with unflappable calm. You never grind your teeth at them or shout orders for their punishment.

He is a savage who delights in punishment and seems to make the vengeance of the laws his own; when his heart is inflamed with the poison of wrath he is goaded by fury and rushes on knowing nothing of the cause and eager only to do hurt. But he whom reason, not anger, animates is a peer of the gods, he who, weighing the guilt, can with deliberation balance the punishment. Let others boast them of their bloody swords and wish to be feared for their ferocity, while they fill their treasuries with the goods of the condemned. Gently flows the Nile, yet is it more beneficent than all rivers for all that no sound reveals its power. More swiftly the broad Danube glides between its quiet banks. Huge Ganges flows down to its mouths with gently moving current. Let torrents roar horribly, threaten weary

He’s a savage who takes pleasure in punishment and seems to make the laws’ vengeance his own; when his heart is filled with anger, he’s driven by rage and rushes in without knowing the reason, only wanting to hurt. But the person who is driven by reason, not anger, is like a god; they can carefully weigh guilt and balance punishment with thoughtfulness. Let others brag about their bloody swords and wish to be feared for their brutality while they fill their coffers with the riches of the condemned. The Nile flows gently, yet it's more generous than all the rivers, even though no sound shows its strength. The wide Danube glides swiftly between its calm banks. The massive Ganges flows toward its mouths with a gentle current. Let the rapids roar frighteningly, threatening the weary.

[356]

pontibus et volvant spumoso vertice silvas:

pax maiora decet; peragit tranquilla potestas,

quod violenta nequit, mandataque fortius urget 240

imperiosa quies.

Idem praedurus iniquas

accepisse preces, rursus, quae digna petitu,

largior et facilis; nec quae comitatur honores,

ausa tuam leviter temptare superbia mentem.

frons privata manet nec se meruisse fatetur, 245

quae crevisse putat; rigidi sed plena pudoris

elucet gravitas fastu iucunda remoto.

quae non seditio, quae non insania vulgi

te viso lenita cadat? quae dissona ritu

barbaries, medii quam non reverentia frangat? 250

vel quis non sitiens sermonis mella politi

deserat Orpheos blanda testudine cantus?

qualem te legimus teneri primordia mundi

scribentem aut partes animae, per singula talem

cernimus et similes agnoscit pagina mores. 255

Nec dilata tuis Augusto iudice merces

officiis, illumque habitum, quo iungitur aulae

curia, qui socio proceres cum principe nectit,

quem quater ipse gerit, perfecto detulit anno

deposuitque suas te succedente curules. 260

crescant virtutes fecundaque floreat aetas.

ingeniis patuit campus certusque merenti

stat favor: ornatur propriis industria donis.

surgite sopitae, quas obruit ambitus, artes.

nil licet invidiae, Stilicho dum prospicit orbi 265

[357]

bridges, and sweep down forests in their foaming whirl; ’tis repose, befits the greater; quiet authority accomplishes what violence cannot, and that mandate compels more which comes from a commanding calm.

bridges, and rush through forests in their foaming whirl; it’s rest, suitable for the greater; quiet authority achieves what violence cannot, and that command compels more when it comes from a calm confidence.

“Thou art as deaf to the prayers of injustice as thou art generous and attentive where the demand is just. Pride, that ever accompanies office, has not so much as dared to touch thy mind. Thy look is a private citizen’s nor allows that it has deserved what it thinks to have but grown [178]; but full of stately modesty shines forth a gravity that charms because pride is banished. What sedition, what madness of the crowd could see thee and not sink down appeased? What country so barbarous, so foreign in its customs, as not to bow in reverence before thy mediation? Who that desires the honied charm of polished eloquence would not desert the lyre-accompanied song of tuneful Orpheus? In every activity we see thee as we see thee in thy books, describing the creation of the newly-fashioned earth or the parts of the soul; we recognize thy character in thy pages.

“You're as deaf to the cries of injustice as you are generous and attentive when the request is fair. Pride, which always comes with power, hasn’t even dared to touch your mind. Your demeanor is that of a private citizen and doesn't suggest that it has any entitlement to what it believes it deserves, but instead radiates a dignified modesty that reveals a charm because pride is absent. What rebellion, what madness of the crowd could witness you and not feel calmed? What nation, so uncivilized and foreign in its ways, would not bow in respect before your mediation? Who that longs for the sweet appeal of polished speech would not abandon the music of the lyre and the songs of Orpheus? In every endeavor, we see you just as we see you in your writings, describing the creation of the newly crafted earth or the components of the soul; we recognize your character in your pages.”

The Emperor has not been slow in rewarding thy merit. The robe that links Senate-house and palace, that unites nobles with their prince—the robe that he himself has four times worn, he hath at the year’s end handed on to thee, and left his own curule chair that thou mightest follow him. Grow, ye virtues; be this an age of prosperity! The path of glory lies open to the wise; merit is sure of its reward; industry dowered with the gifts it deserves. Arts, rise from the slumber into which depraved ambition had forced you! Envy cannot hold up her head while Stilicho and his godlike

The Emperor hasn't wasted any time in recognizing your achievements. The robe that connects the Senate and the palace, that brings together nobles and their prince—the robe that he himself has worn four times—he has passed on to you at the end of the year, and he has stepped down from his own chair so you could follow him. Let your virtues thrive; may this be a time of success! The path to glory is open to the wise; merit will surely be rewarded; hard work will receive its due rewards. Arts, rise from the sleep imposed on you by corrupt ambition! Envy can't lift her head while Stilicho and his godlike...

[178] i.e. Manlius modestly regards his honours as a natural growth, not as the reward of merit.

[178] i.e. Manlius humbly sees his honors as a natural outcome, not as a reward for his achievements.

[358]

sidereusque gener. non hic violata curulis,

turpia non Latios incestant nomina fastos;

fortibus haec concessa viris solisque gerenda

patribus et Romae numquam latura pudorem.

Nuntia votorum celeri iam Fama volatu 270

moverat Aonios audito consule lucos.

concinuit felix Helicon fluxitque Aganippe

largior et docti riserunt floribus amnes.

Uranie redimita comas, qua saepe magistra

Manlius igniferos radio descripserat axes, 275

sic alias hortata deas: “patimurne, sorores,

optato procul esse die nec limina nostri

consulis et semper dilectas visimus aedes?

notior est Helicone [179] domus. gestare curules

et fasces subiisse libet. miracula plebi 280

colligite et claris nomen celebrate theatris.

“Tu Iovis aequorei summersam fluctibus aulam

oratum volucres, Erato, iam perge quadrigas,

a quibus haud umquam palmam rapturus Arion.

inlustret circum sonipes, quicumque superbo 285

perstrepit hinnitu Bactin, qui splendida potat

stagna Tagi madidoque iubas adspergitur auro.

“Calliope, liquidas Alciden posce palaestras:

cuncta Palaemoniis manus explorata coronis

adsit et Eleo pubes laudata Tonanti. 290

“Tu iuga Taygeti frondosaque Maenala, Clio,

i Triviae supplex; non aspernata rogantem

amphitheatrali faveat Latonia pompae.

[179] codd. have Stilichone; Birt obelizes the line; it is only found in V; Helicone Gevartius.

[179] codd. have Stilichone; Birt highlights the line; it is only found in V; Helicone Gevartius.

[359]

son-in-law direct the state. Here is no pollution of the consul’s office, no shameful names disgrace the Latin fasti; here the consulship is an honour reserved for the brave, given only to senators, never a source of scandal to Rome’s city.[180]

son-in-law directs the state. There’s no corruption in the consul’s office, no disgraceful names tarnishing the Latin records; here, the consulship is an honor meant for the brave, granted only to senators, and it’s never a source of scandal for the city of Rome.[180]

Now had Fame, announcing our good fortune, winged her way to Aonia whose groves she stirred with the tidings of the new consul. Helicon raised a hymn of praise, Aganippe flowed with waters more abundant, the streams of song laughed with flowers. Then Urania, her hair wreath-crowned, Urania whose hand had oft directed Manlius’ compass in marking out the starry spheres, thus addressed the other Muses: “Sisters, can we bear to be absent this longed-for day? Shall we not visit our consul’s door and the house we have always loved? Better known to us is it than Helicon; gladly we draw the curule chair and bear the fasces. Bring marvels for the people’s delight and make known his name in the famed theatres.

Now Fame, announcing our good fortune, soared to Aonia, stirring its groves with the news of the new consul. Helicon raised a hymn of praise, Aganippe flowed with more abundant waters, and the streams of song laughed with flowers. Then Urania, crowned with a wreath, Urania whose hand had often guided Manlius’ compass in charting the starry skies, spoke to the other Muses: “Sisters, can we bear to stay away on this long-awaited day? Shall we not visit our consul’s door and the house we have always loved? It’s better known to us than Helicon; we gladly take the curule chair and hold the fasces. Bring wonders for the people’s enjoyment and make his name known in the famous theaters.

“Do thou, Erato, go visit the palace of Neptune beneath the sea and beg for four swift coursers such that even Arion could not snatch the prize from them. Let the Circus be graced by every steed to whose proud neighing Baetis re-echoes, who drinks of Tagus’ shining pools and sprinkles his mane with its liquid gold.

“Hey, Erato, go visit Neptune’s palace under the sea and ask for four fast horses that even Arion couldn't beat. Let the Circus be filled with every horse that proudly neighs as Baetis echoes back, who drinks from Tagus’ sparkling pools and splashes his mane with liquid gold.”

“Calliope, ask thou of Alcides the oil of the wrestling-ground. Let all the company proved in the games at Elis follow thee and the athletes who have won fame with Olympian Jove.

“Calliope, ask Alcides for the oil from the wrestling ground. Let all the people tested in the games at Elis follow you and the athletes who have gained fame with Olympian Jove."

“Fly, Clio, to Taygetus’ heights and leafy Maenalus and beg Diana not to spurn thy petition but help the amphitheatre’s pomp. Let the goddess herself

“Fly, Clio, to the heights of Taygetus and the green Maenalus and ask Diana not to reject your request but to support the glory of the amphitheater. Let the goddess herself

[180] Claudian is thinking of Eutropius, Manlius’ eastern colleague.

[180] Claudian is referring to Eutropius, Manlius' colleague from the East.

[360]

audaces legat ipsa viros, qui colla ferarum

arte ligent certoque premant venabula nisu. 295

ipsa truces fetus captivaque ducat ab antris

prodigia et caedis sitientem differat arcum.

conveniant ursi, magna quos mole ruentes

torva Lycaoniis Helice miretur ab astris,

perfossique rudant populo pallente leones, 300

quales Mygdonio curru frenare Cybebe

optet et Herculei mallent fregisse lacerti.

obvia fulminei properent ad vulnera pardi

semine permixto geniti, cum forte leaenae

nobiliorem uterum viridis corrupit adulter; 305

hi maculis patres referant et robore matres.

quidquid monstriferis nutrit Gaetulia campis,

Alpina quidquid tegitur nive, Gallica siquid

silva tenet, iaceat; largo ditescat harena

sanguine; consumant totos spectacula montes. 310

“Nec molles egeant nostra dulcedine ludi:

qui laetis risum salibus movisse facetus,

qui nutu manibusque loquax, cui tibia flatu,

cui plectro pulsanda chelys, qui pulpita socco

personat aut alte graditur maiore cothurno, 315

et qui magna levi detrudens murmura tactu

innumeras voces segetis moderatus aenae

intonet erranti digito penitusque trabali

vecte laborantes in carmina concitet undas,

vel qui more avium sese iaculentur in auras 320

[361]

choose out brave hunters cunningly to lasso the necks of wild animals and to drive home the hunting-spear with unfailing stroke. With her own hand let her lead forth from their caverns fierce beasts and captive monsters, laying aside her bloodthirsty bow. Let bears be gathered together, whereat, as they charge with mighty bulk, Helice may gaze in wonder from Lycaon’s stars.[181] Let smitten lions roar till the people turn pale, lions such as Cybele would be fain to harness to her Mygdonian chariot or Hercules strangle in his mighty arms. May leopards, lightning-swift, hasten to meet the spear’s wound, beasts that are born of an adulterous union what time the spotted sire did violence to the nobler lion’s mate: of such beasts their markings recall the sire, their courage the dam. Whatsoever is nourished by the fields of Gaetulia rich in monsters, whatsoever lurks beneath Alpine snows or in Gallic woods, let it fall before the spear. Let large streams of blood enrich the arena and the spectacle leave whole mountains desolate.

Choose brave hunters who skillfully lasso the necks of wild animals and expertly drive home the hunting spear with precision. Let her personally lead fierce beasts and captured monsters out of their caves, putting aside her bloodthirsty bow. Let bears gather together, and as they charge with their massive size, let Helice marvel from the stars of Lycaon. Let injured lions roar until the crowd goes pale, lions that Cybele would love to harness to her Mygdonian chariot or that Hercules would strangle in his strong arms. May leopards, quick as lightning, rush to meet the spear’s wound, beasts born from an adulterous union when the spotted father violated the noble lioness: their markings echo the father, their courage reflects the mother. Whatever is nourished by the monster-rich fields of Gaetulia, whatever hides beneath the Alpine snows or in the Gallic woods, let it fall before the spear. Let rivers of blood flow to enrich the arena, and let the spectacle leave entire mountains desolate.

“Nor let gentler games lack the delights we bring: let the clown be there to move the people’s laughter with his happy wit, the mime whose language is in his nod and in the movements of his hands, the musician whose breath rouses the flute and whose finger stirs the lyre, the slippered comedian to whose voice the theatre re-echoes, the tragedian towering on his loftier buskin; him too whose light touch can elicit loud music from those pipes of bronze that sound a thousand diverse notes beneath his wandering fingers and who by means of a lever stirs to song the labouring water.[182] Let us see acrobats who hurl themselves through the air like birds and build

“Let’s not forget the fun and games we offer: let the clown be there to make everyone laugh with his clever jokes, the mime whose expressions and gestures speak volumes, the musician who brings the flute to life with his breath and plays the lyre with his fingers, the comedic actor whose voice resonates throughout the theater, and the tragic actor standing tall in his elevated boots; also, the one whose gentle touch can create beautiful music from those bronze pipes that play a thousand different notes under his wandering fingers and who, using a lever, makes the laboring water sing.[182] Let's watch the acrobats who throw themselves through the air like birds and build

[181] Helice = the Great Bear; so does the phrase “Lycaon’s stars,” for Lycaon was the father of Callisto who was transformed by the jealous Juno into a bear and as such translated by Jupiter to the sky. Claudian means that he wants the Great Bear to observe this assemblage of earthly bears.

[181] Helice = the Great Bear; the term “Lycaon’s stars” refers to Lycaon, who was the father of Callisto. She was turned into a bear by the jealous Juno and then taken up to the sky by Jupiter. Claudian is suggesting that he wants the Great Bear to watch this gathering of earthly bears.

[182] The hydraulus or water organ was known in Cicero’s day (Tusc. iii. 18.43). It is illustrated by a piece of sculpture in the Museum at Arles (see Grove, Dict. of Music, under “Organ” ).

[182] The hydraulus or water organ was known in Cicero’s time (Tusc. iii. 18.43). There's a sculpture of it in the Museum at Arles (see Grove, Dict. of Music, under “Organ”).

[362]

corporaque aedificent celeri crescentia nexu,

quorum compositam puer amentatus in arcem

emicet et vinctu plantae vel cruribus hacrens

pendula librato figat vestigia saltu.

mobile ponderibus descendat pegma reductis 325

inque chori speciem spargentes ardua flammas

scaena rotet varios et fingat Mulciber orbis

per tabulas impune vagus pictaeque citato

ludant igne trabes et non permissa morari

fida per innocuas errent incendia turres. 330

lascivi subito confligant aequore lembi

stagnaque remigibus spument inmissa canoris.

“Consul per populos idemque gravissimus auctor

eloquii, duplici vita subnixus in aevum

procedat pariter libris fastisque legendus. 335

accipiat patris exemplum tribuatque nepoti

filius et coeptis ne desit fascibus heres.

decurrat trabeata domus tradatque secures

mutua postcritas servatoque ordine fati

Manlia continuo numeretur consule proles.” 340

[363]

pyramids that grow with swift entwining of their bodies, to the summit of which pyramid rushes a boy fastened by a thong, a boy who, attached there by the foot or leg, executes a step-dance suspended in the air. Let the counterweights be removed and the mobile crane descend, lowering on to the lofty stage men who, wheeling chorus-wise, scatter flames; let Vulcan forge balls of fire to roll innocuously across the boards, let the flames appear to play about the sham beams of the scenery and a tame conflagration, never allowed to rest, wander among the untouched towers. Let ships meet in mimic warfare on an improvised ocean and the flooded waters be lashed to foam by singing oarsmen.

“As consul at once and stateliest master, upborne by a twofold fame, let Manlius go forth among the peoples, read in his own books and in our calendars. May the sire’s example be followed by the son [183] and handed on to a grandson, nor these first fasces ever lack succession. May his race pass on purple-clad, may the generations, each to each, hand on the axes, and obedient to the ordinance of fate, Manlius after Manlius add one more consul to the tale.”

“As consul and the most distinguished leader, supported by a dual legacy, may Manlius step forward among the people, recognized in his own writings and our records. May the father's example be followed by the son [183] and passed down to a grandson, ensuring that these first fasces never lack a successor. May his descendants wear the purple, and may each generation pass on the axes, and in accordance with fate, may one Manlius after another add another consul to the story.”

[183] We do not hear of Claudian’s hopes coming true. This son was, however, proconsul of Africa (Augustine, Contra Crescon. iii. 62).

[183] We don’t know if Claudian’s hopes were fulfilled. This son did serve as proconsul of Africa (Augustine, Contra Crescon. iii. 62).

[364]

DE CONSULATU STILICHONIS

LIBER I.

(XXI.)

(21.)

Continuant superi pleno Romana favore

gaudia successusque novis successibus augent:

conubii necdum festivos regia cantus

sopierat, cecinit fuso Gildone triumphos,

et calidis thalami successit laurea sertis, 5

sumeret ut pariter princeps nomenque mariti

victorisque decus; Libyae post proelia crimen

concidit Eoum, rursusque Oriente subacto

consule defensae surgunt Stilichone secures.

ordine vota meant. equidem si carmen in unum 10

tantarum sperem cumulos advolvere rerum,

promptius imponam glaciali Pelion Ossae.

si partem tacuisse velim, quodcumque relinquam

maius erit. veteres actus primamque iuventam

prosequar? ad sese mentem praesentia ducunt. 15

narrem iustitiam? resplendet gloria Martis.

armati referam vires? plus egit inermis.

quod floret Latium, Latio quod reddita servit

Africa, vicinum quod nescit Hiberia Maurum,

[365]

ON STILICHIO’S CONSULSHIP (CE 400)

BOOK I

(XXI.)

Ceaseless are the blessings the gods shower with full bounty upon Rome, crowning success with new successes. Scarce had the happy songs of marriage ceased to echo in the palace when the defeat of Gildo brought material for a hymn of triumph. Hard upon the garlands of passionate love followed the crown of laurel, so that the emperor won alike the name of husband and the fame of conqueror. After the war in Africa eastern sedition waned; the Orient once more was laid low and, guarded by the consul Stilicho, the axes rose in triumph. In due order are vows fulfilled. Should I hope to roll into one poem all my lofty themes, more easily should I pile Pelion on frozen Ossa. Were I silent anent a part, what I leave unsung will prove the greater. Am I to recall his deeds of old and earliest manhood? His present deeds lure away my mind. Am I to tell of his justice? His military glory outshines it. Shall I mention his prowess in war? He has done more in peace. Shall I relate how Latium flourishes, how Africa has returned to her allegiance and service, how Spain knows no more

Endless are the blessings the gods pour out on Rome, filling it with success after success. Just as the joyful wedding songs faded in the palace, the defeat of Gildo provided material for a triumphant anthem. Following the garlands of passionate love came the laurel crown, allowing the emperor to be both a husband and a conqueror. After the war in Africa, unrest in the east died down; the East was subdued again, and under the protection of Consul Stilicho, victory was celebrated. Vows are fulfilled in due time. If I were to try to blend all my lofty themes into one poem, it would be easier to stack Pelion on frozen Ossa. If I remained silent about one part, what I leave unsung would be even more significant. Should I recall his past deeds and early manhood? His current achievements capture my attention more. Should I speak of his fairness? His military glory overshadows it. Should I mention his skill in war? He has accomplished more in times of peace. Should I discuss how Latium thrives, how Africa has returned to loyalty and service, how Spain no longer...

[366]

tuta quod imbellem miratur Gallia Rhenum, 20

aut gelidam Thracen decertatosque labores

Hebro teste canam? magnum mihi panditur aequor,

ipsaque Pierios lassant proclivia currus

laudibus innumeris.

Etenim mortalibus ex quo

tellus coepta coli, numquam sincera bonorum 25

sors ulli concessa viro. quem vultus honestat,

dedecorant mores; animus quem pulchrior ornat,

corpus destituit. bellis insignior ille,

sed pacem foedat vitiis. hic publica felix,

sed privata minus, partitum; singula quemque 30

nobilitant: hunc forma decens, hunc robur in armis,

hunc rigor, hunc pietas, illum sollertia iuris,

hunc suboles castique tori. sparguntur in omnes,

in te mixta fluunt; et quae divisa beatos

efficiunt, collecta tenes. 35

Ne facta revolvam

militiamque patris, cuius producere famam,

si nihil egisset clarum nec fida Valenti

dextera duxisset rutilantes crinibus alas,

sufficeret natus Stilicho: mens ardua semper

a puero, tenerisque etiam fulgebat in annis 40

fortunae maioris honos. erectus et acer

nil breve moliri, nullis haerere potentum

liminibus fatisque loqui iam digna futuris.

iam tum conspicuus, iam tum venerabilis ibas

spondebatque ducem celsi nitor igneus oris 45

[367]

the Moor as her neighbour, how Gaul has now nought to fear from a disarmed Germany? Or shall I sing of wintry Thrace and those fierce struggles whereof Hebrus was witness? Limitless is the expanse that opens before me and even on the slopes of Helicon this weight of praise retards my muse’s chariot.

the Moor as her neighbor, how Gaul has nothing to fear from a disarmed Germany now? Or should I sing about wintry Thrace and those fierce battles that Hebrus witnessed? The expanse that lies before me is endless, and even on the slopes of Helicon, this burden of praise slows down my muse’s chariot.

For truly since man inhabited this globe never has one mortal been granted all earth’s blessings without alloy. This man’s face is fair but his character is evil; another has a beauteous soul but an ugly body. One is renowned in war but makes peace hideous with his vices. This man is happy in his public but unhappy in his private life. Each takes a part; each owes his fame to some one gift, to bodily beauty, to martial prowess, to strength, to uprightness of life, to knowledge of law, to his offspring and a virtuous wife. To all men else blessings come scattered, to thee they flow commingled, and gifts that separately make happy are all together thine.

For truly, since humans first lived on this planet, no one has received all of life's blessings without some drawbacks. This person has a beautiful face but a dark character; another has a lovely soul but an unattractive body. One is famous for his military achievements but makes peace unbearable with his vices. This person is joyful in public but struggles in his private life. Each person has a role to play; each owes their fame to some unique trait, whether it’s physical beauty, combat skills, strength, moral integrity, legal knowledge, their children, or a virtuous spouse. For others, blessings come in bits and pieces; for you, they come all at once, and the gifts that individually bring happiness are all yours together.

I will not unfold the tale of thy sire’s [184] warlike deeds. Had he done nothing of note, had he in loyalty to Valens never led to battle those yellow-haired companies, yet to be the father of Stilicho would have spread abroad his fame. Ever from thy cradle did thy soul aspire, and in the tender years of childhood shone forth the signs of loftier estate. Lofty in spirit and eager, nothing paltry didst thou essay; never didst thou haunt any rich man’s doorstep; thy speech was such as to befit thy future dignities. A mark wert thou even then for all eyes, even then an object of reverence; the fiery brightness of thy noble countenance, the very mould

I won’t tell the story of your father’s [184] heroic acts. Even if he hadn't done anything noteworthy, even if he had never led those yellow-haired troops into battle out of loyalty to Valens, just being the father of Stilicho would have made him famous. From the moment you were born, your soul aimed high, and even as a child, signs of greatness shone through. With your lofty spirit and eagerness, you never settled for anything small; you never lingered at a wealthy man's door. Your speech was fitting for your future greatness. Even then, you were a point of focus for everyone, a figure of respect; the fiery brightness of your noble face, the very shape of you.

[184] We know really nothing of Stilicho’s parentage save that the family was a Vandal one: Vandalorum genere editus, Oros. vii. 38.

[184] We really don't know much about Stilicho's background except that his family was of Vandal origin: Vandalorum genere editus, Oros. vii. 38.

[368]

membrorumque modus, qualem nec carmina fingunt

semideis. quacumque alte gradereris in urbe,

cedentes spatiis adsurgentesque videbas

quamvis miles adhuc. taciti suffragia vulgi

iam tibi detulerant, quidquid mox debuit aula. 50

Vix primaevus eras, pacis cum mitteris auctor

Assyriae; tanta foedus cum gente ferire

commissum iuveni. Tigrim transgressus et altum

Euphraten Babylona petis. stupuere severi

Parthorum proceres, et plebs pharetrata videndi 55

flagravit studio, defixaeque hospite pulchro

Persides arcanum suspiravere calorem.

turis odoratae cumulis et messe Sabaea

pacem conciliant arae; penetralibus ignem

sacratum rapuere adytis rituque iuvencos 60

Chaldaeo stravere magi. rex ipse micantem

inclinat dextra pateram secretaque Beli

et vaga testatur volventem sidera Mithram.

si quando sociis tecum venatibus ibant,

quis Stilichone prior ferro penetrare leones 65

comminus aut longe virgatas figere tigres?

flectenti faciles cessit tibi Medus habenas;

torquebas refugum Parthis mirantibus arcum.

Nubilis interea maturae virginis aetas

urgebat patrias suspenso principe curas, 70

quem simul imperioque ducem nataeque maritum

prospiceret; dubius toto quaerebat ab axe

dignum coniugio generum thalamisque Serenae.

[369]

of thy limbs, greater even than poets feign of demi-gods, marked thee out for a leader of men. Whithersoever thy proud form went in the city thou didst see men rise and give place to thee; yet thou wast then but a soldier. The silent suffrage of the people had already offered thee all the honours the court was soon to owe.

of your limbs, greater even than poets imagine of demi-gods, marked you out to be a leader of men. Wherever your proud figure went in the city, you saw men stand up and make way for you; yet you were still just a soldier. The silent support of the people had already given you all the honors the court was soon to owe.

Scarce hadst thou reached man’s estate when thou wast sent to negotiate peace with Assyria [185]; to make a treaty with so great a people was the charge entrusted to thy youth. Crossing the Tigris and the deep Euphrates thou cam’st to Babylon. The grave lords of Parthia looked at thee in amaze and the quiver-bearing mob burned with desire to behold, while the daughters of Persia gazing on their beauteous guest sighed out their hidden love. The peace is sworn at altars sweet with the fragrance of incense and the harvests of Saba. Fire is brought forth from the innermost sanctuary and the Magi sacrifice heifers according to the Chaldean ritual. The king himself dips the jewelled bowl of sacrifice and swears by the mysteries of Bel and by Mithras who guides the errant stars of heaven. Whenever they made thee sharer of their hunting, whose sword struck down the lion in close combat before that of Stilicho, whose arrow pierced the striped tiger afar before thine? When thou didst guide the easy rein the Mede gave way to thee, and the Parthian marvelled at the bow thou didst discharge in flight.

You had barely become a man when you were sent to negotiate peace with Assyria [185]; making a treaty with such a powerful nation was the task entrusted to your youth. After crossing the Tigris and the deep Euphrates, you arrived in Babylon. The serious lords of Parthia stared at you in amazement, and the crowd of warriors was eager to catch a glimpse, while the daughters of Persia watched their handsome guest and sighed with unspoken affection. The peace was sworn at altars sweetened by the fragrance of incense and the bounties of Saba. Fire was brought forth from the innermost sanctuary, and the Magi sacrificed heifers according to the Chaldean ritual. The king himself dipped the jeweled bowl of sacrifice and swore by the mysteries of Bel and by Mithras, who guides the wandering stars of heaven. Whenever they included you in their hunting, whose sword struck down the lion in close combat before Stilicho’s? Whose arrow pierced the striped tiger from afar before yours? When you took the easy reins, the Mede yielded to you, and the Parthian marveled at the bow you released in flight.

Meanwhile a maiden of years full ripe for marriage troubled a father’s heart, and the emperor doubted whom to select as her husband and as future ruler of the world; right anxiously did he search east and west for a son-in-law worthy of being wedded

Meanwhile, a young woman of marriageable age troubled her father's heart, and the emperor was uncertain about whom to choose as her husband and the future ruler of the world; he anxiously searched both east and west for a son-in-law deserving of being married to her.

[185] By Assyria Claudian means Persia. He refers to the dispatch of Stilicho in 387 as ambassador to the court of Sapor III. (383-388) to arrange about the partition of Armenia.

[185] By "Assyria," Claudian is actually referring to Persia. He talks about Stilicho being sent as an ambassador to Sapor III's court in 387 to negotiate the division of Armenia.

[370]

iudicium virtutis erat; per castra, per urbes,

per populos animi cunctantis libra cucurrit. 75

tu legeris tantosque viros, quos obtulit orbis,

intra consilium vincis sensumque legentis,

et gener Augustis olim socer ipse futurus

accedis. radiis auri Tyriaque superbit

maiestate torus; comitata parentibus exit 80

purpureis virgo. stabat pater inde tropaeis

inclitus; inde pium matris regina gerebat

obsequium gravibus subnectens flammea gemmis.

tunc et Solis equos, tunc exultasse choreis

astra ferunt mellisque lacus et flumina lactis 85

erupisse solo, cum floribus aequora vernis

Bosphorus indueret roseisque evincta coronis

certantes Asiae taedas Europa levaret.

Felix arbitrii princeps, qui congrua mundo

iudicat et primus censet, quod cernimus omnes. 90

talem quippe virum natis adiunxit et aulae,

cui neque luxuries bello nec blanda periclis

otia nec lucis fructus pretiosior umquam

laude fuit. quis enim Visos in plaustra feroces

reppulit aut saeva Promoti caede tumentes 95

Bastarnas una potuit delere ruina?

Pallantis iugulum Turno moriente piavit

Aeneas, tractusque rotis ultricibus Hector

irato vindicta fuit vel quaestus Achilli.

tu neque vesano raptas venalia curru 100

funera nec vanam corpus meditaris in unum

saevitiam; turmas equitum peditumque catervas

[371]

to Serena. Merit alone had to decide; through camps, through cities, through nations roamed his poised and hesitating thoughts. But thou wast chosen, thus in the opinion and judgement of him who selected thee surpassing all the candidates of the whole world and becoming a son-in-law in the imperial family where thou wast shortly to become a father-in-law. The marriage-bed was ablaze with flashing gold and regal purple. The maiden steps forth accompanied by her parents clad in scarlet. On one side stood her sire, famed for his triumphs, on the other was the queen, fulfilling a mother’s loving office and ordering the bridal veil beneath a weight of jewels. Then, so men say, the horses of the sun and the stars of heaven danced for joy, pools of honey and rivers of milk welled forth from the earth. Bosporus decked his banks with vernal flowers, and Europe, entwined with rosy garlands, uplifted the torches in rivalry with Asia.

to Serena. Merit alone had to decide; through camps, through cities, through nations, his balanced and uncertain thoughts roamed. But you were chosen, thus in the opinion and judgment of him who picked you, surpassing all the candidates in the world and becoming a son-in-law in the imperial family, where you were soon to become a father-in-law. The wedding bed was glowing with shining gold and royal purple. The young woman stepped forward, accompanied by her parents dressed in red. On one side stood her father, famous for his victories, on the other was the queen, performing a mother’s loving duty and arranging the bridal veil under a load of jewels. Then, as people say, the horses of the sun and the stars in the sky danced in joy, pools of honey and rivers of milk flowed from the earth. The Bosporus decorated its banks with spring flowers, and Europe, adorned with rosy garlands, raised torches in competition with Asia.

Happy our emperor in his choice; he judges and the world agrees; he is the first to value what we all see. Ay, for he has allied to his children and to his palace one who never preferred ease to war nor the pleasures of peace to danger, nor yet his life to his honour. Who but he could have driven back the savage Visigoths to their wagons or overwhelmed in one huge slaughter the Bastarnae puffed up with the slaying of Promotus [186]? Aeneas avenged the slaughter of Pallas with the death of Turnus, Hector, dragged behind the chariot-wheels, was to wrathful Achilles either revenge or gain; thou dost not carry off in mad chariot dead bodies for ransom nor plot idle savagery against a single corpse; thou slayest at thy friend’s tomb whole

Happy are we with our emperor's choice; he judges wisely, and the world agrees; he recognizes what we all can see. Indeed, he's brought into his family and his palace someone who never chose comfort over battle, the joys of peace over danger, or his life over his honor. Who else could have pushed the fierce Visigoths back to their wagons or taken down the boastful Bastarnae in a single massive defeat after they had killed Promotus? Aeneas avenged Pallas's death with the killing of Turnus, and Hector, dragged behind Achilles's chariot, was both revenge and spoils to the furious warrior; you don’t drive off in a frantic chariot with dead bodies for ransom nor plot senseless violence against a single corpse; you slay at your friend’s tomb whole.

[186] Promotus, who had rescued Theodosius from an ambush in his war against the Visigoths in 390, lost his life in the same war the year after. Stilicho succeeded to his command.

[186] Promotus, who saved Theodosius from an ambush in his battle with the Visigoths in 390, lost his life in that same war the following year. Stilicho took over his position.

[372]

hostilesque globos tumulo prosternis amici;

inferiis gens tota datur. nec Mulciber auctor

mendacis clipei fabricataque vatibus arma 105

conatus iuvere tuos: tot barbara solus

milia iam pridem miseram vastantia Thracen

finibus exiguae vallis conclusa tenebas.

nec te terrisonus stridor venientis Alani

nec vaga Chunorum feritas, non falce Gelonus, 110

non arcu pepulere Getae, non Sarmata conto.

extinctique forent penitus, ni more maligno

falleret Augustas occultus proditor aures

obstrueretque moras strictumque reconderet ensem,

solveret obsessos, praeberet foedera captis. 115

Adsiduus castris aderat, rarissimus urbi,

si quando trepida princeps pietate vocaret;

vixque salutatis Laribus, vix coniuge visa,

deterso necdum repetebat sanguine campum.

nec stetit Eucherii dum carperet oscula saltem 120

per galeam. patris stimulos ignisque mariti

vicit cura ducis. quotiens sub pellibus egit

Edonas hiemes et tardi flabra Bootae

sub divo Riphaca tulit! cumque igne propinquo

frigora vix ferrent alii, tunc iste rigentem 125

Danuvium calcabat eques nivibusque profundum

scandebat cristatus Athon lateque corusco

curvatas glacie silvas umbone ruebat.

nunc prope Cimmerii tendebat litora Ponti,

[373]

squadrons of horse, companies of foot, and hordes of enemies. To his ghost a whole nation is offered up. Neither Vulcan’s fabulous shield nor such armour as that of which poets sing the forging assisted thine efforts. Single-handed thou didst succeed in penning within the narrow confines of a single valley the vast army of barbarians that were long since ravaging the land of Thrace. For thee the fearful shriek of the onrushing Alan had no terrors nor the fierceness of the nomad Hun nor the scimitar of the Geloni, nor the Getae’s bow or Sarmatian’s club. These nations would have been destroyed root and branch had not a traitor by a perfidious trick abused the emperor’s ear and caused him to withhold his hand; hence the sheathing of the sword, the raising of the siege, and the granting of a treaty to the prisoners.

squadrons of cavalry, infantry units, and masses of enemies. A whole nation is sacrificed for your legacy. Neither Vulcan’s legendary shield nor the armor sung about by poets helped you. By yourself, you managed to trap the vast army of barbarians that had been invading Thrace into the tight space of a single valley. For you, the terrifying shout of the charging Alans was not scary, nor was the ferocity of the nomadic Huns, the scimitar of the Gelons, the bows of the Getae, or the clubs of the Sarmatians. These nations would have been completely wiped out if a traitor hadn’t deceitfully manipulated the emperor and made him stop; thus, the sword was sheathed, the siege was lifted, and a treaty was given to the captives.

He was always with the army, seldom in Rome, and then only when the young emperor’s anxious love summoned him thither. Scarce had he greeted the gods of his home, scarce seen his wife when, still stained with the blood of his enemies, he hastened back to the battle. He did not stay to catch at least a kiss from Eucherius through his vizor; the anxieties of a general o’ercame a father’s yearning and a husband’s love. How often has he bivouacked through the Thracian winter and endured beneath the open sky the blasts that slow Boötes sends from mount Riphaeus. When others, huddled over the fire, could scarce brook the cold, he would ride his horse across the frozen Danube and climb Athos deep in snow, his helmet on his head, thrusting aside the frozen branches of the ice-laden trees with his far gleaming targe. Now he pitched his tent by the shores of Cimmerian Pontus, now

He was almost always with the army, rarely in Rome, and only when the young emperor’s worried love called for him. He had hardly greeted the gods at home or seen his wife when, still marked by the blood of his enemies, he rushed back to the fighting. He didn’t even take a moment to get a kiss from Eucherius through his visor; the worries of a general overpowered a father’s longing and a husband’s love. How often did he camp out through the harsh Thracian winter, enduring the open skies and the cold blasts sent by slow Boötes from Mount Riphaeus? While others huddled around the fire, barely managing to withstand the cold, he would ride his horse across the frozen Danube and climb snow-covered Athos, his helmet on, pushing aside the icy branches of the heavily laden trees with his far-glimmering shield. Now he set up his tent by the shores of Cimmerian Pontus, now

[374]

nunc dabat hibernum Rhodope nimbosa cubile. 130

vos Haemi gelidae valles, quas saepe cruentis

stragibus aequavit Stilicho, vos Thracia testor

flumina, quae largo mutastis sanguine fluctus;

dicite, Bisaltae vel qui Pangaea iuvencis

scinditis, offenso quantae sub vomere putres 135

dissiliant glaebis galeae vel qualia rastris

ossa peremptorum resonent inmania regum.

Singula complecti cuperem; sed densior instat

gestorum series laudumque sequentibus undis

obruimur. genitor caesi post bella tyranni 140

iam tibi commissis conscenderat aethera terris.

ancipites rerum ruituro culmine lapsus

aequali cervice subis: sic Hercule quondam

sustentante polum melius librata pependit

machina nec dubiis titubavit Signifer astris 145

perpetuaque senex subductus mole parumper

obstupuit proprii spectator ponderis Atlas.

Nulli barbariae motus; nil turbida rupto

ordine temptavit novitas, tantoque remoto

principe mutatas orbis non sensit habenas. 150

nil inter geminas acies, ceu libera frenis,

ausa manus. certe nec tantis dissona linguis

turba nec armorum cultu diversior umquam

confluxit populus: totam pater undique secum

moverat Auroram; mixtis hic Colchus Hiberis, 155

hic mitra velatus Arabs, hic crine decorus

Armenius; hic picta Saces fucataque Medus,

[375]

misty Rhodope afforded him a winter’s bed. I call you to witness, cold valleys of Haemus, that Stilicho has often filled with bloody slaughter; and you, rivers of Thrace, your waters turned to blood; say, ye Bisaltae, or you whose oxen plough Pangaeus’ slopes, how many a rotting helm has not your share shattered neath the soil, how oft have not your mattocks rung against the giant bones of slaughtered kings.

misty Rhodope offered him a winter’s bed. I call you to witness, cold valleys of Haemus, that Stilicho has often filled with bloody slaughter; and you, rivers of Thrace, your waters turned to blood; say, you Bisaltae, or you whose oxen plow Pangaeus’ slopes, how many rotting helmets have not your fields shattered beneath the soil, how often have your picks not struck against the giant bones of slain kings.

Fain would I embrace each separate one; but thine exploits press on in too close array, and I am overwhelmed by the pursuing flood of glorious deeds. When Theodosius had warred against, and slain, the tyrant [187] he ascended into heaven, leaving the governance of the world to thee. With a strength equal to his thou dost bear up the tottering structure of the empire that threatens each moment to collapse. Thus, when once Hercules upheld the world, the universal frame hung more surely poised, the Standard-bearer did not reel with tottering stars, and old Atlas, relieved for a moment of the eternal load, was confounded as he gazed upon his own burden.

I would gladly embrace each one of you individually; however, your achievements come at me too quickly, and I'm overwhelmed by the wave of glorious deeds. After Theodosius fought against and killed the tyrant [187], he ascended into heaven, leaving the world's governance to you. With strength equal to his, you keep the shaky structure of the empire from collapsing at any moment. Just as Hercules once held up the world, the universal frame was more securely balanced; the Standard-bearer wasn’t staggering under the stars, and old Atlas, briefly freed from his eternal burden, was astonished as he looked at the weight he carried.

Barbary was quiet, no revolution troubled the empire’s peace and though so great a prince was dead the world knew not that the reins had passed into another’s hands. No company in the two armies [188] dared aught as though set loose from control. Yet surely never had such diversities of language and arms met together to form one united people. Theodosius had unified the whole East beneath his rule. Here were mingled Colchian and Iberian, mitred Arab, beautifully coifed Armenian; here the Sacian had pitched his painted tent, the Mede his

Barbary was quiet, and no revolution disturbed the empire’s peace. Even though such a great prince was dead, the world didn’t realize that control had shifted to someone else. No unit in the two armies [188] dared to act as if they were free from command. Nevertheless, never before had such a variety of languages and weapons come together to form one united people. Theodosius had unified the entire East under his rule. Here were the Colchian and Iberian, the mitred Arab, the elegantly coifed Armenian; here the Sacian had set up his painted tent, and the Mede his

[187] i.e. Eugenius.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Eugenius.

[188] i.e. of East and West.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ East and West.

[376]

hic gemmata niger tentoria fixerat Indus;

hic Rhodani procera cohors, hic miles alumnus

Oceani. ductor Stilicho tot gentibus unus, 160

quot vel progrediens vel conspicit occiduus sol.

in quo tam vario vocum generumque tumultu

tanta quies iurisque metus servator honesti

te moderante fuit, nullis ut vinea furtis

vel seges erepta fraudaret messe colonum, 165

ut nihil aut saevum rabies aut turpe libido

suaderet, placidi servirent legibus enses.

scilicet in vulgus manant exempla regentum,

utque ducum lituos, sic mores castra sequuntur.

Denique felices aquilas quocumque moveres, 170

arebant tantis epoti milibus amnes.

Illyricum peteres: campi montesque latebant.

vexillum navale dares: sub puppibus ibat

Ionium. nullas [189] succincta Ceraunia nimbis

nec iuga Leucatae feriens spumantia fluctu 175

deterrebat hiems. tu si glaciale iuberes

vestigare fretum, securo milite ducti

stagna reluctantes quaterent Saturnia remi;

si deserta Noti, fontem si quaerere Nili,

Aethiopum medios penetrassent vela vapores. 180

Te memor Eurotas, te rustica Musa Lycaei,

te pastorali modulantur Maenala cantu

Partheniumque nemus, quod te pugnante resurgens

aegra caput mediis erexit Graecia flammis.

plurima Parrhasius tunc inter corpora Ladon 185

[189] AΠ nullum; other MSS. nullis, which Birt prints. But deterrebat needs an object (as A and Π indicate). Possibly, then, nullas.

[189] AΠ nullum; other Manuscripts. nullis, which Birt prints. But deterred needs an object (as A and Π indicate). Possibly, then, nullas.

[377]

stained tent, the dusky Indian his embroidered tent: here were the tall company of warriors from the Rhone and the warlike children of Ocean. Stilicho and Stilicho alone commanded all the nations looked on by the rising and the setting sun. Amid this company so diverse in blood and speech such peace reigned beneath thy rule, so did fear of justice secure right, that not a single vineyard was robbed, nor did a single field cheat the husbandman of its plundered crop; rage incited to no violence, passion to no deeds of shame; the peaceful sword was obedient to law. Of a truth their leaders’ pattern passes to the crowd, and the soldier follows not only the standards but also the example of his general.

stained tent, the dark-skinned Indian in his embroidered tent: there stood the tall group of warriors from the Rhone and the fierce offspring of the Ocean. Stilicho alone led all the nations seen by the rising and setting sun. Among this diverse gathering of different backgrounds and languages, peace flourished under your rule, while the fear of justice maintained order, ensuring that not a single vineyard was looted, nor did any field cheat the farmer of its harvested crop; anger incited no violence, and passion led to no shameful acts; the peaceful sword obeyed the law. Truly, the leaders' example is followed by the masses, and the soldier not only follows the standards but also mirrors the behavior of his commander.

Whithersoever thou didst lead thy victorious eagles there rivers grew dry, drunk up by so many thousands of men. Didst thou march towards Illyria, plain and mountain were hidden; didst thou give the signal to thy fleet, the Ionian main was lost beneath thy ships. Cloud-girt Ceraunia, the storms that dash the waves in foam on Leucas’ promontory—these could not affright any. Shouldst thou bid them explore some frozen sea, thy untroubled soldiers would shatter the congealed waters with countervailing oar; had they to seek the deserts of the south, to search out the sources of the Nile, their sails would penetrate into Ethiopia’s midmost heat.

Wherever you led your victorious eagles, rivers dried up, consumed by so many thousands of men. If you marched toward Illyria, both plain and mountain disappeared; if you signaled to your fleet, the Ionian Sea was swallowed beneath your ships. Cloud-covered Ceraunia, the storms that crash the waves into foam at Leucas’s headland—none of these could scare them. If you asked them to explore some frozen sea, your calm soldiers would break the icy waters with their oars; if they needed to seek the deserts of the south to find the sources of the Nile, their sails would push into the intense heat of Ethiopia.

Thee mindful Eurotas, thee Lycaeus’ rustic muse, thee Maenalus celebrates in pastoral song, and therewith the woods of Parthenius, where, thanks to thy victorious arms, weary Greece has raised once more her head from amid the flames. Then did Ladon, river of Arcadia, stay his course amid the countless bodies,

The mindful Eurotas, the rustic muse of Lycaeus, the Maenalus sings about in pastoral song, and there the woods of Parthenius, where, thanks to your victorious arms, tired Greece has once again lifted her head from the flames. Then did Ladon, the river of Arcadia, pause his course amid the countless bodies,

[378]

haesit et Alpheus Geticis angustus acervis

tardior ad Siculos etiamnunc pergit amores.

Miramur rapidis hostem succumbere bellis,

cum solo terrore ruant? non classica Francis

intulimus: iacuere tamen. non Marte Suebos 190

contudimus, quis iura damus. quis credere possit?

ante tubam nobis audax Germania servit.

cedant, Druse, tui, cedant, Traiane, labores:

vestra manus dubio quidquid discrimine gessit,

transcurrens egit Stilicho totidemque diebus 195

edomuit Rhenum, quot vos potuistis in annis;

quem ferro, adloquiis; quem vos cum milite, solus.

impiger a primo descendens fluminis ortu

ad bifidos tractus et iuncta paludibus ora

fulmineum perstrinxit iter; ducis impetus undas 200

vincebat celeres, et pax a fonte profecta

cum Rheni crescebat aquis. ingentia quondam

nomina, crinigero flaventes vertice reges,

qui nec principibus donis precibusque vocati

paruerant, iussi properant segnique verentur 205

offendisse mora; transvecti lintribus amnem

occursant ubicumque velit. nec fama fefellit

iustitiae: videre pium, videre fidelem.

quem veniens timuit, rediens Germanus amavit.

illi terribiles, quibus otia vendere semper 210

mos erat et foeda requiem mercede pacisci,

natis obsidibus pacem tam supplice vultu

[379]

and Alphaeus, choked with heaps of slaughtered Getae, won his way more slowly to his Sicilian love.[190]

and Alphaeus, overwhelmed by piles of slain Getae, made his way more slowly to his Sicilian love.[190]

Do we wonder that the foe so swiftly yields in battle when they fall before the sole terror of his name? We did not declare war on the Franks; yet they were overthrown. We did not crush in battle the Suebi on whom we now impose our laws. Who could believe it? Fierce Germany was our slave or ever the trumpets rang out. Where are now thy wars, Drusus, or thine, Trajan? All that your hands wrought after doubtful conflict that Stilicho did as he passed along, and o’ercame the Rhine in as many days as you could do in years; you conquered with the sword, he with a word; you with an army, he single-handed. Descending from the river’s source to where it splits in twain and to the marshes that connect its mouths he flashed his lightning way. The speed of the general outstripped the river’s swift course, and Peace, starting with him from Rhine’s source, grew as grew Rhine’s waters. Chieftains whose names were once so well known, flaxen-haired warrior-kings whom neither gifts nor prayers could win over to obedience to Rome’s emperors, hasten at his command and fear to offend by dull delay. Crossing the river in boats they meet him wheresoever he will. The fame of his justice did not play them false: they found him merciful, they found him trustworthy. Him whom at his coming the German feared, at his departure he loved. Those dread tribes whose wont it was ever to set their price on peace and let us purchase repose by shameful tribute, offered their children as hostages and begged for peace with such suppliant looks that one would have thought them

Do we really wonder why the enemy surrenders so quickly in battle when they are intimidated by just his name? We didn’t declare war on the Franks, yet they were defeated. We didn’t crush the Suebi in battle, but now we enforce our laws over them. Who would believe it? Fierce Germany was submissive before the trumpets even sounded. Where are your wars now, Drusus, or yours, Trajan? All the achievements you accomplished after hard-fought battles were surpassed by Stilicho, who crossed the Rhine in as many days as it took you in years; you conquered with the sword, while he did it with a word; you with an army, he alone. Moving from the river's source to where it splits and towards the marshes that connect its mouths, he blazed a path like lightning. The speed of the general surpassed the swift flow of the river, and Peace, starting with him from the Rhine's source, grew as the waters of the Rhine expanded. Chiefs whose names were once well-known, golden-haired warrior-kings whom neither gifts nor prayers could persuade to obey Rome's emperors, hurried to follow his command and feared to offend him with hesitation. Crossing the river in boats, they met him wherever he wished. The reputation of his fairness didn’t let them down: they found him merciful, they found him reliable. Him whom the Germans feared upon his arrival, they loved upon his departure. Those terrifying tribes, who were always accustomed to setting a price on peace and allowing us to buy rest with shameful tribute, offered their children as hostages and pleaded for peace with such begging expressions that one would have thought them

[190] i.e. Arethusa.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ i.e. Arethusa.

[380]

captivoque rogant, quam si post terga revincti

Tarpeias pressis subeant cervicibus arces.

omne, quod Oceanum fontesque interiacet Histri, 215

unius incursu tremuit; sine caede subactus

servitio Boreas exarmatique Triones.

Tempore tam parvo tot proelia sanguine nullo

perficis et luna nuper nascente profectus

ante redis, quam tota fuit, Rhenumque minacem 220

cornibus infractis adeo mitescere cogis,

ut Salius iam rura colat flexosque Sygambrus

in falcem curvet gladios, geminasque viator

cum videat ripas, quae sit Romana, requirat;

ut iam trans fluvium non indignante Chauco 225

pascat Belga pecus, mediumque ingressa per Albim

Gallica Francorum montes armenta pererrent;

ut procul Hercyniae per vasta silentia silvae

venari tuto liceat, lucosque vetusta

religione truces et robur numinis instar 230

barbarici nostrae feriant impune bipennes.

Ultro quin etiam devota mente tuentur

victorique favent. quotiens sociare catervas

oravit iungique tuis Alamannia signis!

nec doluit contempta tamen, spretoque recessit 235

auxilio laudata fides. provincia missos

expellet citius fasces quam Francia reges,

quos dederis. acie nec iam pulsare rebelles,

sed vinclis punire licet; sub iudice nostro

regia Romanus disquirit crimina carcer: 240

[381]

captives, their hands bound behind their backs, and they mounting the Tarpeian rock with the chains of slavery upon their necks. All those lands that lie between Ocean and the Danube trembled at the approach of one man. Boreas was brought into servitude without a blow; the Great Bear was disarmed.

captives, their hands tied behind their backs, and they climbing the Tarpeian rock with the chains of slavery around their necks. All those lands that stretch between the Ocean and the Danube shook at the arrival of one man. Boreas was taken into servitude without a fight; the Great Bear was disarmed.

In so short a time didst thou win so many battles without loss of blood, and, setting out with the moon yet new, thou didst return or ever it was full; so didst thou compel the threatening Rhine to learn gentleness with shattered horns, that the Salian now tills his fields, the Sygambrian beats his straight sword into a curved sickle, and the traveller, as he looks at the two banks, asks over which Rome rules. The Belgian, too, pastures his flock across the river and the Chauci heed it not; Gallic herds cross the middle Elbe and wander over the hills of the Franks. Safe it is to hunt amid the vast silence of the distant Hercynian forest, and in the woods that old-established superstition has rendered awful our axes fell the trees the barbarian once worshipped and nought is said.

In such a short time, you won so many battles without shedding any blood, and, setting out with the new moon, you returned before it was full; you made the threatening Rhine learn gentleness with its broken horns, so that the Salian now farms his fields, the Sygambrian turns his straight sword into a curved sickle, and the traveler, looking at both banks, wonders which one Rome controls. The Belgian also pastures his flock across the river and the Chauci pay no attention; Gallic herds roam across the middle Elbe and wander over the hills of the Franks. It’s safe to hunt in the vast silence of the distant Hercynian forest, and in the woods where old superstitions have made it terrifying, our axes cut down the trees that the barbarians once worshipped, and nothing is said.

Nay more, devoted to their conqueror this people offers its arms in his defence. How oft has Germany begged to add her troops to thine and to join her forces with those of Rome! Nor yet was she angered when her offer was rejected, for though her aid was refused her loyalty came off with praise. Provence will sooner drive out the governor thou sendest than will the land of the Franks expel the ruler thou hast given them. Not to rout rebels in the field but to punish them with chains is now the law; under our judge a Roman prison holds inquest

Moreover, this people, dedicated to their conqueror, offers their arms in his defense. How often has Germany asked to add her troops to yours and to ally her forces with those of Rome! She was not even angry when her offer was turned down; even though her help was rejected, her loyalty was praised. Provence will drive out the governor you send before the land of the Franks will expel the ruler you have appointed. The law now is not to defeat rebels in battle but to punish them with chains; under our judge, a Roman prison conducts inquiries.

[382]

Marcomeres Sunnoque docet; quorum alter Etruscum

pertulit exilium; cum se promitteret alter

exulis ultorem, iacuit mucrone suorum:

res avidi concire novas odioque furentes

pacis et ingenio scelerumque cupidine fratres. 245

Post domitas Arctos alio prorupit ab axe

tempestas et, ne qua tuis intacta tropaeis

pars foret, Australis sonuit tuba. moverat omnes

Maurorum Gildo populos, quibus inminet Atlas

et quos interior nimio plaga sole relegat: 250

quos vagus umectat Cinyps et proximus hortis

Hesperidum Triton et Gir notissimus amnis

Aethiopum, simili mentitus gurgite Nilum;

venerat et parvis redimitus Nuba sagittis

et velox Garamas, nec quamvis tristibus Hammon 255

responsis alacrem potuit Nasamona morari.

stipantur Numidae campi, stant pulvere Syrtes

Gaetulae, Poenus iaculis obtexitur aër.

hi virga moderantur equos; his fulva leones

velamenta dabant ignotarumque ferarum 260

exuviae, vastis Meroë quas nutrit harenis;

serpentum patulos gestant pro casside rictus;

pendent vipereae squamosa pelle pharetrae.

non sic intremuit Simois, cum montibus Idae

nigra coloratus produceret agmina Memnon, 265

non Ganges, cum tela procul vibrantibus Indis

inmanis medium vectaret belua Porum.

[383]

on the crimes of kings. Marcomeres and Sunno [191] give proof: the one underwent exile in Etruria, the other, proclaiming himself the exile’s avenger, fell beneath the swords of his own soldiers. Both were eager to arouse rebellion, both hated peace—true brothers in character and in a common love of crime.

on the crimes of kings. Marcomeres and Sunno [191] give proof: one was exiled to Etruria, and the other, calling himself the avenger of the exiled one, met his end at the hands of his own soldiers. Both were keen to incite rebellion, both despised peace—true brothers in character and in a shared love of wrongdoing.

After the conquest of the north arose a fresh storm in another quarter. The trumpets of war rang out in the south that there might be no part of the world untouched by thy victories. Gildo stirred up all the Moorish tribes living beneath mount Atlas and those whom the excessive heat of the sun cuts off from us in the interior of Africa, those too whom Cinyps’ wandering stream waters, and Triton, neighbour of the garden of the Hesperides; those who dwell beside the waters of Gir, most famous of the rivers of Ethiopia, that overflows his banks as it had been another Nile. There came at his summons the Nubian with his head-dress of short arrows, the fleet Garamantian, the Nasamonian whose impetuous ardour not even the sinister predictions of Ammon could restrain. The plain of Numidia was overrun, their dust covered the Gaetulian Syrtes; the sky of Carthage was darkened with their arrows. Some, mounted, guide their horses with sticks, others are clad in tawny lion-skins and pelts of the nameless animals that range the vast deserts of Meroë. Severed heads of serpents with gaping jaws serve them for helmets, the bright scaly skin of the viper fashions their quivers. Simois trembled not so violently when swart Memnon led his dusky troops o’er Ida’s summit. Not so fearful was Ganges when Porus approached, mounted on his towering elephant and surrounded with his far-shooting Indian soldiery.

After the conquest of the north, a new storm brewed in another area. The sound of war trumpets echoed in the south, ensuring that no part of the world remained untouched by your victories. Gildo rallied all the Moorish tribes living under Mount Atlas and those who are isolated from us by the intense heat in the interior of Africa, including those near the wandering stream of Cinyps and Triton, neighbor to the garden of the Hesperides; those who live beside the waters of Gir, the most famous river in Ethiopia, which floods its banks like another Nile. At his call came the Nubians with their headgear of short arrows, the swift Garamantians, and the Nasamonians, whose fierce enthusiasm not even the grim predictions of Ammon could hold back. The plain of Numidia was overrun, their dust blanketing the Gaetulian Syrtes; the sky over Carthage darkened with their arrows. Some rode on horseback, guiding their mounts with sticks, while others wore tawny lion skins and pelts from the unknown animals that roam the vast deserts of Meroë. Severed heads of serpents with open jaws served as their helmets, and the bright scaly skins of vipers were made into quivers. The Simois did not tremble as violently when dark Memnon led his shadowy troops over Mount Ida. The Ganges was not so fearful when Porus approached, riding his towering elephant and surrounded by his far-shooting Indian soldiers.

[191] Marcomeres and Sunno, brother chiefs of the Ripuarian Franks, had (?in connexion with Maximus’ revolt) invaded Roman territory near Cologne in 388 and been defeated by Arbogast. Stilicho’s successful campaign against them, of which we read here, is to be dated 395 (?March).

[191] Marcomeres and Sunno, brother leaders of the Ripuarian Franks, had (?in relation to Maximus’ revolt) invaded Roman land near Cologne in 388 and were defeated by Arbogast. Stilicho’s successful campaign against them, which we read about here, should be dated to 395 (?March).

[384]

Porus Alexandro, Memnon prostratus Achilli,

Gildo nempe tibi.

Nec solum fervidus Austrum,

sed partes etiam Mavors agitabat Eoas. 270

quamvis obstreperet pietas, his ille regendae

transtulerat nomen Libyae scelerique profano

fallax legitimam regni praetenderat umbram.

surgebat geminum varia formidine bellum,

hoc armis, hoc triste dolis. hoc Africa saevis 275

cinxerat auxiliis, hoc coniuratus alebat

insidiis Oriens. illinc edicta meabant

corruptura duces; hinc frugibus atra negatis

urgebat trepidamque fames obsederat urbem.

exitiale palam Libycum; civile pudoris 280

obtentu tacitum.

Tales utrimque procellae

cum fremerent lacerumque alternis ictibus anceps

imperium pulsaret hiems, nil fessa remisit

officii virtus contraque minantia fata

pervigil eventusque sibi latura secundos 285

maior in adversis micuit: velut arbiter alni,

nubilus Aegaeo quam turbine vexat Orion,

exiguo clavi flexu declinat aquarum

verbera, nunc recta, nunc obliquante carina

callidus, et pelagi caelique obnititur irae. 290

Quid primum, Stilicho, mirer? quod cautus ad omnes

restiteris fraudes, ut te nec noxia furto

littera nec pretio manus inflammata lateret?

quod nihil in tanto circum terrore locutus

indignum Latio? responsa quod ardua semper 295

Eois dederis, quae mox effecta probasti—

[385]

Yet Porus was defeated by Alexander, Memnon by Achilles, and Gildo by thee.

Yet Porus was defeated by Alexander, Memnon by Achilles, and Gildo by you.

It was not, however, only the South that fierce Mars aroused but also the East. Though loyalty cried out against it Gildo had transferred the nominal rule of Libya to the Eastern empire, cloaking his base treason under the name of legitimate government.[192] Thus with diverse terror a twofold war arose; here were arms, there were wiles. Africa supported the one with her savage tribes, the other the conspiring East nurtured with treachery. From Byzantium came edicts to subvert the loyalty of governors; from Africa that refused her crops black famine pressed and had beleaguered trembling Rome. Libya openly meditated our destruction; over the civic strife shame had laid her veil of silence.

It wasn’t just the South that furious Mars stirred up, but also the East. Even though loyalty protested, Gildo had handed over the nominal control of Libya to the Eastern empire, disguising his treacherous act as proper governance.[192] Thus, a dual war emerged, each side using different forms of terror; on one side there were weapons, on the other, deceit. Africa supported the first with its savage tribes, while the scheming East backed the second with betrayal. From Byzantium came orders to undermine the loyalty of governors; meanwhile, from Africa, a refusal to supply crops brought on a devastating famine that besieged a fearful Rome. Libya was openly plotting our downfall; over the civic conflict, shame had thrown a cloak of silence.

Though such storms raged on either hand, though the twofold tempest buffeted the torn empire on this side and on that, no whit did our consul’s courage yield to weariness, but ever watchful against threatening doom and soon to win prosperous issue, shone greater amid dangers: as the ship’s pilot, tossed in mid Aegean by the storms of rainy Orion, eludes the waves’ buffeting by the least turn of the tiller, skilfully guiding his vessel now on straight, now on slanting course, and struggles successfully against the conjoint fury of sea and sky.

Though storms raged on both sides, and the double tempest battered the torn empire here and there, our consul's courage didn't weaken under the pressure. Always alert to looming danger and soon to triumph, he stood out even more amidst the threats. Like a ship's captain, tossed in the Aegean by the storms of rainy Orion, who skillfully avoids the waves’ onslaught with a slight turn of the tiller, guiding his vessel on a straight or slanting path, he fought against the combined fury of sea and sky with success.

At what, Stilicho, shall I first marvel? At the providence that resisted all intrigues, whereby no treacherous missive, no bribe-fraught hand escaped thy notice? Or because that amid the general terror thou spakest no word unworthy of Latium? Or because thou didst ever give haughty answer to the East and later made that answer

At what should I first be amazed, Stilicho? At the way fate thwarted all conspiracies, so that no deceitful letter or bribed messenger got past your vigilance? Or because, in the midst of widespread panic, you never uttered a word unworthy of Latium? Or because you always responded defiantly to the East and later backed up that response?

[192] Africa belonged to the West. Gildo, in the words of Zosimus (v. 11. 2), ἀφίστησι τήν χῶραν τῆς Ὁνωρίου βασιλείας καὶ τῇ Ἀρκαδίου προστίθησιν.

[192] Africa was claimed by the West. Gildo, in the words of Zosimus (v. 11. 2), separated the region from the Honorian kingdom and added it to the Arcadian.

[386]

securus, quamvis et opes et rura tenerent

insignesque domos? levis haec iactura; nec umquam

publica privatae cesserunt commoda causae.

dividis ingentes curas teque omnibus unum 300

obicis, inveniens animo quae mente gerenda,

efficiens patranda manu, dictare paratus

quae scriptis peragenda forent. quae brachia centum,

quis Briareus aliis numero crescente lacertis

tot simul obiectis posset confligere rebus: 305

evitare dolos; veteres firmare cohortes,

explorare novas; duplices disponere classes,

quae fruges aut bella ferant; aulaeque tumultum

et Romae lenire famem? quot nube soporis

inmunes oculi per tot discurrere partes, 310

tot loca sufficerent et tam longinqua tueri?

Argum fama canit centeno lumine cinctum

corporis excubiis unam servasse iuvencam!

Unde tot adlatae segetes? quae silva carinas

texuit? unde rudis tanto tirone iuventus 315

emicuit senioque iterum vernante resumpsit

Gallia bis fractas Alpino vulnere vires?

non ego dilectu, Tyrii sed vomere Cadmi

tam subitas acies concepto dente draconis

exiluisse reor: Dircaeis qualis in arvis 320

messis cum proprio mox bellatura colono

cognatos strinxit gladios, cum semine iacto

terrigenae galea matrem nascente ferirent

[387]

good? They held thy goods, thy lands, thy houses, yet wast thou unmoved. This thou didst account a trifling loss nor ever preferred private to public interest. Thy mighty task thou dost parcel out, yet dost thou face it all alone, debating the problems that must needs be thought out, acting where deeds are called for, ever ready to dictate where aught is to be accomplished by writing. What hundred-handed monster, what Briareus, whose arms ever grew more numerous as they were lopped off, could cope with all these things at once? To avoid the snares of treachery, to strengthen existing regiments and enroll new ones, to equip two fleets, one of corn-ships, one of men-of-war, to quell the tumult of the court and alleviate the hunger of the Roman populace—what eyes, never visited by the veil of sleep, have had the strength to turn their gaze in so many directions and over so many lands or to pierce so far? Fame tells how Argus girt with a hundred eyes could guard but one heifer with his body’s watch.

Good? They took your possessions, your lands, your homes, yet you remained unfazed. You considered it a minor loss and never prioritized personal over public interest. You break down your immense task, yet you face it all alone, tackling the problems that need to be solved, taking action when it's necessary, always ready to write whenever something needs to be accomplished. What kind of hundred-armed monster, what Briareus, whose arms grew more numerous as they were cut off, could handle all these things at the same time? To avoid traps of treachery, to strengthen existing troops and recruit new ones, to equip two fleets, one for transporting grain and another for warships, to calm the chaos of the court and ease the hunger of the Roman people—what eyes, never closed by sleep, have had the strength to look in so many directions and over so many lands or to see so far? Fame tells how Argus, with his hundred eyes, could guard only one heifer with his watchful body.

Whence comes this mass of corn? What forest fashioned all those vessels? Whence has sprung this untutored army with all its young recruits? Whence has Gaul, its age once more at the spring, won back the strength that Alpine blows twice shattered [193]? Methinks ’tis no levy but the ploughshare of the Phoenician Cadmus that has raised up thus suddenly a host sprung from the sowing of the dragon’s teeth; ’tis like the crop that in the fields of Thebes drew the sword of kin in threatened battle with its own sower when, the seed once sown, the earth-born giants clave the earth, their mother’s womb, with their springing helms and a harvest of

Whence comes this mass of corn? What forest made all those vessels? Where did this untrained army with all its young recruits come from? How has Gaul, once again in its prime, regained the strength that Alpine blows shattered twice? I believe it’s not a draft, but rather the plow of the Phoenician Cadmus that has suddenly raised up a host that sprung from the sowing of the dragon’s teeth; it’s like the crop that in the fields of Thebes drew the sword of kin in a threatened battle with its own sower when, once the seed was sown, the earth-born giants broke forth from the earth, their mother’s womb, with their springing helmets and a harvest of

[193] In the wars against, respectively, Eugenius and the Goths.

[193] In the wars against Eugenius and the Goths.

[388]

armifer et viridi floreret milite sulcus.

hoc quoque non parva fas est cum laude relinqui, 325

quod non ante fretis exercitus adstitit ultor,

ordine quam prisco censeret bella senatus.

neglectum Stilicho per tot iam saecula morem

rettulit, ut ducibus mandarent proelia patres

decretoque togae felix legionibus iret 330

tessera. Romuleas leges rediisse fatemur,

cum procerum iussis famulantia cernimus arma.

Tyrrhenum poteras cunctis transmittere signis

et ratibus Syrtes, Libyam complere maniplis;

consilio stetit ira minor, ne territus ille 335

te duce suspecto Martis graviore paratu

aut in harenosos aestus zonamque rubentem

tenderet aut solis fugiens transiret in ortus

missurusve sibi certae solacia mortis

oppida dirueret flammis. res mira relatu: 340

ne timeare times et, quem vindicta manebat,

desperare vetas. quantum fiducia nobis

profuit! hostilis salvae Carthaginis arces;

inlaesis Tyrii gaudent cultoribus agri,

quos potuit vastare fuga. spe captus inani 345

nec se subripuit poenae nostrisque pepercit:

demens, qui numero tantum, non robore mensus

Romanos rapidis ibat ceu protinus omnes

calcaturus equis et, quod iactare solebat,

solibus effetos mersurus pulvere Gallos. 350

[389]

young soldiery burgeoned along the armèd furrows. This too must not be passed over without full meed of praise, that the avenging expedition did not embark until the senate had, in accordance with antique usage, declared war. Stilicho re-established this custom, neglected for so many ages, that the Fathers should give generals charge to fight, and by decree of the toga-clad Senate the battle-token pass auspiciously among the legions. We acknowledge that the laws of Romulus have now returned when we see arms obedient to our ministers.

young soldiers flourished along the prepared battlegrounds. We must also give full credit to the fact that the avenging mission didn’t start until the senate had, following old tradition, officially declared war. Stilicho restored this practice, long forgotten, that the Fathers should assign generals the responsibility to fight, and by decree of the toga-wearing Senate, the battle standard was passed favorably among the legions. We recognize that the laws of Romulus have returned when we see the troops obeying our leaders.

Thou couldst have filled the Tyrrhene sea with all thy standards, the Syrtes with thy fleet and Libya with thy battalions, but wrath was stayed o’ercome by prudent fear lest Gildo, terrified at the thought that thou wast in arms against him and suspecting that thy forces were of overwhelming strength, might retire into the hot desert and the torrid zone, or travel east in flight or, to console him for the certainty of death, might destroy his cities with fire. Marvellous it is to tell: thou wast fearful of being feared and forbade him to despair whom thy vengeance awaited. How greatly was his confidence our gain! Safe are the towers of hostile Carthage, and the Phoenician fields rejoice in their unharmed husbandmen, fields he might have laid waste in his flight. Deluded by a vain hope he spared what was ours without escaping chastisement for himself. Madman, to measure Rome by the numbers instead of the valour of her soldiers! He advanced as though he would ride them all down by means of his fleet cavalry and, as he often boasted, would overwhelm in the dust the Gauls enervated by the sun’s heat. But he soon learned that neither wounds

You could have filled the Tyrrhenian Sea with all your banners, the Syrtes with your fleet, and Libya with your troops, but your anger was held back by cautious fear. You worried that Gildo, terrified at the thought of you opposing him and suspecting your forces were overwhelmingly strong, might retreat into the scorching desert or flee east, or, to comfort himself for the certainty of death, destroy his cities with fire. It’s amazing to say: you were afraid of being feared and told him not to lose hope when your revenge was waiting for him. How much we gained from his misplaced confidence! The towers of hostile Carthage are safe, and the Phoenician fields are thriving with their unharmed farmers, fields he could have ravaged in his retreat. Misled by empty hope, he spared what was ours without escaping punishment for himself. What a fool, to measure Rome by numbers instead of the courage of her soldiers! He charged as if he could trample them all underfoot with his cavalry and, as he often bragged, would bury the sun-baked Gauls in dust. But he soon found out that neither wounds

[390]

Sed didicit non Aethiopum geminata venenis

vulnera, non fusum crebris hastilibus imbrem,

non equitum nimbos Latiis obsistere pilis.

sternitur ignavus Nasamon, nec spicula supplex

iam torquet Garamas; repetunt deserta fugaces 355

Autololes; pavidus proiecit missile Mazax.

cornipedem Maurus nequiquam hortatur anhelum;

praedonem lembo profugum ventisque repulsum

suscepit merito fatalis Tabraca portu

expertum quod nulla tuis elementa paterent 360

hostibus, et laetae passurum iurgia plebis

fracturumque reos humili sub iudice vultus.

Nil tribuat Fortuna sibi. sit prospera semper

illa quidem; sed non uni certamina pugnae

credidimus totis nec constitit alea castris 365

nutatura semel; si quid licuisset iniquis

casibus, instabant aliae post terga biremes;

venturus dux maior erat.

Victoria nulla

clarior aut hominum votis optatior umquam

contigit. an quisquam Tigranen armaque Ponti 370

vel Pyrrhum Antiochique fugam vel vincla Iugurthae

conferat aut Persen debellatumque Philippum?

hi propagandi ruerant pro limite regni;

hic stabat Romana salus. ibi tempora tuto

traxerunt dilata moras; hic vincere tarde 375

vinci paene fuit. discrimine Roma supremo

inter supplicium populi deforme pependit;

et tantum Libyam fructu maiore recepit

quam peperit, quantum graviorem amissa dolorem

quam necdum quaesita movent. quis Punica gesta,

[391]

made more deadly by the poisoned arrow of Ethiopia nor thick hail of javelins nor clouds of horsemen can withstand Latin spears. The cowardly Nasamonian troops are scattered, the Garamantian hurls not his spears but begs for mercy, the swift-footed Autololes fly to the desert, the terror-stricken Mazacian flings away his arms, in vain the Moor urges on his flagging steed. The brigand flees in a small boat and driven back by the winds met with his just fate in the harbour of Tabraca, discovering that no element offered refuge, Stilicho, to thine enemies. There he was destined to undergo the insults of the overjoyed populace and to bow his guilty head before a lowly judgement-seat.

made deadlier by the poisoned arrow from Ethiopia, neither the heavy hail of javelins nor the clouds of horsemen can withstand Latin spears. The cowardly Nasamonian troops are scattered, the Garamantian no longer throws his spears but begs for mercy, the fast-footed Autololes flee to the desert, and the terrified Mazacian throws away his weapons, while in vain the Moor spurs his tired horse. The brigand escapes in a small boat and, driven back by the winds, meets his deserved fate in the harbor of Tabraca, realizing that no element offers refuge from Stilicho, to his enemies. There, he was destined to face the jeers of the delighted crowd and to bow his guilty head before a humble judgment seat.

Let not Fortune claim aught for herself. Let her be ever favourable; but we trusted not the issue to a single fight, nor was the hazard set with all our force to be lost at a single throw. Had hard chance at all prevailed, a second fleet pressed on behind, a greater leader was yet to come.

Let not Fortune take anything for herself. Let her always be on our side; but we didn’t rely on the outcome of just one battle, nor did we risk everything on a single chance. If we faced tough luck at all, another fleet was ready to follow, and a greater leader was still to arrive.

Never was a more famous victory nor one that was the object of more heart-felt prayers. Will anyone compare with this the defeat of Tigranes, of the king of Pontus, the flight of Pyrrhus or Antiochus, the capture of Jugurtha, the overthrow of Perses or Philip? Their fall meant but the enlargement of the empire’s bounds; on Gildo’s depended the very existence of Rome. In those cases delay entailed no ill; in this a late-won victory was all but a defeat. On this supreme issue, while leanness racked her people, hung the fate of Rome; and to win back Libya was a greater gain than its first conquest, even as to lose a possession stirs a heavier pain than never to have had it. Who would

Never has there been a more famous victory or one that inspired more heartfelt prayers. Can anyone compare this to the defeat of Tigranes, the king of Pontus, the retreat of Pyrrhus or Antiochus, the capture of Jugurtha, or the fall of Perses or Philip? Their downfalls only meant the expansion of the empire's borders; Gildo's defeat was crucial to the very survival of Rome. In those instances, a delay didn’t bring any harm; in this case, a victory that came too late was nearly a defeat. The fate of Rome hung on this critical issue, while hardships plagued its people; regaining Libya was a greater victory than the initial conquest, just as losing something brings a deeper hurt than never having had it at all. Who would

[392]

quis vos, Scipiadae, quis te iam, Regule, nosset, 380

quis lentum caneret Fabium, si iure perempto

insultaret atrox famula Carthagine Maurus?

haec omnes veterum revocavit adorea lauros;

restituit Stilicho cunctos tibi, Roma, triumphos. 385

[393]

now be telling of the Punic wars, of you, ye Scipios, or of thee, Regulus; who would sing of cautious Fabius, if, destroying right, the fierce Moor were trampling on an enslaved Carthage? This victory, Rome, has revived the laurels of thy heroes of old; Stilicho has restored to thee all thy triumphs.

now I will talk about the Punic wars, about you, Scipios, or about you, Regulus; who would praise cautious Fabius if, while doing the right thing, the fierce Moor were stomping on a defeated Carthage? This victory, Rome, has brought back the glory of your ancient heroes; Stilicho has given you back all your triumphs.

Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh

Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME I

INTRODUCTION

CLAUDIAN

CLAUDII CLAUDIANI CARMINA

PANEGYRICUS DICTUS PROBINO ET OLYBRIO CONSULIBUS

I

PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULS PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS

I

IN RUFINUM LIBER PRIMUS

INCIPIT PRAEFATIO

THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS

PREFACE

LIBER I

BOOK I

IN RUFINUM LIBER SECUNDUS

INCIPIT PRAEFATIO

THE SECOND BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS

PREFACE

LIBER II

BOOK II

DE BELLO GILDONICO

LIBER I

THE WAR AGAINST GILDO[62]

BOOK I

IN EUTROPIUM

LIBER I

AGAINST EUTROPIUS

BOOK I

IN EUTROPIUM

LIBER SECUNDUS. PRAEFATIO

AGAINST EUTROPIUS

BOOK II. PREFACE

IN EUTROPIUM

LIBER II.

AGAINST EUTROPIUS

BOOK II

FESCENNINA DE NUPTIIS HONORII AUGUSTI

FESCENNINE VERSES IN HONOUR OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS[124]

EPITHALAMIUM DE NUPTIIS HONORII AUGUSTI

PRAEFATIO

EPITHALAMIUM OF HONORIUS AND MARIA

PREFACE

EPITHALAMIUM

EPITHALAMIUM

PANEGYRICUS DE TERTIO CONSULATU HONORII AUGUSTI

PRAEFATIO

PANEGYRIC ON THE THIRD CONSULSHIP OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS (CE 396)

PREFACE

PANEGYRICUS

PANEGYRIC

PANEGYRICUS DE QUARTO CONSULATU HONORII AUGUSTI

PANEGYRIC ON THE FOURTH CONSULSHIP OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS (CE 398)

PANEGYRICUS DICTUS MANLIO THEODORO CONSULI

PRAEFATIO

PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULSHIP OF FL. MANLIUS THEODORUS[169] (CE 399)

PREFACE

PANEGYRICUS

PANEGYRIC

DE CONSULATU STILICHONIS

LIBER I.

ON STILICHIO’S CONSULSHIP (CE 400)

BOOK I

THE WAR AGAINST GILDO [62]

FESCENNINE VERSES IN HONOUR OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS [124]

PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULSHIP OF FL. MANLIUS THEODORUS [169] (CE 399)