THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY.

Abraham, Phineas S., 5 Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. Dub.; B.Sc. Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. Dub. and Paris); 1st Senior Modern and Large Gold Medallist in Natural Science and Modern in Experimental Science, T.C. Dub., 1871; Honorary Secretary Dublin Biological Club; Contributor to Proceedings of Zoological Societies, London and Paris, etc.

Held a License for Vivisection in the Physiological Lecture Room of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880.

Hope Bridges Adams (Miss), Student at Bedford College, studied medicine in Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. Graduated L.K.Q.C.P. Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married Dr. Walthers. Established a practice in Frankfurt. Leipzig Pathological Institute.

“Miss Bridges Adams conducted several experiments on the secretion of hemoglobin at the Pathological Institute in Leipzig, using rabbits and dogs that she slowly poisoned with potassium chlorate and other similar substances, which adversely affected their kidneys, bladder, and spleen. The animals vomited, developed deposits in the bladder, and died after varying degrees of suffering. Dr. Lebedoff (from St. Petersburg), who is continuing the research, claims that she did not achieve any definite results and that the experiments do not seem to have been conducted thoroughly.” —Thier u. Menschen Freund, No. 7, 1883.

Albertoni (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute for the Chair of Physiology in Prof. Cerradini's absence, Senior Physician at the Hospital for Chronic Diseases.

Author of “Influenza of the Brain in the Production of Epilepsy; What Happens to the Blood During Transfusion;” and co-author with Dr. Bufalini of “On the Increase of Heartbeats Due to Stimulation of the First Dorsal Roots;” and with Dr. F. Lussana of “On Alcohol, Experimental Research;” 3rd article in “The Experimental,” 1874.

Experiments in blood transfusion, successfully conducted on dogs, were later attempted on three human patients who died, as the transfusion had "accelerated the fatal outcome." —Archiv. Ital., Tome 2, p. 180. Repeated experiments by Chirone and Curci on apes reached conflicting conclusions.

Albini, Commendatore Joe, Palazzo Dini, Via Museo Nazionale, Naples. Eye doctor. Professor of Histology, Anatomy, and Physiology. Director of the Institute of Physiology at the Royal University, Naples. Vice-President of the Academy of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. President of the Neapolitan Branch of the Italian Alpine Club.

Author of “On the Poison of the Spotted Salamander,” Vienna, 1858; “On the Aspirating Action of the Heart,” Naples, 1862; “On the Mechanism of Swallowing,” 1863; “Healing of a Gastric Fistula in a Dog,” 1867; “Guide to the Study of Normal and Experimental Physiology[2],” 1870; “Report of the Physiological Institute of Parma,” Parma, 1860; “Report of the Physiological Institute of Naples,” 1860-64.

Anderson, Richard J., 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. Queen's University Ireland (1st Honors in Experimental Science, Gold Medal and Prize), 1870; B.A. (2nd Honors and Prize in Experimental Science), 1869; M.D. (1st Honors, Gold Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (England, and Licentiate Member) 1872; (Belfast, St. Bartholomew's London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator of Anatomy, Queen's College Belfast; Professor of Zoology, Galway, 1884.

Contributed "Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum," Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878; "The Presence of an Astragalo-scaphoid Bone in Man," Ibid., 1880; "Respiratory Excitation and Depression," Dub. Journ. Med. Science, 1880; and other contributions to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub. Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ.

Had a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Queen’s College, Belfast, from 1879 to 1883. No experiments reported in 1882-83.

Arloing, (Prof.) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, and of practical experiments at the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons.

Dr. Aufrecht, Magdeburg.

“Experiments in the artificial induction of kidney diseases. Previously, the ureter was tied, but now Cantharides has been injected under the skin of rabbits, causing the disease in all its forms.”—Med. Centralblatt, No. 47, 1882.

Aubert, Hermann. Professor, Rostock University.

Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; in collaboration with Gustav Roever from Rostock, of “On the Vasomotor Effects of the Vagus, Laryngeal, and Sympathetic Nerves,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. II, p. 211. This essay outlines experiments conducted on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs.

“Builder of a ‘handy device’ for putting animals into a state of suffocation in air that is thinned out or lacking oxygen.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., 27, p. 566.

Audigé, R. H. T., 26 Bosquet Avenue, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874.

Author of the thesis “Experimental Research on Biliary Tract Spasms,” Paris.

“Alcohols given slowly and continuously were found to cause various disorders. Vomiting of bile and thick mucus, along with moderate to severe diarrhea, were observed. Difficulty breathing, muscle tremors, and even weakness in the hind limbs were also noted. Examination after death showed congestive changes in the digestive tract and liver, but no liver cirrhosis. There was also significant hyperemia in the lungs and plaque buildup in the large vessels, especially the aorta. … When absinthe was administered to the animals, it resulted in significant excitement, muscle contractions, and heightened sensitivity of the skin.” —Lancet, June 30th, 1883.

“… We must not ignore the extreme sensitivity of the mucous membrane that lines the ducts; we've just observed that injecting a mixture of water and a small amount of acetic acid into the biliary ducts causes acute pain in dogs.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1874, p. 27.

[3]

The bile ducts of a paralyzed dog were dissected and then stimulated with electricity to induce spasms.—Ibid.

Axenfeld, Alexander, Camerino, Italy. Professor of Medical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.

Bacchi, M.E. M.D., Turin, Laureate University, Turin; M.D. Paris, 1874; Professor of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Contribution to the Study of the Etiology of Posterior Sclerochoroiditis, Paris, 1874.”

This thesis also details experiments where nerve pain is caused by applying electricity to the orbital nerves of a rabbit—the torture lasting for half an hour to an hour each day from September 14th to October 30th.

Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left side of another rabbit, and then I poured a few drops of a strong acetic acid solution onto it. The pain was so intense that the animal let out heartbreaking screams and writhed in severe agony.”—Collection de Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1874, pp. 59 and 61.

Baginsky, Benno. M.D. Berlin, 1872.

Contrib. “On the Effects of Increased Pressure in the Tympanic Cavity,” Virchow’s Archiv., 1881.

Made experiments on dogs at the Veterinary School in Berlin.

Balbiani (Prof.). Professor of Embryology, Coll. de France.

Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially rabbits and guinea pigs.—Traité de physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495. Mainly known as an Embryologist.

Balfour, Francis Maitland. Born in 1851, died in 1882 (died from a fall on the glaciers of the Courmayeur Alps). He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he graduated later; he studied at the Stazione Zoologica in Naples under Dr. Dohrn. He was a lecturer on Natural Science, Embryology, and Comparative Anatomy at Trinity College, Cambridge. Elected to the Royal Society in 1878; member of the Council of the Royal Society; president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1881; awarded an LL.D. by Glasgow in 1880. The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was specifically created for him. He served for several years as one of the editors of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science. A Balfour Fund has been established to create a memorial at Cambridge.

Balfour, John Hutton, Jr., East Brighton Crescent, Portobello, M.B., Edin. and C.M., 1881.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics, same year.

John Barker, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; M.B. 1846, B.A.; F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); Exam. in Anatomy and Surgery and Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, University of Dublin.

Author of the Cryptogamic section in “Steel’s Handbook of Field Botany,” along with other articles.

Had a License for Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. No experiments reported.

[4]

Barlow, John, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edinburgh, 1879; M.B. and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. England, 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1881; (Anderson University, Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh); Professor of Institute of Medicine, Anderson’s College Glasgow; former Muirhead Demonstrator of Physiology, University of Glasgow; House Surgeon, Glasgow Royal Infirmary.

Contributed “How to Demonstrate Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” Jour. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Effects of Ozonized Air,” Ibid., Vol. XIII.

Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Classroom in 1878-79-80-83. Certificate in 1878 and 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anesthetics, and for Testing Previous Discoveries; in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anesthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of Lectures. No Experiments reported in 1883.

Bartholow, Robert. Cincinnati. M.D.

Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” New York, 1878.

Experiments on the effects of Gelsemium sempervirens.

Battistini, Attilio. M.D. University of Rome.

Beatson, George Thomas, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. B.A. Cantab., 1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1874 (Edin. Univ.); previously Senior President of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh.

Contributed “On the Causes of Expenses in Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition of Bodies Found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumors,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879.

Granted a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory in 1879 and a Certificate exempting the requirement to kill before recovery from Anesthetics.

Beaunis, Henri Étienne. Professor of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Nancy.

Author of “New Elements of Human Physiology,” Paris, 1876; co-author with M. Bouchard of “Elements of Descriptive Anatomy and Embryology,” 1873.

Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to detailing the essential setup of the physiological lab, and especially advises students to learn physiology by vivisecting frogs, as they are easier to obtain than other animals and can be easily secured by pinning them to a piece of cork.

Béclard, Jules, at the Academy, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. Born 1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Medical Faculty, Paris; Permanent Secretary Academy of Medicine, etc.

Author of “Elementary Treatise on Physiology,” Paris, 1880; “Experiments Confirming the Electricity of Blood in Living Animals,” Metz, 1863. Contributed to “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences,” Paris, 1880.

[5]

“When we use appropriate methods to stop skin evaporation in animals and completely prevent the release of water, vapor, and carbon dioxide, serious health issues develop gradually, leading to death. To eliminate the skin's functions, it’s recommended to closely shave the entire skin of a dog, sheep, rabbit, or horse, and then cover the exposed area with a thick drying varnish. Animals treated this way usually die within various periods, but they rarely survive more than twelve hours. After death, the tissues and organs are found filled with dark blood. It’s likely that the buildup of carbon dioxide causes slow suffocation. When the airway is blocked, suffocation occurs quickly.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495.

Béclard, Pierre Augustin. Born in 1785, died in 1825. Worked as an assistant to M. Roux in 1809; served as Prosector at the Medical Faculty in Paris in 1811; became a Professor of Anatomy in 1818; member of the Academy of Medicine in 1820.

Made experiments together with Legallois on the act of vomiting.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.

Author of “Additions to the General Anatomy of X. Bichat,” Paris, 1821; “Elements of General Anatomy,” Paris, 1823; “Elementary Treatise on Physiology,” Seventh Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; Part II., 1884.

Bégin, Louis Jacques. Born in Liège, 1793; died in 1859. Professor of Physiology at the Military Gymnasium in Metz, 1821; earned his M.D. in Strasbourg, 1823; Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery at the Medical Faculty in Strasbourg; President of the Academy of Medicine in Paris, 1847; member of many foreign learned societies.

Author of “Treatise on Pathological Physiology,” 1828, etc.; contributed article “Vomiting,” “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences.”

Behrend, F. Student, Berlin.

Experiments on rabbits by Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect of uva ursi leaves and arbutin.—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. 92, Pt. III.

Sir Charles Bell. Born in 1778, died in 1842. Member of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, Surgeon at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, 1797; Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, Surgeon at Middlesex Hospital, 1812; Senior Professor of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, London, and Member of the College, 1824; Lecturer in Physiology at University College, London, 1826; knighted in 1831; Professor of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh, 1831.

Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, 1793 (by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A System of Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” London, 1824; “The Nervous System of the Human Body,” London, 1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments,” London, 1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical Transactions,” “Institute of Surgery,” etc., etc. The discoverer of the double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the following:—

“After delaying for a long time because the operation was unpleasant, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior roots of the nerves in the lower legs—the creature still crawled—but I was discouraged from repeating the experiment by the[6] extended cruelty of the dissection. I thought that the experiment would be more acceptable if performed on an animal that had just been knocked down and was unconscious—that while I experimented on a living animal, there might be twitching or movement in the muscles caused by touching a sensitive nerve, which would be hard to tell apart from what resulted directly from the motor nerves.”—Nervous System of the Human Body (Longman and Co.), 1830, p. 31.

The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir Charles Bell regarding the usefulness of Vivisection and its ethical considerations:—

“In wrapping up these papers, I hope I can share a few thoughts in support of Anatomy, which is more suited for discovery than experimentation. Anatomy is already viewed with bias by the careless and uninformed—so let’s not have its experts unnecessarily face criticism from those with compassion. Experiments have never led to genuine discoveries—and a look at what’s been attempted lately in physiology will show that opening up living animals has done more to spread misconceptions than to affirm the accurate insights gained from studying anatomy and natural movements. A review from abroad of my earlier papers suggested that the results are further proof in favor of experiments. In reality, they are conclusions drawn from anatomy, and I’ve turned to experiments not to shape my own views, but to convince others. I admit that my best efforts to persuade were in vain when I presented my arguments based solely on anatomy. Personally, I cannot believe that it is Providence's intention for the secrets of nature to be uncovered through cruelty, and I am certain that those who commit acts of prolonged suffering lack the ability to truly understand the laws of Nature.”—Ibid., p. 217.

Similar feelings are conveyed in his “Essay on the Forces that Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25.

Bellesme, Jousset de. School of Physiology, Nantes.

Author of “Comparative Physiology: Experimental Research on the Functions of the Balancer in Insects,” Paris, 1879; “Research on Digestion in Cephalopod Mollusks,” Comptes rendus Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Research on the Physiological Action of Garnet or the Byproduct of Fuchsine Manufacturing,” Comptes rendus, Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187.

Belli, Aristide (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Urbino.

Bennet, Alex. Hughes, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. M.D., Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin., Lond. and Paris); Member of the Pathological Society of London; Former Member and Emeritus Senior President of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh; Physician at the Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St. John’s Wood, and at Westminster Hospital, etc., etc.

Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological Actions of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” 1873; “A Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases of the Nervous System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves and Muscles, with their Motor Points,” etc.

[7]

Bennett, John Hughes, M.D. Professor of the Institutes of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh; passed away in 1875.

President of the Committee that conducted experiments on the effects of mercury, etc., on dog livers. He regularly lectured his class on the advantages of vivisection and urged his students to oppose any efforts to disrupt it. He was the originator and proponent of Rutherford’s experiments on the bile ducts.

Béraud, J.B. Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853. Experiments on reproductive organs.

Bergeron, E.J., 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; Prof. Med. Fac. and Inspector of Mental Health Facilities for the Seine Department, Knight of the Legion of Honour.

Author of “The Physiological Reactions of Poisons,” Paris, 1836; “On the Normal Existence of Copper in the Body,” Paris, 1873; “Strychnine Poisoning,” Paris, 1877, etc.

At 26, M. Bergeron was assigned to carry out a lengthy series of experiments in various poisoning cases.

Dr. W. Berlin, Amsterdam University.

Bernard, Claude. Born in St. Julien, Rhone, France, in 1813; died in 1878. M.D. from Paris, 1843; student and assistant to M. Majendie; Professor of Medicine at the Faculty of Science in Paris; member of the Academy of Science; succeeded Majendie as Professor of Experimental Physiology at the Collège de France in 1855; Professor of General Physiology at the Museum, 1868; member of the Academy of Medicine, 1861; president of the Biological Society, 1867; member of the French Academy, 1869; Commander of the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute of France.

Author of “Lessons in Experimental Physiology,” Paris, 1854-1855, 2 vols.; “Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine,” Paris, 1855; “Lessons on the Effects of Toxic and Medicinal Substances,” Paris, 1857; “Lessons on the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System,” Paris, 1858; “Lessons on the Physiological Properties and Pathological Changes of the Body's Fluids,” Paris, 1859; “Lessons in Experimental Pathology,” Paris, 1871; “Lessons on Anesthetics and Asphyxia,” Paris, 1875; “Lessons on Animal Heat,” Paris, 1876; “Lessons on Diabetes and Animal Glycogenesis,” Paris, 1877; “Lessons on Life Phenomena, etc.,” Paris, 1878; “Experimental Science,” Paris, 1878.

“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary person. He is a knowledgeable individual, deeply focused and consumed by a scientific idea. He doesn’t hear the cries of animals in pain. He’s oblivious to the blood that flows. He sees nothing except his idea and the organisms that hide from him the secrets he is determined to uncover.”—Introd. à l’étude, p. 180.

Baked sixteen dogs and several rabbits in a stove. These animals, Bernard tells us (Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale, p. 347), survived eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four minutes, and so on, depending on the heat of the stove and the position of their heads inside or outside it. “It became impossible,” he says of them, “to count the pantings. Finally, the creature falls into convulsions and dies—letting out a cry.”

[8]

“Our hands are definitely empty right now, but our mouths can be filled with legitimate promises for the future.”—Sur le Diabète, p. 43.

Bernstein, Jules (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. M.D. Berlin; Extraordinary Professor of Medicine, University of Berlin, 1871; Extraordinary Professor of Medicine at Halle, 1873.

Author of works on the Nervous System; “Heart Failure from Sympathetic Stimulation;” “The Five Senses of Humans,” in “International Scientific Library,” Vol. XII., 1875; “Investigations on the Excitation Process in the Nerve and Muscle System.” Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.

Has conducted a special study on the effects of electric currents on the nerves, and his work titled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem” is well known to physiologists.

Berruti, Giuseppe.

Author of "La Crania tornia nella pratica ostretica," Turin, 1876; with Perosini of "De l'ablation des capsules surrenales," in Gazette Hebdomadaire de Méd., 1856, p. 863 et 924.

Conducted numerous experiments on horses.

Bert, Paul, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; Prof. Physiology at the Faculty of Science in Bordeaux, 1869; won the 20,000 franc Prize from the Academy of Science for his work on “Barometric Pressure” in 1875; President of the Biological Society; Senator and Minister of Public Worship for France, during M. Gambetta's presidency.

Author of “Notes on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology,” 1867; “Barometric Pressure,” 1877; Contributor of Scientific Articles to “The French Republic.”

“He thought it would be interesting to experiment on newborn animals (cats), which, as he points out, can survive asphyxia much longer than adults. (P. 571.) From his setup for keeping animals in compressed oxygen, he shows a dog in full convulsions, so strong he can carry it by one paw, like a piece of wood. (P. 784.) The convulsions, under high oxygen pressure, are, as he says, truly curious and shocking.” (P. 799.)—Pression Barométrique.

“In this experiment, a dog was first made helpless and unable to move, even unable to breathe, a function carried out by a machine blowing air through a hole in its windpipe.” All this time, however, “its intelligence, its sensitivity, and its will remained intact,” “a state accompanied by the most horrendous suffering that human imagination can conceive.” (Vide Claude Bernard in Revue des Deux Mondes, 1st September, 1864, pp. 173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this state, the side of the face, the neck, the foreleg, the interior of the belly, and the hip were dissected to expose the sciatic, splanchnic, median, pneumogastric and sympathetic, and infra-orbital nerves. These were stimulated with electricity for ten consecutive hours, during which time the animal must have endured unimaginable torment, without even a cry for relief. The researchers then went home, leaving the tortured victim alone with the machine until death came in the silence of the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. 4,111.)—Archives de Physiologie, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.

[9]

Betz, Father Hugo. M.D.; Surgeon practicing in Schönan, Silesia, 1877.

Contrib. “Anatomical Evidence of Two Brain Centers,” Central Journal for Medical Science, 1874.

Made experiments on the brains of dogs.

Bezold, Albert von. Born in 1836 in Ansbach, died in 1868 in Wurzburg. After studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went to Berlin to study physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there, he became friends with Isidor Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In addition to studying physiology, Bezold attended Virchow’s lectures on pathological anatomy and worked in Hoppe-Seyler's lab, who was then a Professor of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen. He became an assistant to Du Bois Reymond but was soon called to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the vagus nerve produced results that challenged the theories of Schiff and Moleschott. He became a Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg in 1865, where he expanded the lab to be one of the most complete in Germany. While at Jena, he had already enlarged the lab there and traveled to Edinburgh to oversee the setup of Dr. Bennett’s lab.

Author of "Investigations on the Innervation of the Heart," Leipzig, 1863; "Investigations on the Electrical Stimulation of Nerves and Muscles," Leipzig, 1861.

Bianchi, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist. Prof. of Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.

Bichat, Marie François Xavier. Born in 1771; died in 1802. He studied in Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became a student of Desault, whose works he edited after his death in 1795. He gave up surgery to fully focus on physiology. He was a physician at the Hôtel Dieu in 1799, where he experimented with different drugs.

Author of “Treatise on Membranes in General and Various Membranes in Particular,” Paris, 1800; “Physiological Research on Life and Death,” Paris, 1803; “General Anatomy Applied to Physiology and Medicine,” Paris, 1801; “Descriptive Anatomy,” Paris, 1802-1803, 5 volumes, end of the 2nd and 3rd volumes by Buisson, 5th volume by Roux.

“Experimental Physiology starts with Bichat.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.

“Bichat conducted an experiment on live animals that all physiologists have repeated since. A tube with a valve is inserted and secured in the trachea of a dog, and then an artery is opened in the animal. Initially, breathing is allowed to occur naturally; then the valve is closed, stopping respiration and preventing air from entering the lungs. The blood that flows from the artery is initially bright red; it then resembles venous blood. When the valve is opened again, the blood regains its bright color.” —Ibid., p. 336.

Dr. Alfred Von Bidder, Berlin.

Author of "On Functional Various and Spatially Separated Nervous Centers in the Frog Heart," Müller’s Archives, 1844; Co-author with M. Schmidt "The Digestive Juices and Metabolism,"[10] 1852; Contributor to Berliner Clinical Weekly, 1883; Archives for Anatomy and Physiology, 1867.

Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.

Billroth, Theodor. B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, universities of Greifswald, Göttingen, Berlin, and Vienna. Clinical Assistant at the University of Berlin, 1830; Professor of Surgery, Zurich, 1860; Professor of Surgery, Vienna, 1867.

Author of "Observational Studies on Wound Fever and Accidental Wound Diseases," Berlin, 1862; "General Surgical Pathology and Therapy," Berlin, 1863; "Handbook of General and Special Surgery, etc.," Berlin, 1865; "On Teaching and Learning Medical Sciences at the Universities of the German Nation, along with General Remarks on Universities," Vienna, 1876; "Investigations on the Development of Blood Vessels, along with Observations from the Clinical Surgical University Clinic in Berlin," Berlin, 1876, etc.

Binz, Carl. Born in 1832 in Berncastel on the Moselle; studied Medicine at the Universities of Würzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; earned his M.D. in 1855 (Bonn); became a Private Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology at Bonn in 1862; established the Institute of Pharmacology at the University of Bonn in 1868; became a full Professor in 1873. Served as Staff Surgeon during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.

Author of “Observations on Internal Medicine,” Bonn, 1864; “Medicinal Remedies,” “Experimental Studies on the Nature of Quinine’s Effect,” Berlin, 1868; “On Dreams,” Bonn, 1878, etc.

Experiments with sodium nitrite on frogs, rabbits, and dogs.—Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.

“Binz induced fever in dogs artificially by injecting a mixture of hay or decaying animal matter into their veins, and then tested the effects of quinine by injecting it either simultaneously or shortly thereafter.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.

Biondi, Adolfo, New Road, Monteoliveto 6. Professor of Pathological Medicine, Royal University, Naples.

“I can’t imagine that any sane person would try to take out a human lung with a tumor in it. It wouldn’t just be about removing parts of four ribs to get a tumor that’s big enough for an accurate diagnosis; and from the literature available right now, I can’t see that any other types of tumors occur in the lung, except for those caused by hydatid disease or cancer. If the tumor were hydatid, removing the lung wouldn’t be necessary. If the tumor turned out to be an aneurysm, the outcome would be terrible… The ease with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs and parts of lungs from dogs, guinea pigs, cats, chickens, pigeons, and sheep, without causing any deaths, is likely more misleading than helpful. It goes without saying that taking out a healthy lung, collapsed by air entering the pleura, would be a lot easier and very different from removing a diseased and attached organ. There’s a huge difference, just like normal ovariotomy compared to removing a pyosalpinx. It’s clear that these animals, with their deep and narrow chests, are very different from us with our wide and shallow cavities when it comes to handling acute pneumothorax; they would definitely handle pneumonotomy much better than we would. Their chests are built to withstand the demands of speed, while we’ve lost those physical traits; and I would argue that if sixty-three healthy adults suddenly experienced acute pneumothorax, the majority would die immediately in that situation.” —Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. Med. Journ., June 20, 1884.

Birch, J. de Burgh, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.); F.R.S.E.; former Demonstrator of Physiology at the University of Edinburgh.

Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellae, Lacunae, and Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on Bone,” Journ. Physiol. Vol. II.; also contributed to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. and Centralb. d. Med. Wiss.

Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Edinburgh, Lecture Room and Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and in 1879. Certificate in 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments returned.

Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W. M.D. (Deceased.) Former Prof. of Anatomy and Physiology, Munich.

Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia et physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam doctrinam de respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae L. Gmelin,” Heidelberg, 1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Hundeeiess,” Brunswick, 1845; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das Hirngewicht des Menschen,” Bonn, 1880; and co-author with Carl Voit of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue Untersuchungen festgestellt,” Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das Studium und die Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich, 1872; Contributions to Encyclopédie Anatomique.

Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, focusing on the accessory and vagus nerves, which he severed between the skull and the first vertebra. This caused a change in the sound of their voices. "He was most successful with a goat, where he managed to cut both accessory nerves, resulting in it no longer having a voice at all."

Bizzozero, Giulio. Born in Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. from Pavia, 1866; Professor of Histology at Pavia; Professor of General Pathology since 1872; Professor of General Pathology at the Royal University of Turin; Free Professor of Microscopy applied to clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza at the experimental laboratory of the University of Pavia. Founded a laboratory in Turin. Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.

Author of “Comparative Studies on Nemasperm and Vibratile Cilia,” 1864; “On the Neoformation of Smooth Connective Tissue and Sernovent Cells,” 1865; “On Some Alterations of the Lymphatics of the Brain and the Pia Mater,” 1868; “On the Medulla of the Bones,” 1868-69; “On the Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Diseases,” 1874;[12] “On Lymphatics and the Structure of Human Serosa,” 1876-78; “Research on the Physiopathology of Blood” (for which the Acad. of Turin has recently awarded him the Riberi Prize of 20,000 frs.); “On a New Morphological Element of Blood and Its Importance in Thrombosis and Coagulation,” in Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of “The Archive of Medical Sciences” (Turin), a journal that reports the results of his experiments.

Experiments on the composition of blood. Animals were cut open, and the omentum or mesentery was pulled out. Some were under chloroform, but "to avoid concerns about the effects of chloroform on the blood," a significant number of experiments were also conducted on animals that were not anesthetized but were restrained on the table.—Archiv. Ital., Tom. II.

Blix, Magnus Gustaf. Born in 1849. M.D., Professor of the Laboratory of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics at the University of Uppsala, 1882.

Author of several papers in the “Transactions of the Medical Society, Upsala,” mainly focusing on muscle contraction, including “Contribution to the Study of Muscle Elasticity,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: Ophthalmometric Studies I.,” 1880; “A Lymph Cardiograph: On the Measurement of Heat Involved in Mechanical Work During Muscle Contractions,” 1881; “Mythical Insights into the Development of Ophthalmometry: a Salf-Recording Perimeter,” 1882.

Block, Carl Otto, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.

Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs and found they didn’t die if a piece of the lung was cut out. So, he wanted to try the same experiment on humans. His first subject was a fourteen-year-old girl, who died a few hours after the surgery (removal of a piece of the lung).

Nicolas Blondlot. Born 1810. M.D. in Paris, 1833; former Professor of Chemistry and Pharmaceutics at the Medical School in Nancy.

Author of “Analytical Treatise on Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essay on the Functions of the Liver and Related Doses,” Paris, 1846; “Research on the Digestion of Fatty Substances,” Paris, Nancy, 1855.

In his “Treatise on Digestion,” Blondlot shares the results of experiments on dogs with openings into their stomachs. He is often recognized as the first person to obtain gastric juice by creating a fistula in the stomachs of lower animals. (His method is detailed in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another researcher who conducted experiments on living subjects, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow presented a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists in Moscow in 1842, where he discussed several successful attempts to create a gastric fistula.

Giuseppe Boccardo. Assistant, Physiology Department, R. University, Naples.

Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore. Professor of Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Physiological Action of Quinine on the Spleen: An Experimental Critique;” “Thesis for the Doctorate, Paris,” 1873.

“All the experiments we describe on this topic were conducted on dogs and a cat. A few that aren’t mentioned[13] were done on rabbits and some on guinea pigs. The results we got amounted to very little. We should mention that our experiments with strychnine and quinine also yielded no precise results.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1873, p. 25.

“… Even within the same species of animals, even when the experimenters work under identical conditions, the results are not always the same.”—Ibid., p. 33.

Prof. R. Böhm in Marburg.

Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarine regarding the shedding of intestinal lining.—Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCII., part 3.

Bohr (Dr.). Professor of Physiology, Copenhagen.

Bornhardt, A. Formerly a student of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. Med., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Experimental Contributions to the Physiology of the Semicircular Canals of the Ear Labyrinth.” — Pflüger’s Archive., Vol. XII, p. 471.

Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after parts of their brains had been removed.—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.

Bouchard, Charles. Professor of General Pathology, Paris.

Contributor to “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences.” Author of “On the Pathogeny of Hemorrhages,” Paris, 1869; “New Research on Pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Elements of Descriptive Anatomy and Embryology,” 1873.

Bousfield, Edward Collins, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, Bristol. L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); Physiol. Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On a previously unmentioned aspect of blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet 1879; “Effects of Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case illustrating the Pathology of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.

Had a license for animal testing at St. Bartholomew's Medical School in 1880 and 1881. No experiments reported.

Bowditch, H.P. Prof. Physiology Lab. Harvard Medical School, Boston, U.S.

Plethysmography experiments on the blood vessels and nerves in the limbs.

Brachet, Jean-Louis. Born in Eivors (France) in 1789, died in Lyons in 1858. Hospital Surgeon, Physician for Prisons, Professor of Physiology at the School of Medicine, Physician at Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Knight of the Legion of Honor, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapy, Member of the Academies of Medicine in Paris, Vienna, Madrid, Turin; Member of the Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, Toulouse, Genoa; Member of Medical Societies in Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, Toulouse, Marseille, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, Besançon, etc., etc.

Author of “Physiological Dissertation on the Cause of Heart Expansion Movements,” Thesis, Paris, 1813; “Experimental Research on the Functions of the Ganglionic Nervous System,” Paris, 1830; “Complete Treatise on Hypochondria,” Lyons, 1844; “Considerations on the Ganglionic Nervous System,” Lyons, 1846; “Basic Physiology of Humans,” Lyons, 1855; “On Hepatic Glycogen,” Lyons, 1856. Conducted extensive research on the uses and functions of the ganglionic system.

[14]

Braidwood, Peter Murray, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and 2, Delamere Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) 1863; F.R.C.S. Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prize Winner 1868; Honorable mention from the Royal Academy of Sciences Havana, and from the Imperial Council of Russia 1872; Fothergillian Medal Winner 1877; F.R.M.S.; External Member (former President) Royal Medical Society Edinburgh; Examined in Medical Jurisprudence at University Edinburgh; Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Medical and Surgical Reports. Author of “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the Domestic Management of Children.” Contributor to “On the Physiological Action of Dajaksch,” Edinburgh Medical Journal 1864; “First and Second Reports on the Life History of Contagion,” British Medical Journal 1875-76-77-78, etc.

Had a License for Vivisection in 1878, along with certificates that exempted from the obligation to kill, and for testing earlier discoveries. No experiments reported.

Brailey, William A., 16, Orchard Street, Portman Square, W. M.A.; M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. 1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fellow at Downing College, Cambridge and former International College Lecturer in Natural Science; 1st Class in Natural Science Tripos 1867; Exhibitor in Biological Preliminary Science Exam. M.B. Lond. 1865; Member of Pathology Society; Member of Committee, Ophthalmology Society; Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at Guy’s and St. George’s Hospital Medical Schools; Curator and Registrar at Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital; Ophthalmic Surgeon at Evelina Hospital; former House Physician at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge. Contributed “On Pathology of Increased Tension,” Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital; Reports 1877 and 1879; “A Theory of Elancoma,” Royal London Ophthalmic Reports 1880, etc.

Had a license for vivisection at Guy's Hospital Museum and lecture room in 1878-79-80. No experiments reported in 1878 and 1880.

Dr. Brewer, Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.

Dr. Brewer published in the Detroit Therapeutic Gazette for September 1882, a report on fifty experiments he conducted on frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs using the liquid extract of Manaca (a Brazilian plant). He either administered it “per oram” (to quote directly) or injected it under the skin. The experiments were clearly conducted with great care and involved many challenging surgical procedures, such as cutting the crural and sciatic nerves, tying off the femoral artery, cutting into the spinal cord, and removing part of the cerebrum. Great effort was made, and no fewer than eight experiments were set up solely to determine whether Manaca affected the nerves directly or through the bloodstream, as most poisons do, including prussic acid.

Brodie, Sir Ben. Born in 1783, died in 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Assistant to Mr. Wilson as Demonstrator of Anatomy; Assistant Surgeon at St. George’s in 1810; Croonian Lecturer to the Royal Society; Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1819; Sergeant Surgeon to William IV in 1832; was made a Baronet in 1834; Member of the Court of Examiners at the College of Surgeons in 1835; President of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1844; President of the Royal Society in 1858.

Author of “Experiments and Observations on the Different Ways Death is Caused by Certain Plant Poisons.” Edin. Review, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.

[15]

As a young hospital surgeon, Brodie spent his free time making observations and conducting experiments. He tied off the bile ducts in cats.—Quar. Jour. Science and the Arts, Jan., 1823, p. 341.

Brondgeest, P. J.

Author of “On the Tension of Voluntary Muscles,” Mueller’s Archive, 1860.

The following is an experiment by J. P. Brondgeest:—“Cut the spinal cord beneath the bulb and expose the sciatic nerves on each back leg. Cut one of these two nerves and hang the creature by the head. If we observe the position of the two legs, we notice a difference that has been shown to be consistent in sixty-two experiments. The foot whose nerve is cut is limp and hanging; the foot whose nerve is intact is slightly bent at all its joints. M. Brondgeest conducted similar experiments on rabbits and birds.… If we detach one end of a freshly prepared muscle from a living animal, ensuring we keep its nerve intact, and attach a certain weight to this muscle’s end, … we will see that it will increase in weight.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.

Brouardel, Paul. M.D., Paris, 1865; Physician, St. Andrew’s Hospital 1873; Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, Medical Faculty, Paris, 1879.

Author of “Critical Study of the Various Medications Used Against Diabetes,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annals of Public Health and Forensic Medicine.”

Browne, James Crichton. M.D.; Medical officer of the West Riding Mental Health Facility.

“Has been studying the topic for ten years; has conducted two series of experiments, one that didn’t involve taking lives, to determine the effects of amyl nitrite, and one related to pycrotoxine, which is the main component of coculus indicus; 46 animals in total were involved, and details are provided; successfully discovered an antidote, chloral, for this poison; hasn’t had the chance to test it on humans yet; the witness has been criticized for this cruelty, even though pycrotoxine is commonly used for poisoned wheat; in each case, the animal dies in convulsions.” —Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 25.

Brown-Séquard, Charles Édouard, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Collège de France, Paris. Born in Mauritius, 1818. M.D. from Paris, 1840; Professor at the Medical Faculty, Paris, 1869; succeeded Claude Bernard as Professor of Experimental Medicine at the Collège de France.

Author of "Dual Character of the Brain," Toner Lectures, Smithsonian Institution; "Diseases of the Nerves," Holmes's System of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Editor of Archives of Scientific and Practical Medicine, New York; "Advice to Students," a lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard University, 1876; Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System, Royal College of Surgeons England, May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Nervous Disorders, 1868, etc., Philadelphia, Cambridge, U.S., etc.

“The exposure of the spinal cord to the atmosphere, instead of causing a loss or reduction in sensitivity, as previously thought, seems to actually lead to a noticeable increase in sensitivity in the areas of the body behind the exposed part of the cord.… Severe injuries[16] to the back columns of the spinal cord always result in a higher degree of hyper-sensitivity than what occurs after the exposure of the nerve centers—this hyper-sensitivity appears in all body parts behind the injured area.… Before the operation in rabbits, strong pinching of the skin causes movement but no screaming; afterwards, even the slightest pinch causes screaming and much more agitation. Sometimes the hyper-sensitivity is so intense that the slightest touch on the skin leads the animal to scream. Regardless of whether the operation is done on the lumbar, thoracic, or cervical area, the results are consistently the same—there is clear hyper-sensitivity in the various body parts that receive their nerves from the portion of the spinal cord located behind the cut. This has been the case in all the animals I’ve operated on, and I've conducted this experiment on animals from more than twenty species. As long as the animals survive after the back column is cut, hyper-sensitivity remains, except when the two surfaces of the cut manage to reconnect; however, hyper-sensitivity is more pronounced during the first week post-operation than it is after a month or several months.” —Brown-Séquard, “Lancet” 1,823 and 1,819.

M. Brown-Séquard has dedicated his time since graduating almost entirely to experimental research on physiological topics, particularly focusing on the spinal column, muscular system, sympathetic nerves and ganglia, and the effects of removing the adrenal glands, etc. He has authored numerous essays and papers detailing his experiments.

Bruns, Paul Victor. Born in Helmstedt, 1812. Studied in Tübingen, 1833; received M.D. in 1837; became Professor of Anatomy at the College in Brunswick, 1839; and Professor of Surgery at Tübingen, 1840.

Author of “Handbook of Practical Surgery,” Tübingen, 1854-60; “Surgical Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “The Section of the Facial Nerves,” Tübingen, 1859; “The Treatment of Poorly Healed Fractures,” Berlin, 1861; “The First Removal of a Polyp in the Larynx,” Tübingen, 1862; “Laryngoscopy,” Tübingen, 1862; “Surgical Therapeutics,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Surgical Procedures,” Tübingen, 1869; “Galvano-Surgery,” Tübingen, 1870.

Brunton, Thomas Lauder, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., Edinburgh, 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honors and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., London, 1876; M. 1870; (University of Edinburgh, Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipzig); Baxter National Science Scholar, University of Edinburgh, 1868; F.R.S.; Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, Botanical Society, and Medical Society, London; Member (formerly Senior President) of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh; Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Assistant Physician at St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Examiner in Materia Medica, University of Edinburgh, and R.C.P., London; former Examiner in Materia Medica, University of London; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “On Digitalis, with Some Observations on Urine” (Prize Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” “Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and Its Relations to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” Ibid.; “The Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of[17] “Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,” Lancet, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.

“The number of animals needed for research experiments varies greatly; he has used around 150 animals of different types, mainly cats, because they’re a suitable size and cheaper than rabbits. Dogs are unavailable; he doesn’t ask how the cats are sourced.”… “Used 90 cats in the first series of studies on cholera, explains the method used, and provides reasons for it. No useful discovery has been made yet; the experiments are ongoing.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, pp. 38-9.

“Action of Inflammation.… For this experiment, we paralyze a frog and place it on a large cork plate with a hole on one side and another piece of cork half an inch high on the opposite side. We secure the frog's body to the elevated piece, open its abdomen with scissors, pull out the intestines, and pin the mesentery with very fine pins over the hole. After an hour and a half, or two hours, white blood cells emerge quickly from the blood vessels and move across the field. We can then inject our drug into the bloodstream or apply it directly to the mesentery.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School from 1878 to 1883. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anesthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, and Donkeys; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anesthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anesthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules, or Donkeys in either year.

Move, Julius (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Universities of Marburg, Würzburg, and Berlin); Professor of Anatomy and Zoology at the University of Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.

Author of “Investigations on the Nervous System,” Frankfurt-on-the-Main, 1841-42; “Handbook of Physiology,” 1875; “General Pathology as an Empirical Science Based on Physiology,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda of Human Special Physiology,” Weimar, 1850; “On the Purposes of Breathing,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium of Human Physiology,” Leipzig, 1864; “On Pain,” Leipzig, 1866.

“From observations on human patients, we’ve learned that pain causes bladder movements. But we can also show this experimentally. Not always, but in many cases, I’ve seen that in curarized animals—where we know that the sensitivity of the nerves lasts much longer than their movement—the pressure of the water increased when I stimulated the trigeminal nerve. This happened when I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucous[18] membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a vagus nerve, a fact that Oehl has also noted (C. r. 1865, II., p. 340). Other sensitive nerves can also cause bladder movements,”—“Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. II., p. 515.

Bufalini, Giovanni. Professor, Siena University.

Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche Sperimentali;” Archives for Medical Sciences, Vol. V., p. 338.

Engaged with Luciani on experiments regarding starvation by depriving dogs of food.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol V., p. 338.

"A very interesting contribution to the understanding of starvation. The authors present a detailed table showing the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and daily observations on a female dog that was fasted for 43 days, with the exception of one ration of water. Toward the end, there were rapid fluctuations in temperature… an intriguing fact that deserves to be confirmed through further experiments, which the authors promise to conduct. A second series of experiments was carried out on fasting dogs, with blood transfusions taking place every three days."—Archives Italiennes, Tom. II., p. 253.

Burkart, Rudolph, M.D., Bonn, 1869.

Author of “The Physiological Diagnosis of Nerve Diseases,” Leipzig, 1875. Contributed to “The Influence of the Vagus Nerve on Breathing Movements,” Pflüger’s Archives., Vol. I., p. 107; “Studies on the Automatic Activity of the Breathing Center, and Its Relationships to the Vagus Nerve and Other Breathing Nerves,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.

The last-mentioned article includes records of experiments on rabbits, like causing cramps through blood loss, experiments with electricity on the right and left vagus nerves, and opening the abdomen to observe the diaphragm’s movement. (In Exp. VII., after 2 hours and 20 minutes of ongoing electrical stimulation, the diaphragm stopped functioning.) There are also records of experiments on frogs.

Cadiat (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Associate Professor of Histology. Hands-on Courses.

Capparelli, A., M.D. Physiology Lab, Turin.

Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs were anesthetized with chloroform; others were paralyzed with curare.—Communicated to the Academy of Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

Cash, John T. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.

Had a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical School from 1880 to 1883. Certificate for Illustrative Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments reported in 1881. Dr. Cash can also conduct experiments at the Physiological Laboratory at King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution on Wandsworth Road.

Cerradini, Giulio. Prof. University of Genoa.

[19]

Chambard (Dr.), 97 Saint-Lazare Street, Paris. Physical Hospital. Mental Disorders.

Jean Martin Charcot, Paris. Born 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Physician at La Salpétrière; Professor at the Medical Faculty, Paris; Member of the Academy of Medicine, Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”

Author of “On Expectation in Medicine,” Paris, 1857; “On Chronic Pneumonia,” Paris, 1860; “Empirical Medicine and Scientific Medicine,” Paris, 1867; “Clinical Lectures on Elderly Diseases and Chronic Illnesses,” Paris, 1868; “Lectures on Nervous System Disorders,” 1873; “Lectures on Liver, Biliary Tract, and Kidney Diseases,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives of Physiology.” Contributed to “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” British Medical Journal.

Charles T. W. Cranstoun, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; formerly Med. Regist. and Demonstrator of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.; previously Demonstrator and Assistant Lecturer in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast. Contributed to “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc.

Had a license for vivisection at St. Thomas's Hospital Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments reported in 1879.

Chauveau, A., 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyon. Head of Anatomy and Physiology at the Veterinary School of Lyon.

Author of “On the Excitability of the Spinal Cord;” “On the Vagus Nerve,” etc.

Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s Journal de Physiologie. The goal was “to determine the responsiveness of the spinal cord and the convulsions and pain caused by that responsiveness.” His studies were mainly conducted on horses and donkeys, which “are especially suited for this due to the large size of their spinal cords,” and he “dedicated 80 subjects to his research.” “The animal is secured on a table; an incision of about thirty to thirty-five centimeters is made on its back; the vertebrae are opened with the aid of a chisel, mallet, and pliers, and the spinal cord is exposed.” No mention of anesthetics. Case 7. A strong mule. “When the cord is pricked near the point where the sensory nerves emerge, the animal shows the most intense pain. … Case 10. A small, very thin donkey, pricked at the emergence point—douleur intense. Case 20. An old white horse lying on the straw, unable to get up, yet still very sensitive. No matter where I scratch the posterior cord, I elicit signs of extreme suffering.”—Journal de Physiologie, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.

Cheyne, Wm. Watson, 6 Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); Syme Surgical Fellow, 1877; Boylston Medical Prize winner and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prize winner, 1881; Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Member of the Pathological Society; Assistant Surgeon, King’s College Hospital; Demonstrator of Surgery, King’s College; Former Surgical Registrar, King’s College Hospital; Demonstrator of Anatomy,[20] University of Edinburgh; House Surgeon, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and King’s College Hospital, London.

Author of “Antiseptic Surgery: Its Principles, Practice, History, and Results,” 1881; Article “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,” International Encyclopedia of Surgery. Contributions to British Medical Journal, and London Medical Record, etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological Laboratory, along with Certificates Exempting from the Requirement to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.

“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. Toussaint, who believes that micrococci are the cause of the disease. Toussaint collects these organisms by inoculating flasks with serum or infusing rabbits with the blood of tuberculous animals; he has even managed to induce tuberculosis by injecting these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and out of these seven animals, six were monitored long enough to observe at least the development of local tuberculosis. In every case, tuberculosis did not develop. (In all the experiments discussed in this report, inoculation was done into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever possible; sterilized syringes were used for this purpose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also prepared and injected into nine rabbits and three guinea pigs. Four rabbits and three guinea pigs were observed for a significant time without any signs of tuberculosis. In total, thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci supplied by Toussaint, and in none of the cases did tuberculosis develop.” —Lancet, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.

Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.—Experiment with pus from the wound of a patient suffering from pyemia. The pus was thick and had a bad smell.

“1. One minim was injected into the left eye of a rabbit. Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] occurred, and the animal was unwell for a while. However, it gradually got better, and by December, it seemed to be fine. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)

“Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.—The bacilli were mixed with boiled distilled water as usual. A small amount of the pure material was injected into the right eyes of three rabbits. Into the left eyes the following materials were injected:—

“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacteria was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 water solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1.

“Result in No. 1.—On November 23rd, 1882, it was discovered that there was well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently nothing in the left. By December 10th, 1882, the left eye was starting to show signs of tubercular iritis; the right eye had turned into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. It lived for 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.”—Practitioner, April, 1883.

[21]

Chirone, Vincenzo. Professor at Palermo.

Engaged with Curci in experiments on the biological effects of pirotoxine and cinchonidine.

Author of "Experimental Contribution to the History of Gloralio, Opuscle," Naples, 1870; "Manual of Materia Medica and Therapy, compiled according to the latest advancements in science," Naples, 1871—At V. Pasquale, in the Royal University; "On the Fever-Reducing Value of Quinine; Experimental and Clinical Studies, Prize Essay, awarded a 1st category medal by the Medical Faculty of Naples, 1872"—By the Author; "Whether Pathological Dilation of the Heart Occurs During Diastole, Letter to Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale)," 1873; "Malaria Infection and the Action of Quinine by Prof. Cantani. Critical Considerations (Lo Sperimentale)," 1873; "Mechanism of Action of Quinine on Circulation and Its Effect on Muscle Fiber in General. Experiments Conducted in the Laboratory of Prof. A. Bernard at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris;" "Part One (Lo Sperimentale), 1874; Part Two (Lo Sperimentale)," 1875; "Mechanism of the Action of Quinine on Circulation. Experimental Research, conducted at the Natural History Museum," Paris, 1875—Masson publishers; "A Few Words on the Natural Connection Between the Functions of the Lungs and Those of the Heart. Letter to Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale)," 1874; "A Few Words on Injection into the Veins of Hydrate Dictoralis. Letter to Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale)," 1875; "Experimental Research on the Biological Action of Cyclamine. Preliminary Communication (La Clinica)," 1876; "Comparative Action of Homologous Alcohols Obtained Through Fermentation. Lecture Given at the Royal University of Naples, compiled and written by Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale)," 1876; "The Dual Muscular Activity and the Action of Quinine. Critique and Experiments, Response to Doctors A. Mosso and L. Pagliani (La Rivista Clinica di Bologna)," 1876; "A Few Words in Response to the Letter from Doctors A. Mosso and L. Pagliani (L'Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino)," 1876; "Experimental Research on the Biological Action of Cyclamine (Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of Naples, June volume)," 1877; "Physiological Action of Quinine on Blood Circulation, Experiments Conducted in the Physiology Laboratory of the University of Brussels" (1876), Dr. Leone Stiénon. "Critical Review (Lo Sperimentale)," 1876; "The Science and Art of Prescription Writing, a Practical Manual for Students, Physicians, and Pharmacists." Naples, 1877, By the Author, L. 10; Collaboration on the "Italian Medical Encyclopedia," Articles on: Betonica, Bezoar, Bile, Broth (monograph), Cainea, Calabar (bean), Calaguala, Aromatic Cane, Chamomile, Campegio, Cedron, Wax, Cerato, Chervil, Chelidonia, Chenopodium, Animal Cochineal, China (monograph), Cloves, Cibozio, Chicory, Circuta (monograph), Medicinal Chocolate, Chloral (monograph).

Chossat, Charles Étienne. Born 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Professor, University of Geneva. Member, Society of Natural History, Geneva.

Author of “Experimental Research on Starvation,” Paris, 1843; “On the Influence of the Nervous System on Animal Heat,” Paris, 1823.

“… During all the procedures, and in a large number of temperature observations, the animal was placed on its back, with its front and back feet secured to ensure that its body remained still. This position, which is extremely[22] convenient for the experimenter, is undoubtedly much less so for the animal being tested.… As Legallois claimed, likely based on his own experiments with rabbits, ‘that by restraining an animal on its back, its temperature can be lowered enough to potentially cause death, if it remains in that position for a long time,’ I thought I should repeat that experiment by extending its duration.”—Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la Chaleur Animale, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.

“After extensive and careful research, M. Chossat concluded that the sympathetic nerve is the main source of heat production in animals. However, if after cutting the brain across in front of the pons varolis, after stopping all nervous activity with a cerebral shock strong enough to cause death, after severing both pneumo-gastric nerves, after various cuts in the spinal cord, after removing the sympathetic nerve above the solar plexus, and after tying off the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals subjected to these procedures drops and they die, despite efforts to maintain artificial breathing when natural respiration becomes impossible, it’s not accurate to say that these animals died from the cold. In the experiments conducted by M. Chossat, the lower temperature was clearly a result, not a cause, of death.” —Gavarret, Art. “Chaleur Animale” Dict. des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.

“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) conducted experiments on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats, and found that the animals die after losing thirty percent of their weight, which is one-third of their original weight.”… “M. Chossat deprived twelve animals of food and water and left them like that until they died. He checked on them every twenty-four hours at noon and midnight.”—Gavarret’s “Animal Heat” p. 394.

Chudzinski (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of Anthropology.

Ciaccio (Prof.), Bologna. Veterinary School.

Giuseppe Ciniselli. Prof. University of Pavia.

John Cleland, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Professor of Anatomy at the University of Glasgow; previously Professor of Anatomy and Physiology and Clinical Lecturer at Queen’s College, Galway.

Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Guide for Dissecting the Human Body,” 1876. Contributed to Philosophical Transactions and various other papers.

Joseph Coats, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipzig, and Würzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (former Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lecturer on Path. and Pathologist at Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869;[23] “Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with a Certificate exempting the requirement to kill. No experiments conducted in 1882.

Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo. Prof. University of Sassari.

Cohnheim, Julius. Born in 1839 in Demmin, Pomerania; died on August 14, 1884. Attended the Pathology Institute at Leipzig University. Earned an M.D. from Berlin (Universities of Berlin, Würzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); served as an assistant to Virchow at the Pathology Institute in Berlin in 1864; became a Professor of Pathological Anatomy at Kiel in 1868; then a Professor of Pathological Anatomy at Breslau in 1872, where he established a new Pathological Institute under his guidance. Accepted the position of Professor of General Pathology and Anatomy at Leipzig in 1876.

Author of many articles in medical journals, “Lectures on General Pathology,” 1871; co-author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg from Zurich of “On the Consequences of Coronary Artery Obliteration for the Heart.”

Conducted experiments with Prof. Roy (whom see) “to clarify several questions regarding the connection between certain kidney diseases and cardiac hypertrophy.”

“If we try to explain the striking phenomena that consistently accompany our experiments, it's impossible not to conclude from the beginning that they result from the closure of the coronary artery. It's true that less frequent heartbeats and even irregularities in the pulse can occur spontaneously, certainly without ligation of the coronary artery. Anyone who has conducted numerous experiments on dogs, where blood pressure was recorded over a long period, knows well that intermittent pulsation and even greater irregularities are not uncommon in anesthetized, restrained, or curarized animals—irregularities that can disappear or reappear, depending on the case. However, the sudden stopping of the diastolic heartbeat can also sometimes be observed in dogs whose coronary arteries haven’t been affected. Yet, this only happens spontaneously (based on our experience) in dogs that have already undergone a long series of experiments, which have led to natural changes in heart function, and whose arterial pressure has been greatly reduced, especially when the thorax has been open for hours, and experiments have been conducted on the larger vessels, the functions of the heart, or pericardial pressure, etc. … Nonetheless, there's no doubt that the manipulations of the heart, which are an integral part of our experiments, should be the cause of this outcome.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naïve remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain that a dog’s heart can endure!”—“Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienverschlussung für das Herz,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.

“The vast majority of our experiments were conducted on dogs under curare with artificial respiration, but several were done under morphine; with rabbits, there is no specific challenge in doing without any narcotics.” —Virchow’s Archiv.

[24]

Colasanti, Joseph. M.D. University of Rome.

Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma, 1881; “Effects of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “On the Physiological Effects of Curare Poison,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.

Conducted experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute in Bonn. “… For these experiments, we used medium-sized dogs with well-developed muscles and minimal fat. The preparation method for the desired experiments was as follows:—The dog was secured to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened with a long cut along the linea alba from the sternum to the pubic symphysis; on either side of the linea alba, the skin and abdominal muscles were cut and separated to create space for accessing the abdominal aorta and the ascending vena cava. Both vessels were carefully dissected out of their protective sheaths, and threads needed to tie the cannula were passed under the artery. While the animal was bleeding out, a cannula meant to supply defibrinated blood was inserted into the aorta.…”—“Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.

Colin, Gabriel Constant. Born in Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Professor at the Veterinary College, Alfort. Member of the Academy of Medicine, Paris.

Author of "Experiences on Pancreatic Secretion in Large Ruminants," 1851; "Treatise on Comparative Physiology of Animals," 1854-56; "Research on a Worm Disease in Sheep, Caused by the Presence of a Linguatula in the Mesenteric Ganglia," 1861. Contributed a number of articles to the "Collection of Veterinary Medicine;" "Annals of Natural Sciences," "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences," etc.

“The following are experiments conducted by Messrs. Boulay and Colin:—Starve a horse, create an open wound in the esophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or three to four grains of strychnine. After about fifteen minutes, the horse will die in typical convulsions.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, p. 155.

André Victor Cornil, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. Born 1837. M.D. Paris, 1865, Professor of Pathological Medicine, Medical Faculty; Physician at the Hospital de Lourcine.

Author of "Manual of Pathological Histology," 1869-72; "Elementary Lessons on Hygiene," 1872; Editor (chief) of "Journal of Medical Knowledge." Co-author with M. Ranvier of "Manual of Pathological Histology."

Augusto Corona (Prof.) Director of Sassari University.

Corrado (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological Pathology at the Hospital of San Spirito.

Couty (Mont.), Rio de Janeiro.

Coyne, Paul M.D., Paris. Previously the Resident Hospital Physician. Professor, Medical Faculty, Lille. Director of the Histology Laboratory at La Charité Hospital, Paris.

[25]

Author of “Research on the Normal Anatomy of the Laryngeal Mucosa and on the Pathological Anatomy of the Laryngeal Complications of Measles,” Paris, 1874. Contributed to Gaz. Med. de Paris.

Cryan, Robert 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1873; L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., Carm. Sch. Dub. and Univ. Glasg.); Physician at St. Vincent’s Hospital; Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Catholic University; M.R.T.A. Member of Medical Society, College of Physicians Ireland, Surgical Society Ireland, and Pathological and Obstetrical Societies Dublin; former Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology at Carm. Sch.

Author of several contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; Dub. Quart. Journ., and Med. Press and Circular.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures.

Cunningham, Daniel John, University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, Edin.; F.R.S., Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy (previously Assistant and Junior Demonstrator of Anatomy), University of Edinburgh; Lecturer on Physiology at the Royal Veterinary College, Edinburgh.

Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contributed several articles to Journ. Anat. and Physiology, etc.

Licensed for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations for Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments conducted in 1878, 1880, and 1882.

Curci (Mr.).

Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.—Archiv. Ital.

Currie, Andrew Stark, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.

Licensed for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological Laboratory, 1878.

Cyon, Elias de, 99 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Professor of Physiology at St. Petersburg University; Member of the Academy of Medicine, St. Petersburg.

Author of “The Doctrine of Dorsal Tabes Critically and Experimentally Explained,” Berlin, 1867; “Principles of Electrotherapy,” Paris, 1867; “Methodology of Physiological Experiments and Vivisection, with Atlas,” Giessen, Leipzig, 1876; “Experimental Researches on the Functions of the Semicircular Canals and Their Role in the Formation of the Concept of Space,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Section of Natural Sciences, Vol. XVIII, Art. 1—(Experiments on pigeons, dogs, rabbits, and lampreys conducted in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.)

Experimented in his private lab in St. Petersburg in 1874; also in Ludwig’s lab in Leipzig; in his own lab, and in Claude Bernard’s lab in Paris. To observe the effects of barometric pressure on the organism, he put animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but improved it so that the animal's arteries were connected to a manometer outside, and an electric current could stimulate the animal's nerves.

… “The impact of dividing the semi-circular canals is devastating. It's impossible to accurately describe the constant movements of the pigeon; it can't stand, lie down, fly, or do any coordinated movements at all, nor can it hold any position for even a moment. To keep alive pigeons that have undergone this operation, I wrap them in a napkin to prevent even the slightest head movements. While secured in this way, I place them in a specially designed hammock for pigeons with severed semi-circular canals. Despite these precautions, I often find the pigeons dead in a corner of the lab. The muscular contractions were so intense that, even when wrapped in a napkin, the pigeons managed to throw themselves out of the hammock and roll onto the ground until fatal brain injuries ended their suffering.”—“Functions des canaux,” etc.; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. XVIII., pp. 45-46.

“The doctor who expresses disgust at the torture of animals in physiological experiments should remember how often he has suggested very unpleasant and sometimes unsafe treatments for a patient to gain some understanding of how they might work. Many surgical operations are performed, less for the benefit of the patient than for the advancement of science; and the usefulness of the knowledge obtained this way is often far less significant than that gained from vivisection of an animal.” —Methodik, p. 8.

“The true vivisector must approach a challenging vivisection with the same joyful excitement and delight that a surgeon feels when performing a difficult operation, expecting extraordinary outcomes. Someone who is hesitant about cutting into a living animal, who sees vivisection as an unpleasant necessity, might manage to perform one or two vivisections but will never become an expert in it. If a person cannot follow a fine nerve-thread, barely visible to the naked eye, into the depths, sometimes tracing it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours; if they feel no joy when they can finally isolate that nerve and subject it to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch at their fingertips, they ligate and divide an invisible vessel—such a person lacks what is most necessary for a successful vivisector. The pleasure of overcoming previously insurmountable difficulties is always one of the highest delights for the vivisector. The sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full of blood and mangled tissue, they pull forth a delicate nerve branch and restore a function that was already extinguished—this sensation is much like that which inspires a sculptor when they bring beautiful living forms forth from a shapeless mass of marble.”—Methodik, 1876, p. 15.

“The description provided by Cyon of the method of operation (Methodik, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is securely attached to the standard vivisection table using Czermak’s holder. Then[27] the rabbit’s head is held with the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This serves as a point d’appui for inserting the knife.… To access the hollow of the temple, the instrument must be directed forward and upward, avoiding the hard part of the temporal bone and leading the knife straight into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. While firmly holding the animal's head, the blade of the knife is aimed backward and downward, and pressed firmly in this direction against the base of the skull. The nerve is usually cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is marked by a loud cry of pain (einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei) from the animal.’”

“When I published my paper on physiological methods and the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues from the English Universities urged me not to share my work in any English newspapers, as they were afraid that public opinion might be even more stirred up.” —Letter to the Gaulois, December, 1881.

Johann Nepomuk Czermak. Born in Prague, Bohemia, 1828; Medical and Surgical Doctor; previously a Professor at the Universities of Cracow and Pesth; became a Professor at the University of Prague in 1860; Professor of Physiology at the University of Jena in 1865; Professor at the University of Leipzig in 1870; established Physiological Laboratories at each of these universities; inventor of the laryngoscope and several instruments for securing animals during vivisection.

Author of “Description of Some Devices for Physiological Purposes,” Vienna, 1865; “Evidence of the Phenomenon of So-Called Pulse Delay in Frogs and How to Observe It,” Vienna, 1865; “Popular Physiological Lectures Held in the Academic Rose Hall in Jena,” 1867-1869; “Physiology as an Element of General Education,” Leipzig, 1870; “On Schopenhauer's Theory of Color,” Vienna, 1870; “The Electrical Double Lever,” Leipzig, 1871; “On the Heart and the Influence of the Nervous System on It,” Leipzig, 1871; “Evidence of Genuine Hypnotic Phenomena in Animals,” Vienna, 1873; “On the Ear and Hearing;” “On the Physiological Private Laboratory at the University of Leipzig,” Leipzig, 1873.

Dareste, Camille, 37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1847; Professor of Natural History, Lyceum of Versailles; Professor of Zoology, Faculty of Science Lille, 1864; Director of Laboratory of Teratology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités ou Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. Dareste has conducted a detailed study of Animal Monstrosities, and his articles on this topic have been published in various journals, including the “Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences.”

Dastre (Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Professor of Natural History at Lycée Louis le Grand; Substitute Professor of Physiology at the Faculty of Sciences; Professor of Physiology at La Sorbonne, Paris.

Has translated from the English "Nerve Injuries and Their Consequences," by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited "Animal Heat," by Claude Bernard.

Davidson, Alex. Dyce, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. Aberd., 1863; M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest honors), 1866; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lecturer on [28] Ophthalmic Surgery and Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Ophthalmic Surgery Royal Infirmary Aberdeen; Surgeon Aberdeen Ophthalmic Institute Blind Asylum, and Female Orphan Institute; Professor of Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Physician Hospital for Incurables. Contributed several papers, etc., to Annales d’Oculietique and other journals.

Granted a license for vivisection without location restrictions in 1878, and also in 1881-82-83. Certificate for experiments without anesthesia in 1878; certificates for lecture illustrations in 1881-82-83.

James Davison, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).

Issued a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Room, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, and 45 Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, 1881, and at the Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, 1883.

Deahna, Dr. A. Prof. of Physiology at Freiburg, in Bresgau; Physician on the staff of the Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.

Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Contributions to the Theory of Reflex Excitation of Vascular Muscles,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XII., p. 157.

Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all given curare, and various nerves were cut and stimulated with electricity.

De Paoli, Giovanni. Prof. at Genoa University.

Descoust (Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Professor of Practical Medicine. Medical Jurisprudence Faculty.

Desfossez (Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Eye Doctor.

Desgranges (Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyon. Professor of Surgery, Medical Faculty.

Carl Dittmar. M.D. 1867, worked in Hildesheim; Member of the Academy of Sciences of Saxony.

Author of “On the Location of the So-Called Vascular Nerve Centers in the Medulla Oblongata;” “A New Evidence for the Irritability of the Centripetal Fibers of the Spinal Cord” (Reports of the Saxon Society of Sciences, 1870).

Donders, Frans Cornelius. B. 1818. Studied at the Military Medical School of Utrecht. Served as a Military Surgeon at the Hospital of The Hague. Became a Professor of Physiology, Histology, and Ophthalmology at the University of Utrecht in 1847. In 1863, he received funding from the government to build a modern Physiological Laboratory, which opened in 1867. Elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medicine in Paris in 1873, and of the Institute of France in 1879.

Author of "The Study of Eye Movements," 1847; "Research Conducted in the Physiological Laboratory," etc., Utrecht, 1849, 1857, 1867, etc.; and several articles in Graefe's "Archives of Ophthalmology."

“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right side of the neck, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a piece of glass into the sore, which was then stitched up. After six days, a tumor developed in the left ear. By the twelfth day, the wound in the right ear was opened by tearing its edges. Meanwhile, the swelling in the other ear had significantly increased, and a large pus-filled abscess formed inside it. Here are[29] some more interesting results. Cut the right nerve in the neck of a rabbit, and when the blood vessels in the eye enlarge, pour concentrated acetic acid on both eyes. The vision is immediately and severely affected; the epithelium becomes cauterized and soon detaches, … and after four weeks, the pupil of the eye can no longer be seen.” —Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.

George Francis Dowdeswell, Physiology Lab, New Museum, Oxford. M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., etc.

Contrib. “On the structural changes that occur in the liver under the influence of Vanadium Salts,” “Journal of Physiology,” Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.

Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution and University College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; also at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, along with other locations in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments without Anesthetics in 1878 and 1879; Certificate waiving the obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates for Experiments without anesthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, and Donkeys in 1881-83, as well as Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Donkeys in 1882. No Experiments reported in 1878, 1879, and 1880. No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Donkeys.

Emil Du Bois-Reymond. Born in Berlin, 1818. Studied Geology at Bonn; Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; Ph.D. 1843 (Bonn and Berlin); Professor of Physiology at the University of Berlin (succeeded J. Müller), 1858; Member and Permanent Secretary of the Imperial Academy of Science, Berlin, 1867.

Author of “Investigations on Animal Electricity,” Berlin, 1848, etc.; “On Animal Movement,” Berlin, 1851; “On the Limits of Natural Knowledge,” Leipzig, 1872; “Treatises on General Muscle and Nerve Physiology,” 1877; “Physiological Education Then and Now,” Berlin, 1878; “Cultural History and Natural Science,” Leipzig, 1878. Since 1857, co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.

In 1841, he conducted experiments on animal electricity and published the results in "Poggendorf’s Annals" (1843).

It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the highest peak of Doubt, the scientist boldly refuses to fill the empty space around him with illusions of his imagination. He gazes fearlessly into the unforgiving workings of Nature, completely lacking any trace of a divine presence.”—Dr. Nordwall’s Address to Scandinavian League, 1883.

Du Castel (Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, Teuon.

Durham, Arthur Edward, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizewinner 1854, Univ. Lond.; F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Chairman of the Board of Examiners R.C.S. Eng.; Member of the Pathological and Clinical and Hunterian Societies; Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery; former Lecturer on Anatomy and on the Use of the Microscope, Guy’s Hospital; Consultant Surgeon St. Alban’s Hospital and Dispensary; former Demonstrator of Anatomy, Lecturer on Natural Philosophy, and Surgery Registrar at Guy’s Hospital; former President of the Quekett Microscopical Club.

[30]

Late Editor Guy’s Hospital Reports; Author of “Sleeping and Dreaming,” an Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of Sleep,” etc.

“… It occurred to me that artificially exposing the brains of living animals could provide a chance for more precise observation and further investigation. With this in mind, I conducted numerous experiments and made various observations.… Someone suggested that drilling into the skull puts its contents in an unusual state concerning atmospheric pressure, which could lead to an unnatural condition of blood circulation.… To avoid this and other potential issues, I replaced the pieces of bone I had removed with accurately fitted watch glasses and made sure the edges were sealed airtight with thickened Canada balsam.… I verified the accuracy of these observations by running repeated experiments on different animals. My experiments with dogs were the most promising; those with rabbits were the least effective.”—From “Physiology of Sleep” Guy’s Hospital Reports, Vol. VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.

“The method used by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as the one used by Durham in his experiments on animals to confirm the findings of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and others regarding human patients.”… “The results obtained from physiological experiments, which aim to prove that sleep is accompanied by either increased blood flow to the brain or reduced blood flow, are no more valuable than the results from clinical observations. First of all, the animals used in these experiments were injured to varying degrees, causing both excitement and pain; consequently, they were all placed under pathological conditions. It's impossible to injure the head and open the skull without causing a major shock to the animals' systems and causing some level of irritation to the brain, which means some level of pain is unavoidable. We know the impact that pain can have, not only on the functions of major systems (like circulation, breathing, and body temperature) but also on the anatomical and physiological state of the nerve centers. Another factor that, in our opinion, greatly undermines the value of the findings from physiological investigations is that sleep has consistently been induced by narcotics and anesthetics in the animals that were subjected to experimental observations.”… “From this study, we conclude that we have not yet accurately determined the true state of cerebral circulation during natural sleep, despite the numerous observations and experiments conducted recently on this fascinating subject.”—Dr. Marvaud, Gazette Médicale de Paris, 1878 (p. 81-2).

Eckhard, C. M.D. Professor, University of Giessen.

Author of “Contributions to Anatomy and Physiology,” Giessen; “The Education and Examination of the Doctor;” “Experimental Physiology of the Nervous System;” “Textbook of Human Anatomy.”

“It is known that there is no consensus among those who observe the phenomena that occur during artificial respiration in animals poisoned by strychnine, and additionally, those who do agree on the facts insist on interpreting them in various ways.”—“Ueber den Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration,” “Beiträge,” p. 37.

[31]

“Expanding the walls of the chest and abdomen by injecting gas into the lungs. First, I remove enough of the larynx through the open mouth of a frog so that it can no longer close it at will. Then I firmly sew the lower jaw to the upper jaw. I block one nostril by inserting a short, thick piece of wire into it. Then I attach a similarly short and thick cannula, which connects to the gasometer, into the other nostril. As soon as the frog shows signs of strychnine cramps, its lungs are connected to the gasometer by opening the tap; a side branch of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.” —“Strychnine, &c.” p. 48.

Hermann Eichhorst. M.D.; Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of Göttingen.

Author of “Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapy for Practicing Physicians and Students;” “The Trophic Relationships of the Vagus Nerves to the Heart Muscle,” in Central Journal for Medical Science, 1879; “Textbook of Physical Examination Methods for Internal Diseases,” Brunswick, 1881; “On Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration,” Archives of Pathological Anatomy, Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.

Conducted experiments on birds.

Ellenberger (Prof.) Veterinary School Prosector, Berlin.

“Professor Ellenberger from Dresden cut the facial nerves of five old, skinny horses. In the fifth case, it was noted that ‘it showed signs of considerable pain during the operation.’ The others seemed so worn out that even this procedure had little effect on them. Claude Bernard once performed the same operation on a horse and concluded that the nostrils were no longer able to open, leading to suffocation since the animals can only breathe through their nostrils. This explanation has been accepted until now, but Ellenberger disputes it, claiming that animals who undergo this surgery are not at risk if they are kept calm; the danger arises only if they exert themselves. He advises that if paralysis of these nerves occurs, which happens fairly often, it’s best to let nature take its course.” —Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde, vii., 4.

Emery C. Professor of Zoology, University of Bologna.

Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” Paris, 1882, etc.

Studies on the kidneys of fish.

Engelhardt, Gustav (Dr.) Professor at Nuremberg.

Author of “Contributions to the Study of Iris Movements,” in “Investigations from the Physiological Laboratory in Wurzburg,” 1869, p. 308.

Experiments on rabbit eyes.

Prof. Theodor W. Engelmann at Utrecht.

Author of “Physiology of the Ureters,” “Contributions to the Physiology of Protoplasm,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. II, “Contributions to General Muscle and Nerve Physiology,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. III; “On the Anatomy and Physiology of Ciliated Cells,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XXIII, 1880; “On the Stimulation of Contractile Protoplasm by Sudden Lighting,” Onderzack, Physiol. [32] Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “On the Movements of Oscillatoria and Diatoms,” Ibid; “On the Degeneration of Nerve Fibers, A Contribution to Cellular Physiology,” Pflüger, Vol. XIII, p. 474.

Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on paralyzed frogs.

Count Giovanbattista Ercolani. Born in Bologna, 1819. Professor at the Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. Member of various scholarly societies, including the Institute of France. Exiled from Florence for political reasons, he moved to Turin, where he focused on scientific studies and experiments, serving as the Director of the Veterinary School of San Salvario. He was the Rector of the University of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, etc., etc. Member of the Institute of Rome, and of the Academies of Berlin and St. Petersburg.

Author of “On the Transformation of Histological Elements in the Animal Organism,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorphosis of Plants,” Bologna, 1878, etc., etc.

John Eric Erichsen, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.), 1845, and Member of the Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Member of various societies at home and abroad; Surgeon Extraordinary to H.M. the Queen; Emeritus Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, Univ. College; Consulting Surgeon, Univ. College Hospital; formerly Examiner in Surgery, Univ. London, Royal College of Physicians, London, Royal College of Surgeons, and Univ. Durham; formerly President of the R.C.S., Eng., and Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.

Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edition; “Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edition for which the Royal Humane Society awarded the Fothergill Gold Medal, worth 50 guineas; “A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on Aneurism, etc.” (Sydney Society); “Railway Injuries of the Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism and the Causes of Death after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; “Concussion of the Spine,” 2nd Edition, 1882. Contributed various papers on surgical topics to Lancet, Medical and Chirurgical Transactions, Medical Gazette, and Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.

“‘Experiment 9. Three mixed-breed terriers, A, B, C, were securely restrained.… One of the central dog’s jugular veins was exposed, and a ligature was placed around it to allow it to be punctured, preventing issues like excess blood and stroke when the carotid arteries of the two side dogs were connected to the corresponding vessels of the central one.… The central dog started to struggle.… The side dogs were both alive but clearly weakened from blood loss.’”—Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental Inquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. Erichsen.

Esbach, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker.

Ewart, J. Cossar, University of Edinburgh, M.D. Edinburgh (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B. and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edinburgh, 1878; Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Edinburgh; Director of the Scottish Zoological Station; previously Demonstrator of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh; Conservator at the Museum, University College London, and Lecturer on Anatomy, Edinburgh School of Medicine.

Author of “Manual of Practical Anatomy,” Part 1, 1879. Contributions to the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Proceedings of the Royal Society, etc., etc.

[33]

Authorized for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiology Lab, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Experiments without Anesthetics 1881 and 1882. No Experiments reported in 1882.

Exner, Sigismund. Assistant Professor at the Physiology Institute, Vienna.

Author of “On the Theory of Auditory Sensations,” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. XIII., p. 228.

Falchi (Dr.) Chief of Ophthalmology Clinic, Turin.

Very many experiments involved injecting tuberculosis material into the eyes of animals.

Fano, J., M.D., Free Professor and Assistant in Physiology, University of Florence.

Author of “Experimental Researches on a New Automatic Center in the Bulbo-Spinal Tract,” “Arch. Ital. de Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III, p. 365.

Experiments on turtles, frogs, and fish.

“I've conducted over fifty experiments just on turtles. I've only just started experimenting with fish, and those results don’t let me draw any solid conclusions on the topic. My efforts to expand my research to higher vertebrates—like mammals and birds—are restricted to two experiments on puppies that haven’t been weaned and one experiment on a pigeon.”—Arch. Ital. de Biol., Vol. III., 1833, p. 367.

Sir Joseph Fayrer, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. Edinburgh, 1859; F.R.C.P. London, 1872; F.R.C.S. Edinburgh, 1858; F.R.C.S. England, 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edinburgh, 1878; F.R.S. London and Edinburgh; F.R.G.S. London; Vice-President of the Zoological Society, London; President of the Epidemic Society, London; Fellow of the Medical Society, London; Fellow of the Royal Medical, Chirurgical and Obstetrical Societies, etc.; Member (formerly President) of the Asiatic Society of Bengal; Fellow of the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia; Honorary Physician to H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Physician to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh; Physician to the Secretary of State for India in Council; President of the Medical Board, India Office; Member of the Army Sanitary Commission; Member of the Senate of the Army Medical School, Netley; former Professor at the Medical College and Senior Surgeon at Medical College Hospital, Calcutta; former President of the Medical Faculty, University of Calcutta; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and Pathological Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (co-authored with Dr. L. Brunton),” etc. etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, also unrestricted in location, in 1878. Certificates for Experiments without Anesthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Donkeys in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Donkeys.

“The experiments summarized here began in October 1867 and have been carried out regularly since then, whenever time and other, more important commitments allowed.… The living creatures involved in the experiments have included oxen, horses, goats, pigs, dogs, cats, civets, mongooses, rabbits, rats,[34] fowl, kites, herons, fish, harmless snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, and snails.”—“Summary of Experiments on Snake Poison,” by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, April 1st, 1871, p. 374.

“After careful consideration, I fully admit that permanganate of potash is an agent that can chemically neutralize snake venom. However, I don’t think we’ve done more than highlight a local remedy that’s already well known as a chemical antidote, and its effectiveness relies on how well it’s applied to the affected area (as Dr. Wall has noted, this is too uncertain to be dependable). So, we are still no closer to finding an antidote, and my comments from 1868 are just as relevant now as they were back then. They were: ‘To think of an antidote, in the usual sense, we must envision a substance so subtle that it can follow, catch up with, and neutralize the venom in the bloodstream, and that can counteract or neutralize the toxic or lethal effect it has on vital functions. Such a substance has yet to be discovered, and our experience with drugs doesn’t give us much hope that we will find it.’”—Sir J. Fayrer, “Address to Medical Society of London,” British Medical Journal, Feb. 2, 1884.

Fede, Francesco. Prof. University of Naples.

Fehleisen, F. M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute Berlin, 1877.

Author of “The Aetiology of Erysipelas,” Berlin, 1883.

“The remarkable experiments by Fehleisen on erysipelas have clearly shown that this disease is caused by the growth of micrococci in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He managed to cultivate these organisms in gelled meat infusion and was able to induce the disease in rabbits and also in humans using the cultivated micrococcus.”—British Medical Journal, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.

Feltz (Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and Physiol. Med. Fac., Nancy.

Ferrari, Italy. Assistant Professor at the Physiology Lab, University of Parma.

David Ferrier, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honors), 1868; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. (Edin. and Heidelberg); F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; Accad. Reale de Med., Turin; Laureate de l’Institut de France, 1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.; Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prize, 1883; Prof. of For. Med. King’s Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic, etc.; Lecturer on Physiology Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med. Univ. Edin. and Univ. Lond.

Author of a Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; “The Localisation of Function in the Brain;” “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), Phil. Trans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Co-author of “Guy’s Forensic Medicine;” “The Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of Cerebral Disease; Co-editor of “Brain,” and author of various papers within.

[35]

Had a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory, in 1882-83, with a Certificate exempting from the requirement to kill during those years.

Conducted experiments at Wakefield to examine different parts of the skull.—Ev. Roy. Com., p. 169.

(Q. 3326.) “I believe everyone should have the freedom to conduct experiments in their own private lab. A lot of experimenters live in rural areas and don’t have access to a public lab, which would completely stop them from doing research.—(3327.) Do you think there are many people like that? Yes.—(3328.) And you mean those who are working in their own labs and not connected to medical schools? I used to do that when I lived in the countryside, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I conducted experiments there for my own research purposes.”

I'm sorry, but there doesn't seem to be any text to modernize. Please provide the short phrase you want me to work on.

(3331.) “So you conduct experiments at home and at King’s College, right? Yes; it would disrupt my professional work if I had to travel far from home for my experiments.”—Ibid., p. 173.

(3245.) “Now regarding original research, how would you express your thoughts on that subject? I would say that whenever it's possible to avoid causing pain to animals used in experiments, methods like chloroform, ether, opium, or other anesthetics should be used. However, if using an anesthetic would harm the purpose of the experiment, then the experiment is still justifiable, even if it might cause some pain to the animal.”—Ibid., p. 170.

“The interest in the discussion was greatly increased by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to show two monkeys he had operated on a few months earlier. In striking contrast to the dog were the two monkeys displayed by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated on in mid-January, and the left motor area had been destroyed. This surgery resulted in right-sided hemiplegia (paralysis of the right half of the body) with conjugate deviation of the eyes and head (the eyes and head twisted permanently). Initially, facial paralysis was quite noticeable but disappeared after two weeks. From the beginning, there was paralysis of the right leg, although the animal could lift it. It was never able to use its arm. Recently, muscle stiffness in the paralyzed limb started to develop. The other monkey, due to paralysis of all auditory centers, seemed completely unaffected by loud noises, such as the firing of percussion caps close to its head."—Lancet’s Report of the Proceedings at the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.

“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.—The right side of a monkey's brain had been partially exposed and tested to pinpoint the area of electric stimulation. The exposed region included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal areas, the ascending frontal area, and the back ends of the three frontal areas. After being experimented on for eight hours, the monkey recovered enough to sit up and eat. The wound was stitched up, and the monkey was put back in its cage."

[36]

“June 19th.—The animal seems just as good as ever, eating and drinking eagerly, and as lively and smart as before. There was no noticeable change throughout the entire day.”

“June 20th.—The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; however, there was no loss of feeling or voluntary movement. It closely watched the flies buzzing around and often tried to catch them. In the afternoon, it started to experience choreic spasms on the left side of its mouth and left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal seemed frustrated by the spasmodic movements of its mouth and frequently tried to calm them down by holding its mouth with the other hand. By the end of the day, the spasms became more frequent and intense, displaying an epileptic nature, with convulsions spreading across the left side of the body. This condition continued until…

“June 23rd.—…

“June 24th.—The left side is completely paralyzed, including the hand, foot, and face. The animal moved using its left limbs, dragging the right ones behind.”

“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”—Croonian Lecture, “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42.

“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.—This, although not successful regarding the intended goal, still shows some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed at the back and penetrated at the back end of the superior occipital fissure using hot wires, which were aimed to trace the inner side of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no bleeding from the sinus. During the procedure, the animal was observed to have sighing breaths. The operation was completed at 4:30 p.m. The animal remained in a state of stupor for over an hour, only moving slightly when disturbed, and then only with its left limbs.

“7 p.m.—The animal lies still but shows it's awake by grunting irritably when moved. It struggles with its limbs, primarily the left one, but sometimes the right as well. When testing skin sensitivity with a hot iron, there was a clear reaction on the entire left side, but none on the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left stayed shut permanently. The animal slipped into a coma and was found dead at 11:30 p.m. The next experiment repeats the last one and was only partially successful.”—Ibid., p. 464.

“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were tested in the following seven cases: V., VI., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results:—

“V. In this case, the exploration wasn't clear enough because the exact position of the electrodes wasn't noted, and the animal died before a more thorough investigation could be done. When the electrodes were applied to the ganglia on the left side, the animal made various barking, howling, or screaming sounds that seemed out of place. Its head was pulled back and to the right, and the right corner of its mouth was pulled back strongly while the stimulation continued. The tail was raised, and its limbs were thrown into spasms, but no further information was obtained because the animal died from bleeding.” —Ibid., p. 429.

“Experiments on lower animals, even on apes, often lead to[37] conclusions that clash with well-established facts from clinical and pathological observations.… The final resolution of these issues should primarily rely on thorough clinical and pathological research.… Experiments have resulted in varying interpretations depending on who conducts them.” —Ferrier (Functions of the Brain, Preface).

"Physiological experiments conducted in these areas are quite vague. The standard approach, which involves applying stimuli to the brain itself, often results in either no findings or, in the case of electrical stimulation, results that are too dispersed to draw reliable conclusions. Instead of precise observations following the sectioning and stimulation of various regions, we end up with the much less refined method of observing after lesions—lesions created in the body’s most delicate and complex organ through methods that are surprisingly crude, as Ludwig pointed out, like damaging a watch with a gunshot. The results we get this way can be caused by a variety of factors; because, aside from the fact that we can’t pinpoint the lesion accurately, the outcomes may be due to irritation of centers, paralysis of centers, stimulation of conducting pathways, or paralysis of conducting pathways, without us being able to determine which is the case. Therefore, interpreting even those phenomena that consistently occur remains uncertain. The third and most effective method of investigation is observing disease cases in which we can precisely identify the nature of the lesions after death."—Hermann’s Human Physiology, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.

Fick, Adolf. Born in Cassel, 1829. M.D. in 1852, became an extraordinary professor in 1856, and later, a regular professor of Physiology at the University of Zurich; Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg in 1868.

Author of "Medical Physics," Brunswick, 1857; "Compendium of Human Physiology including Developmental History," Vienna, 1860; "Anatomy and Physiology of the Senses," Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology published under the title "Works from the Physiological Laboratory of Würzburg University," Würzburg, 1874.

Made experiments on the impact of mechanical stimulation on the cerebro-spinal organs as described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., 1867,” p. 198.

Filehne, Wilhelm, M.D. Extraordinary Professor at the University of Erlangen.

Author of “The Effects of Amyl Nitrates,” Mueller’s Archives, 1879, Physiol. Division; “On Apnea and the Effect of a Strong Stream of Carbon Dioxide on the Mucous Membranes of the Respiratory System and the Influence of Both on Various Seizure Types,” Reichert & du Bois Reymond, Archives of Anatomy and more, Vol. 1873, p. 361.

Made experiments at the Physiological Institute in Erlangen.

Fiori, Andrea, M.D. Assistant Professor, University of Modena.

William James Fleming, 155 Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lecturer on Physiology at Glasgow Royal Infirmary School[38] of Medicine; External Dispensary Surgeon at Royal Infirmary; Examiner in Physiology for F.P.S. Glasg.

Contrib. “Behavior of Carbolized Catgut Inserted Among Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Movements of the Brain” (with illustrated graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.

Had a license for vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School from 1879 to 1883. Certificates for lecture illustrations from 1879 to 1883. Certificates that exempted from the obligation to kill in 1880, and a certificate for experiments without anesthetics in 1882. No experiments reported in 1883.

Flint, Austin. Born in Northampton, Mass., U.S., in 1836; earned M.D. from Jefferson Medical College in 1857; became a Professor of Physiology at the University of Buffalo in 1858; served as Professor of Physiology and Microscopy at Bellevue Hospital, Medical College, New York, and Long Island College Hospital; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Resident Member of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, etc.

Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which won the French Institute prize of 1,500 francs; contributed to “American Journal of Medical Science,” etc.

“… For several years, the author has made it a practice to use vivisections in public teachings.”—Preface to “Physiology of Man,” Vol. I., p. 8.

“We've long been in the habit, during class demonstrations, of removing the optic lobe from one side of a pigeon. The experiment of cutting the sympathetic nerve in the neck, especially in rabbits, is so easy to do that the phenomena observed by Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly confirmed. We've often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an operation … that we practice every year as a class demonstration.” “Our own experiments, which have been very numerous over the last fifteen years, are just repetitions of those of Flourens, and the results have been the same without exception.” We have often removed both kidneys from dogs, and when the operation is done carefully, the animals live for three to five days.” —Dr. Flint’s Report to the Medical Congress, August, 1881.

“It’s not ideal to use an anesthetic, and it’s much better to cut the nerve without putting the animal under, as signs of pain are an important guide in this delicate procedure.”—Text-Book, p. 641.

Speaking of an experiment where an animal was made to vomit using a pig's bladder that acted as a stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “Physiology of Man,” Vol II., p. 300:—“These experiments were conducted just for class demonstrations, and have never been published before.”

Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie. Born in Thezan (Hérault), 1794, died in Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, student of De Candolle and Cuvier; Professor at the Jardin des Plantes; Member of the Institute of France; Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences; Member of the Academy of France; Commander of the Legion of Honor; Member of major literary and scientific societies across Europe.

Author of “Analysis of Anatomical Philosophy, where we particularly consider[39] the influence this work will have on the current state of Physiology,” Paris, 1819; “Research on the functions of the sympathetic nervous system,” 1823; “Experimental research on the properties and functions of the nervous system in vertebrate animals,” Paris, 1824; “Experiments on the nervous system,” Paris, 1825; “Experiments on the action of the spinal cord on circulation,” Paris, 1829; “On the instinct and intelligence of animals,” Paris, 1841; “Research on the development of bones and teeth,” Paris, 1842; “Mechanism of respiration in fish,” Paris, 1843; “General Anatomy of the skin and mucous membranes,” Paris, 1843; “Examination of Phrenology, refutation of the materialist doctrines of Gall, Spurzheim, and Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Experimental theory of bone formation,” Paris, 1847; “New research on the history of blood circulation,” Journal des Savants, 1849; “On human longevity and the quantity of life on earth,” Paris, 1856; “On life and intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “On the reasoning of genius and madness,” Paris, 1861; “Comparative Psychology,” Paris, 1864, and a large number of contributions to the “Comptes rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”

Conducted numerous experiments on ruminating animals, rabbits, the brains of fish, and the semi-circular canals in the brains of ducks, chickens, and pigeons.

“The description provided by Flourens regarding the phenomena resulting from the cutting of the semi-circular canals in rabbits is largely incorrect.”—Cyon, “Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires,” Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.

“Flourens backed his daring hypothesis mainly through experiments on pigeons and other lesser animals. The few experiments on mammals that he mentions are poorly described and of little significance.” —Goltz, “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, p. 3.

“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, say the following:—‘Majendie sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the differences between sensory and motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove he made a mistake. I,’ added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have proven that Majendie’s initial opinion was right; the reflex motions, which he didn’t fully understand, led to his doubts. To reach this conclusion, I also had to sacrifice a significant number of dogs.’”—Blatin, Nos Cruautés, pp. 201-202.

Dr. A. Foderholm, Stockholm.

Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon monoxide. —Scandinavian Med. Archives, 1874.

Fortunatow, A. Physiology Institute, St. Petersburg.

Author of “On Fat Absorption and the Histological Structure of Intestinal Villi,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XIV, p. 285.

Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys.

Foster, Mike, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859; M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. (Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fellow, Univ. Coll., Lond.; Professor of Physiology, Univ. Camb.; Fellow, and former Praelector of Physiology, Trin. Coll., Camb.; former Fuller Professor of Physiology, Roy. Inst., Great Britain; and Professor of Practical Physiology, Univ. Coll., [40] Lond. Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Textbook of Physiology,” “Primer of Physiology,” co-author of “Elements of Embryology,” “Handbook of Physiological Laboratory.” Editor of “Journal of Physiology.” Contributor to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, also Two Certificates exempting from the obligation to kill in 1878. No experiments returned.

John Milner Fothergill, 110 Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. Philadelphia; Phy. City of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest; former Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.; previously Sen. Res. Med. Off. Leeds Dispensary.

Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings Prize Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its Diseases, with their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” 2nd edition, 1879; “The Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or the Principles of Therapeutics,” 2nd edition, 1880; “The Antagonism of Therapeutic Agents, and what it Teaches” (Fothergill Prize Essay, Med. Soc.), London, 1878; “Animal Physiology,” 1881, etc., and numerous contributions to Lancet, Brit. Med. Journal, Brain, Practitioner, etc.

“Our goal was to confirm the claims of various authors, particularly Fothergill, who states that digitalis causes a contraction of the small arteries; he noted this happens in the web of a frog's foot. The experiments I've conducted related to this have yielded negative results. To observe this effect, I've spent hours examining frog foot webs under the microscope, but I haven’t been able to see any changes in the small arteries.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. V., p. 168.

Foulis, D., Glasgow. Lect. Path. Royal Infirmary Medical School; M.D.

Had a License for Animal Testing at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1881. Certificate excusing the need to kill, 1881. No experiments reported.

Fox, Wilson, 67 Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; B.A., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Honorary Physician to H. M. the Queen; Physician in Ordinary to Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh; Fellow of University College; Holme Professor of Clinical Medicine at University College; and Physician at University College Hospital; Corresponding Member of the Phys. Med. Gesellschaft, Würzburg.

Author of “Diseases of the Stomach,” “On the Artificial Production of Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contributions to Med. Chir. Trans., Phil. Trans., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No Experiments returned.

[41]

“It is historically significant that Dr. Wilson Fox has officially admitted his belief in the mistakes of his previous experiments. He bases this opinion on the results of a careful series of similar investigations conducted, at his request, by Dr. Dawson Williams in Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory. Dr. Fox has found that repeating his earlier experiments shows that any injury to rodents does not cause tuberculosis; it only arises from the injection of tuberculosis material.” —Brit. Med. Journ., Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1298.

“Wilson Fox operated on a significant number of animals (117 guinea pigs and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every type of substance, whether it was tuberculous or not.”—Arch. de Méd., 1883, Vol. XI., p. 48.

Fraenkel, Albert. M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School and Private Lecturer at the University, Berlin.

Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, and to Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62.

Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Barometric Pressure.”

Franck, François, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris. Professor of Natural History of Organic Beings and Physiology, Collège de France.

Author of “Effect of Sensory Nerve Stimulation on the Heart and Arterial Circulation,” in the Proceedings of M. Marcy’s Lab, 1876; “Experimental Research on Cardiac, Vascular, and Respiratory Effects of Painful Stimuli,” “Reports” of the Acad. des Sci., 1876-1878. Contributed Article “On the Dissociation of Dilator Fibers and Vascular Nerves Above the Superior Cervical Ganglion;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 378, “experiments on dogs.” Contributed “Experimental Physiology: Heart Innervation,” Gaz. Hebdom. No. 15, (1879), p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p. 277; No. 19, p. 295; No. 21, p. 326; “General Physiology of the Nervous System,” Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences, Paris, 1879; also various articles in Gazette Médicale de Paris; Reports of the Society of Biology, and Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.

Inventor of a device for exposing animals to quick or gradual changes in temperature.—Gaz. Méd. de Paris, June 7th, 1879.

Fraser, J.L., Edinburgh. M.D.; Laboratory Veterinary College, Clyde Street; Physiology Classroom.

Fraser, Thomas R., 37, Melville Street, and University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1869; M. 1868; (Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr. Mem. Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.

Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some previously undescribed Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold blooded Animals,” etc., and various other papers to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Practitioner, etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at the University of Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for experiments without anesthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two certificates[42] for the same reason in 1878. No experiments reported in 1878-81-82.

[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.]

Fredericq, Léon. M.D., Professor at the University of Liège, Belgium.

Author of “Experiments on Respiratory Innervation;” Supp. Du Bois Raymond’s Archives, 1883, p. 51; Contributions to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives, 1883.

Experiments on the nerve supply of breathing centers; also on the impact of ice on the exposed spinal cords of rabbits. He has used dogs, rabbits, and ducks in his experiments.

Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor. Born in 1819 in Aurich. In 1838, he studied at Göttingen; by 1842, he was practicing medicine in Aurich, where he gained some recognition as an eye doctor. He also studied at institutions in Prague, Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. He was a private professor of medicine in Göttingen and served as the director of the Academic Hospital in Kiel. He managed two ambulance hospitals during the Schleswig-Holstein War. In 1851, he became a professor of pathology and therapeutics in Breslau. By 1859, he was a professor of clinical medicine and the director of La Charité in Berlin; he also served as a councilor and was a member of the Scientific Delegation for medical affairs.

Author of "On Gelatin or Colloid Tumors," Göttingen, 1847; "On Bright's Kidney Disease," Brunswick, 1857; "Clinic of Liver Diseases," Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated into French, English, and Italian). Contributed numerous articles to Liebig's, Poggendorf's, and Wöhler's Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc.

Gustav Theodor Fritsch. M.D. Born in Kottbus, 1838. Studied in Berlin, Wrocław, and Heidelberg. Anatomy Institute Berlin, 1867. Associate Professor at the same university, 1874.

Author of "Three Years in South Africa," Breslau, 1868; "On Stereoscopic Vision in the Microscope," Berlin, 1873; "Investigations into the Fine Structure of Fish Brains with Special Consideration of Homologies in Other Vertebrate Classes," Berlin, 1878. Co-author with E. Hitzig of "On the Electric Excitability of the Cerebrum," in Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Wissensch. III., 1870, pp. 300-332.

“Using advanced electrical equipment, G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig were able to confirm that the surface of a rabbit's brain responded to electric current. They then conducted several experiments on dogs and published results that may not have received enough attention and which contradicted previously accepted views.” —Art. “Cerveau,” Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 210.

Fubini, Simon. B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Professor of Physiology, University of Turin; Professor, University of Palermo.

Author of “Sulla Condrina, Observations by Moleschott and Fubini, Notes on Parotid Saliva and Sweat;” “Xiphoid Twins,” Journal of the Royal Academy of Medicine, No. 1 and 2, 1878, etc. Editor of the Turin Medical Gazette.

Funke, Otto. Born in Chemnitz, 1828. Studied at the University of Leipzig, 1846; became a professor of physiology at Leipzig, 1854; professor at the University of Freiburg in Breslau, 1860; member of the Academy of Saxony.

[43]

Author of “Atlas of Physiological Chemistry,” Leipzig, 1858; last section of “Günther’s Textbook of Physiology for Academic Lectures,” Leipzig, 1870; “Textbook of Physiology,” Leipzig, 1880.

Gamgee, Arthur, Owen’s College, Manchester, and Oaklands, Bowdon, Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medalist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury Professor of Physiology and Histology and Dean of the Medical Department at Owen’s College, Manchester; Examiner in Physiology at the University of London; former Lecturer on Physiology at Surgical Hall; Physician at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, and Senior President of the Royal Medical Society in Edinburgh; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “A Textbook of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor of “Hermann’s Elementary Human Physiology;” Joint Editor of the Journal of Physiology, Cambridge; also published numerous papers in various journals and transactions of learned societies.

Had a license for vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in 1878-81-82-83. Certificates for illustrations of lectures in 1881-82-83. Certificates for experiments without anesthesia and for experiments on cats, dogs, horses, mules, or donkeys in 1878. No experiments reported in 1881. No experiments on horses, mules, or donkeys.

“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) Do you think that when performing painful procedures on living animals, we shouldn't rely on curare to numb the pain? I would say no. Additionally, I don't think physiologists use it for that reason. It's used to get rid of a number of misconceptions that interfere with physiological experiments.” —Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876.

“Nor was I guilty of the lack of taste and judgment that she (Miss Cobbe) criticizes me and English physiologists for, in clearing ourselves at the expense of our continental colleagues. ‘Without a doubt,’ I said, ‘there have been some brutal actions taken by physiologists, never to my knowledge by English ones and very rarely by continental physiologists.’”—Manchester Guardian, Feb. 13, 1883.

Gaskell, W.H., Cambridge. M.A., M.D.

Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” Studies of the Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132.

Had a License for Vivisection at the University of Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum from 1879 to 1883. No experiments were reported in 1880, 1881, and 1882.

“February 15, 1878.—Young female terrier, weighs 7.5 kilograms (about 16.5 lbs.). The extensor vein prepared on both sides; ligature placed under the left crural nerve. Given morphine and curare. Artificial respiration.” &c.

“31st January, 1878.—Dog, weight 8 kilograms (about 17⅔ lbs.). Morphine and curare. Artificial respiration. Right extensor vein and right crural nerve prepared.” &c.

“20th February, 1878.—Female terrier, weight 6¼ kilos (about 13¾ lbs.). Morphine administered. Left extensor vein prepared, and left[44] crural nerve cut and ligated at 4:02 p.m. Between 3:40 and 4:07 p.m., 0.015 grams of curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration.” &c.

“February 18, 1878.—Large sheep dog, weighing 20.5 kg (about 45¼ lbs.). Morphine given, 0.075 grams. Curare injected into the jugular vein. Abdomen opened in the midline, and the left abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and ligated around the fourth lumbar ganglion.” &c.

“March 4, 1878.—Female spaniel, weight 13¾ kg (about 30¼ lbs). After completing the procedure shown in Fig. 3, 0.06 grams of curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration was provided, and the left crural nerve was exposed.” &c.—“Further Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles,” by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, “Journal of Physiology” Vol. I., pp. 265-6, 276, 228, 295.

Gautier, E. J. Armand, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. Born in Narbonne. M.D., 1862; Licensed in Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty; Member of the Academy of Medicine.

Author of “Studies on Fermentations Properly So-Called and Physiological and Pathological Fermentations,” Paris, 1869; “Chemistry Applied to Physiology, Pathology, Hygiene, and the Latest Research Methods,” Paris, 1874.

“Conducted experiments with the venom of snakes (Naja tripudians).”—Archiv. de med., Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360.

Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules, 73, Rue de Grenelle, Paris. Born in 1809. Earned an M.D. in 1843; Professor of Medical Physics at the Medical Faculty; Member of the Academy of Medicine since 1858; Inspector-General of Public Instruction for Medicine since 1879.

Author together with M. Andral of “Investigations on the Nature of Blood and the Physical Organization of Humans,” 1840-43; “On the Heat Produced by Living Bodies,” 1853. “Images by Reflection and Refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Biological Physics, the Physical Phenomena of Life,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc.

Gergens, E. M.D.; Assistant at the Physiology Institute, Strasbourg.

Author of “On Crossed Reflexes,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XIV, p. 340; “Some Experiments on Reflex Movement with the Influence Apparatus,” Pflüger, Vol. XIV, p. 65. Co-author (with E. Baumann) of “On the Behavior of Guanidine, Dicyanidine, and Cyanidin in the Organism,” Pflüger, Vol. XII, p. 205. Assisted Prof. Goltz in his work, “On the Functions of the Cerebrum.”

Conducted joint experiments with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits, as well as on the brains of the dogs.

“… I removed the mentioned nerves from some of the animals I had used before and attempted direct stimulation. Naturally, even a weak current has a strong effect when it directly contacts the nerve, and the result was as I expected. The animals croaked once and made frantic efforts to escape.…”—“Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung,” pp. 67-68.

Gerlach, Leo. M.D., Erlangen.

Author of “On the Relationships of the Vagus Nerve to the Smooth Muscle Fibers of the Lung,” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. XIII, p. 491.

[45]

Made experiments on paralyzed dogs and rabbits in the laboratory of Prof. Kühne in Heidelberg, as well as in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

Gibbes, Heneage, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberdeen, 1881, M.B. and C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., London, 1879; (University of Aberdeen and St. Bartholomew’s); Member of the General Council, University of Aberdeen; Fellow of the Royal Microscopical, Medical, and Zoological Societies; Member of the Pathological Society, Physical Medicine and Dispensary; Lecturer on Physiology and Histology at Western Hospital; former Curator of the Anatomical Museum, King’s College.

Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd ed. Contributed various papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc.

Had a license for vivisection at the laboratory and outbuilding in the garden, 94 Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate exempting from the obligation to kill the same year. Dr. Gibbes was also allowed to conduct experiments at the Physiological Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre, King’s College, London.

Gibson, George A., 1 Randolph Cliff, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879 (Edin. Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Edin.; F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; Hon. Mem. (former President) Dialec. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Brit. Association for Adv. of Sci.; and British Med. Assoc.; Lecturer on Med. Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis, Edin. School of Medicine; formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ. Edin.

Contrib. to Lancet, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiology Classroom in 1879, and at the University of Edinburgh Materia Medica Department in 1880. Certificates for testing previous discoveries in 1879 and 1880. No experiments were reported in 1879.

Gierke (Dr.) Assistant Professor of Physiology, Institute, Breslau University.

Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H.J. M.D. First Assistant. Clinical Hospital at Kiel, 1881.

Author of “On the Excretion and Distribution of Iron in the Animal Organism,” Kiel, 1883.

Conducted experiments on animals to determine the effects of subcutaneous injections of iron.

Gluck, Theodor. M.D. Assistant at the Institute of Clinical Surgery, University of Berlin.

Extirpated parts of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to convince the medical community to approve extirpation and resection of the lungs as a surgical method.—Archiv. fuer Klinische Chirurgie von Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt, Vol. 26, p. 916, Berlin, 1881. (See Block.)

Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton, 13, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E. B.A. Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist in Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., 1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.; Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. Physiol., Guy’s Hosp. Contribs. to Lancet, Brit. Med. Journ., Guy’s Hosp. Reps., &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School[46] Buildings in 1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1881. No Experiments reported.

Prof. M. C. Golgi, Pavia.

Experiments on brain localization.—Archiv. Ital.

Author of “On an apparently black reaction of nerve cells obtained with mercuric chloride.”—Arch. p. l. scienze mediche, Vol. III., 1879, N. 11.

Goltz, Friedrich. Director of the Institute for Experimental Physiology, Strasbourg; previously taught at the University of Königsberg, Prussia.

Author of “Contributions to the Study of the Functions of the Nervous Centers in Frogs,” Berlin, 1869; “Functions of the Cerebrum,” 1881; “Against the Human Astor,” 1883; “On the Physiological Significance of the Semicircular Canals of the Ear Labyrinth,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. III, p. 172.

“I owe the basic idea behind my method of experimentation to my memories as a prosector in Königsberg. I've often dissected the arteries of the brain filled with sluggish material. I decided to see if it would be possible to wash out the living brain while keeping the larger veins intact. The very first attempt was so successful that it motivated me to continue, and that was the start of this work. All my experiments were conducted on dogs that I put to sleep with chloroform before the operation. To expose the skull, I usually made an initial cut in the center and pulled back the skin on one side, revealing the muscles of the temples. Then, depending on the experiment I wanted to carry out, I cut away a portion of the muscle to expose the spot in the bone where I would drill a hole. Based on what was needed, I drilled one, two, or even more holes, and after making a cut in the skin of the head, I rinsed out the brain matter. I typically used spring water, warmed to body temperature. Up until now, as far as I know from the literature on this topic, no one has managed to inflict such extensive damage to the brain while still keeping the subject alive. In a series of experiments conducted at various intervals, I managed to seriously injure one hemisphere so extensively that all the folds in the part touching the skull disappeared. The animal lived for weeks with its damaged brain and provided many observations.” —Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, pp. 3-8. (A work dedicated to his “English Friends.”)

“It’s not common for two physiologists to see eye to eye on issues concerning brain physiology.” —Ibid., p. 9.

“I don’t claim that my research has any real value for understanding the pathology of the human brain. Let the pathologists keep gathering facts, and soon the apparent contradictions between experiments on animals and observations at the bedside will be resolved.” —Ibid., p. 176.

“The fact that both tortoises and toads can still maintain their sense of balance even after the removal of the cerebellum and the upper two-thirds of the bulb does not eliminate this sense of equilibrium, shows that the overly generalized theory by Goltz, which locates this sense in the cerebellum, as well as that of Vulpian, who attributes it in lower vertebrates to the part corresponding to the annular protuberance in higher vertebrates, are both equally incorrect.—Florence, June, 1883.”—Fano, “Experimental Researches on a New Automatic Center in the Bulbo-Spinal Tract.”—Arch. ital. de Biol., Vol. III., p. 368.

[47]

“It is obvious that Goltz’s experience, when compared to the functions localized in the brain’s cortex, is of no value.”… (p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s belief that irritation triggers inhibitory processes in the cerebrum, which lead to paralysis of certain centers in the cerebellum and its connections, causing all temporary disturbances—this belief is unacceptable” (p. 13).—Munk, On the Functions of the Cerebral Cortex.

“After I exposed the bone behind the pigeon's ear, I gradually removed bits of the ear labyrinths on both sides of the head using a sharp hollow chisel. The bleeding from this procedure is significant. In cases where I tried to completely destroy both labyrinths, the birds soon died afterward from violent rolling movements or somersaults. Because of this, I later settled for just breaking off pieces of the outer canals. Many of the injured birds survived for a long time, especially two that I operated on six months ago, which I showcased at the Congress of Naturalists in Innsbruck on September 21, 1869.” —Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., pp. 177-78.

“The bloody part of the operation starts with inserting the cannula to provide artificial respiration. Next, the right carotid artery is dissected out. While setting up the artificial respiration, a square opening is made in the left side of the chest using a knife and bone scissors. The opening is extended deep into the right pleural cavity and widened downwards until it reaches the diaphragm, which is cut away from the ribs. It's best to make the chest opening large enough to prevent any pressure on the heart from the lungs or surrounding parts. The pericardium is opened wide so that as much of the heart's surface as possible is exposed to the air. After this bloody preparation, the catheter is inserted from the right carotid into the aorta, and then into the left ventricle of the heart. Once it reaches this point (which can be verified by feeling the exposed heart), the stopper of the previously described instrument is withdrawn. The next heartbeat sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is immediately controlled by attaching the gutta percha end of the previously set manometer to this catheter. Now begins the observation that makes the tedious and bloody procedure worthwhile. The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising speed.… We have repeated this experiment six times.”—“Ueber die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVII., p. 113.

Gombault (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Professor of Pathological Anatomy. Practical Courses.

Greenfield, Will Smith, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fellow of Univ. Coll. Lond. and Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Member of Pathological and Clinical Societies; Fellow of Royal Microscopical Society; Professor of General Pathology and Clinical Medicine at the University of Edinburgh; former Assistant Physician and Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital; Professor and Superintendent at Brown Institution; Physician at the Royal Infirmary for Children and Women, Waterloo Road; Physician at the Royal Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, and Medical Registrar at St. Thomas’s Hospital.

[48]

Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological Anatomy.” Author of Section on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Related Diseases” (for Path. Soc. and Local Government Board), 1879. Contributed to “Lectures on the Pathology of Anthrax and Related Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and Clin. Socs. and other publications.

Had a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for Experiments without anesthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments reported in 1881.

Gréhant, Louis François Nestor, 17, Rue de Berthollet, Paris. Born in Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Assistant curator at the Museum of Natural History, Paris; formerly member of the Biological Society, Paris; préparateur for the Physiology course at the Faculty of Science.

Author of “Chemical Analysis Leading to the Determination of the Base and Acid of an Isolated Inorganic Salt, with Characteristic Colors of the Precipitates,” Paris, 1862; “Physical Researches on Human Respiration,” Paris, 1864; “Manual of Medical Physics,” Paris, 1869; “On the Endosmosis of Gases Through Detached Lungs,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “On the Physiological Activity of the Kidneys,” Ibid., 1879; “Quantitative Research on the Elimination of Carbon Monoxide,” Ibid.; “Comparative Research on the Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide by the Lungs,” Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Effect of Cutting the Vagus Nerves on the Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide by the Lungs,” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.

“Dr. Gréhant recently presented an interesting report to the Biological Society about the amount of alcohol needed to have a lethal effect. To investigate this, he conducted a series of experiments, each producing the same results. Using an esophageal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected thirty grams of alcohol into a dog's stomach every half hour until the animal died. During the post-mortem examination, he discovered that the animal's blood contained a ratio of one part absolute alcohol to 100 parts blood.”—Lancet, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.

“I prepared a large gutta-percha balloon with a mix of 100 liters of air and 255 cubic centimeters of pure carbon dioxide, which constituted 1/392 of toxic gas. I then opened the jugular vein of a 9-kilogram dog and used a long rubber catheter introduced into the inferior vena cava to draw out 30 centimeters of blood. I put it in a flask and defibrinated it by shaking for a few minutes. The animal’s head was then placed in a gutta-percha muzzle connected to the top of the balloon containing the carbon dioxide, and it was allowed to breathe into it for half an hour. During the last two minutes, I took a second sample of blood from the vena cava and defibrinated it; then the animal was allowed to breathe in fresh air, and half an hour later, a third blood sample was taken.” —On the absorption of Oxide of Carbon (Note presented to the Acad. of Sc. by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) Archives de Méd., 1878, Vol. I., p. 750.

Griffini, L. Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. University of Messina.

Author of “On the Toxic Action of Human Saliva,” Arch. ital. de Biol., Paris, 1882.

[49]

“After Vulpian's experiments showed that the saliva of a healthy person is poisonous to rabbits, it was important to find an explanation for this surprising result. Therefore, the author of this essay decided to conduct a series of experiments to clarify the condition caused in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva.”—Arch. ital. de Biol., Vol. II., Part I., p. 106.

Groves, J.W., King’s College, London.

Had a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments reported.

Gruber, A. Professor of Zoology and Wildlife Management, Freiburg, Baden University.

Grützner, P. Prof. of Animal Physiology, University of Bern.

Author of “On Various Types of Nerve Excitation.” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. XVII, p. 215; “Contributions to the Physiology of Urine Secretion,” Ibid., Vol. II.

Made experiments on dogs and rabbits at the Physiological Institute in Breslau.

“Exp. II. Dog not anesthetized: spinal cord cut through at the beginning of the operation; also the vagus nerves severed, sodium nitrate injected.

“Exp. III. Dog heavily paralyzed with curare, and the medulla stimulated multiple times using electric currents. Injections of sodium nitrate.”

“Exp. VII. Dog anesthetized; nerves of the left kidney severed, medulla subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through.

“Exp. XI. Dog paralyzed; nerves of the left kidney severed, digitalis and strychnine injected. Result: cramps.”—Pflüger’s Archiv. Vol. II., p. 370.

Gscheidlen, Richard. M.D.; Professor of Physiology; Director of the Physiology Lab, Würzburg.

Author of “On Some Physiological Effects of the Calabar Bean,” in “Studies from the Physiological Laboratory in Würzburg,” Leipzig, 1869; “Physiological Methodology,” 4th ed., Brunswick, 1879.

Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats.

“… Large doses cause severe cramps and convulsions. The animal gasps for air and twists on the board it’s secured to, showing all the signs of extreme difficulty breathing. If the animal's skin is slightly raised, you can see the swollen veins filled with dark blood. It quickly becomes impossible to tell how the animal is breathing, and death follows.” —Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Lab. in Wurzburg, 1869, p. 275.

Guareschi, I. University of Turin.

Extract of decomposed human brains injected into frogs, results resembling those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy Sciences, Turin, May, 1882.

Adolphe Goblet Gubler. Born in Metz, 1822, died 1879. Studied medicine in Paris; awarded Silver Medal in 1847; earned M.D. in Paris, 1849; became Chief Clinician under Prof. Bouillaud in 1850; member of the Academy of Medicine in 1865; succeeded Prof. G. See as Professor of Therapeutics in 1868.

Founded "Journal de Thérapeutique," 1874; Author of "Commentaires Thérapeutiques du Codex," 1867.

Guébhart (Mons.), Paris. Professor of Physics, Medical Faculty.

[50]

Günther, Albert, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D. Tübingen, 1853; M.D. 1862; Diploma in Medicine and Surgery Stuttgart, 1857; F.R.S.; F.Z.S.; Member of the Royal Society of Sciences Upsala; Corresponding Member of the Bristol Natural Society and Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society; Assistant Keeper, Zoology Department, British Museum.

Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,” British Museum, 1859-70, etc.; former Editor of “The Record of Zoological Literature.”

Made experiments together with L. Brück on how damage to certain areas of the brain affects body temperature in animals.—Pflüger’s Archiv., 1870, p. 578.

“… I asked the students, Messrs. Brück and Günther, to repeat the experiments conducted by Tscheschichin and Sewitzky. The subjects were, as before, rabbits. The lesions were consistently made through the unopened skull. Out of 23 experiments, 11 yielded positive results and 12 yielded negative results. These experiments have provided us with the following facts for further study:—The division of the brain between the pons varolis and the medulla oblongata may lead to an increase in temperature. Seven experiments in this section were conducted; in only two did we see the results mentioned above, but in these two cases, the evidence was highly satisfactory. In four cases, the temperature dropped after the operation; in one case, the response was so pronounced that the temperature of the rabbit, which had been restrained for seven hours, did not decrease any further after the operation, which is well known to generally occur.” —Heidenhain, Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., pp. 579-80.

Had a Vivisection License (location not specified) in 1882. Also received a Certificate for Experiments without anesthetics that same year.

Hall, Marshall. Born in Basford, Notts., 1790; died 1857. M.D., Edinburgh, 1812; married in 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; lecturer on the Theory and Practice of Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hospital; consulting physician at Moorcroft Lunatic Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, 1842; F.R.S.L. and E.

Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham, 1817; “Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; “Diseases of Females,” 1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; “Researches Mainly Related to the Harmful and Healing Effects of Loss of Blood,” London, 1830; “An Essay on the Circulation of the Blood, Particularly Observed in the Tiny and Capillary Vessels of Amphibians and Fish,” London, 1831; “Lectures on the Nervous System and Its Diseases,” London, 1836; “Memoirs on the Nervous System,” London, 1837; “Practical Observations and Suggestions in Medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the Theory of Convulsive Diseases,” London, 1848.

Hällsten, K. Professor of Physiology in Helsinki, Finland.

Author of “Handbook for Beginners in Histological Practices,” Helsinki, 1878. Contributed to Scandinavian Medical Archives.

Conducted experimental studies on the responsiveness of different sections of the same nerve.

Harley, George, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850; F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corresponding Member Royal Academy of Medicine Madrid; Royal Academy of Sciences Bavaria; Physical and Medical Society Wurzburg; Medical Society Halle, and Microscopical Society Giessen; Member Pathological Society Lond.; Fellow Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society Lond.; Member Royal Medical Society Edin., etc., etc., formerly Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Lecturer on Histology and Practical Physiology University College; President Paris Medical Society

Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their Allied Sciences,” London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859; “Action of Chemical and Physical Agents on the Blood,” Philosophical Transactions, 1865; “Jaundice, Its Pathology and Treatment,” London, 1863; “Albuminuria, With and Without Dropsy: Its Different Forms and Treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes: Its Different Forms and Treatments,” London, 1866, etc.

Conducted experiments on how animal poisons affect dogs, cats, and frogs.

“The experiments were conducted at University College, with my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and Williamson present. A large dog was bitten by one of the snakes over its right eye. In three minutes, the dog became very agitated and let out a low whine as if in pain. After moving around the room for ten minutes looking for a comfortable spot to lie down, it settled in the coolest part of the chamber, resting its head on the cold stones as if to ease a headache. It moaned in distress. As the effects of the poison wore off, the pulse gradually improved. The serpent was allowed to bite him again. The same symptoms returned, but they were more intense, and within twenty-five minutes, he had become unresponsive. Half an hour after the second bite, convulsive twitching began in the forelimbs and neck muscles. Ten minutes later, the entire body started convulsing. The limbs stretched out, and the head jerked backward. In two hours and fifteen minutes, the animal seemed dead, but when an incision was made into the thorax, it gasped. After waiting a while without seeing any further signs of life, another incision was made, and it gasped again, but only once.” —“On the influence of physical and chemical agents upon the blood,” Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol. 155, p. 700.

Harris, Vince Dormer, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and Vienna); Fellow Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Member Pathological Society; Senior Physic at Metropolitan District Hospital; Demonstrator of Physiology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Assistant Physician at Victoria Park Hospital; formerly Assistant Physician at Western London Hospital; Casualty Physician, House Physician, Ophthalmology House Surgeon, and Registrar at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.

Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;” Author of “Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm,” “The Diagnostic Value of Cardiac Murmurs,” and other papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition of the Spinal Cord in Tetanus;” Path. Soc. Trans.; Contributor to Lancet, Med. Times Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., Quart. Micros. Journ., Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc.

Had a license for vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for lecture illustrations, 1880-81-82-83. No experiments reported in 1880 and 1882.

Harting (Prof.), Utrecht University.

[52]

Harvey, Reuben J. D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D., 1873; M.B. and M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C. Dublin, Vienna and Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.; Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House of Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street Fever Hosp.; late Exam. Anat. Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. Eye and Ear Infirm.; Ex-Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. and Schol. and Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. “Histology of Tendon,” Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,” Centralblatt, 1875.

Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine, Dublin Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-81; also, a Certificate exempting from the obligation to kill in 1881, and a Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics in 1880.

Edward Haughton, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood. M.D. Edin., 1856; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. Awarded Gold Medal in Experimental and Natural Science at Combe Lying-in Hospital; Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence at Steeven’s Hospital Medical School, Dublin, 1859.

Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical Biopathy,” 1881, etc.

Hey, Matthew, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878 (Univs. Glasg., Edin., and Strasbourg); Ettles Prize, 1878; Goodsir Prize, 1881; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Fellow of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh; Vice-President of the Chemical Society Edinburgh; Member of the Natural Science Club; Professor of Medical Logic and Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen; formerly Assistant to the Professor of Materia Medica and Demonstrator of Practical Materia Medica at the University of Edinburgh; Physician at New Town Dispensary, Edinburgh.

Contrib. “Action of Saline Laxatives,” from Anal. and Physiol. Vol. XVI.

Held a license for vivisection at the University of Edinburgh Materia Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates dispensed with the obligation to kill in 1880-81-82-83.

Haycraft, John Berry. M.B.

Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878.

Had a License for Vivisection at the University of Edinburgh's Physiological Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department of Medical Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments reported in 1881.

Hayem, Georges, 9 Rue de l’échelle, Paris. Born in Paris, 1841. M.D. 1868; Professor at the Medical Faculty of Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director of the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy (School of Higher Studies); Editor of the Journal of Medical Sciences.

Author of “Studies on the Various Forms of Encephalitis,” Paris, 1868; “On Bronchitis, General Pathology and Classification,” Paris, 1869; “On Intra-Spinal Hemorrhages,” Ibid., 1872.

Heger, Paul. Prof. of Physiology, University of Brussels.

Author of “Critical and Experimental Study on the Emigration of White Blood Cells, Considered in Relation to Inflammation.”

[53]

Heiberg, H. Professor of Pathological Anatomy, Oslo, Norway.

Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til chorda dorsalis” (The Spinal Cord at Birth and Its Relation to the Chorda Dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. (1879), p. 292.

Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, birds, toads, etc.—See Appendix Report Royal Commission.

Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich. Born in Marienwerder, West Prussia, 1834. Professor of Physiology and Microscopic Anatomy at the Medical Faculty of Breslau; Lecturer at the Physiology Institute.

Author of “Physiological Studies,” Berlin, 1856; “Vivisection in the Service of Medicine,” Leipzig, 1879; “Contributions to the Understanding of the Pancreas,” Pflüger's Archives, Vol. X., p. 557; “On the Secretion of the Fundic Glands of the Stomach,” Pflüger's Archives, Vol. XIX., p. 148.

"The following observations, related to temporary fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those concerning permanent fistula primarily come from a series of experiments conducted with students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff, and Körner. The main findings from both series showed that if the secretion of the pancreas is stopped, it can be made to continue; or if it is present, it can be made more active. However, I must immediately point out that the disturbances, the causes of which are still unknown to us, which almost always make all experiments on the pancreas ineffective, were also often present in those I’m about to describe.…

“The experiments were consistently conducted on animals that had been treated with curare. In these instances, we observed the interesting fact that when the rate of secretion was measured before and after curarisation, there was always a decrease during the curare anesthesia, which contradicts the results of Bernstein’s experiments, where the secretion increased due to the poison.” “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Pancreas.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., pp. 606-607.

Permanent stomach fistulas were created in dogs, then they were given curare and their spinal cords were stimulated with electrodes to induce secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were conducted with the help of students.

Heinsius von A., M.D., Professor of Physiology, Leiden University.

Author of “On the Proteins of the Blood,” Pflüger’s Archive., Vol. II., p. 1; “On Serum Albumin and Egg Albumin and Their Compounds,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549.

Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von. B. Potsdam, 1821; studied medicine at La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon in Potsdam; Professor of Anatomy at the Academy in 1848; Professor of Physiology in Königsberg in 1849; Professor of Physiology in Bonn in 1855; Heidelberg in 1858; Professor of Experimental Physics at the Medical Faculty of Berlin University in 1871; Corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1870; Privy Councillor.

Author of "On the Conservation of Energy," Berlin, 1847; "Handbook of Physical Optics," Leipzig, 1856-1866; "Theory of Sound Sensations," Brunswick, 1862, etc.

Henderson, Thomas Beath, 239 Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D., Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Member of the Medical, Chirurgical, Pathological, and Clinical Societies of Glasgow, and the British Medical Association.

Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.

Had a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary[54] Medical School, 1878-79-80. Certificates exempting from the requirement to kill, 1878-79-80. No Experiments reported in 1879 and 1880.

Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. Born. in Furth, Franconia, 1809. Studied medicine at Heidelberg and Bonn; earned M.D. in 1832; became Prosector of Anatomy at the Museum in Berlin in 1837; Professor of Microscopic Anatomy and General Pathology in 1840; Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of Zurich in 1844; Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Anthropology in Heidelberg in 1852; Professor at Göttingen.

Founder of "Journal of Rational Medicine;" Author of "On Mucus and Pus Formation," Berlin, 1838; "Comparative Anatomy of the Larynx," Leipzig, 1839; "Pathological Investigations," Berlin, 1840; "Rational Pathology," Brunswick, 1846; "Handbook of General Anatomy," Berlin, 1841; "Handbook of Systematic Anatomy of Humans," Brunswick, 1855; etc.

Henry, Arthur. Student at the Physiological Institute, Breslau.

Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the suggestion of Prof. Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals, like sheep and rabbits—over two semesters—by creating biliary fistulas.—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc.

Hensen, V. Professor of Experimental Physiology, Kiel University.

Author of “A Simple Method for Observing the Pitch of a Sung Note,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155.

Hering, E. Professor of Experimental Physiology, Prague University.

Author of “Contributions to General Nerve and Muscle Physiology,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Vienna) Vol. LXXIX., 1879; “On the Eye’s Muscle Sounds,” Ibid.; “An Explanation of Color Blindness Based on the Theory of Opponent Colors,” Prague, 1880; “Critique of a Paper by Donders,” Prague, 1882.

Hermann, Ludimar. Professor of Physiology and Medical Physics, University of Zurich.

Author of "Outline of Human Physiology," Berlin, 1863; "Studies on Muscle Metabolism," Berlin, 1867; "A Contribution to Understanding Digestion and Nutrition," Zurich, 1869; "Textbook of Experimental Toxicology," Berlin, 1874; "On the Oblique Passage of Beam Bundles, etc.," Zurich, 1874; "The Issue of Vivisection Explained for the General Public," Leipzig, 1877. Editor of "Central Journal for Medical Sciences," Berlin, 1863, etc.

“Our experiments aimed to determine how valid the objections that had been raised were, suggesting that the findings from Fritsch and Hitzig's work on the cerebral cortex resulted not from the stimulation of the cortex itself, but from deeper brain structures.… The experiments were conducted during the summer term of 1874, all on medium-sized dogs, and were successfully executed.… There were only six; since the results were identical, there was no need to conduct more of these harsh experiments.… I conclude by stating that while Fritsch and Hitzig's experiments are certainly interesting and valuable, they do not support any conclusions about the functions of the cortex.”—“Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., pp. 78-84.

[55]

“The progress of our understanding, and not its usefulness for medicine, is the real and clear aim of all vivisection. No genuine researcher considers practical applications in their studies. Science can afford to ignore this justification that has been used to defend vivisection in England.” —Die Vivisectionsfrage.

Herzen, Alexander. B. Russia, 1839. Professor of Physiology, Lausanne University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and Switzerland; joined Schiff in Florence and became one of the key figures in the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy. He later retired to Sienna, where he studied experimental Physiology in solitude. Professor of Physiology at the Instituto superiore in Florence, 1877.

Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” Turin, 1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi fisiologica del libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri i loro prottettori e la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione di Psicologia Sociale,” 1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” Florence, 1877; “Il Moto psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in French a volume of “Récits et Nouvelles.”

Hifberg (Dr.), Christiania University.

His, Wilhelm. Born in Basel, 1831; studied medicine in Basel and Berlin, under J. Müller; Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in Basel, 1857; Professor of Physiology in Leipzig, 1872.

Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “On the First Development of Vertebrate Love,” Leipzig, 1868; “Our Body Form and the Physical Problem of Its Origin,” Leipzig, 1875. Contributed to “Archives of Anthropology” and “Archives of Anatomy;” “On the Beginnings of the Peripheral Nervous System,” Archives of Anatomy and Physiology, 1879, p. 456; “Illustrations on the Vascular System of the Human Retina and That of the Rabbit,” Ibid., Vol. 5, 1880, p. 224; “The Theory of Connective Tissue Germ,” Ibid., 1882, p. 62.

Hitzig, Eduard. Born in Berlin, 1838. Studied in Berlin and Wurzburg. Earned M.D. in Berlin, 1862. Became a Private Instructor in Internal Medicine at the University of Berlin, 1872. Appointed Professor of Mental Diseases in Zurich and Director of the Lunatic Asylum for the Canton, 1875. Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics of the Brain at the Medical Faculty, Halle University.

Author of “Diseases of the Nervous System,” in “Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapy;” “Studies on the Brain,” Berlin, 1874; “Goals and Purposes of Psychiatry,” Zurich, 1876.

“Experiments on removing the cerebrum provided the basis for a work in which Goltz believes he has disproven my views on the functions of this organ. I had already conducted a few similar experiments with Herr Fritsch concerning the area I called gyrus E; but later on, I carried out experiments in a more systematic way across the entire outer surface of the cerebrum. In the final series, I published some observations where I thought I had provided the most definitive evidence for the localization of brain functions.” —“Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn,” neue Folger, Reichert und Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., 1876, p. 692.

[56]

Holmgrén, F. Prof. of Physiology, Uppsala University.

Contrib. “On the Real Nature of Positive Current Fluctuations in Individual Muscle Contractions” to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives for 1871; “On the Color-Viewing Distances of the Colorblind,” Arch. f. Ophthalmol., Vol. XXV., p. 135; “On the Retinal Currents,” Investigations from the Physiology Institute 3d. Heidelberg, 1880.

“There is a poison (curare) that paralyzes every spontaneous movement while leaving all other functions intact. This toxin is therefore the cruelest of all poisons. It transforms us immediately into a living corpse that can hear, see, and understand everything, but cannot move a single muscle. Under its effect, no creature can show even the slightest sign of its desperate condition. The heart alone keeps beating.”—Holmgrén, Physiology of present Times. Future, 1868, p. 231.

Hoppe-Seyler, F. Professor of Physiological Medicine, Faculty of Strasbourg University; Director of Physiological Chemistry Laboratory.

Author of “Med. Chem. Investigations,” Tübingen, 1871; “Physiological Chemistry,” Berlin, 1879; “On the Cause of Breathing Movements,” Centralb. for Medical Science, No. 51; “On Methemoglobin,” Journal of Physiological Chemistry, 1882.

Hoppe, I. Professor of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel.

Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden. 129, Gower Street, W.C. Professor Superintendent of Brown Institution, 1884. M.B. Lond. and B.S. (University Scholar and Gold Medallist in Surgery), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1883; (University College); Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Member of the Pathological Society; Surgical Register (formerly House Surgeon) University College Hospital; Assistant to Professor of Pathology University College.

Author of “Report on Septic Bacteria,” Rep. Med. Off. Loc. Govt. Bd.; (with Dr. Mott) “On the Existence of Organisms in Living Tissues,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. III; (with Dr. Bastian) “Arrest of Development of Left Upper Limb associated with an Extremely Small Right Ascending Parietal Convolution,” “Brain,” Vol. III.

Held a license for vivisection at University College, London; new physiological theater and physiological laboratory with curator’s rooms in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for illustrations of lectures, and for the exemption from the obligation to kill in 1882. No experiments reported in 1881.

Horvath, Alexis. M.D., Kieff.

Author of “Contributions to the Physiology of Respiration,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII.; “On the Cooling of Warm-blooded Animals,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 278.

Dogs and rabbits were submerged up to their necks in freezing water.

Houckgeest, van Braam. Military doctor, Amsterdam.

Author of “Investigations on the Peristalsis of the Stomach and Intestinal Canal,” Pflüger’s Archives., Vol. VI., p. 266, 1872.

Cut away the abdominal walls of rabbits and replace them with glass to watch the intestines' peristaltic movement. Rabbits were also placed in a bath, and then their abdomens were cut open while keeping their heads above water, allowing the N. splanchnicus to be dissected out. This nerve is easier to locate in a small, thin male rabbit after it has been starved for 24 hours. After this, the nerve was stimulated using a Du Bois Reymond apparatus. The animals consistently died after one to five hours.

[57]

Hughes, Jas. Stannus, 1, Merrion Square West, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel., 1864; F.R.C.S.T., 1844; L. 1838; L.M. Dub. Lying-in Hospital; Vice-President of the Pathological Society of Dublin; Member of the Council of Surgical and Zoological Societies, Ireland; Corresponding Fellow of the Medical Society of London; Surgeon to the Lord Lieutenant’s Household, Dublin Castle; Professor of Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Examiner in Surgery at Queen’s University Ireland; Surgeon at Jervis Street Hospital; Consulting Surgeon at Coombe Lying-in Hospital; Surgeon at the Convalescent Home, Stillorgan; formerly Surgeon at the General Dispensary.

Author of “A Treatise on Diseases of the Prostate Gland,” 1860; Contributor to “On Diseases of the Spinal Column,” Dublin Medical Press, 1850; “Ulcers of the Lower Extremities, etc.,” Ibid., 1851; “Opium in Peritonitis, with Cases,” Dublin Hospital Gazette, 1856.

Had a License for Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons Dublin Physiological Lecture Room from 1878 to 1883. No experiments reported in 1881-82-83.

Dr. Huiziga, Groningen University.

Author of “On the Unresponsiveness of the Anterior Spinal Cord Segments,” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. III, p. 81.

Huxley, Thomas H., 4, Marlborough Place, St. John’s Wood, N.W. B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Char. Cross); Ph.D. Breslau; LL.D. Edin., Dub., and Cantab.; Knight of the Order of the North Star (Sweden), President R.S.; Fellow of the Linnean, Geological, and Royal Medical and Chirurgical Societies; Member of the Anthropological Institute of Haarlem; Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Royal Society of Sciences Göttingen, Institute of France, and Academies of Berlin and St. Petersburg, etc. Prof. Biology at the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines; formerly Examiner in Physiology and Comparative Anatomy at University of London; F.R.C.S. 1883.

Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Certificate for experiments without Anesthesia, 1882.

Author of “The Oceanic Hydrozoa,” 1857; “Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,” 1863; “Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,” 1864; “Elementary Lessons in Physiology,” 1866-67; “An Introduction to the Classification of Animals,” 1869; “Lay Sermons,” 1870; “Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,” 1871; “Critiques and Addresses,” 1873; “Elementary Biology,” 1875; “Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals,” 1877; “American Addresses,” 1877; “Physiography,” 1878; “The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology,” 1880; “Science and Culture,” 1881; numerous Memoirs in Trans. Roy., Linn., Zool., and Geol. Socs., etc.

“The following ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology’ are mainly meant to be used as a textbook for teachers and students in boys’ and girls’ schools.”—“Lessons in Elementary Physiology,” London, 1866, Preface, p. 1.

“If the blood vessels in a limb of a living animal are tied off in such a way that they stop the blood supply without causing any other effects, all the signs of death will begin to appear. The limb will become pale and cold, it will lose feeling and movement, and the animal will no longer be able to control it; it will become stiff and eventually decay and rot.” —Ibid., p. 74.

“If you cut the front roots of a spinal nerve in a living animal, the animal loses all control over the muscles that the nerve connects to, even though the sensitivity of the skin area supplied by that nerve remains intact.… However, if you irritate the end of the sensory root connected to the trunk, there’s no noticeable effect, but if you irritate the end connected to the spinal cord, it causes immediate severe pain.”—Ibid., p. 268.

Israel, James. M.D.; Chief Physician, Jewish Hospital, Berlin.

“On March 26th of this year (1883), I inserted a small piece of infected tissue from the peripleural abscess of a patient suffering from primary actinomycosis of the lungs through an incision in the abdomen. The rabbit showed no signs of illness while alive; the patient died.… The rabbit was euthanized on June 12th, 1883. In the abdomen, several swellings were found, ranging from the size of a cherry to that of a hemp seed.… This provides the first evidence of the possibility of transmitting actinomycosis from humans to animals.… Clearly, the rabbit is not a very suitable subject for the development of this disease.”—Centralblatt für die Med. Wiss., No. 27, July 7th, 1883, p. 481-82.

Jacobson, H. Prof. Med. Fac. Berlin Univ. Lect. Dis. of Heart and Exp. Path., 1883.

Jäger, S. de. Professor, Veterinary College, Utrecht; previously Assistant, Physiology Institute, Leiden.

Author of “On Blood Circulation in the Lungs,” Leiden, 1879; “The Lung Circulation and Arterial Blood Pressure,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XXVII., p. 163, &c.

James, Alex, 11, Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1876; M.B. and C.M., 1872; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877; (Univ. Edin.) Member (former President) Royal Medical Society Edinburgh; Member Medical Chirurgical Society Edinburgh; Lecturer on Institutions of Medicine and Clinical Medicine; Edinburgh School of Medicine; former Medical Officer New Town Dispensary, House Surgeon Liverpool Infirmary for Children, Research Physician Clinical Wards and Research Surgeon Royal Infirmary Edinburgh.

Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh, Dr. James’ Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures 1879 and 1880.

Jankowski, K. W., Moscow, M.D.

Author of “On the Importance of Vascular Nerves in the Development of Edema.”—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. 93, Part II., Aug., 1883.

“Experiment I., July 24, 1882. Morphine was injected into the vein in the front paw of a large dog. Immediate complete anesthesia followed. Both hind feet were tightly bound together with a rubber band and immersed in water warmed to 70 degrees. The feet were kept underwater for about two minutes until the hair could be easily pulled out of the skin; then they were removed from the water and untied. After this, the sciatic nerve on the right side was cut. About half an hour later, both feet showed signs of inflammation. They started to swell rapidly, and blisters filled with clear fluid appeared between the toes. On both sides, the lymph vessels were dissected out and fitted with cannulas. To stimulate the flow of lymph, the legs were pumped up and down every ten minutes for about five minutes at a time.… Two hours after this experiment, the dog died, likely from the excessive dose of morphine injected.” —“Ueber die Beudetung der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems,” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCIII., p. 269.

Nineteen similar experiments on dogs were conducted at the Pathological Institute in Leipzig.

[59]

Jennings, Chas. Egerton, London Hospital, E.; and Abbey House, Malmesbury, Wilts. L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. Schol. 1880; Fellow of the Obstetrical Society; Member of the British Medical Association; Research Acc. (formerly House Physician), London Hospital; former Clinical Assistant at Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital.

Author of “Transfusion; its History, Indications, and Modes of Application.” Contributed to “Treatment of Hydrophobia by Curara,” “Lancet,” 1881; “The Intravenous Injection of Fluid for Severe Hemorrhage,” Ibid., 1882; “The Morbid Anatomy and Pathology of Hydrophobia,” Ibid., 1882.

Had a license for vivisection and conducted experiments at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital until December 2nd; also at the Physiological Laboratory and Museum of the University of Durham College of Medicine in 1883. Certificate exempting from the requirement to kill, same year.

Experiments on transfusion.—Lancet, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6.

Jolyet, F. Prof. Medical Faculty Bordeaux, Experimental Medicine 1877.

Author of “New Research on the Vagus Nerve, Demonstrating That the Branches Originating from This Nerve, Before Any Connections, Have a Unique Motor Function in the Esophagus and Stomach in Dogs.”—Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1879, No. 6, p. 72.

Dr. C. Kaess, Prosector, Giessen.

Articles in Eckhard’s Contributions, X., 1883.

Dog experiments.

Kahler, O. Professor, University of Prague; Lecturer in Disorders of the Spine.

Author of “Further Contributions to the Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of the Central Nervous System” (co-authored with Pick) Arch. f. Psychiat., Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “On Noë’s Thermos Column,” Prag. Med. Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47.

Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects of pressure on the spine.—Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde (Prague and Leipsig), Vol. III., 1882, p. 187.

Kelsch (Prof.) Prof. of Pathological Anatomy, Lille Medical Faculty.

Kinberg, J.G.H., Stockholm. Prof. of Medicine and Surgery Institute.

Klebs, Edwin. Born 1834 in Königsberg. Studied at universities in Königsberg, Würzburg, Jena, and Berlin; worked as an assistant in the Physiology Lab in Königsberg; became an assistant to Virchow in 1861; was a Professor of Pathological Anatomy in Bern in 1866; served as a Professor in Würzburg starting in 1871; became a Professor in Prague in 1873; lectured on Pathological Anatomy, Pathological Histology, and Pathological Chemistry at the Medical Faculty of the University of Zurich in 1883.

Author of “On the Tasks and Significance of Experimental Pathology” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), Leipzig, 1882; “On the Symbiosis of Different Organisms,” Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10, 11, 13.

Klein, Emanuel, M.D., F.R.S. Assistant Professor at Brown Institute, Wandsworth Road; Lecturer in Histology at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School; previously Professor of Histology at the University of Vienna.

Author of the first section of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory;” “A Contribution to the Understanding of the Structure of the Cell Nucleus and the Liver Phenomena of Gland Cells” in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17 (1879), p. 289; “Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in the Skin of the Newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV. (1879), pp. 261-404; “On the Termination of the Nerves in the Mammalian Cornea,” Ibid., Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The Organ of Jacobson in the Dog,” Ibid., July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System,” 1883, London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. Noble Smith), London, 1879.

(Chairman) (3,538): What is your approach to using anesthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (Dr. Klein): Aside from teaching and demonstration purposes, I never use anesthetics unless it's necessary for convenience. When I demonstrate, I do use anesthetics. For my pathological research experiments, unless it's for convenience—like with dogs and cats—I don’t use them. I never use them on frogs and other lower animals. (3,539). When you say you only use them for convenience, does that mean you have no concern for the animals' suffering at all? —No concern at all. (3,540.) Are you willing to state that as a principle you uphold? —I think that for an experimenter, someone conducting specialized research, there’s no time to think about what the animal might feel or suffer. Their only goal is to conduct the experiment, learn as much as possible, and do it as quickly as they can. (3,541.) So, for your own purposes, you completely disregard the question of the animal's suffering during a painful experiment. —I do. (3,542.) Why do you consider it when it’s for demonstration purposes? —Because I know there’s a strong sentiment against it in this country, and when it’s unnecessary, one might not want to go against the beliefs of some of the audience. You have to consider the feelings and opinions of those people who are watching the experiment. (3,543.) Am I wrong to say that you completely separate yourself from the feelings that are generally held in this country regarding compassion for animals? —I separate myself as a researcher from myself as a teacher. (3,544.) But regarding your work as a researcher, are you willing to admit that you view the suffering of the animal subjected to your investigation as entirely indifferent? —Yes. (3,546.) Do you think this is a common practice on the Continent, to completely disregard the feelings of animals? —I believe so. (3,547.) But you think there’s generally a very different perspective in England? —Not among physiologists; I don’t think there is. (3553.) —Min. of Ev. R. Com., London, 1876.

Köbner, Heinrich. Professor in Berlin.

Author of "Attempts to Transmit Leprosy to Animals."

Experiments to infect animals with leprosy.—Virchow’s Archiv., 88 vol., p. 282.

“One monkey, two guinea pigs, two young white rats, one white mouse, two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mudfish, and one frog were injected in various parts of their bodies with leprous matter, and small pieces of tissue containing bacilli were transplanted. Leprosy did not develop in any of the animals.” —Note by O. Israel, Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5, 1883, p. 79.

Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert. M.D. Secret Counsel. Director of the Pathological Institute of Sanitary Medicine, Berlin.

“You saw the dog that was injected with a small amount of tubercle bacilli. The injection was administered in the abdominal cavity, causing severe tubercular peritonitis. However, the dog eventually made a full recovery and seemed perfectly well. Then the same dog was used again, and a large number of bacilli were introduced into the abdominal cavity. You will notice that the dog is critically ill. If one attack provided immunity, it shouldn't have been possible to cause this second attack. Therefore, I don't believe it's possible to prevent the disease this way, nor do I think it's necessary to try.”—“Dr. Robert Koch interviewed,” Med. Times, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255.

“The outcome of Koch’s inoculation experiments was discredited by Dr. Formad because the successful tests were conducted only on animals with a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, which could contract the disease from inoculation with non-specific substances. Meanwhile, he viewed other claims of success as instances of pseudotuberculosis. Dr. Formad believed that although the tuberculosis bacilli may not directly cause the disease, they likely 'condition the fatal disease.' His remarks were met with great interest, leading to a brief discussion involving Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, Cohen, and others. Some speakers appeared to align with Koch’s views, and it was praised that someone as capable as Dr. Formad presented arguments against them, as the truth would be more confidently reached if the new doctrine was put on the defensive and not allowed to establish itself without proper scrutiny.” —Philadelphia Med. News, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in Med. Times, Dec. 2, 1882.)

“Dr. Koch’s conclusions are highly respected, but that respect might decrease if people realized that the original goal, and really the reason behind, the method of dry cultivation has been quietly abandoned, while the method itself is being used for purposes it isn’t suitable for.”—Med. Times, July 15, 1882, p. 78.

“As of now, there’s no confirmed case of animals getting sick with cholera during cholera outbreaks. All the experiments done so far using cholera substances on animals have either shown no results, or if they were claimed to be successful, they lacked sufficient evidence or were challenged by other researchers. Still, we carefully conducted detailed experiments on animals. The results with white mice from Thiersch were particularly noteworthy. I brought fifty mice with me from Berlin and conducted various experiments on them," but … "our mice stayed healthy. We then experimented on monkeys, cats, poultry, dogs, and other animals we could find; however, we couldn't find anything in animals similar to the cholera process.… Therefore, I believe that all animals available for experiments, as well as those in contact with humans, are not susceptible to cholera.… Thus, we must exclude them as a source of evidence.”—Koch’s “Address to the German Board of Health,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454.

Kölliker, Rudolf Albrecht. Born in 1817 in Zurich; Studied at the Universities of Zurich, Bonn, and Berlin; Foreign Assistant to Henle, M.D., in Zurich, 1843; Professor of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy in Zurich, 1845; Professor at Würzburg, 1847.

Author “Handbook of Human Tissue Anatomy for Doctors and Students,” Leipzig, 1852; “Developmental History of Humans and Higher Animals,” Leipzig, 1861; “Investigations into the Final Terminations of the Nerves,” Leipzig, 1862 (in progress).

Krabbe, H. M.D.; Professor of Physiology and Anatomy at Royal Veterinary College, Copenhagen.

Kraft (Dr.), Breslau. Assistant Professor at the Pathology Institute.

Kries, J. von. Professor at the University of Freiburg in Baden; Lecturer in Physiology. Movement and Sensation, Physiology Institute.

Author of “Investigations into the Mechanics of Striated Muscle,” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Visual Sensations and Their Analysis,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 (Supplement).

Krivoratow, M., Moscow. Medical Student in Strasbourg; student of Prof. Goltz.

Kronecker, H., 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Professor Extraordinaire, Physiology, University of Berlin; Lecturer, Experimental Physiology.

Author of “The Inability of the Frog Heart Apex to Summate Electrical Stimuli,” Proceedings of the Physiological Society in Berlin, May 16, 1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Central Journal for Medical Sciences.”

Conducted experiments together with Dr. Theodore Cash at the Physiological Institute in Berlin.

Kueltz, E. Prof. Medical Faculty Marburg University; Exam in Physiology. Lecture on Physiology of Sensory Organs, 1883.

Author of "Contributions to the Study of Glycogen Formation in the Liver," Pflüger's Archives., Vol. XXIV, 1880; "On the Fate of Chloral Hydrate and Butychloral Hydrate in the Animal Body," Ibid., Vol. XXVIII, 1882.

Made experiments in the Physiology Lab at the University of Marburg.

Kühne, W. Professor of Experimental Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University.

Author of “On Artificial Diabetes in Frogs,” Göttingen, 1856; “Myological Investigations,” Berlin, 1860; “On the Peripheral End Organs of Motor Nerves,” Leipzig, 1862; “Investigations on Protoplasm and Contractility,” Leipzig, 1864; “On the Relationship of Muscle to Nerve;” Investigations from the Physiological Institute of the University, Heidelberg, Vol. III, 1879; “Note on the Retinal Color of Exposed Human Eyes,” Ibid., Vol. III, 1879; “Observations on Pancreatic Secretion” (jointly with Lea), Ibid., Vol. II, 1882.

Kussmaul, Adolf. Born in 1822, in Graben, near Carlsruhe; studied at Heidelberg and Wurzburg; served as a military surgeon in Baden, 1848; became an associate professor at the University of Heidelberg in 1857; professor of medicine at Erlangen in 1859; professor at Freiburg in 1863; professor at Strasburg in 1876.

Author of “The Developmental Phases of Exact Medicine,” “On the Causes and Process of Our Death,” Freiburg, 1866; “Twenty Letters on Smallpox and Cowpox Vaccination,” Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with Tenner); “Investigations into the Natural Science of Humans and Animals,” 1856; “Studies on the Origin and Nature of Convulsive Seizures during Hemorrhage and Epilepsy in General,” Frankfurt, 1857.

“For everyone who doesn’t believe that words and thoughts come from sources beyond the brain's nerve tissue, it logically follows that the functions of speech are located in specific areas of the cortex.… As we might expect, physiological experiments don’t provide clarity here.”—Art. “Disturbances of speech,” Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine, Vol. XIV., p. 720.

Laborde, J.V., 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. Prof. Pract. Physiol., Pract. Courses.

Chief Editor of the "Medical Tribune."

Experimented (April 30, 1884), with the head of the decapitated criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it, restoring a grotesque imitation of lifelike movements.

Lacerda (M.) of, Rio de Janeiro.

Injected snake venom under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and guinea pigs to test the effect of potassium permanganate as an antidote.

Landois, Leonard. B. Munster, 1837; Studied and Assistant at the Physiology Institute, Greifswald; Extraordinary Professor, 1868; Full Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiology Institute, 1872; Professor of Microscopic Anatomy, Histology, and Experimental Physiology, Medical Faculty, same place, 1883.

Author of: “Textbook of Human Physiology,” Vienna, 1879-80; “On Resonant Vocal Flames,” Centralb. for Medical Science No. 18, 1880, p. 321.

Edwin Ray Lankester, M.A., F.R.S. Born 1847, London; Educated at St. Paul’s School and Christ Church, Oxford; Fellow and Lecturer at Exeter College, Oxford, 1872; Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at University College, London, 1875; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1875.

Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; “Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” 1875; and the English Edition of Haeckel’s “History of Creation.” Contributions to “Athenæum, Academy, Nature,” Chief Editor of “Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.”

“… He has played a key role in the defense of Scientific Experiment on live animals.”—Men of the Time, 10th Edit., p. 604.

“If you allow for experimentation at all, you have to agree that the more experiments, the better, since it’s clear that for many years to come, the issues in physiology that need experimental solutions will grow at an exponential rate instead of diminishing.” —E. Ray Lankester, Spectator, Jan. 10, 1874.

Lange, O. B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; previously Assistant to Prof. Schiff, Physiology Lab, Florence.

Editor of "Hospital Journal."

Oscar Langendorff. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Königsberg.

Author of "Studies on the Pancreatic Digestion of Birds," Mueller's Archives, 1879; Contributions to Central Journal for Medical Science, Archives for Anatomy and Physiology, etc.

Found through experimentation that after frogs had been soaked for several hours in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by tying off the aortic bulb, their muscles showed an acidic reaction.—Med. Centralb., 1882, No. 50.

[64]

Langley, J.N. M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge.

Author of “The Action of Pilocarpine on the Submaxillary Gland of the Dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III., 1877, p. 42. “On the Changes in Serous Glands During Secretion,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the Structure of Serous Glands in Rest and Activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary Account of the Structure of the Cells of the Liver and the Changes That Occur in Them Under Various Conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., 1882, p. 20.

“The submandibular gland of the dog was selected for the experiment due to its exposed position and the relative ease of isolating its nerves; a few experiments were conducted on the parotid gland, but these were not increased in number since there seems to be little reason to doubt that what applies to one salivary gland also applies to the others.… While observing blood flow, all veins leading to the jugular were tied off, except for the veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular was tied and cut on the peripheral side of the ligature, allowing the blood to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made right at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself was clamped, and the blood was collected as before.… Pilocarpine was injected sometimes into the saphenous vein, and sometimes directly into the gland through the facial artery, as described by Heidenhain.… In every case, the stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a Du Bois Reymond induction apparatus.” —Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III. (1877), pp. 44, 45, 46.

Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads.

Had a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum from 1878 to 1883. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures from 1878 to 1883. Certificate excusing the requirement to kill in 1879.

Lannegrace (Dr.), Montpelier. Professor of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Montpelier.

Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola. B. Ferrandina, 1846; Studied in Salerno and Naples; Surgical Assistant in Milan, 1871; Professor in 1873; Physician and Veterinary Surgeon in Basilicate; Director of the Surgical Clinic and Professor of Surgery and Experimental Physiology at the High School for Veterinary Medicine, Milan.

Author of “On the Structure of Tendons, Histological Research,” Milan, 1871; “Manual of Veterinary Obstetrics,” Milan, 1872; “Treatise on Pathology and General and Special Surgical Therapy for Domestic Animals,” Milan, 1873; “Experimental Medicine and Veterinary Schools,” Milan, 1873, etc. Founded in 1878, the journal “Veterinary Clinic: Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery for Domestic Animals.”

Lapper, Edwin, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fellow of the Chemical Society, London; Lecturer on Chemistry at Ledw. School of Medicine.

Contributions to Dublin Journal of Medical Science 1876.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No experiments reported.

[65]

Lassègue, Jean Louis. Born in Paris, 1800.

Author of "Physiological and Chemical Researches to Contribute to the History of Digestion," Paris, 1825.

Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, with death occurring 50 days after the surgery.

Latschenberger, John. M.D.; Prof. extraordinary Physiology. Chemistry University of Freiburg.

Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Contributions to the Theory of the Reflective Stimulation of Vascular Muscles,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XII., p. 157.

Conducted experiments together with Deahna.

“We first set out to study the effects of blood pressure during prolonged stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves. The animals used in the experiments were rabbits, dogs, and cats.… The nerves we examined were the vagus nerve, depressor nerves, and sciatic nerve. After cutting the nerve, we stimulated the central end. In most cases, the nerves in the neck were pulled outward and placed on the electrodes in such a way that the stimulated part was completely surrounded by air.”—Beiträge zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung, &c., pp. 159, 160.

Lautenbach, B.F. M.D.; Ph.D. Assistant, Physiology Lab, Geneva.

Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” Ibid., pp. 1 and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of Nerv. and Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393.

Conducted experiments, with help from Prof. Schiff, by tying the portal veins of dogs, etc., which resulted in death within one or two hours in dogs, and even sooner in cats and rabbits.—Philadelphia Med. Times, May 26th, 1877.

Lazarus, Moritz. B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Professor of Philosophy, Bern; Professor at the Military Academy, Berlin, 1868.

Contrib. to “Journal of Clinical Medicine.”

Made experiments on dogs and sheep.

Lea A. Sheridan, Trinity College, Cambridge. Physiology Lab. New Museum.

Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine Ferment,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1878.

Lebedeff, Alexander. Doctor, Moscow, Russia.

Made experiments at the Physiology Institute, Leipzig, 1882.

Lebedoff, S.A. Assistant Physician, St. Petersburg.

Made experiments at the Pathological Institute in Giessen on the secretion of hemoglobin by the kidneys.—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. XCI., p. 2.

Legg, John Wickham, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. M.D. Lond., 1868; M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fellow Royal Medical Chirurgical Society; Member Pathological Society; Casualty Physician and Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.

[66]

Author of “On the Changes of the Liver After Tying Off the Bile Ducts;” and various papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., Brit. Med. Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.

“During the past winter, I made several observations on the changes that occur after ligating the bile ducts in animals. The animals used were cats; they seem to recover from the procedure better than dogs. Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days afterward. The ligation was done as follows: The animal was first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform was administered generously to ensure deep anesthesia. A cut was then made through the linea alba, starting from the xiphoid cartilage and going down about two inches. By pushing the stomach and duodenum aside to the left and lifting the free edge of the liver, the bile ducts coming from the liver and gall bladder were visible. A ligature was placed around the common duct and tied tightly near the duodenum; another was tied tightly on the duct, about half an inch closer to the liver, and the duct between the two ligatures was cut with scissors while holding the vessel away from the portal vein. In two of the cats, the bile managed to flow back into the intestine; so, in later procedures, I removed about half an inch of the common duct entirely, similar to the process for creating biliary fistulas. The abdominal walls were then brought together with regular sutures. It’s best to place these sutures close together, as I lost three of the cats due to suture failure and subsequent bowel prolapse. All the operations recorded in this paper were carried out in the pharmacological laboratory of my friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.”

“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.…

"Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.—Black female cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. Bile duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 28.…

“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing immediately after operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but not cut. Feb. 6.—Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but lies on side mewing. Feb. 7.—Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same place where left yesterday.…

“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.—A not fully grown, very wild cat, with hardly any fat on its body, weighed 3 lbs 5 oz immediately after the operation. The bile ducts were tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under chloroform but recovered with artificial respiration. The cat was last seen alive on Feb. 7.… Found dead on the morning of February 12, and already quite decomposed. Cause of death: prolapse of the bowels.…

“Exper. XVI., June 27.—Black and white cat, well-fed, fully grown. The bile duct was tied off double, and a piece was removed. July 3.—Since the cat was now very weak and seemed close to dying, it was decided to perform the diabetic puncture. The cat was placed on its stomach, an incision was made through the skin over the back of its head, and the chisel was positioned just beneath this. After cutting through the occipital bone, the chisel was directed downward and forward to intersect the line connecting the two ear canals. The chisel was pushed forward until it reached the basilar bone, then it was pulled out. The operation was completed at 12:30.[67] Before the operation, the cat had weakly taken a little milk.”—“On the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts,” Barth. Hosp. Reps., Vol. IX., p. 161, etc.

Lemoigne (Prof.), Milan. Member of the Council of the Milanese Zoophila Society.

Author of "Report on Hydrophobia," 1882.

Leopold, G. Prof. University of Leipzig.

“Professor Leopold from Leipzig has recently conducted some experiments of this nature, and we believe it’s important to summarize the results, especially since English doctors are barred by unreasonable laws from doing such research themselves. Dr. Leopold proceeded as follows: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, then the abdomen of a non-pregnant one, and in some experiments, he transferred only the embryo, while in others, he transferred the embryo along with its membranes and placenta from one animal's uterus to the abdominal cavity of the other. He then closed the wound and observed the outcome. The experiments were conducted using rabbits. The results can be divided into two groups—one where peritonitis developed, which led to the animals dying quickly, and the other where they survived and the transplanted embryo became encapsulated. In cases where no peritonitis occurred, the animals were euthanized at varying intervals from three to seventy days after the procedure.” —Med. Times and Gazette, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42.

Lépine, R., Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty.

Author of “On the Localization in Brain Diseases,” Paris, 1875; co-author (with Lannois) of “On the Different Behaviors of the Upper and Lower Parts of the Small Intestine in Terms of Absorption and Transudation,” Arch. of Norm. and Path. Physiol. 1883, p. 93.

“The authors used the following methods in their experiments, which were conducted solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen along the linea alba, a portion of the small intestine was pulled out, and ligatures that were initially not tightened were placed on the upper and lower parts; above and below the ligatures, the intestine was cut open with very fine scissors and rinsed with a seven percent salt solution. Then, the lower ligature was tightened, and the solution was injected into the upper opening to test its reabsorption. As the syringe was being withdrawn, the upper ligature was also secured. A section of the lower end of the small intestine underwent the same process; however, a longer section was extracted to compensate for the smaller size of the lower end of the intestine. After the intestines were put back, the wound was stitched up, and the dog was set free; after a certain amount of time—usually an hour to an hour and a half—it was euthanized, and the contents of the tied loops were examined.”—Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1883, p. 679.

Lesser, A. Professor of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Berlin University.

Baron Von L. L. Professor at Private Policlinic, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University. Pathology Institute.

[68]

Leube, Wilhelm Olivier. Born in Ulm, Wurttemberg, 1842; studied medicine at Tübingen; earned his M.D. in 1866; attended universities in Munich and Berlin; studied physiology under Du Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and physiological chemistry under Kühne; First Assistant at Ziemssen’s Clinic in Erlangen, 1868; became an Associate Professor in 1872; appointed Professor of Medical Clinic in Jena the same year; became a Professor in Erlangen in 1874.

Author of “Investigations on the effects of Strychnine and their paralysis through artificial respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archive, 1867, p. 629. Contributed to “Moleschott’s Investigations,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archive, etc.

Made experiments with strychnine on different animals.

Dr. Lewaschew, St. Petersburg.

“A very careful and valuable series of experimental studies on the influence of the nervous system in causing vascular diseases has been contributed to the current issue of Virchow’s Archiv. by Dr. Lewaschew from St. Petersburg. The investigation method is noteworthy. Typically, the main nerve trunks of the hind limbs of dogs were subjected to irritation using a solution of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid; it was discovered that rabbits and cats were unsuitable for this continuous form of stimulation, as the acid's effect on the exposed nerve trunk led to gangrene; since a strong stimulus was needed, milder methods could not be used.”—Lancet, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962.

Dr. Lewaschew threaded a string soaked in acid through the sciatic nerve of one leg to create irritation in the nerve. Every three to six days, a new thread was sewn closer to the outer end of the nerve. This process continued until the animals died. Some died quickly from gangrene in their limbs and sepsis, while others succumbed after two to four weeks due to severe infections and dysentery; many, however, endured the procedure for two to four months. Some of the animals experienced seizures that worsened until their death.—Petersburg Med. Wochenschrift, Vol. XXXI., 1880.

George Henry Lewes. Born in London, 1817; died 1878.

Studied medicine, anatomy, and physiology.

Author of “On the Spinal Cord,” 1858; “The Nervous System,” 1859; “Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; “Problems of Life and Mind,” etc.

“A triton whose cord had been severed a few weeks earlier was completely split in two. The head portion quickly began to crawl away energetically, which was expected since this half contained the heart and most of the organs. The tail portion stayed upright for a while and then started to move forward. After taking three steps, it paused and remained still for five minutes before trying again, but weakly. The tail moved on its own, but very slowly; when touched, both the tail and the legs moved. I then placed it under a glass with a damp sponge inside to keep the skin from drying out and left it there for two hours, observing its slow, but natural movements. If any readers are still skeptical, I suggest they divide the spinal cord of a frog just below the shoulders and keep the animal alive for several days or weeks (it’s important to prevent water from reaching the cord, as that will quickly kill it), observing its behavior and testing its sensitivity.” —Physiol. Com. Life, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.

[69]

“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man who lost all sensation and voluntary movement due to an accident, yet still pulled up his legs when they were tickled, without ever experiencing the sensation of tickling. This case is often referenced and is truly impressive. It seems to hold much more significance than any animal experiments, because we can’t ask animals about their sensations; we don’t really know if they feel anything. We can only make assumptions, while we can actually ask the human patient.” —Ibid., p. 861.

“Has conducted a large number of experiments (6,354), almost all focusing on the nerves (6,365), mainly on frogs and other cold-blooded animals (6,357), and only a dozen rabbits and pigeons over twelve years under anesthesia (6,361-4).… He couldn’t bring himself to experiment on dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), so rabbits were usually a substitute (6,413-7).”—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 41.

Lewin, L. M.D. Assistant at the Pharmacology Institute, Berlin.

Author of “Investigations on the Effects and Behavior of Tannins in the Animal Body.”—Virchow’s “Archives.,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; “Investigations on the Chemical Behavior of Uva Ursi Leaves in the Animal Body.”—Virchow’s “Archives.” Vol. XCII., 1883.

Performed experiments on rabbits using tannin and other substances.

Leyden, Ernst Victor. Born in Danzig, 1832. Studied Medicine and Surgery at the Friedrich Wilhelm Institute in Berlin; worked as a Military Surgeon in Dusseldorf, Danzig, Gumbinnen, and Königsberg; served as Battalion Surgeon in Berlin from 1862 to 1865; then became Professor and Director of the Medical Clinic at the Polyclinic in Königsberg; appointed Professor in Strasburg in 1872; succeeded Traube in Berlin in 1876; served as Privy Councillor in Medical Affairs; Professor of Pathology and Therapy, Director of the Medical Clinic in Berlin.

Author of “Contributions and Investigations into the Physiology and Pathology of the Brain,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; Editor “Journal of Clinical Medicine.”

Inventor of a device that can be inserted into a hole drilled in the skull of dogs to help study the movements of the exposed brain. Injected blood from pneumonia patients into guinea pigs.

“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had studied the effects of pressure and agitation on brain function a few years ago. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride between the skull and dura mater. Dr. F. Pagenstecher later conducted a more extensive series of experimental investigations. Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and tallow heated to 50° C. between the skull and dura mater of dogs. Regarding the sensitivity of the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher had different views.” —Bartholow’s “Functions of the Human Brain,” Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., April, 1874, pp. 305-306.

Lindgren, H.O. Professor, Medical Faculty, Lund University.

Alfred Lingard, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., M.R.C.S. Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thomas’s, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris); Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society; Member of the Pathological Society, London, British Medical Association, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, and Société d'Anthropologie de Paris; former House Physician at St. Thomas’s Hospital; Translator of Fournier’s “Syphilis and Marriage;” Contributed to “On the Structure of the Lymph Vessels in Pathologically Altered Skin;” Allgemeine Wiener Medizinische Zeitung.[70] 1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative Disease of Skin and Mucous Membrane Caused by a Specific Bacillus,” Lancet, 1883.

Had a License for Vivisection in a building owned by Mr. George Lacey, 213 Wandsworth Road, S.W., located in Stag Yard, across the Wandsworth Road from the above address in 1883. Certificate exempting from the requirement to kill. No experiments reported in 1883.

Henri Liouville. Born in Paris, 1837; Died in 1882. Received M.D. in 1870; Chief Director of the Laboratory at Hôtel Dieu in 1872.

Author of “On the Generalization of Miliary Aneurysms,” 1871; “On the Abuse of Therapeutics,” 1875; Contributed to various Medical Journals.

Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. M.B. Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1855; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., 1878; M.D. Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; LL.D. Cantab., 1880; Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond.; Cothenius Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc. Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign Societies; Mem. of Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg. Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll.

Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anesthesia” in Holmes’s System of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Blood Coagulation,” Proc. Roy. Soc.; “On Artery Ligatures in the Antiseptic System;” “On the Influence of Body Position on Blood Circulation,” paper presented at Acad. de Méd., Paris, June, 1878.

Made experiments on horses and calves.

“Believes that experiments on living animals are one of the most important ways to increase knowledge (4,291-2). Places a high value on demonstrations as a method of teaching (4,339-43).” Thinks that “demonstrations should be done under anesthesia, not just to prevent pain for the animals, but to avoid having a negative impact on the students” (4,328).—Digest Ev. R. Com. pp. 30-31.

Charles Marie Livon, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. of Experimental Physiology at the School of Medicine.

Author of “New Manual of Vivisection,” Paris, 1882; “On the Treatment of Laryngeal Polyps,” 1873.

Prof. L. Loewenfeld, Munich.

Author of "Experimental and Critical Studies on Electrotherapy of the Brain," Munich, 1881.

“Dr. Loewenfeld from Munich also conducted an experimental study on the effects of both currents when applied to the brains of rabbits and kittens, focusing on intracranial circulation. However, we must point out a significant inconsistency in the results of his experiments on animals, which the author himself seems to be unaware of.”—Med. Times and Gaz., March 4th, 1882, p. 238.

[71]

Loewenthal, N. Assistant to Schiff Physiology Lab, Geneva.

Author of “On the Difference Between Secondary Degeneration of the Lateral Column After Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries.”—Pflüger’s Archives., Vol. XXXI., p. 350.

Lombardini (Prof.), Pisa. Veterinary School.

Longet, François Achille. Born in St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; died in Bordeaux, 1871. Member of the Academy of Medicine, Paris, former Professor of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Paris.

Author of “Circular Movement of Matter in the Three Kingdoms,” 1866; “Treatise on Physiology,” 1850; “Experimental Research on the Functions of the Epiglottis and on the Agents of Glottal Closure in Swallowing, Vomiting, etc.,” 1841; “Experimental Research on the Functions of the Nerves, Muscles, and Larynx,” 1841; “Experimental Research on Muscle Irritability,” 1841; “Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System of Humans and Vertebrate Animals,” 1846; “Experiments on the Effects of Inhaling Sulfuric Ether on the Nervous System,” 1847; “On Potassium Thiocyanate Considered as a Normal Component of Saliva,” 1856; “Fragments on the Chemical Phenomena of Digestion,” 1857.

“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie led him to conclusions that were completely opposite to those of Flourens.” —Art. “Brain,” Encyclopédie des Sci. Med., Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.

“Experiments on animals of different species, instead of providing helpful insights for humans, often ended up misleading us. To truly help humanity through vivisections, it would be essential to rely on pathological facts based on experiments on human beings.”—Longet, quoted in Fleming’s Essay, p. 42.

Love, Christian. M.D., Prof. Medical Surgery, Institute of Stockholm.

Author of “Expansion of Arteries through Nerve Stimulation,” Ludwig’s Works, 1866, p. 1.

“I now come to the results of stimulating the central nerves. When I tested a strong, unmedicated animal, I noticed that in most cases, the ear artery became smaller at the start of the stimulation. This happened more reliably and quickly as the animal showed its distress more violently through cries and struggles. This narrowing of the artery lasted for varying but always very short periods of time, and then it would expand even during ongoing stimulation.… However, this isn’t always the case when many experiments are conducted.… There was one instance where, in an unmedicated animal, a very significant expansion occurred right at the start of the stimulation without any signs of narrowing. This result lasted in the same animal as long as the sensitivity of the nerves was sufficient to continue the experiment.”—Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, pp. 9-10.

Luchsinger, B. Professor of Physiology at the Veterinary School in Bern, previously Assistant at the Physiology Lab in Zurich; Professor of Experimental Pharmacology at the General Physiology Medical Faculty, University of Bern.

Author of: “On the Knowledge of the Functions of the Spinal Cord,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XVI.; “New Experiments on a Theory of Sweat Secretion, a Contribution to the Physiology of the Nerve Centers,” Ibid., Vol. XIV., p. 869; “On the Physiology of Sweat Secretion,” Virchow’s Archives, Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “On the General Physiology of Irritable Substances,” Bonn, 1879; “On Crossed Reflexes,” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.

Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich (together with Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Also ran experiments on dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, and goats. Cut the sciatic nerve to study the effects of muscarin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands. Additionally, conducted experiments on cats and kittens with Miss J. A. Kendall.

“At the sight of a strange dog, especially when being strapped to the vivisection table, the cat often breaks out in a heavy sweat on all four paws. It seems natural to us that the first step should be to completely remove these psychological influences if we want to thoroughly study other factors that may stimulate the sweat glands. A method commonly used—anesthesia—I have deliberately never used; in fact, I never use it except for preliminary procedures. If the brain is truly anesthetized, the other nerve centers must also have lost a lot of their responsiveness, and lower levels of anesthesia don’t seem to offer much benefit for our purposes.” —Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 375.

“Through the following experiments, Luchsinger believes he has found the most undeniable proof of the opposing effects of atropine and pilocarpine on the excretory glands, and that he has finally disproved my thesis on physiological antagonism. After fully convincing himself of the functions of the sweat glands in the hind feet of chloroformed cats by cutting both hip nerves, stimulating their peripheral ends, and injecting 0.01 grams of pilocarpine under the skin of the back; and after successfully stopping all sweat secretion by injecting 0.001-0.003 grams of atropine under the skin of the back—so that even the strongest stimulation of the hip nerves had no effect—he was able to trigger spontaneous sweat secretion in the toe pads by injecting 0.301 grams of pilocarpine either into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less than 0.001 grains of pilocarpine, the natural sweat secretion might not occur, but it could be stimulated by nerves that had previously shown no effect. The feet that were not injected with pilocarpine remained dry and could not be made to sweat through electrical stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these experiments to be practically the simplest and theoretically the clearest, and therefore he believes that I will also be convinced by them of the error in my third thesis. However, our experiments on the same topic have shown us that Luchsinger’s theories are only partially based on accurate observation, and that the conclusiveness of his experiments seems simple and clear to him only because he hasn’t thoroughly explored the entire question and has allowed himself to be misled too quickly by the surprising outcomes that occurred initially.” —Rossbach, “Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.

[73]

Luigi Luciani, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. Born in 1842 in Ascoli, Piceno. Studied at the Universities of Bologna and Naples. Assistant in the Physiology Lab at the University of Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipzig to study Experimental Physiology under Ludwig, 1872; Professor of General Pathology at the University of Parma, 1875; Professor of Physiology at the University of Siena, 1879.

Author of "On the Physiology of the Central Organs of the Heart," Bologna, 1873; "Practical Guide for Direct Blood Transfusion," 1874; "On the Frenzied Nature of the Respiratory Center" (experimental research conducted with Prof. Prattili) 1874; "On the Functions of the Brain," experimental research (with Prof. Tamburini), 1878-79, etc.

Experiments on starving dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.

Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig. Born in Witzenhausen, 1816. Studied medicine at Marburg and Erlangen; became an associate professor of comparative anatomy at Marburg in 1846; professor of anatomy and physiology in Zurich in 1849; professor of physiology and physics at the Josephinum in Vienna in 1855; professor in Leipzig in 1865; served as a privy court councillor; professor at the physiology institute; vice-president of the Leipzig Society for the Protection of Animals.

Author of “Textbook of Human Physiology,” Heidelberg, 1852; “The Physiological Measures of Blood Pressure,” Leipzig, 1865.

Inventor of a device for cutting through the spinal cord of living mammals, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of a machine for measuring the speed of blood circulation.

Lussana Filippo. B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, Bergamo, and Pavia; Professor of Physiology at the University of Padua; Director at the University of Padua.

Author of “Physiopathological Observations on the Nervous System,” 1856; “The Pancreas,” 1852; “Atropine and Belladonna,” 1852; “Pathology of the Cerebellum,” 1856; “Experiments on the Great Sympathetic,” 1857; “Physiology of Pain,” 1859; “On the Fibrin of Blood,” 1866; “Physiology of Women,” 1867; “On Digestive Processes,” 1868-69; “Physiology of the Cerebral Nerve Centers,” 1871; “On the Semicircular Canals, Physiopathological Researches,” 1872; “On the Motor Centers of the Brain,” 1877; “The Movements of Pain,” 1878, etc.

Lyon (Dr.), St. Pete.

William Macewen, 73 Bath Street and 5 Ure Place, Montrose Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1874; (Glasgow); Member of National History, Pathology and Surgery, and Medical and Surgical Societies, Glasgow; Lecturer on Surgical Surgery and Surgery at Glasgow Royal Infirmary; Casualty Surgeon Glasgow City; former Dispensing Surgeon at Glasgow Royal Infirmary and Western Infirmary, Glasgow; House Physician at Royal Infirmary and Assistant Physician at City Asylum, Glasgow.

Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments that produce them;” “Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, with an Inquiry into the Causes and Pathology of Knock Knee, Bow Legs, and other Bone Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” 1880; “Observations on Bone Transplantation,” 1881; “On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” 1881; “Chromic Gut and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contributed to “Glasg. Med. Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1880.

[74]

Had a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1881 and 1882. Certificates exempting from the obligation to kill in 1881 and 1882. No experiments reported in 1882.

Mackay, J. Yule. M.D.

Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Classroom, 1883.

Maclagan, Douglas, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1833; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1864; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-President F.R.S. (Edin.); Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, Police, and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh; Surgeon General Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surgeon Major Q.E.R.V.B.; Honorary Member Pharmacy Society Great Britain, etc., etc.

Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. and Med. Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.

Held a license for vivisection at the University of Edinburgh Medical Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for experiments without anesthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments reported.

Neil MacLeod, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.

Had a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney Down, Walthamstow, 1883.

Maier, Rudolf. B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Freiburg.

Author of “Experimental Studies on Lead Poisoning,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.

Fed rabbits and guinea pigs with lead.

François Majendie. Born in Bordeaux, 1783; died in Paris 1855. M.D. from Paris, 1808; Member of the Academy of Science and Medicine, 1821; held a Professorship of Medicine at the College of France, which he turned into a Professorship of Experimental Physiology in 1830.

Author of "Basic Treatise on Physiology," 1816.

Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental Physiology and was so unconcerned about the suffering of the animals used in experiments that his peers labeled him as cruel. He was even accused of conducting experiments on humans. During his first visit to England, he faced open accusations in Parliament, but was strongly defended by James Mackintosh and a significant group of supporters, so the accusations didn’t lead to any consequences.

“I remember a poor dog whose spine nerves Majendie wanted to expose. The dog, already hurt and bleeding, managed to escape from the relentless knife twice, throwing his front paws around Majendie’s neck, licking him as if to soften his killer and plead for mercy. Vivisectors may find this amusing, but I admit I couldn't handle the heartbreaking sight.”—Dr. Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.

Malassez, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. Assistant Director of the Histology Lab, College of France; formerly Resident Hospital Physician.

[75]

Author of “On the Counting of Red Blood Cells, etc.” Paris, 1873. “On the Latest Improvements to the Methods and Instruments for Counting Blood Cells, and on a New Dropper,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. 1880, p. 377; “On Pancreatic Digestion,” Gaz. Méd. de Paris No. 51, p. 1880, etc.

Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments being that the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.—Gaz. Méd. Paris, 1878, p. 317.

Paolo Mantegazza. Born in Monza, 1831. Studied Medicine at Pisa, Milan, and Pavia; Professor of Chemical Technology at the Technical School in Milan; Professor of Pathology at the University of Pavia; Professor at the Institute of Higher Studies in Anthropology, Florence; Senator; Practiced Medicine in South America. Upon returning to Italy, he founded the Laboratory of Experimental Pathology at Pavia, the first of its kind in Europe; founder of the Anthropological Museum in Florence.

Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, 1859; “Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,” Ibid., 1867; “Dell’azione del dolore sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle Scienze medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero). Ibid., 1869, etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,” Ibid., 1870; “Fisiologia dell’ Amore,” Ibid., 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,” Ibid., 1874; “Il bene ed il male,” Ibid., 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1880.

Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of inflicting “intense,” “cruel,” and “extremely horrific” pain.

“The Gazzetta Italiana di Milano includes an essay by Prof. Mantegazza about experiments conducted under his supervision at the experimental pathology lab at the University of Pavia. It's enough to say that the experiments aimed to examine the effects of pain on digestion and nutrition. As the Professor himself admits, the experiments were agonizing for the animals involved, distressing for the researchers, and ultimately showed that pain led to loss of appetite, significant weakness, and an unusual absorption of moisture. It was also noted that no changes in the spinal cord could be detected after the suffering lasted for one month. The results are minimal and represent inexcusable cruelty.” —Lancet, March 25th, 1871, p. 415.

Mapother, Edward Dillon, 6, Merrion Square North, Dublin. M.D. Queen's University Ireland (with 1st Honor and Gold Medal), 1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L. 1854 (Richmond Hospital, Queen's University and Royal College of Surgeons Ireland); President of the Statistical Society of Dublin; Professor of Physiology and Former President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; former Examining Surgeon at Queen's University Ireland.

Author of “A Manual of Physiology and the Principles of Disease,” 3rd edition, 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational and Licensing Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on Public Health,” 2nd edition, 1867; “The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools,” 4th edition; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” “Hip Joint,” 1853 (awarded Gold Medal from the Pathological Society). Contributor to Dublin Medical Journal and British Medical Press, etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No Experiments reported.

[76]

Marey, Etienne Jules, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. Born in Beaune (Côte d’Or), 1830; studied medicine in Paris; earned M.D. in 1859; became a professor of Natural History at the College of France in 1869; member of the Academy of Medicine in 1872; and member of the Academy of Sciences in 1878, succeeding Claude Bernard.

“To align with M. Marey's ideas, a physiological station is being set up in the Bois de Boulogne. At his lab at the College of France, M. Marey has conducted several studies on the physiology of nerves and muscles; however, due to limited space, he faced challenges when trying to study the functional movements of various animals. The new physiological station in the Bois de Boulogne, featuring a 3,500-yard-long roadway, will allow M. Marey to conduct fascinating experiments on this topic.”—Brit. Med. Journ., 19 Nov., 1881, p. 826.

Dr. Marey dedicated himself to scientific research and started a free lab for physiology, which was the only one of its kind in France for a while.

Author of “Research on the Circulation of Blood in Physiological State and in Diseases,” Paris, 1859; “Medical Physiology of Blood Circulation,” 1863; “Physiological Studies on the Graphic Characteristics of Heartbeats,” 1863; “On Movement in Life Functions,” Paris, 1868; “Medical Physiology of Blood Circulation Based on the Graphic Study of Heart Movements,” Paris, 1868; “Experiments on Air Resistance to Serve Physiology of Bird Flight,” Paris, 1869; “Memoir on the Flight of Insects and Birds,” 1869; “Memoir on the Torpedo,” 1873; “The Animal Machine,” 1873; “Experimental Physiology,” 1875 (which is an account of the works conducted in his laboratory); “The Graphic Method in Experimental Sciences,” 1878.

“If it’s necessary to record the heart’s movements, a small device created by M. Marey is very helpful. The animal is secured on its back to a wooden table, and its heart is exposed, allowing it to be held level with the abdominal area using a pair of bent tongs.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.

Martin H. Newell. M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.

Author of “The normal breathing movements of the frog, and how stimulating the optic lobes affects its breathing center,” Journ. of Physiol., 1878, p. 131; “On the breathing function of the internal intercostal muscles,” co-authored with E. Murray Hartwell, M.A., Ibid., Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.

“After splitting the skin down the middle, I always removed a piece of the skull using a small trephine in a diamond-shaped area bordered by four small blood vessels. The back edge of the opening extends to roughly the back edge of the cerebral hemispheres, and I enlarged the opening with scissors until I could see the front edges of the optic lobes. These were carefully and completely separated with a cataract knife from the parts of the brain in front of them, and the front parts were removed from the cranial cavity; usually, the skull incision was extended forward to make this removal easier. Then, the edges of the skin were brought together carefully, without stitches, and the animal[77] was placed in a dish with a little water and left until the wound healed … they weren’t fed, as my experience showed that for the week or two I wanted to keep them, they did better without food; or at least without the exhausting struggle that trying to open their mouths caused.” —Journ. Physiol., Vol. I., p. 155.

“Dogs and cats were used in our experiments.”—Journ. Physiol., Vol. II., p. 25.

Martin, Hippolyte, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. Phys. Hos. Dis. Children.

“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of Paris specimens of artificially induced tuberculosis in rabbits, resulting from the injection of seemingly inert powders (lycopodium, etc.) into the abdominal cavity.”—Brit. Med. Journ., April, 2, 1881.

Adolfo Martini. M.D. Assistant Professor, University of Pisa.

Matthias-Duval, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. University Professor.

Mayer, Sigmund. Professor of Histology, Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague.

Author of “Special Nerve Physiology” in “Hermann’s Handbook of Physiology,” Leipzig, 1879; “Studies on the Physiology of the Heart and Blood Vessels;” “On the Phenomena in the Circulatory System After Temporary Closure of the Aorta,” Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences (Vienna), Vol. 79, part III, 1879; “Continued Research on the Suppression and Restoration of Blood Flow in the Head,” Central Journal for Medical Sciences, No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “On the Theory of Cardiac Activity,” Prague Medical Weekly, No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “On a Law of Excitation of Terminal Nerve Substances,” Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences (Vienna), Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.

McBride, Peter, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. 1876 (Edin. and Vienna); Member of Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lecturer on Ear Diseases at Edin. School of Med., etc.

Contributions to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. Times and Gazette,” etc., etc.

Held a license for vivisection at the University of Edinburgh's Materia Medica Department in 1879 and 1880; certificates for experiments without anesthetics in 1879 and 1880.

Robert McDonnell, 89, Merrion Square, West Dublin. A.B. and M.D. Dub., 1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Member of the Council, University Dub.; Member of the Pathological Society of Dub., Royal Zoological Society, and Statistical Society of Ireland; Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, London; Surgeon at Dr. Steeven’s and Jervis Street Hospitals; former Medical Superintendent at Mountjoy Government Prison; Assistant Surgeon at British Civil Hospital Smyrna and Civil Surgeon, Medical Staff, Crimea; Ex-President, R.C.S., Ireland.

Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery;” “Lectures on the Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz.; “Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the Lepidosiren Annecteus,” Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. “Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; “Observations on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,” Ibid., 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gaz., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal of Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; Editor of “Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)

Held a License for Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory Medical College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments reported.

Those who want to improve science should start experimenting independently in the lab as soon as they finish their final exams; he did so himself and has also conducted a few experiments at his own home, 4, 514-7.—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 33.

McKendrick, John Gray, University of Glasgow. M.D. Aberd. and C.M., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Universities of Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S. Edin.; Professor of Institutes of Medicine at the University of Glasgow; Fuller Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institute of Great Britain; previously Thomson Lecturer on Natural Science at Free Church College, Aberd., 1879-80; Lecturer on Institutes of Medicine at Extra Academical School, Edin.; Lecturer on Physiology at Dick Vet. College, etc., etc.

Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various papers on physiological topics in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society.

Had a license for vivisection at the University of Glasgow, Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Classroom; also unrestricted as to location in 1878-79-80. Certificates for illustrations of lectures in 1878-79-80.

Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.

Doesn't see how laws can regulate vivisection (3953-4); and is worried it would slow down scientific progress (4012); has his own private lab (3960-5); and is against licensing places because it could burden capable and dedicated individuals.…—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 30.

“On an anesthetized animal, we noted the level of reflex stimulation caused by an electric current of a specific intensity in direct contact with the skin. Later, we simultaneously stimulated the exposed brain hemispheres to see if the reflex action from the first stimulation increased or decreased. This method only resulted in uncertain outcomes.” — Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” by John McKendrick (Edin. Med. Journ., Feb., 1874, p. 733), “Revue des Sciences Médicales,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.

“At this stage of the investigation, we looked into how light affects the eyes of living animals.… We set up a series of experiments that were quite challenging. We examined the eyes—(1) of a living cat; (2) of a living pigeon; and (3) of a living owl. In all cases, the animals were heavily under the influence of chloroform during the experiments.”

“1. The Cat.—The animal was securely held in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. The skin around the eye was pulled back. The zygomatic[79] arch was cut through with bone forceps to reveal as much of the side of the eye socket as possible. The tissue around the eye was then moved aside along the top and side of the eyeball to access the optic nerve while minimizing damage to the blood vessels of the eye. Once the optic nerve was clearly visible and the bleeding was controlled, the nerve was cut across with sharp scissors. After this, the eyeball could be pulled downward, inward, and forward to clearly show a cut section of the nerve. With the head firmly held in place, one narrow clay point was placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the cut section of the nerve.”—“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1876, p. 160.

McReddie, George. M.D. India.

“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of the British Medical Association, 1883), after injecting strychnine into dogs, has tested the effects of antidotes on the animals, using inhalations of chloroform, amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He finds that all these remedies are ineffective, neither preventing the fatal outcome nor stopping the convulsions.”—Brit. Med. Journ., May 19th, 1883, p. 973.

John Alexander McWilliam, University College, Gower Street, W. M.D. Aberdeen (highest honors for thesis), 1882; M.B. and C.M. (highest academic honors and John Murray Medal and scholarship), 1880; Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, University College London, and University Leipzig; Demonstrator of Physiology at University College London; former teacher of Experimental Physics and Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, and Assistant in Physiology at University of Aberdeen.

Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological Theater and Rooms included in the Physiological Laboratory, along with Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate for Experiments in Support of Lectures. No experiments reported.

Meissner, G. Prof. Experimental Physiology. Medical Faculty, Göttingen University; Lecturer in Physiology, Institute.

Meren, Giovanni. M.D., Assistant Professor, Cagliari University.

Metzdorf, R. Professor, Laboratory, Veterinary School, Wrocław.

Miescher, F. Professor of Physiological Medicine, University of Basel.

Robt. Milne-Murray, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. St. And., 1875; M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.); Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., formerly Research Physician at Royal Maternity Hospital Edinburgh.

Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contributor to Edin. Med. Journ., 1881 and 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and 1883; also Special Certificate for Experiments without Anesthetics in the same years.

[80]

Moleschott, Giacomo. Born in 1822 in Herzogenbusch. M.D. from Heidelberg (University of Heidelberg and Haarlem); practiced medicine in Utrecht; became a private professor of Physiological Chemistry and Anthropology at Heidelberg in 1847; later became a professor of Physiology in Zurich; joined the University of Turin in 1861; became a naturalized Italian and Senator in 1876; appointed professor of Physiology at the University of Rome in 1878.

Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of the Transformation of Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological Sketches,” 1861; and co-author (with Donders and Van Deen) of “Dutch Contributions to Anatomical and Physiological Sciences.”

Founded a Physiology Lab at Heidelberg in 1853.

“M. Moleschott’s experiments involved removing the liver from animals that could survive this surgery (frogs, for example, can live for eight to fifteen days without it). M. Moleschott has prepared over one hundred frogs in this way.”—Note, Béclard’s Traité de Physiologie, p. 716, Vol. I., 1880.

Molière, Daniel. Paris.

Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.

Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to create an artificial deformity of the spine.

Morgan C. Lloyd Prof. of Geology and Biology, University College, Bristol; formerly from Rondibosch, South Africa.

“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:—

1. Focusing a sunbeam on different areas of the scorpion’s body.…

2. Heating in a glass bottle, since this allows for careful monitoring. I've killed about twenty or thirty individuals this way.…

3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…

4. Putting in burning alcohol.…

5. Putting it in concentrated sulfuric acid.… The creature died in about ten minutes.…

6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I put a small pellet of phosphorus near the base of the scorpion’s tail and ignited the phosphorus with a heated wire…

7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.

8. Put a piece of cotton wool soaked in benzene into a bottle.

9. Exposing to bright light.…

10. Administering a series of electric shocks.

11. General and frustrating sources of anxiety.”

“I think it’s fair to say that some of these experiments were quite brutal (the sixth one is honestly disturbing) to the point where any scorpion with even a hint of suicidal thoughts would seek relief through self-destruction. I have repeated the experiments on several individuals in all cases.”—C. Morgan Lloyd, in Nature, Feb. 1st, 1883.

Moriggia (Prof.), University of Rome.

Mosso, Angelo. Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. Born in Turin, 1846. For two years, Mosso diligently worked in Schiff’s Laboratory, then he studied for two years at Leipzig under Ludwig. After that, he studied in Paris. He then returned to take the position of Materia Medica chair at Turin, and soon[81] after receiving funding from the Government and his University, he established the first Laboratory of Experimental Chemistry in Italy. When the Professorship of Physiology became available due to Moleschott's transfer to Rome, Mosso accepted it.

Author of “Movements of the Esophagus,” Experimental Researches (Turin, 1872); “On Some New Properties of Blood Vessel Walls,” 1873; “On the Action of Emetics,” 1874; “On the Movements of the Iris,” 1874; “Experimental Critique of the Active Diastole of the Heart,” 1874; “On a New Method for Recording Blood Vessel Movements in Humans,” 1875; “On the Physiological Action of Compressed Air,” 1875; “On the Alternation of the Field of Vision,” 1875; “On the Action of Chloral,” 1875; “Three Papers on the Circulation of Blood in the Human Brain,” etc.

Conducted experiments with amyl nitrite in the Department of Experimental Pharmacology at the University of Turin (Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 174); also collaborated with Guarechi to inject an extract of decomposed human brain into animals.

Mott, Fred Walker, 65, Grove Street, Liverpool. M.B., London (University Scholar and Gold Medallist in Forensic Medicine, 1st Honours in Medicine) and B.S., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1880 (University College and Vienna); Demonstrator of Physiology University College, Liverpool; formerly House Physician and Ophthalmic Assistant University College Hospital, London.

Contrib. “Bacteria, or their Antecedents in Healthy Tissues,” Journ. of Physiol.

Had a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883; also Certificate exempting from the requirement to kill.

Munk, Immanuel. B. 1839. Assistant Demonstrator of Chemistry, Microphysiology, and Histology at the Medical Faculty, University; Assistant at the Veterinary School, Berlin.

Author of “On the Absorption of Fatty Acids, Their Fates and Their Utilization in the Body,” Proceedings of the Physiological Society in Berlin, Vol. XIII, April 18, 1879; “The Physiological Significance and Behavior of Glycerin in the Body,” Virchow’s Archives., Vol. LXXVI. (1879), p. 119; “On the Influence of Sensory Irritation on Bile Secretion;” Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. VIII; “Physiology of Humans and Mammals,” Berlin, 1881.

Experiments on rabbits. Biliary fistula created. The animals were then subjected to electric stimulation.

Munk, Hermann. Prof. of Experimental Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Berlin.

Author of “Investigations on the Nature of Nerve Excitation,” Leipzig, 1868; “On the Visual and Olfactory Spheres of the Cerebral Cortex,” Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1880, p. 449; “On the Functions of the Cerebral Cortex,” Berlin, 1880.

Made experiments on dogs and monkeys. After the removal of their frontal lobes, dogs showed no signs of reduced intelligence, but there were issues with their hindquarters. They turned towards the side of the injury, and their spines curved in a cat-like manner. Sometimes in the first weeks, the dogs held their heads low and struggled to grab their food; monkeys lost their ability to jump, but their intelligence stayed intact. Also tested electricity on the exposed muscles.—Berl. Akad. Sitzungsber, 1882, p. 36.

[82]

William Murrell, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W. M.D., Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1875; L.S.A. 1874 (Univ. Coll.); Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London; Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics (formerly Lecturer on Practical Physiology and Medical Register), Westminster Hospital; previously Sharpey Physiology Scholar and Demonstrator of Physiology at University College; Obstetric Assistant at University College Hospital and Research Clinical Assistant at Brompton Consumption Hospital.

Author of “Nitro Glycerine as a Remedy for Angina Pectoris,” 1880; “What to Do in Cases of Poisoning,” 1882 (co-authored with Dr. Ringer); “Action of Atropine on the Nervous System”; “Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,” 1877; “Physiological Action of Aconitia,” Ibid., 1877, etc. Contributions to “Lancet,” “Practitioner,” etc.

Has conducted many experiments together with Dr. Sydney Ringer to test the effects of different drugs on cats and frogs.

“In addition to these experiments, we made some clinical observations. We gave eighteen adults—fourteen men and four women—ten grains of pure sodium nitrite in an ounce of water, and seventeen of them reported that they couldn’t take it. One man, a strong and burly fellow with just a bit of rheumatism, said that after taking the first dose he felt ‘giddy,’ as if he would ‘pass out.’ His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before he dared to move. His heart fluttered, and he had throbbing pains in his head. He was encouraged to take another dose but refused because he had a wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, saying it ‘drained all his strength away.’ He also felt that the medicine didn’t agree with him. The women seemed to suffer more than the men. One woman reported that ten minutes after taking the first dose—she didn’t try a second—she felt a trembling sensation all over and suddenly fell to the floor. While lying there, she sweated profusely, her face and head felt swollen and throbbed violently, making her think they would burst. Another woman said she thought she would die after taking a dose; it caused her to sweat violently, and in under five minutes, her lips turned completely black and throbbed for hours; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never recover. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking ten grains was strongly affected by fifteen. The experience for these patients was so unpleasant that it was decided not to increase the dose.” —Drs. Ringer and Murrell in Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre in 1878.

Nasse, Hermann. Professor, Medical Faculty, University of Marburg.

Author of “On the Rate of Blood Flow from the Neck Vessels of Dogs and How It Changes with the Infusion of Salt into the Vessels,” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. XXII., p. 513.

“Experiment No. 121 was conducted on a dog weighing about 14 kg, which was very thin and had particularly poor blood. Blood was drawn simultaneously from the carotid artery, the jugular vein, and the superior vena cava, with the last drops already thickening in the glass cannula. Breathing had stopped. Only once, after a long pause, did the dog take a deep breath with its mouth open, as often happens just before death. The heartbeats were barely detectable. I then attempted to stimulate the vagus nerve electrically after dissecting it out, but there was no pulse or breathing, neither during nor after the stimulation. Death was undoubtedly imminent. I then injected a saline solution into the jugular vein. Tetanus followed each injection—immediately afterward, the heart started beating again and blood flowed out of the arteries. Once the bleeding stopped, I injected a slightly weaker solution than the first. No cramps followed, but the blood flow continued. The third injection had the same outcome, but death soon followed. The entire experiment lasted an hour and a half.”—“Ueber die Ausflussgeschwindigkeit d. Blutes,” etc., Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XXII., pp. 547-8.

Naunyn, Bernhardt. Born in Berlin, 1839. Studied at Bonn and Berlin. Assistant at the Medical Clinic in Berlin, under Prof. Frerichs, 1863; Professor of Medical Clinic at Dorpat, 1869; Professor in Berne, 1871; Professor of the Medical Faculty at the University of Königsberg, 1872.

Co-editor with Klebs and Schmiedeberg of "Archives for Experimental Pathology." Author of "Handbook of Intoxications" and "Handbook of Special Pathology," co-authored with R. Boehm in 1874; co-author (with Schreiber) of "Experiments on Compression of the Brain," published in Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Vol. XIV, No. 2, p. 1. Contributed various articles to "Du Bois Reymond’s Archives"; also contributed to Ziemssen’s "Cyclopedia of Medicine."

“The authors [B. Naunyn and Schreiber] have conducted experiments on dogs. A trephine is used to create an opening in the parietal bone. A tube is then inserted into this opening. Additionally, another tube is connected to the cerebro-spinal cavity at the level of the swelling formed by the meninges around the cauda equina. To achieve this, it's sufficient to remove a few of the spinal processes of the corresponding vertebrae. This effectively creates two containers that communicate through the cephalo-spinal fluid, making it easy to increase the pressure of this fluid.… Pain is one of the first outcomes observed, and it intensifies if the pressure is immediately raised to its highest level. Soon after, convulsions occur, which are rarely epileptiform.… Breathing slows down, then becomes irregular, and eventually ceases.”—Archives Générales de Médecine, VIIᵉᵐ. Série, Vol. I., 1882, p. 743.

Nepveu, G. Surgeon, Paris; former Resident at Sur. Hospital, La Pitié Member of the Surgical Society of Paris.

David Newman, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow (with high honors), 1883; M.B. Glasgow and C.M. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glasgow 1881 (Universities of Glasgow and Leipzig); Member of Philosophical, Pathological, Clinical, and Medical and Surgical Societies of Glasgow; Exam in Physiology and Pathology University of Glasgow; Extra Dispenser Surgery Western Infirmary.

Contrib. “Some Physical Experiments Related to the Functions of the Kidneys,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.

Had a license for vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory from 1879 to 1883. Certificates released from the obligation to kill in 1881, 1882, and 1883. No experiments reported at[84] the location mentioned above. Mr. Newman could also conduct experiments at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, and his certificates did not restrict him to a registered location.

Nicolaides, R. M.D.; Professor of Physiology, Athens University. Contributed to Du Bois Reymond’s Archive in 1882. Conducted experiments in the Physiology Lab, Athens.

Nothnagel, Hermann. Born in 1841 in Alt, Lietzgöricke, Brandenburg. Studied in Berlin; Assistant at Leyden in Königsberg, and Instructor at the University, 1863; Professor at the University of Berlin, 1868; Professor in Breslau, 1870; Professor in Freiburg, Baden, 1872; Professor of Clinical Medicine and Pathological Medicine at the Faculty of the University of Jena, 1874.

Author of "On Epileptic Seizures," 1870; "On Neuritis in Diagnostic and Pathological Context," 1870; "The Symptomatology of Intestinal Ulcers," 1881. Contributed to "Handbook of Nervous System Diseases," 1874; and to "Ziemssen’s Encyclopedia of Medicine."

“Nothnagel believes he is justified in concluding from his experiments on rabbits that all the will fibers, without exception, pass through the lenticular nucleus. This is disputed by the French researchers, who attribute the total loss of voluntary movement, which Nothnagel caused by injecting caustic solutions into both lenticular nuclei, to a simultaneous damage to the internal capsule that, due to the small size of the lenticular nuclei in the rabbit, might have been easily missed during dissection. However, Nothnagel has recently published a brief statement in which he stands by his original claim.”—Kussmaul, “On Disturbances of Speech,” Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med., Vol. XIV., London, 1878, p. 680.

“Unfortunately, the results of experiments on animals regarding the precise location of lesions can't be directly applied to humans. However, we have good reason to believe, based on an important experiment by Hitzig on an ape, that the motor centers for the nerves of the limbs and the cranial nerves are found in the precentral gyrus, or anterior central gyrus (Huschke, Ecker). In other words, issues with the cortical tissue in this area could lead to motor paralysis.” —Nothnagel, “Anemia of the Brain,” Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med., Vol. XII., London, 1877, p. 152.

Oehl, Eusebio. Born in 1827 in Lodi. Awarded a degree in Medicine from Pavia in 1850; studied in Vienna, Paris, and Berlin; Extraordinary Professor of Histology at Pavia in 1860; Professor of Experimental Physiology in 1864.

Author of “Investigations of Microscopic Anatomy for the Study of Skin and the Palm Epidermis of the Hand,” Milan, 1856; “On Hemoglobin Crystals,” Florence, 1862; “Contributions to the Physiology of the Vagus Nerve,” Naples, 1863; “On the Influence of the Fifth Cranial Pair on the Pupil,” Florence, 1863; “On the Temperature Regulation of Excited Nerves,” Milan, 1865; “Manual of Physiology for Physicians and Students,” Milan, 1868-77, etc.

Ogston, Alex, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Aberd. 1866; M.B. and C.M. 1865; Surgeon at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary; Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Aberdeen.

[85]

Author of “On the Functions of the Semi-Circular Canals, etc.,” 1869.

Had a License for Vivisection at 252 Union Street, Aberdeen, 1880-81-82. Certificates relieving the obligation to kill in 1880-81-82. No experiments reported in 1882. When Dr. Ogston’s License expired, the above address was no longer registered for conducting experiments.

“To determine the effect of pus alone, injections were first made using pus from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms. Introduced under spray into a clean subcutaneous syringe, amounts ranging from one to ten minims were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of chloroformed guinea pigs, white mice, and wild mice. A total of twenty such injections were made, consistently resulting in no illness or abscess. However, a very different outcome occurred when similar injections were made with pus that contained micrococci. In every case, with some qualifications to be noted later, significant disease was triggered. Amounts ranging from one to three minims caused the previously mentioned animals to show symptoms of blood poisoning, lasting from two to five days. The animals stopped eating, huddled in a corner of their cage, were listless and apathetic, had disheveled and sometimes wet fur, kept their eyes closed unless startled; and the mice exhibited the purulent conjunctivitis and eyelid sticking described by Koch in his experiments on septicemia.”—Report on “Micro-Organisms in Surgical Diseases,” Brit. Med. Journ., March 12, 1881, p. 371.

Ollier, Louis Navier Edouard Léopold, Lyons. Born 1825. M.D. from Paris, 1856; Chief Surgeon at Hôtel Dieu, and Clinical Surgery Professor at the Medical Faculty in Lyons, 1850; Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medicine, 1874; Corresponding Member of the Institute of France.

Author of "Surgical Methods to Promote Bone Regrowth," 1859; "Experimental Research on the Artificial Production of Bone," 1859; "Resections of Major Joints," 1870; "On Non-Movable Occlusion as a General Method for Wound Closure," 1874; "On Elephantiasis of the Nose and Its Treatment," 1876; "Experimental and Clinical Treatise on Bone Regeneration and Artificial Bone Tissue Production," 1867; "Experimental Research on Bone Grafting" in Journal of Physiology of Brown-Séquard, Vol. III., 1867.

Oreste, Knight Peter, Naples. Veterinary School.

Orfila, Matthew Joseph Bonaventure. Born in Mahon (Minorca), 1787. Died in Paris, 1853.

Studied the effects of narcotine on animals.

“Orfila poisoned 6,000 dogs.”—Blatin, Nos. Cruantés, p. 206.

Osawa, K., Tokyo, Japan.

Author of “Studies on the Nerve Pathways in the Spinal Cord of the Dog.” Jointly (with E. Tiegel) of “Observations on the Functions of the Spinal Cord of Snakes.”—Pflüger’s Archive., Vol. XVI., p. 90.

[86]

Made experiments in a physiological lab in Strasbourg; also at the physiological lab in Tokyo, on the spinal cord of snakes; the spinal cord was cut, and hot coals were then applied to the skin of the animals.

Ott, Isaac. Fell. in Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, U.S.A. Late Lect. on Exper. Physiol., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Author of “Observations on the physiology of the spinal cord,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42; “On crossed hyperesthesia,” Ibid., Vol. III., 160; “Notes on Inhibition,” Ibid., p. 163.

“Method.—The animals used were young cats with unpigmented feet: These not only handled the procedures better than older animals, but also sweated more easily, and the secretion was easier to observe. In cases where the spinal cord needed to be exposed, the animal was placed on its belly, with a block of wood under its abdomen to lift the vertebrae and make them more accessible. After separating the muscles from the vertebral arches and holding them back with weighted hooks, the spinous processes were cut off, and a small trephine was used to create openings about half an inch apart through the arches. The spaces between these openings were later broken through using strong cutting forceps.… To stimulate the nerves or the central nervous systems, a Du Bois coil was utilized, with Helmholtz’s setup to prevent unipolar action. Tetanizing currents were applied.”—Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42.

Paladino, Giovanni. Born in 1842 in Potenza. He studied in Naples and at major physiological labs across Europe, learning from Ludwig, Du Bois Reymond, and Leukart. He became a Professor of Physiology at the University of Naples in 1867 and a Professor of Anatomy and Experimental Physiology at the Veterinary School in the same city.

Author of “Institutions of Physiology,” Naples, 1878; “Lessons in Histology and General Physiology,” 1871; co-author (with Lanzilotti Buonsanti) of “On the Minute Structure and Physiology of Tactile Hairs,” in “Bulletin of the Association of Physicians and Naturalists of Naples,” 1871, No. 7.

“Paladino and Lanzilotti Buonsanti have studied the tactile hairs of various domestic animals and mice. Cutting the facial nerve in horses and stimulating its peripheral end causes the tactile hairs to respond. If the trigeminal nerve is cut at the same time, it significantly weakens the response caused by stimulation of the facial nerve.” —Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch., 1874, p. 116.

Panum, P.L. B. 1820. Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiology Lab. in Copenhagen, 1863; previously Director of the Physiology Lab. at Kiel.

Author of “Experimental Investigations on the Changes in the Ratios of Blood and Its Components Due to Fasting,” Virchow’s Archives, 1861; “Handbook of Human Physiology,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Investigations on the Origins of Malformations Primarily in Bird Eggs,” Kiel, 1860.

Has primarily experimented with transfusion, feeding, and starvation. Has starved dogs for four weeks until they died. A puppy was bled until convulsions occurred and then revived through transfusion;[87] then bled again until even reflex movements could no longer be triggered by touching the cornea, and once more revived by transfusion. This was repeated four times; however, the dog died half an hour after the last transfusion.—Scandinavian Med. Archives, 1875.

“On a medium-sized dog, I opened the trachea and inserted a glass tube into it.… Then I dissected and isolated the vagus nerves; the dog was placed on its back, and I opened the chest by cutting through the cartilage of the ribs and completely removing the sternum. I opened the pericardium … and introduced artificial respiration. Due to suffocation and pain, the heart's movements became very slow, small, and irregular … but after starting artificial respiration, they became more vigorous.… Five minutes later, I severed both vagus nerves, an action that caused no indication of pain in the animal. A minute afterward, the heart rate increased so much that it was hard to count them. … It seemed to us that the heart appeared smaller than it did before I severed the vagus nerves.… I then stimulated the peripheral ends of the cut vagus nerves with Neif’s electric apparatus. Almost immediately, the heart stopped in diastole.… The heart then restarted and beat faster and more vigorously than ever, but this soon faded. The ends of the vagus nerves were stimulated a second time … and this process was repeated six times, always with the same outcome.… The pain that typically follows when the vagus nerves are cut was diminished because the much greater pain from opening the chest had, as with any very painful procedure, reduced the animal’s sensitivity so much that there was no sign of pain during the severing of the vagus nerves. Without applying artificial respiration when opening the chest, I have repeated this experiment many times, each time with the same result.” —Panum, Scand. Medical Bibl., 1857.

“26th Ex.: I had opened the chest of a dog and kept it alive through artificial respiration, having also cut the vagus nerves. Everything went as we wanted. The heart was beating strongly and steadily, and the animal was fully conscious and responsive. When I applied the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its normal movements stopped instantly.”—Ibid., p. 134.

Prof. Panum states that he has "used" a large number of animals in experiments involving transfusions and injections of decayed substances. For experiments on death caused by embolism, he has tested on about eighty dogs and rabbits.—“Experimental Observations,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. XXIX., 1864.

Louis Pasteur Born in Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied in Besançon; earned his M.D. in 1847; became a professor of Physics at the Lyceum in Dijon in 1848; appointed professor in Strasbourg in 1852; served as Dean of the Faculty of Sciences in Lille in 1854; was the Scientific Director of the Normal School in Paris from 1857 to 1867; taught Geology, Physics, and Chemistry at the École des Beaux Arts in 1863; became a Chemistry professor at the Sorbonne in 1867; member of the Academy of Sciences since 1862; directed the Laboratory of Chemical Research at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris; member of the Royal Society of Great Britain; received a prize of 10,000 florins from Austria, another of 12,000 francs, and a state annuity for his work on silk-worms, beer, wines, and vinegar.

Author of “New Example of Fermentation Determined by Infusorial Animalcules, Capable of Living Without Free Oxygen,” 1863; “Studies on Wine, Its Diseases, Causes That Provoke Them, etc.,”[88] 1866; “Studies on Vinegar, Its Diseases, Ways to Prevent Them, etc.,” 1868; “Studies on the Disease of Silkworms,” 1870; “Studies on Beer,” 1878; “The Microbes,” 1878, co-authored with M. Tyndall, etc. Contributed paper on “The Attenuation of the Virus of Rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884.

“M. Vulpian injected saliva collected at the exact moment of the experiment from perfectly healthy rabbits under their skin, and this injection killed the injected rabbit within forty-eight hours. The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled with microscopic organisms, including a specific organism discovered by M. Pasteur during his experiments with the saliva of a child who had died of rabies. One drop of this blood, diluted in ten grams of distilled water and injected under the skin of other rabbits, also caused the death of these animals; their blood was similarly filled with microscopic organisms. These unusual results, which are not easy to interpret, also have the equally strange characteristic of being unstable. Rabbits placed in the same conditions and inoculated with the same saliva showed no ill effects and remained perfectly healthy. Therefore, it seems that experimental microbiology isn't yet becoming an easy or clear science, despite M. Pasteur’s fiat lux.”—Brit. Med. Journ., April 9, 1881, p. 571.

“I won’t address the question of spontaneous generation here, as it needs a dedicated discussion. M. Pasteur's experiments only demonstrated that under the specific experimental conditions he created—conditions that were far from natural—he didn’t observe any spontaneous organization of matter. Furthermore, everyone who has pursued science with the genuine goal of uncovering the truth, like G. Bernard, Huxley, Häckel, etc., while acknowledging that M. Pasteur's experiments were appropriately conducted within their very limited scope, have all agreed that the conclusions and generalizations he made from them were not valid.”—Dr. Jousset de Bellesme, Progrès Médical, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340.

“It has been four years since I started studying rabies in my lab, and the work has continued without interruption, aside from the necessary pauses due to the challenging conditions of the research. The incubation period for the disease is always quite long. There are never enough resources to conduct multiple experiments at once. Despite these physical challenges, which the French Government has tried to alleviate because of the significant scientific interests at stake, my colleagues and I have conducted so many experiments that it’s impossible to count them all. If you take any street dog and inoculate it with rabies in this way—by trephining and using a piece of brain tissue from an animal that died from the disease—you will always succeed in transmitting rabies. The number of dogs that have contracted the disease this way is in the hundreds. This method has never failed. The same procedure has been performed on hundreds of guinea pigs and even more rabbits, without a single failure.” —Pasteur’s “Address Delivered at the International Med. Congress at Copenhagen,” Aug. 11th, “Med. Times and Gazette,” Aug. 23rd, 1884.

[89]

“In cases where rabies is caused by a bite or a hypodermic injection, variations in the length of the incubation period are mostly due to the significant differences in the amount of inoculated poison that reaches the central nervous system, which is always uncertain. If we want to assess the strength of the virus based on the incubation period, it's essential to use inoculation through trephining, which guarantees consistent results, and to use larger amounts than what would just cause rabies. By doing this, the irregularities in the length of incubation with the same virus tend to disappear because we consistently achieve the maximum effect that the virus can produce, which corresponds to the shortest incubation time. Thus, we have finally developed a method that allows us to investigate the potential existence of varying degrees of virulence and compare them with each other. The key aspects of this method, I emphasize again, are inoculation through trephining and using a viral quantity that, while very weak, is more than enough to induce rabies on its own.”—Ibid.

“As he significantly states in his published report on canine madness, which he presented at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences on May 19, the first experiments he has conducted give him nearly certain hope for success. However, despite his optimistic views regarding the potentially positive outcomes of his research and its undeniable benefits to humanity, he must 'multiply the proofs ad infinitum on different species of animals.' Once this is accomplished, he will then test the remedy on humans.”—Report of a Conversation with M. Pasteur, “Daily Telegraph,” June 6, 1884.

Frederick Wm. Pavy, 36, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1853; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; Member of the Pathological Society; Corresponding Member of the Anatomical Society of Paris, and Medical and Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh; Member (formerly Vice-President) of the Paris Medical Society; Fellow of the Medical Society of London; Physician and Lecturer on Medicine (formerly Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy) at Guy’s Hospital; Goulston Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1862 and 1863; Croonian Lecturer, 1878; Lettsom Lecturer on Physiology at the Medical Society, 1859.

Author of “Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver,” Philos. Trans., 1861; “Immunity of the Stomach from Being Digested by Its Own Secretion During Life,” Ibid., 1863; “Remarks on the Physiological Effects of Strychnine and the Woorali Poison,” Guy’s Hosp. Reps., 1856; “Lesion of the Nervous System Producing Diabetes,” Ibid., 1859; “Lettsom Lectures on Certain Points Connected with Diabetes,” “Lancet,” 1860; etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at Guy's Hospital Museum Theater and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Lecture Illustrations in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments reported in 1878.

“Has always illustrated his lectures with experiments (2108); but believes he was the first physiology lecturer in London to do so (2033).… For experiments, he uses dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and frogs (2089-90); which he buys in the usual way at Leadenhall Market (2101-4); during the season about 20 dogs and 10 rabbits are used (2096).”—Digest Ev. Roy. Com., p. 19.

[90]

"Through an opening in the stomach of a dog, Bernard introduced, while digestion was occurring, the hind legs of a living frog. The legs dissolved while the animal remained alive. I have repeated this experiment myself and got a similar result. I performed an experiment using a rabbit's ear instead of the frog's legs. After two hours, the ear was taken out, and several spots of erosion were seen on its surface, but it wasn't completely eaten through. When it was placed back for another two and a half hours, the tip, about half an inch to three-quarters of an inch, was nearly completely removed, with only a small remnant still attached by a thin shred to the rest of the ear."—Lancet, No. 2,070.

Pawlow, S., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Consequences of Pancreatic Duct Occlusion in Rabbits;” “On the Teaching of Blood Vessel Innervation,” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. XX., p. 210, etc.

Made experiments in the Physiological Lab at Breslau; also in the Lab of Prof. Ustimowitsch at St. Petersburg.

“The Journal of Anat. and Physiol. for May, 1869, includes a brief communication from Prof. Rutherford discussing how cutting the vagus nerve affects blood pressure. According to Rutherford’s experiments, the effects of cutting the vagus depend on the state of the digestive system; when the system is full, cutting the nerves results in increased blood pressure, while in starving animals, this procedure does not change blood pressure. Rutherford believes this effect is due to the pressure from the food in the intestinal vessels. He suggests that the sensory nerves connected to the vagus root are activated by the food. Cutting these nerves leads to a reflex constriction of the vessels, thereby increasing pressure. This significant hypothesis from Rutherford (the specific levels or duration of blood pressure, as well as the timing of feeding, etc., have not been provided) has, to our knowledge, not been tested experimentally, although it is frequently mentioned. This was the main reason I decided to conduct the following experiments: I conducted a total of twenty experiments, all on dogs, carefully following Rutherford's guidelines. The animals were immediately placed under the effects of curare. The vagus nerves were cut one after the other, and other sensory nerves (mostly the Nervus dorsalis pedis) were also cut. The results of my experiments in this way were, except in two cases, completely opposite to Rutherford's findings.” – Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn, Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XX., p. 210.

Pekelharing, C.A. Professor of Physiology, Utrecht Veterinary School, previously Professor at Leiden University.

Author of “On the Determination of Urea,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., p. 602; “Contribution to the Understanding of Peptones,” Ibid., Vol. XXII., p. 185.

Pellacani Paul. Professor of Physiology at the University of Turin; previously Professor at the University of Ferrara and Modena.

Author of "On the Physiological Action of Certain Substances on the Bladder Muscles of Animals and Humans," Archives Ital. de Biol., Vol II., 1882.

[91]

Conducted experiments in the Pharmacy Lab in Strasbourg and the Physiology Lab in Turin using the exposed bladders of dogs. The bladders were sometimes “left in the abdominal cavity.”—Arch. Ital., Vol. II., p. 303. Also studied the effects of curare and strychnine.

Perroncito (Prof.), Turin. Veterinary School.

Conducted experiments with the anthrax virus on sheep and cattle.

Peyrani (Prof.), University of Parma.

Emil Pflüger. Born in Hanau, 1829. Professor of Physiology at Bonn University, Secret Medical Advisor.

Author of "Contributions to the Study of Respiration" in "Archives for Total Physiology, 1875;" Editor of "Archives for the Total Physiology of Humans and Animals," Bonn, 1868, etc.

Picard, P., Lyons. Professor of Physiological Medicine. Faculty.

Made experiments on the effects of morphine in dogs.—Gaz. Med. de Paris, No. 12, p. 143.

Pierret (Mons.), Lyons. Professor of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Faculty.

Pitres, A., Paris.

Author (together with M. F. Franck) of "Graphic Research on Simple Motions and the Convulsions Caused by Brain Stimulations," Proceedings of M. Marey's Lab, 1878-79, p. 413.

Dogs were trepanned, the brain stimulated, and the muscles of the paw dissected out, with eyelids hooked back to observe the change in pupil diameter during electrical stimulation of the brain.

Platt, W.B., Baltimore, MD (Harvard), M.R.C.S. (Eng.).

Conducted experiments on the effects of Resorcin on dogs, rabbits, and frogs.

“Exp. 3.—A black and tan male dog, weighing 4,675 grams, was injected at 5:08 p.m. on April 10, 1882, with 1.5 grams dissolved in distilled water.… This was injected in five places under the skin of the abdomen.… Up to 5:24, he was very restless.… 5:29. Still the same, seems very unhappy, tremors in his hind legs. 5:30. His back is arched as he moves around; he holds his left forepaw high in the air, quivering.… 5:44. Staggers, tumbles, and keeps moving around constantly.… 11th—The dog from yesterday was seen at 3:20 p.m.… He drags his hind legs behind him, as if paraplegic, and struggles to stand. Thick saliva drips from his mouth.…. 3:40. He froths copiously at the mouth; lies down as if to sleep.… 6:14. He gasps, barks, foams at the mouth, his eyes glare, and his jaws snap.… 6:36. He struggles further, experiencing a violent spasm, with his head pulled back at a right angle to his body, intermittent jerking of limbs.… 7:22. The dog appears almost normal, with slightly rapid breathing. He can still notice noises or objects; he is greatly exhausted; the animal now left.” “12th.—At 6 a.m., the animal was found dead after at least 26 hours.”—“Observations on the Action of Resorcin,” Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., Jan., 1883, p. 100.

Piso-Borme (Prof.), University of Cagliari.

Leo Popoff. Physicist and Professor, University of St. Petersburg.

Author of “On the Natural Pathological Injection of the Bile Ducts and Some Other Pathological Phenomena Observed After Ligating the Common Bile Duct in Animals,” Virchow’s Archive, Vol. LXXXI. (1880), p. 524; “On the Consequences of Ligating the Ureters and Renal Arteries in Animals, in Connection with Some Other Pathological Processes,” Ibid., Vol. LXXXII., p. 40.

Made experiments on rabbits and dogs.

Félix Archimède Pouchet. Born in Rouen, 1800. Died in Rouen, 1872. M.D. Paris, 1827; Professor at the Natural History Museum of Rouen; Professor at the Medical School of Rouen, 1838; Member of several Learned Societies.

Author of “Histoire naturelle de la famille des Solanées,” Rouen, 1829; “Zoologie classique, ou Histoire naturelle du règne animal,” 1841; “Recherches sur l’anatomie et la physiologie des mollusques,” 1842; “Théorie positive de l’ovulation spontanée, et de la fécondation des mammifères et de l’espèce humaine, basée sur l’observation de toute la série animale,” 1847; “Monographie des genre hérite,” 1847; “Traité élémentaire de Botanique appliquée,” 1835; “Recherches sur les organes de la circulation, de la digestion, et de la respiration des animaux infusoires,” 1849; “Histoire naturelle et agricole du hanneton et de sa larve,” Rouen, 1853; “Histoire des Sciences naturelles an Moyen-Age,” 1853; “Hétérogénie, on Traité de la génération spontanée,” 1859; “Recherches et expériences sur les animaux ressuscitants,” 1859; “Nouvelles expériences sur la génération spontanée et la résistance vitale,” 1863; “L’Univers, les infiniment grands et les infiniments petits,” 1865.

Henri Ch. Georges Pouchet, Paris. (Son of the previous one.) B. in Rouen, 1833. M.D. Paris, 1864; Took over for Paul Bert at the Sorbonne in 1875; Professor of Comparative Anatomy at the Natural History Museum, 1879; Professor of Biological Chemistry, Medical Faculty.

Author of “On the Plurality of Human Races,” 1858; “Human Histology,” 1863, etc., etc.

Conducted experiments on removing the spleen in animals, fish, and pigeons; also tested electricity on fish.

Power, D'Arcy, 27 Gt. Cumberland Place, Hyde Park, W. B.A. from Oxford (Exhibited in Natural Science at Exeter College, 1st class in Natural Science), 1878; M.A., 1881; M.B., 1882; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882; (Oxford, St. Bartholomew's, Vienna, and Dublin); House Surgeon (formerly Ophthalmic House Surgeon) at St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Assistant Demonstrator of Physiology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, 1878-81.

Author of several articles in Quart. Micros. Journ., St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., etc.; co-author (with Dr. V. D. Harris) of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1882.

Henry Power, 37A, Great Cumberland Place, W. M.B. Lond. (Univ. Med. Schol. in Surg. and Comp. Anat.), 1855: F.R.C.S. Eng., 1854; M., 1851 (St. Barthol.); Exhib. in Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Lond., 1852; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Counc. (formerly Arris and Gale Lect. on Anat. and Physiol.) R.C.S. Eng.; Sen. Opth. Surg. and Lect. on Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Cons. Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. Hosp., Chatham; Exam. in Anat. and Phys. R.C.S. Eng.

Editor of the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th editions of Dr. Carpenter’s “Principles of Human Physiology,” 1864-69-76; “Illustrations of the Principal Diseases of the Eye,” 1869; Translated “Stricker’s Manual[93] of Human and Comparative Histology,” New Syd. Soc. 1870; and “Erb on the Diseases of the Nervous System,” Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia; Editor (with Dr. Sedgwick) of “Mayne’s Expository Lexicon.”

Conducted experiments with Dr. Lauder Brunton on the diuretic effects of Digitalis.

Preyer, Thierry William, Jena University. Born in Manchester, 1841; M.D. 1866 (Universities of Bonn, Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna, and Paris); Professor of Physiology at Jena, 1869, and Director of the Physiology Institute.

Author of "Die Blausauere," Bonn, 1868-70, "Reise nach Island im Sommer," 1860; "Ueber die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaft," Jena, 1866; "Die Empfindungen," Berlin, 1867; "Der Kampf um das Dasein," Bonn, 1868; "Die Blutkrystalle," Jena, 1871; "Ueber die Ursache des Schlafs," Stuttgart, 1877; "Ueber die Grenzen der Tonwahrnehmung," Jena, 1876; "Elemente der reinen Empfindungslehre," Jena, 1877; "Die Kataplexie und der thierische hypnotismus," Jena, 1878; "Akustische Untersuchungen," Jena, 1879.

John Priestley. Assistant Lecturer in Physiology, Owen’s College, Manchester.

Author of “An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of Batrachian Lymph-Hearts,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. I., No. 1, p. 1.

Conducted experiments in the Physiological Laboratory at Owen's College, Manchester; also collaborated with Prof. A. Gamgee on dogs, rabbits, and frogs.

Prudden, T. Mitchell. M.D. Director of the Physiology and Pathology Lab of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Lecturer on Normal Histology at Yale Medical College; Pathologist at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital.

Author of “The Effect of Salicylic Acid on Blood Cells,” Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci. 1882, p. 64; “Rhabdomyoma of the Parotid Gland,” Ibid., 1883, p. 438; “Experimental Research on Cartilage Transplantation,” Ibid., 1881, p. 360.

“Action (of Salicylic Acid) on the Circulation and Emigration.—This was studied in the bladder and mesentery of the living curarized frog, Thorm’s frog-plate being used as in the former experiments.”—Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., 1882, p. 67.

Puglia, Guiseppe. Prof. Zoo Class, Modena.

Pugliatti, Giuseppe. Prof. University of Messina.

Purser John Mallet, 3 Wilton Terrace, Dublin. M.D.T.C.D., 1874; M.B., 1863; F.R.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876; L. and L.M., 1865; L.R.C.S.T., 1863; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub., 1863; (Univ. Dub. and Carm. Sch.); Mem. Path.; Soc. Dub., and Med. Soc. Coll. Phys.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Sch. of Physic. T.C. Dub.; Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.

Contributed papers to various journals.

Held a license for vivisection at the Medical College laboratory, Dr. Steeven’s Hospital, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory, Carmichael School of Medicine, and 212 Great Brunswick Street,[94] Dublin, in 1878 and 1879; also in 1888 at the Physiological Workroom, 3 Wilton Terrace. No experiments reported in 1878 and 1879.

“Believes that experiments on live animals are essential for demonstration, and most would be conducted under anesthesia (4793-99A), but some painful ones on the sensitive nerves of warm-blooded animals are necessary (4793-99A).”—Digest Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 35.

James J. Putnam M.D. Boston, MA, USA.

Author of “Contribution to the Physiology of the Cerebral Cortex,” “Boston Surgical and Medical Journal,” 1874, No. 16.

Pütz, H. Prof. Extraord. Halle University.

Injected human tuberculosis matter into horses. Results were negative. Also fed a calf 3½ lbs. of tuberculous human lung and kept it alive for 170 days. Results were equally negative. Tuberculous matter was injected into the lungs and abdomen of calves.—Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift, 1882, No. 48, p. 652.

Putzeys, Felix. M.D. Liège.

Joint author (with Aug. Swan) of “On the Physiological Effects of Thiourea Guanidine,” Pflüger’s Archive, Vol. XII, p. 597.

Experiments on frogs with guanidine. A narrow cut in the spine, the sciatic nerve cut and stimulated, then guanidine injected. Frogs were hung by a string through the chin with their hind legs dipped into the guanidine. The heart was exposed, the vagus nerve cut, and guanidine injected.

Walter Pye, 4, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W., and Thatched House Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1876 (St. Barthol.); Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and Medical Society of London; Member of the Harvard and Ophthalmological Societies; Lecturer on Physiology at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School; Assistant Surgeon at Victoria Hospital for Children; Anatomy Assistant at the Royal College of Surgeons, England; House Surgeon and House Physician at St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Lecturer on Physiology at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School.

Contrib. to Philos. Trans., Practitioner, 1877, and other Med. Journs.

Held a license for vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878 and 1879. Certificate for experiments without anesthetics along with Dr. Lauder Brunton in 1879. This certificate was not utilized. No experiments reported in 1878.

Pye-Smith, Philip Henry, 54, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. B.A. Lond. (Hon.) 1858; M.D. (Gold Medal) 1864; M.B. (Hon.) 1863; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870; M. 1865 (Guy’s and Continental Schools); Exam. in Physiol. Univ. Lond.; Senior Assistant Physician and Lecturer on Physiology at Guy’s Hospital; Secretary of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Address to the Department of Anatomy and Physiology,” Brit. Ass., 1879; Report (with Dr. Brunton) on “Intestinal Secretion,” etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Room from 1878 to 1883. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures from 1878 to 1883. Certificates waiving the obligation to kill from 1878 to 1883. Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Donkeys in 1878. No experiments on Horses, Mules, or Donkeys were conducted.

“Considers that studying Physiology in its entirety is not possible without vivisection.”—Digest Ev. Roy. Com., p. 19.

Quincke, H. B. 1834, in Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Prof. Wurzburg, 1878; later Medical Councillor, Director of Clinic at Kiel.

Author of “Contributions to the Study of Jaundice,” Virchow’s Archives, 1884, Vol. V., Book i., p. 125.

Conducted experiments on dogs, rabbits, mice, and pigeons.

Chas Radcliffe, Bland, 25, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. Lond., 1861; M.B., 1845; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1858; L., 1848; Goulston Lect. 1860; Croon. Lect. 1873; Censor. 1875-76; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Cons. Phys. Westm. Hosp.

Author of “Proteus, or the Law of Nature;” “On Epilepsy, Pain, Paralysis, and Certain Other Disorders of the Nervous System,” 1883; etc., etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at University College London, 1878. Certificate Exempting from the requirement to kill, 1878.

Rambaud (Prof.), 77 Hôtel-de-Ville Street, Lyons. Professor of Medicine, Medical Faculty.

Ranvier, L., 105 Boulevard Saint Michel, Paris. Professor of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, College of France.

Author of “Research on the Elements of Blood,” Works of the Histology Laboratory, 1875; “Lessons in General Anatomy,” Paris, 1880.

Prof. Giuseppe Ravaglia, Bologna University.

Raynaud, Maurice. Born 1834; died 1881; former physician at La Charité, Paris; honorary lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine; member of the Medical Pathology Section of the Academy of Medicine; and Officer of the Legion of Honour.

Author of “On the Transmission of Rabies from Humans to Rabbits,” Compt. Rend., Vol. LXXXIX. (1879), p. 714.

“M. Raynaud has shared the results of experimental research he conducted with M. Lannelongue on the transmission of rabies from humans to rabbits.… In a second series of experiments, inoculations were carried out using different liquids extracted from the tissues of the deceased.… Finally, inoculations were made from rabbit to rabbit under a variety of conditions; with the salivary glands and the lymph nodes; death followed. It remains to be determined whether the disease transmitted was truly hydrophobia. MM. Colin, Dejardin-Baumetz, and Pasteur believe it was not. M. Raynaud himself only weakly asserts the fact, as he points out the absence of the excitement period, the short incubation time, and the extreme speed with which death occurs; he also mentions cases where inoculated animals have recovered after a few days of illness.… M. Gosselin believes the most reliable way to identify the disease would be through retransmission from the rabbit to the dog.”—Archives générales de Médecine, Vol. I. (1881), p. 369.

[96]

Peter Redfern, 4 Lower Orescent, Belfast, and Templepatrick House, Donaghdee. M.B. Lond., 1844; M.D., 1847; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1843; F. (exam.) 1851; L.S.A., 1844; Corresponding Member of the Société de Biologie, Paris; Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium; Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Queen's College Belfast; Member of the Senate and Examiner in Anatomy and Physiology at Queen's University Ireland; Examiner in Anatomy, University of Ireland; Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology and Examiner at King’s College Aberdeen.

Author of “Abnormal Nutrition in Articular Cartilages, with Experimental Researches on the Lower Animals,” 1850, etc., etc.

Had a License for Vivisection at Queen’s College Belfast Physiological Laboratory from 1879 to 1883. No experiments reported in 1882 and 1883.

Régnault, Henri Victor. Born in Aix-la-Chapelle, 1810; Died 1878. Studied at the École Polytechnique; Chief Engineer of Mines, 1847; Director of the Sèvres Porcelain Factory, 1854; Professor of Physics at Collège de France and of Chemistry at the École Polytechnique, 1840; Member of the French Academy, 1840.

Author of "Elementary Course in Chemistry."

Regnard, Paul, 46 Boulevard St. Michel, Paris. Professor of Physiology, La Sorbonne.

Inventor (with Félix Jolyet) of a machine to study the changes in the products of respiration.—Gaz. Med. de Paris (1877), p. 190-199.

Reichert, C.B. Prof. of Theoretical History and Anatomy of Medicine. Faculty University of Berlin.

Co-editor (with Du Bois-Reymond) of “Archiv. für Anatomie und Physiologie.”

Rémy, Charles, 18 Victoria Avenue, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1878. Phys. La Charité, previously prosector of Medical School, Reims; Member, Anatomical Society.

Author of "Development of Cartilaginous and Bony Tissues," Paris, 1880.

Retzius, G. Professor of Medicine at Stockholm.

Conducted experiments with chromacid, chromacid ammonia, and others on the retina of different animals, including toads, chickens, rabbits, and oxen.

Reymond. (See Du Bois Reymond.)

Vincent Richards, Goalundo, Bengal. F.R.C.S., Edin., 1882; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1863 (Guy’s); Member of the Asiatic Society, Bengal; Civil Surgeon; Superintendent of Emigration, Calcutta Port; Surgeon E.B.R.V.; Former Member of the Committee for Investigation of Snake Poisoning.

Joint Author of “Report on Indian and Australian Snake Poisoning.” Contribution to “Cholera among Emigrants,” Ind. Med. Gaz., 1881, “Experiments with Permanganate of Potash in Cobra Poisoning.”—Ibid., 1882, etc.

Has conducted experiments on pigs with the cholera virus.—Lancet, May 3rd, 1884, p. 814.

[97]

Richet, L. Alfred, Laboratory of the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. M.D., 1844; Res. Surg. Hosp. St. Louis, 1858; La Pitié, 1863; Hôtel Dieu, 1872; Prof. Clin. Surg. Medical Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Med. 1865.

Author of "Practical Treatise on Medical-Surgical Anatomy" 1850 and 1873; Contributor of numerous articles to "General Archives of Medicine;" also "The King of Animals," "Review of Two Worlds, Vol. 55."

M. Richet has found that strong and repeated electrical stimulation will cause, in rabbits and dogs, a tetanus similar in its effects to the traumatic form.

“In dogs, the electricity used wasn't strong enough to stop breathing, and death was caused by an increase in body temperature. The thermometer rose very quickly, so after half an hour of tetanus, a lethal temperature of 111 or 112°F was reached. The evidence that the elevated body heat caused death was shown by the fact that if the animal is kept cool through artificial means, it can endure extremely strong currents for over two hours, causing severe tetanus without dying for several days. The ability to generate this high temperature during electrification doesn't go away even after prolonged exposure, and it’s not affected by fasting for two or three days. Typically, death occurs when the temperature reaches 112°, but in some cases, it went up to 112.5 and even 113.3. If the temperature doesn’t rise above 110°, death doesn’t happen on the same or the next day; however, after that point, while death might not be immediate, it happens within 24 hours. At 111°, the breathing is so rapid that it's nearly impossible to count, and so weak that hardly any air enters the chest.” —Lancet, September 17th, 1881, p. 515.

Charles Richet, 5 Rue Bonaparte, Paris. Born in Paris, 1850. M.D., Paris, 1877.

Author of “Experimental and Clinical Research on Sensitivity,” Paris, 1877.

Made experiments on fish reported to the Acad. de Sciences, Oct. 24, 1881.