HISTORY
 
OF
 
Atchison County
KANSAS

In the preparation and compilation of this history, no effort has been made to interpret the logic or spirit of events that surrounded the birth and progress of Atchison county. The work was undertaken with the idea of compiling a narrative plainly told, of the people and the institutions here. I was interested in putting in permanent form chronologically the events that have transpired in the past sixty years, that have made for the political, social, moral and commercial development of the county, but, had I realized in advance the many hours of labor and patient study it required, the work of completing the task in six months would not have been attempted. I am very deeply conscious of the imperfections of the completed work, but had there been more time for research and study, much might have been included that does not appear.

It would be ingratitude if no acknowledgment were made at the outset, of the obligation I am under to George J. Remsburg for the assistance he has rendered me. Without his unfailing courtesy, kindness and help I should never have been able to do the work at all. His ability as a local historian is truly marvelous. He wrote two chapters of the history and contributed most of the matter touching upon the founding of cities and towns. It is to be regretted that the condition of his health prevented him from undertaking the work which I have so imperfectly done.

Acknowledgment is also due George A. Root of the State Historical Society, who has rendered me invaluable assistance, and to the Atchison Daily Globe, from whose files I gathered much important data. Nor can I fail to give proper credit to Andreas’ History of Kansas, from which a wealth of information has been secured. D. Anna Speer, county superintendent, collected for me most of the historical matter relative to the schools of the county and Professor Nathan T. Veatch was more than kind in preparing for me a sketch of the Atchison city schools.

And my dear mother, a loyal resident of Atchison since July, 1859, intimately identified with its history and growth for fifty-seven years, has visualized to me as no other could, the story of the early days. Remarkable as a mother, loved and adored by all her children, she is no less remarkable

as a woman, stalwart, rugged and buoyant. She lived her young life with the pioneers of Atchison, and now in the fullness of her years she looks over the past, so full of pleasures, tribulations and sorrows, with gladness and resignation, and faces the future with a determined spirit and a brave heart.

To the ministers of the various churches of Atchison and to Professor Erasmus Haworth and Charles H. Taylor, the county farm agent, and to many other good people of Atchison, I entertain sentiments of the deepest appreciation, and if any of them ever undertakes the work of writing a history, I shall gladly render them any service in my power.

FOSSILS—EVIDENCES OF EARLY ANIMAL AND PLANT LIFE—GEOLOGICAL AGES—ROCK FORMATION—GLACIER PERIOD—MINERALS.

The oldest citizens of Atchison county are the animals and plants whose fossil remains now lie buried in the solid rocks. These denizens of long ago, by their lives, made it possible for later and better citizens to live and flourish in the happy and contented homes of her best citizens of the present day. Long before man ever saw Atchison county—long before man lived anywhere upon this earth, the seas swarmed with animal life and the dry lands supported a fauna and a flora substantially as great as those of the present time.

In character the animals and plants of those early days were very different from those of the present time. Almost all of their kind long ago became extinct. It is only the few who have living representatives anywhere in the world today, and they are degraded in form and size as though they had long outlived their usefulness. Some of the animals live in the waters of distant oceans, such as the brachiopods and other shell fish; the crinoids or sea lilies, and others of like character. On the dry land we find a few insects of the cock-roach type and other creeping things which inhabit dark and damp places, animals of gloom on whose forms the sunshine of day rarely falls.

The plants, likewise, are degraded in size and form. The modern bull-rushes of our swamps are descendants of ancient giants of their kind which 18grew to ten or twenty times the size of their modern representatives. The little creeping vines sometimes found in the shaded forest are lineal descendants of the mighty trees of the forests in the long ago while materials were gathering for the rock masses constituting Atchison county.

In order to converse rationally about geological time it has been found most convenient to divide time into periods in accordance with great natural events, and to give a name to each period that in some way expresses something desirable to be known and remembered. Usually geographic names of areas where rock masses are exposed to the surface of the ground are chosen, or some favorite geographic term may be used, and in rare instances some quality name expressive of the character or composition of the rocks.

Following the best usage of geologists the rocks exposed at the surface all belong to the age known as the Carboniferous, which lies at the top of the Palaeozoic, or ancient life rocks. The Carboniferous is divided and subdivided into a number of divisions, the lowermost of which has been named the Mississippian on account of their great abundance throughout the Mississippi valley. Above the Mississippian we find a mass of alternating beds of shale and limestone and sandstone aggregating about 2,500 feet in thickness, called the Pennsylvanians, a term borrowed from the State of Pennsylvania, where rocks of the same age so abound. Rocks formed during the remainder of geologic time are not found in Atchison county, except the covering of soil and clay so abundant throughout the county. An old-time name for the Pennsylvanian rocks is the coal-measures, a term now on the decline because the newer names—well, it is newer.

It appears that from the close of the Pennsylvanian time to the present Atchison county has been dry land. At one time, quite recently, as geologists reckon time, climatic conditions changed so that the snow falling during the winter could not be melted during the summer, so that to the far north great quantities of snow and ice accumulated and gradually spread over the surface of a large part of North America. One limb of this ice mass moved slowly southward and covered all of Atchison county, and much adjacent territory, and brought with it vast quantities of soil and clay and gravel that the ice sheet, as a great scraper, picked up from the surface as it came along. When the ice finally melted this debris was left, like a mantle of snow, covering the entire surface of Atchison county.

The rocks of Pennsylvanian age have within them much of value economically. Here and there inter-stratified with the sandstone and shale are large and valuable beds of coal, as is abundantly shown by the drilled wells and 19coal shafts within the county. It is probable that almost the entire county is underlaid with this same bed of coal, and if so it is worth substantially as much to the county as is the surface soil. It lies at so great a depth that it may be mined without any danger whatever of disturbing the surface.

The large amount of good hard limestone in the county guarantees an everlasting supply of stone for road making, railroad ballast, crushed rock for concrete works and all other uses to which such limestone may be put. With the Missouri river on the eastern boundary carrying unlimited amounts of sand Atchison county is well supplied with every material needed for unlimited amounts of mortar construction of all kinds. Recently, since Portland cement construction has so effectually replaced stone masonry, this becomes a very important matter.

Should market conditions ever become favorable it is also possible to manufacture the best grades of Portland cement by properly combining the 20limestones and shales of the county. Their chemical and physical properties are admirably suited for such purposes.

There is a possibility that somewhere within the county oil and gas may be found by proper prospecting. As no search for these materials has yet been made it is impossible to say what the results might be. Atchison county, however, lies within the oil zone that has been proven to be so much farther south, and until proper search has been made no one can say that oil and gas cannot be found here also.

EVIDENCES OF PALEOLITHIC MAN—AN ANCIENT FORTIFICATION—ABORIGINAL VILLAGE AND CAMP SITES—THE INGALLS AND OTHER BURIAL MOUNDS.

How long the region embraced in Atchison county has been the home of man is not known, but the finding of a prehistoric human skeleton, computed by the highest anthropological and geological authorities to be at least 10,000 years old, in the adjoining county of Leavenworth, favors the presumption that what is now Atchison county was occupied by man at an equally remote period. Evidences of a very early human existence here have been found at various times. Near Potter, in this county, the writer found deep in the undisturbed gravel and clay, a rude flint implement that unquestionably had been fashioned by prehistoric man, evidently, of what is known as the Paleolithic period. In drilling the well at the power house of the Atchison Street Railway, Light and Power Company, the late T. J. Ingels, of Atchison, encountered at a great depth, several fragments of fossilized bone, intermingled with charcoal, evidently the remains of a very ancient fireplace. About 1880, M. M. Trimmer, an Atchison contractor, in opening a stone quarry at the northeast point of the Branchtown hill, near the confluence of White Clay and Brewery creeks, in Atchison, unexpectedly encountered a pit or excavation, eighty feet long, sixty feet wide, and eighteen feet deep, in the solid rock formation of the hill. The surface of the hill is composed of drift or gravel, and the pit had become filled with this gravel to the original surface, thus obliterating all external evidences of its existence. The lower layer of stone, about six inches thick, had been left for a floor in the pit, and in the northwest corner this lower strata of stone for about four feet square had been removed. Water issued from the ground at this point indicating that a spring or well, or source of water supply, had been located here. A 22careful examination of the place at the time showed unmistakably that this excavation had been made by human hands at a very early period and was probably used as a fortification or defensive work. Prehistoric excavations of this character, made in the solid rock, are common in Europe, but almost unknown in America, except in the cases of ancient flint and steatite quarries, and the absence of either in the Atchison formation, except an occasional flint nodule, precludes the possibility that this was just an aboriginal quarry. The Smithsonian authorities at Washington pronounced the work worthy of careful study, but unfortunately it was obliterated by the progress of the quarrying. Many weapons and implements of the stone age have been found in the vicinity of this pit.

Almost the entire surface of Atchison county, particularly where bordering streams, presents various traces of aboriginal occupancy, from the silent sepulchers of the dead and the mouldy rubbish of the wigwam, to the solitary arrowhead lost on the happy chase or the sanguinary war path. In many places these remains blend into the prehistoric, semi-historic and historic periods, showing evidences of a succession of occupancy. For instance we find the Neolithic stone celts or hatchets, the Neoeric iron tomahawks; fragments of fragile earthenware, mixed and moulded by the prehistoric potter, and bits of modern decorated porcelain made by some pale-faced patterner of Palissy; ornaments of stone, bone and shell; trinkets of brass and beads of glass, intermingled in confusion and profusion. These numerous relics of different peoples and periods, showing, as they do, diverse stages of culture and advancement, warrant the opinion that Atchison county, with its many natural advantages, was a favorite resort of successive peoples from time immemorial. Favorably situated at the great western bend of the Missouri river and at the outskirts of which was one of the richest Indian hunting grounds in the great wild West, embracing and surrounded by every natural advantage that would make it the prospective and wonted haunt of a wild-race, it was a prehistoric paradise, as it is today, a modern Arcadia.

The writer has personally examined hundreds of ancient Indian village, camp and workshop sites, and opened a number of mounds in Atchison county. The first ancient mounds ever opened in the county were on a very rugged hill known as the “Devil’s Backbone,” bordering Owl creek, and overlooking the Missouri river, in 1891. There were two of them, and they contained stone sepulchers in which the Indians had cremated their dead. Other stone grave mounds have been opened on the farms of John Myers, on Independence creek, in the northeastern part of the county; Maurice Fiehley, on Stranger creek, near Potter; George Storch, on Alcorn or Whiskey creek, just south of Atchison, and in several other places. The most interesting mound ever excavated in the county, however, was what is known as the Ingalls Mound, on land belonging to the estate of the late United States Senator John J. Ingalls, on a bluff of the Missouri river, at the mouth of Walnut creek, about five miles below Atchison. This mound was discovered by Senator Ingalls at an early day, and opened by the writer in 1907. It was fifteen feet in diameter, and was composed of alternate layers of stone and earth one on top of the other, the remains of several Indians being imbedded in the earth between the layers of stone. These remains were in a bad state of decay, most of the bones crumbling while being removed. The bones of each person had been placed in the mound in compact bundles, which seems to indicate that they had been removed from some temporary place of interment, perhaps from dilapidated scaffold burials, and deposited here in final sepulture. In some of the layers not only the bones but the rocks and earth were considerably burned, indicating incendiary funeral rites, while in others there were not the least marks of fire. The undermost layer, about three feet from 24the top, was a veritable cinder pit, being a burned mass or conglomerate of charcoal and charred and calcined human remains, showing no regularity or outline of skeletons, but all in utter confusion. A solitary pearl bead was the only object that withstood the terrible heat to which the lower tier of remains had been subjected. In one of the upper tiers were the bones of two infants. With one of them was a necklace of small shells of a species not native here. With another bundle of bones were two small, neatly chipped flint knives, a flint scraper, a bone whistle or “call,” several deer horn implements, and a large flint implement of doubtful usage, known to archaeologists as a “turtle-back,” because of its shape. With another bundle of bones, and which they seemed to be clasping, were several mussel shells, badly decomposed. One small ornament of an animal or bird claw, several flint arrowheads, and some fragments of pottery, were also found. In one of the skulls was embedded the flint blade of a war-club. Thirty-one yards northwest of this mound was found another of less prominence. It contained a burned mass of human remains, covered with a layer of about six inches of clay, baked almost to the consistency of brick. Lack of space forbids a mention of many other interesting archaeological discoveries made in this county from time to time. Suffice to say that there is ample evidence that within the borders of Atchison county there lived and thrived and passed away a considerable aboriginal population.

HARAHEY, AN INDIAN PROVINCE OF CORONADO’S TIME—THE KANSA NATION—BOURGMONT’S VISIT IN 1724—COUNCIL ON COW ISLAND IN 1819—THE KICKAPOO INDIANS.

There is nothing definite to show that Coronado ever reached the confines of what is now Atchison county in 1541, as some historical writers have seen fit to state, but there is a probability that the Indian province of Harahey, which the natives thereof told him was just beyond Quivira, embraced our present county and most of the region of northeastern Kansas. Mark F. Zimmerman, an intelligent and painstaking student of Kansas archaeology and Indian history, has given this matter much consideration, and is confident that the Harahey chieftain, Tatarrax, immortalized in Coronado’s chronicles, ruled over this territory nearly four centuries ago. Until this fact is established, however, it remains that the Indian history of what is now Atchison county begins with the Kansa Indians in the early part of the eighteenth century. At the time of the Bourgmont expedition in 1724, and for some time before, this nation owned all of what is now northeastern Kansas, and maintained several villages along the Missouri river, the principal one being near the mouth of Independence creek, or at the present site of Doniphan. Here they had a large town. The writer made a careful examination and fully identified the site of this old town in 1904. The results of this exploration are given in a pamphlet entitled “An Old Kansas Indian Town on the Missouri,” published by the writer in 1914. Another important village of the Kansa was located at the mouth of what is now Salt creek, in Leavenworth county. Both of these historic villages were situated right near and at about the same distance from the present borders of Atchison county. There were several old Indian villages within the confines of Atchison county, as 26already stated in the preceding pages, but whether they belonged to the Kansa or to the Harahey (Pawnee) is yet a matter of conjecture.

One of these old Kansa towns, evidently the one at Salt creek, was the site of an important French post. Bougainville on French Posts in 1757, says: “Kanses. In ascending this stream (the Missouri river) we meet the village of the Kanses. We have there a garrison with a commandant, appointed as in the case with Pimiteoui and Fort Chartres, by New Orleans. This post produces one hundred bundles of furs.” Lewis and Clark, in 1804, noted the ruins of this old post and Kansa village. They were just outside of the southern borders of Atchison county, near the present site of Kickapoo.

The Independence creek town, or what is generally referred to by the early French as “Grand village des Canzes,” seems to have been a Jesuit Missionary station as early as 1727, according to Hon. George P. Morehouse, the historian of the Kansa Indians, who recently found in some old French-Canadian records of the province of Ontario an interesting fact not before recognized in Kansas history, that the name “Kansas” was a well known geographical term to designate a place on the Missouri river, within the present borders of our State, where the French government and its official church, nearly 200 years ago, had an important missionary center. Mr. Morehouse says: “It is significant as to the standing of this Mission station of the Jesuits at Kanzas, away out in the heart of the continent, that in this document it was classed along with their other important Indian Missions, such as the Iroquois, Abenaquis, and Tadoussac, and that the same amount per missionary was expended. It was ‘Kansas,’ a mission charge on the rolls of the Jesuit Fathers, for which annual appropriations of money were made as early as 1727. Here some of the saintly, self-sacrificing missionary pioneers of the Cross must have come from distant Quebec and Montreal, or from the faraway cloisters of sunny France. What zeal and sacrifice for others! Is it any wonder that the Kansa Indians always spoke reverently of the ‘black robes,’ who were the first to labor for their welfare in that long period in the wilderness.”

Just when the Kansa Indians established themselves at the “Grand Village” at Doniphan, or at “Fort Village” at Kickapoo, is not known. The first recorded mention of a Kansa village along this section of the Missouri river is by Bourgmont in 1724. Onate met the Kansa on a hunting expedition on the prairies of Kansas in 1601, but does not state where their villages were located. The “Grand Village” was an old one, however, at the time of 27Bourgmont’s visit. Bourgmont does not mention the “Fort Village” at Salt creek, as he surely would had it been in existence at that time, and it is believed that it was established later, as it was in existence in 1757, as stated by Bourgainville.

As is a well known historical fact the Spanish attempted to invade and colonize the Missouri valley early in the eighteenth century. The French had come into possession of this region in 1682, and M. de Bourgmont was commissioned military commander on the Missouri in 1720, the French government becoming alarmed at the attempted Spanish invasion. Establishing friendly relations with the Indians of this region in order to have their assistance in repelling any further Spanish advance was the object of the Bourgmont expedition to the Kansa and Padouca Indians in 1724. Bourgmont’s party, consisting of himself, M. Bellerive, Sieur Renaudiere, two soldiers and five other Frenchmen, besides 177 Missouri and Osage Indians in charge of their own chiefs, marched overland from Fort Orleans, on the lower Missouri, and arrived at the “Grand village des Cansez” on July 7, 1724. Here they held a celebration of two weeks, consisting of pow-wows, councils, trading horses or merchandise, and making presents to the Indians, several boat loads of the latter, in charge of Lieutenant Saint Ange, having arrived by river route. On July 24 they “put themselves in battle array on the village height, the drum began to beat, and they marched away” on their journey to the Padoucas. The incidents of their march across what is now Atchison county, and other facts pertaining to this expedition will be found in the chapter on early explorations in this volume.

According to a tradition handed down from prehistoric times the Kansa, Osage, Omaha, Ponca and Kwapa were originally one people and lived along the Wabash and Ohio rivers. In their migrations they arrived at the mouth of the Ohio where there was a separation. Those who went down the Mississippi became known as the Kwapa, or “down stream people,” while those going up were called Omaha, or “up stream people.” At the mouth of the Missouri another division took place, the Omaha and Ponka proceeding far up that stream. The Osage located on the stream which bears their name, and the Kansa at the mouth of what is now the Kansas river. Later they moved on up the Missouri and established several villages, the most northern of which was at Independence Creek. At about the close of the Revolutionary war they were driven away from the Missouri by the Iowa and Sauk tribes, and they took up a permanent residence on the Kansas river, where Major Long’s expedition visited them in 1810. They continued to make 28predatory visits to the Missouri, however. They committed many depredations on traders and explorers passing up the river and even fired on the United States troops encamped at Cow Island. It was to prevent the recurrence of such outrages that Major O’Fallon arranged a council with the Kansa Nation. This council was held on Cow Island August 24, 1819, under an arbor built for the occasion. Major O’Fallon made a speech in which he set forth the cause of complaint which the Kansa had given by their repeated insults and depredations, giving them notice of the approach of a military force sufficient to chastise their insolence, and advising them to seize the present opportunity of averting the vengeance they deserved, by proper concessions, and by their future good behavior to conciliate those whose friendship they would have so much occasion to desire. The replies of the chiefs were simple and short, expressive of their conviction of the justice of the complaints against them, and of their acquiescence in the terms of the reconciliation proposed by the agent.

There were present at this council 161 Kansa Indians, including chiefs and warriors, and thirteen Osages. It was afterwards learned that the delegation would have been larger but for a quarrel that arose among the chiefs after they had started, in regard to precedence in rank, in consequence of which ten or twelve returned to the village on the Kansas river. Among those at the council were Na-he-da-ba, or Long Neck, one of the principal chiefs of the Kansas; Ka-he-ga-wa-to-ning-ga, or Little Chief, second in rank; Shen-ga-ne-ga, an ex-principal chief; Wa-ha-che-ra, or Big Knife, a war chief, and Wam-pa-wa-ra, or White Plume, afterwards a noted chief. Major O’Fallon had with him the officers of the garrison of Cow Island, or Cantonment Martin, and a few of those connected with Major Long’s exploring party. “The ceremonies,” says one account, “were enlivened by a military display, such as the firing of cannon, hoisting of flags, and an exhibition of rockets and shells, the latter evidently making a deeper impression on the Indians than the eloquence of Major O’Fallon.” A description of Major Long’s steamboat, built to impress the Indians on this occasion, will be found in the following chapter on early explorations.

From the Kansa Indians our State derived its name. For more than 300 years they dwelt upon our soil. At their very advent in this region what is now Atchison county became a part of their heritage and for generations it was a part of their imperial home.

By the treaty of Castor Hill, Mo., October 24, 1832, the Kickapoo Indians were assigned to a reservation in northeastern Kansas, which included 29most of what is now Atchison county. They settled on their new lands shortly after the treaty was made. Their principal settlement at that time was at the present site of Kickapoo, in Leavenworth county, where a Methodist mission was established among them by Rev. Jerome C. Berryman, in 1833. There is said to have been a mission station among the Kickapoos where Oak Mills, in Atchison county, now stands, at an early day, but nothing definite is known regarding its history, except that we have it from early settlers that an Indian known as Jim Corn seemed to be the head man of the band of Kickapoos that lived there, and that the white pioneers frequently attended services in the old mission house which stood in the hollow a short distance southwest of the present site of Oak Mills.

During the time that the Kickapoos owned and occupied what is now Atchison county, they were ruled over by two very distinguished chieftains—Keannakuk, the Prophet, and Masheena, or the Elk Horns. Both of these 30Indians were noted in Illinois long before they migrated westward and were prominently mentioned by Washington Irving, George Catlin, Charles Augustus Murray and other distinguished travelers and authors. Catlin painted their pictures in 1831, and these are included in the famous Catlin gallery in Washington. Keannakuk was both a noted chief and prophet of the tribe. He was a professed preacher of an order which he claimed to have originated at a very early day and his influence was very great among his people. He died at Kickapoo in 1852 and was buried there. Masheena was a really noted Indian. He led a band of Kickapoos at the battle of Tippecanoe. He died and was buried in Atchison county, near the old town of Kennekuk, in 1857. He was born in Illinois about 1770.

Important seats of Kickapoo occupancy in Atchison county in the early days were Kapioma, Muscotah and Kennekuk. Kapioma was named for a chief of that name who lived there. The present township of Kapioma gets its name from this source. Father John Baptiste Duerinck, a Jesuit, was a missionary among the Kickapoos at Kapioma in 1855–57. Muscotah was for a long time the seat of the Kickapoo agency. It is a Kickapoo name meaning “Beautiful Prairie,” or “Prairie of Fire.” Kennekuk was named for John Kennekuk, a Kickapoo chief, and son of Keannakuk, the Prophet.

By treaty of 1854 the Kickapoo reservation was diminished and the tribe was assigned to lands along the Grasshopper or Delaware river. Still later it was again diminished and they were given their present territory within the confines of Brown county.

The Kickapoos are a tribe of the central Algonquian group, forming a division with the Sauk and Foxes, with whom they have close ethnic and linguistic connection. The first definite appearance of this tribe in history was about 1667–70, when they were found by Allouez near the portage between Fox and Wisconsin rivers, in Wisconsin. About 1765 they moved down into the Illinois country, and later to Missouri and Kansas.

CORONADO IN 1541—THE BOURGMONT EXPEDITION IN 1724—PERIN DU LAC—LEWIS AND CLARK—FIRST FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION—MAJOR STEPHEN H. LONG—CANTONMENT MARTIN—ISLE AU VACHE—OTHER EXPLORERS—PASCHAL PENSONEAU—THE OLD MILITARY ROAD—THE MORMONS.

Some historians (notably General Simpson) in their studies of the famous march of Coronado in search of the land of Quivira, in 1541, have brought the great Spanish explorer to the Missouri river, in northeastern Kansas. The more recent researches of Hodge, Bandalier and Brower, however, have proven beyond question that Coronado’s line of march through Kansas was north from Clark county to the Great Bend of the Arkansas river, and thence to the region northeastward from McPherson to the Kansas river, between the junction of its two main forks and Deep creek, in Riley county, where the long lost province of Quivira was located. Hence, it is no longer even probable that the great Spaniard on this famous march ever saw the Missouri river region in northeastern Kansas, much less to have ever set foot upon the soil of what is now Atchison county, as many have heretofore believed.

The first white men, of whom we have definite record, to visit what is now Atchison county, were those who composed the expedition of Capt. Etienne Vengard de Bourgmont, military commander of the French colony of Louisiana, who, in the summer of 1724, arrived at the Kansa Indian village where Doniphan now stands, crossed what is now Atchison county, and made several encampments on our soil. Leaving the Kansa village at Doniphan on the morning of July 24, en route to the province of the Padoucas, or what is now known as the Comanche tribe of Indians, in north central 32Kansas, Bourgmont and party marched a league and a half along what is now Deer creek, and went into camp, where they spent the day. The next day they passed Stranger creek, or what they designated “a small river,” and stopped on account of rain, until the 26th, when they proceeded a few miles further, and again went into camp. A thunder-storm, lasting all the afternoon, compelled them to remain encamped here. On the 27th they reached a river, which was doubtless the Grasshopper or Delaware, about four or five miles below Muscotah, where they again camped, and, on the 28th marched out of Atchison county somewhere along the southwest border, in Kapioma township. This strange procession, besides Bourgmont’s force of white men, consisted of 300 Indian warriors, with two grand chiefs and fourteen war chiefs, 300 Indian squaws, 500 Indian children, and 500 dogs, carrying and dragging provisions and equipments. The object of the expedition was to promote a general peace among, and effect an alliance between, the different tribes inhabitating this region. Shortly after leaving Atchison county, Bourgmont was taken very ill, and was obliged to return to Fort Orleans, on the lower Missouri. He was carried back across Atchison county to the Kansa village, on a hand-barrow, and then transported down the Missouri in a canoe. Upon his recovery he resumed his journey to the Padoucas in the fall of 1724, coming back by way of the Kansa village and Atchison county. No doubt other French explorers, traders and trappers, visited this county at an earlier date than did Bourgmont, but information concerning them is vague and uncertain.

Perin du Lac, a French explorer, set foot upon the soil of Atchison county while on an exploring trip up the Missouri in 1802–03. In his journal, published soon after his return to France, Du Lac mentions that “three miles below the old Kances Indian village they perceived some iron ore.” As the “old Kances village” was the one already referred to as having been at Doniphan, the iron ore discovered by Du Lac must have been in Atchison county, somewhere in the vicinity of Luther Dickerson’s old home, where the rocks are known to be strongly impregnated with iron. Du Lac gathered some specimens of the Atchison county ore, which he must have lost, for he says in his journal: “I intended to have assayed it on my return, but an accident unfortunately happening prevented me.”

In the summer of 1804 the famous “Louisiana Purchase exploring expedition” of Lewis and Clark passed up the Missouri river, arriving at the southeast corner of Atchison county on July 3. They passed Isle Au Vache, or Cow Island, opposite Oak Mills, stopped at a deserted trader’s house at or near the 33site of Port William, where they picked up a stray horse (the first recorded mention of a horse in what is now Atchison county) and camped that night somewhere in the vicinity of Walnut creek. The next morning they announced the “glorious Fourth” with a shot from their gun boat, and there began the first celebration of our Nation’s birthday on Kansas soil. That day they took dinner on the bank of White Clay creek, or what they called “Fourth of July creek.” Here Joe Fields, a member of the party, was bitten by a snake, and Sergeant Floyd, in commemoration of the incident, named the prairie on which Atchison now stands, “Joe Fields’ Snake Prairie.” Above the creek, they state, “was a high mound, where three Indian paths centered, and from which was a very extensive prospect.” This, undoubtedly, was the commanding elevation where the Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home now stands. On the evening of the Fourth they discovered and named Independence creek in honor of the day, and closed the day’s observances with “an evening gun and an additional gill of whiskey to the men.”

A detachment of Maj. Stephen H. Long’s Yellowstone exploring expedition, under command of Capt. Wyley Martin, spent the winter of 1818–19 on Cow Island, which now belongs to Atchison county, and established a post known as Cantonment Martin. This was the first United States military post established above Ft. Osage, and west of Missouri Territory. During that winter Captain Martin’s men killed between 2,000 and 3,000 deer, besides great numbers of bears, turkeys and other game. The troops that established this frontier post were a part of the First Rifle regiment, the “crack” organization of the United States army at that time. In July, 1819, Major Long arrived at Cow Island. His steamboats were the first to ascend the Missouri river above Ft. Osage. The next day Colonel Chambers and a detachment of infantry arrived. Thomas Say and his party of naturalists, under command of Major Biddle, at about the same time crossed Atchison county en route from the Kansa Indian village where Manhattan now stands, and joined Major Long’s party at Cow Island. Messrs. Say and Jessup, naturalists of the expedition, were taken very ill and had to remain at the island for some time. Col. Henry Atkinson, the founder of Ft. Atkinson, and commander of the western department for more than twenty years, arrived at Cow Island shortly after Major Long. Maj. John O’Fallon was sutler of the post and Indian agent for the upper Missouri. On July 4, 1819, the Nation’s birthday was celebrated on Cow Island. The flags were raised at full mast, guns were fired, and they had “pig with divers tarts to grace the table.” On August 24 an important council with the Kansa Indians was 34held on the island. An account of this council will be found in the chapter on Indian history in this volume.

One of the captains who was stationed on Cow Island—Bennett Riley—afterwards became a distinguished man in the history of this country. He was the man for whom Ft. Riley was named. He served with gallantry in the Indian country, the Northwest and Florida. In the Florida war he was promoted to colonel. In the war with Mexico he became a major-general, and was subsequently military governor of California. Col. John O’Fallon entered the army from Kentucky and fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe under Harrison, where he was severely wounded and carried the scar to his grave. He had a brilliant military record, and afterwards became one of the wealthiest and most public-spirited citizens of St. Louis.

Major Willoughby Morgan assumed command of the Cow Island post April 13, 1819. He was also a distinguished officer. When Cantonment Martin was abandoned in September, 1819, it required a month to transport the troops from there to Council Bluffs on the steamboats.

One of these boats, the “Western Engineer,” the first that ever touched the shore of Atchison county, was of unique construction, having been expressly built for the expedition and calculated to impress the Indians. On her bow was the exhaust pipe, made in the form of a huge serpent, with wide open mouth and tongue painted a fiery red. The steam, escaping through the mouth, made a loud, wheezing noise that could be heard for miles. The Indians recognized in it the power of the great Manitou and were overcome with fear.

Cow Island has been a prominent landmark in the West from a very early period. It was discovered by the early French explorers and called by them Isle au Vache, meaning Isle of Cow or Cow Island. It was so named because a stray cow was found wandering about on the island. It is supposed that this cow was stolen by the Indians from one of the early French settlements and placed on this island to prevent her escape. There is a coincidence in the fact that the first horse and the first cow in what is now Atchison county, of which we have any record, were found in the same locality. The stray horse picked up by Lewis and Clark, mention of which is made on a preceding page of this chapter, was found almost opposite the upper end of Cow Island, on the Kansas shore. There is a tradition that the French had a trading post on Cow Island at a very early day.

In 1810, John Bradbury, a renowned English botanist, made a trip up the Missouri river, and was the first scientist to make a systematic study of 35the plants and geological formations of this region. He touched the shore of what is now Atchison county, and in his book, “Travels in the Interior of America,” speaks about the great fertility of our soil. He shipped the specimens collected on this trip to the botanical gardens of Liverpool, and no doubt many Atchison county specimens were included in these shipments. The next year H. M. Brackenridge, another explorer, came up the Missouri and made some observations along our shore.

The first permanent white settler of what is now Atchison county was a Frenchman, Paschal Pensoneau, who, about 1839, married a Kickapoo Indian woman and about 1844 settled on the bank of Stranger creek, near the present site of Potter, where he established a trading-house and opened the first farm in Atchison county on land which had been allotted him by the Government for services in the Black Hawk and Mexican wars. Pensoneau had long lived among the Kickapoo Indians, following them in their migrations from Illinois to Missouri and Kansas, generally pursuing the vocation of trader and interpreter. As early as 1833 or 1834 he was established on the Missouri river at the old Kickapoo town, later removing to Stranger creek, as aforestated. He became a very prominent and influential man among the Kickapoos. He long held the position of Government interpreter that 36tribe. After the treaty of 1854, diminishing the Kickapoo reserve, Pensoneau moved to the new lands assigned the tribe along the Grasshopper river, where he lived for many years. About 1875 he settled among a band of Kickapoo Indians, near Shawnee, Indian Territory, where he died some years later. He was born at Cahokia, Ill., April 17, 1796, his parents having been among the emigrants from Canada to the early French settlements of Illinois.

In 1850 the military road from Ft. Leavenworth to Ft. Laramie was laid out by Colonel Ogden. It crossed Atchison county, and over it passed many important expeditions to the Western plains and mountains, and to Oregon and California. Before this road was laid out as a Government highway, the same route had long been traveled as a trail. It was a great natural highway, being on the “dividing ridge” between the Missouri and Kansas rivers. Charles Augustus Murray, Francis Parkman, Captain Stansbury and other noted travelers journeyed over this trail during the thirties and forties, and in the fascinating volumes they have left, we find much of interest pertaining to the region of which Atchison county is now a part. During the gold excitement in California this old trail swarmed with emigrants seeking a fortune in the West. The Mormons, the soldiers, the overland freighters, the stage drivers, the hundred and one other picturesque types of character in the early West have helped to make the history of this famous old branch of the “Oregon and California Trail” immortalized by Parkman.

During the days of Mormon emigration a Mormon settlement sprang up a few miles west of Atchison, and immediately east of the present site of Shannon, which became known as “Mormon Grove.” The settlement was enclosed by trenches, which served as fences to prevent the stock from going astray, and traces of these old ditches may be seen to this day. Many of the Mormons here died of cholera and were buried near the settlement, but all traces of the old burial ground have been obliterated by cultivation of the soil.

TERRITORY ACQUIRED FROM FRANCE IN 1803—ORGANIZATION OF TERRITORY—KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT—IMMIGRATION TO KANSAS—TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT—FREE STATE AND PRO-SLAVERY CONFLICT—FIRST ELECTION—SECRET POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS—BORDER WAR ACTIVITIES AND OUTRAGES—CONTESTS OVER ADOPTION OF CONSTITUTION—KANSAS ADMITTED TO THE UNION.

Kansas is as rich in historic lore and resources as any other region of the great West. George J. Remsburg, who has contributed two chapters of this history, has, with great care and accuracy, put into readable form an account of prehistoric times, Indian occupancy and the record of earlier explorers in northeastern Kansas. It is a tale of absorbing interest to those who would go back to the dawn of civilization here and study the force and character of men who paved the way for the developments that came after. To the intrepid Spanish conquerors of Mexico of the sixteenth century, and the hardy French explorers, two centuries later, we are indebted for the opening up of the Great American Desert, into which American pioneers, the century following, found their way. Thousands of years before these came, Atchison county had been the abode of hunting tribes and the feasting place of wild animals. Then came the ceaseless flow of the tide of civilization, which swept these earlier denizens from the field, to clear it for the “momentous conflict between the two opposing systems of American civilization, then struggling for mastery and supremacy over the Republic.” It was in Kansas that the war of rebellion began, and it was in the northeastern corner along the shores of the Missouri river—in Atchison county—“that the spark of conflict which had irritated a Nation for decades burst into devastating flames.”

It is a delicate task to convey anything approaching a truthful account of 38the storm and stress of opinions and emotions which accompanied the organization of Kansas as one of the great American commonwealths, and the part played by the citizens of Atchison county in that tremendous work, but sixty years have served to mellow the animosities and bitternesses of the past, and it is easier now to comprehend the strife of that distant day and pass unbiased judgment upon it.

When the United States acquired from France, in 1803, the territory of which Atchison county is a part, slavery was a legalized institution, and many of the residents held slaves. In the treaty of cession, there was incorporated an expressed stipulation that the inhabitants of Louisiana “should be incorporated into the Union of the United States and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States, and in the meantime they should be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and the religion which they professed.” Thus it came to pass for over fifty years after the time that vast empire was acquired from France the bitter contest between the anti-slavery and the pro-slavery advocates ebbed and flowed, and amidst a continual clash of ideas and finally after the shedding of blood, Kansas, and Atchison county, were born.

It was in the Thirty-second Congress that petitions were presented for the organization of the Territory of the Platte, viz: all that tract lying west of Iowa and Missouri and extending west to the Rocky mountains, but no action on the petitions was taken at that time. December 13, 1852, Willard P. Hall, a congressman from Missouri, submitted to the House of Representatives a bill organizing this region. This bill was referred to the committee on territories, which reported February 22, 1853, through its chairman, William A. Richardson, of Illinois. A bill organizing the territory of Nebraska, which covered the same territory as the bill of Mr. Hall, was met by unexpected and strong opposition from the southern members of Congress, and was rejected in the committee of the whole. The House, however, did not adopt the action of the committee, but passed the bill and sent it to the Senate, where it was defeated March 3, 1853, by six votes. On the fourteenth day of December, 1853, Senator Dodge, of Iowa, submitted to that body a new bill for the organization of the territory of Nebraska, embracing the same region as the bill which was defeated in the first session of the Thirty-second Congress. It was referred to the committee on territories, of which Stephen A. Douglas was chairman, on January 4, 1854.

It was during the discussion of this bill that the abrogation of the Missouri 39Compromise was foreshadowed. The story of the action of Senator Douglas in connection with the slavery question has appeared in every history since the Civil war. It is neither necessary nor proper to dwell at length upon his career in connection with the history of Atchison county. However, it was following a bitter discussion of the slavery question that the bill was passed, creating Kansas a territory. The provisions of the bill, as presented, were known to be in accordance with the wishes and designs of all the Southern members to have been accepted before being presented by President Pierce by a majority of the members of his cabinet, and to have the assured support of a sufficient number of Northern administration Democrats, to insure its passage beyond a doubt. The contest over the measure ended May 27, 1854, by the passage of the bill, which was approved May 30, 1854, by President Pierce.

The act organizing Nebraska and Kansas contained thirty-seven sections. The provisions relating to Kansas were embodied in the last eighteen sections, summarized as follow:

Section 19 defines the boundaries of the territory; gives it the name of Kansas, and prescribes that when admitted as a State, or States, the said territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission. Also provides for holding the rights of all Indian tribes inviolable, until such time as they shall be extinguished by treaty.

Section 20. The executive power and authority is vested in a governor, appointed by the President, to hold his office for the term of four years, or until his successor is appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President of the United States.

Section 21. The secretary of State is appointed and subject to removal by the President of the United States, and to be acting governor with full powers and functions of the governor in case of the absence of the governor from the territory, or a vacancy occurring.

Section 22. Legislative power and authority of territory is vested in the governor and a legislative body, consisting of two branches, a council and a house of representatives.

Section 23 prescribes qualifications of voters; giving the right to every free white male inhabitant, above the age of 21 years, who shall be an actual resident of the territory, to vote at the first election.

Section 24 limits the scope of territorial legislation, and defines the veto power of the governor.

40Section 25 prescribes the manner of appointing and electing officers, not otherwise provided for.

Section 26 precludes members from holding any office created or the emoluments of which are increased during any session of the legislature of which they are a member, and prescribes qualifications for members of the legislative assembly.

Section 27 vests the judicial power in the supreme court, district courts, probate courts and in justices of the peace.

Section 28 declares the fugitive slave law of 1850 to be in full force in the territory.

Section 29 provides for the appointment of an attorney and marshal for the territory.

Section 30 treats with the nomination of the President, chief justice, associate justices, attorney and marshal, and their confirmation by the Senate, and prescribes the duties of these officers and fixes their salaries.

Section 31 locates the temporary seat of government of the territory at Ft. Leavenworth, and authorizes the use of the Government buildings there for public purposes.

Section 32 provides for the election of a delegate to Congress, and abrogates the Missouri Compromise.

Section 33 prescribes the manner and the amount of appropriations for the erection of public buildings, and other territorial purposes.

Section 34 reserves for the benefit of schools in the territory and states and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same, sections number 16 and 30 in each township, as they are surveyed.

Section 35 prescribes the mode of defining the judicial districts of the territory, and appointing the times and places of holding the various courts.

Section 36 requires officers to give official bonds, in such manner as the secretary of treasury may prescribe.

Section 37 declares all treaties, laws and other engagements made by the United States Government with the Indian tribes inhabiting the territory to remain inviolate, notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of the act.

It was under the provisions of the above act that those coming to Kansas to civilize it and to erect their homes were to be guided.

Edward Everett Hale, in his history of Kansas and Nebraska, published in 1854, says, “Up to the summer of 1834, Kansas and Nebraska have had no civilized residents, except the soldiers sent to keep the Indian tribes in 41order; the missionaries sent to convert them; the traders who bought furs of them, and those of the natives who may be considered to have attained some measure of civilization from their connection with the whites.” So it will be seen that at the time of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act, Atchison county was very sparsely settled.

All movements in the territory, or elsewhere, made for its organization, were provisional, as they were subject to the rights of the various Indian tribes, whose reservations covered, by well defined boundaries, every acre of northeastern Kansas, except such tracts as were reserved by the Government about Ft. Leavenworth, and other military stations, but with the move for the organization of the territory came an effort to extinguish the Indian’s title to the lands and thus open them to white settlers. One of the most interesting books bearing upon the history of Kansas of that time was “Greeley’s Conflict.” He makes the following statement with reference to this subject:

“When the bill organizing Kansas and Nebraska was first submitted to Congress in 1853, all that portion of Kansas which adjoins the State of Missouri, and, in fact, nearly all the accessible portion of both territories, was covered by Indian reservations, on which settlement by whites was strictly forbidden. The only exception was in favor of Government agents and religious missionaries; and these, especially the former, were nearly all Democrats and violent partisans of slavery. * * * * Within three months immediately preceding the passage of the Kansas bill aforesaid, treaties were quietly made at Washington with the Delawares, Otoes, Kickapoos, Kaskaskias, Shawnees, Sacs, Foxes and other tribes, whereby the greater part of the soil of Kansas, lying within one or two hundred miles of the Missouri border, was suddenly opened to white appropriation and settlement. These simultaneous purchases of the Indian land by the Government, though little was known of them elsewhere, were thoroughly understood and appreciated by the Missourians of the western border, who had for some time been organizing ‘Blue Lodges,’ ‘Social Bands,’ ‘Sons of the South,’ and other societies, with intent to take possession of Kansas in behalf of slavery. They were well assured and they fully believed that the object contemplated and desired, in lifting, by the terms of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the interdict of slavery from Kansas, was to authorize and facilitate the legal extension of slavery into that region. Within a few days after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act, hundreds of leading Missourians crossed into the adjacent territory, selected each his quarter section, or a larger area of land, put some sort of mark on it, and then united with his fellow-adventurers in a meeting, or meetings, intended to establish a sort of Missouri preëmption upon all this region.”

42Immediately following the passage of the territorial act the immigration of Missourians to Kansas began, and, indeed, before its final passage the best of the lands had been located and marked for preëmption by the Missourians. This was true, apparently, in the case of George M. Million, whom the records disclose was the first settler in Atchison county, after Kansas was made a territory. Mr. Million was of German descent and came to the vicinity of Rushville in the hills east of Atchison from Coal county, Missouri, prior to 1841, where he was married to Sarah E. Dixon before she was fifteen years old. In 1841 Million occupied the present site of East Atchison as a farm. At that time the bottom land just east of Atchison was covered with tall rushes and was known as Rush bottom. The town of Rushville was originally known as Columbus, but the name was subsequently changed to Rushville because of the character of the country in which it was located. During the winter Million eked out his livelihood by cutting wood and hauling it to the river bank, selling it in the spring and summer to the steamboats that plied up and down the Missouri river. Sometime subsequent to 1841, Million built a flat-boat ferry and operated it for seven or eight years and did a thriving business during the great gold rush to California. He accumulated considerable money and later operated a store, trading with the Indians for furs and buying hemp, which he shipped down the river. In June, 1854, he “squatted” on the present townsite of Atchison, and built a log house at the foot of Atchison street, near his ferry landing, and just opposite his cabin on the Missouri side of the river. Following Million, in June, 1854 came a colony of emigrants from Iatan, Mo., and took up claims in the neighborhood of Oak Mills. They were F. P. Goddard, G. B. Goddard, James Douglass, Allen Hanson and George A. Wright, but the actual settlers and founders of Atchison county did not enter the territory of Kansas until July, 1854. On the twentieth day of that month Dr. J. H. Stringfellow with Ira Norris, Leonidas Oldham, James B. Martin and Neil Owens left Platte City, Mo., to decide definitely upon a good location for a town. With the exception of Dr. Stringfellow they all took claims about four miles southwest of the present city of Atchison. Traveling in a southwesterly direction from Platte City the party reached the river opposite Ft. Leavenworth and crossed to the Kansas side. They went north until they reached the mouth of Walnut creek, “and John Alcorn’s lonely cabin upon its banks.” They continued their course up the river until they came to the “south edge of the rim of the basin which circles around from the south line of the city, extending west by gradual incline to the divide between White Clay and 43Stranger creek, then north and east around to the northern limits of the city.” It was at this point that the Missouri river made the bend from the northeast, throwing the point where Atchison is now located, twelve miles west of any locality, north, and twenty miles west of Leavenworth, and thirty-five miles west of Kansas City. When they descended into the valley, of which Commercial street is now the lowest point, Dr. Stringfellow and his companions found George M. Million and Samuel Dickson. Mr. Dickson followed Million to Kansas from Rushville, and while there is some dispute as to who was the second resident in Atchison county after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the best authorities lead to the conclusion that to Samuel Dickson belongs that honor. Mr. Dickson erected a small shanty near the spring, which bore his name for so many years, on the east side of South Sixth street, between Park and Spring streets. His house is described as a structure twelve feet square, having one door and one window and a large stone chimney running up the outside. As soon as Dr. Stringfellow arrived he at once commenced negotiations with Mr. Million for the purchase of his claim. Mr. Million, apparently, was a shrewd real estate speculator and only surrendered his claim upon the payment of $1,000. Dr. Stringfellow considered this a very fancy figure for the land, but he and his associates were firm in their decision of founding a city at this point on the Missouri river and they gave Mr. Million his price. The organization of a town company which followed will be discussed in a subsequent chapter of this territory.

The first territorial appointment for the purpose of inaugurating a local government in Kansas was made in June, 1854. Governor Andrew. H. Reeder, of Easton, Pa., was appointed on that date. He took the oath of office in Washington, D. C., July 7, and arrived in Kansas at Ft. Leavenworth October 7, becoming at once the executive head of the Kansas government. Governor Reeder was a stranger to Kansas. With the exception of Senator Atchison he scarcely knew anybody in Kansas. He was a lawyer by profession, one of the ablest in the State of Pennsylvania. From early manhood he had been an ardent and loyal Democrat and had defended with vigor and great power the principle of squatter sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He was not a politician and was an able, honest, clear-thinking Democrat. Upon his arrival in Kansas he set himself at once to the task of inaugurating the government in the territory. According to his own testimony before the special congressional committee appointed by Congress to investigate the troubles in Kansas in 1856, he made it his first business to 44obtain information of the geography, settlements, population and general condition of the territory, with a view to its division into districts; the defining of their boundary; the location of suitable and central places for elections, and the full names of men in each district for election officers, persons to take the census, justices of the peace, and constables. He accordingly made a tour of the territory, and although he did not come to Atchison county his tour included many important and remote settlements in the territory. Upon his return he concluded that if the election for a delegate to Congress should be postponed until an election could be had for the legislature, which, in the one case required no previous census, and in the other a census was required, the greater part of the session of Congress, which would terminate on the fourth of March, would expire before a congressional delegate from the territory could reach Washington. He, therefore, ordered an election for a delegate to Congress, and postponed the taking of the census until after that election. He prepared, without unnecessary delay, a division of the territory into election districts, fixed a place of election in each, appointed election officers and ordered that the election should take place November 29, 1854. Atchison county was in the fifteenth election district, which comprised the following territory: Commencing at the mouth of Salt creek on the Missouri river; thence up said creek to the military road and along the middle of said road to the lower crossing of Stranger creek: thence up said creek to the line of the Kickapoo reservation, and thence along the southern and western line thereof to the line of the fourteenth district: thence between same, and down Independence creek to the mouth thereof, and thence down the Missouri river to the place of beginning. The place of the election was at the house of Pascal Pensoneau, on the Ft. Leavenworth and Oregon road, near what is now the town site of Potter. The election which followed was an exciting one. Public meetings were held in all of the towns and villages, at which resolutions were passed against the eastern abolitionists, the Platte County Argus sounding the following alarm:

“We know we speak the sentiments of some of the most distinguished statesmen of Missouri when we advise that counter-organizations be made, both in Kansas and Missouri, to thwart the reckless course of the abolitionists. We must meet them at their very threshold and scourge them back to their covers of darkness. They have made the issue, and it is for us to meet and repel them.”

The secret organizations, of which Greeley spoke, known as the “Blue 45Lodges,” “Social Bands,” and “Sons of the South,” became very active, and knowing the condition of affairs along the Missouri border, and having learned the needs and wishes of the actual settlers in the territory, Governor Reeder decided that their rights should not be jeopardized. Therefore, in ordering an election of a congressional delegate only, with the idea of a later proclamation ordering a territorial election of a legislature, he knew that much trouble would be spared. In his proclamation for the congressional election, provision was made for defining the qualifications of legal voters, and providing against fraud, both of which provisions were received with alarm by the leaders of the slavery Democracy, who, up to that time had hoped that the administration at Washington had sent them an ally. It was not long until they discovered that they were mistaken.

The actual settlers of the territory did not evince much interest in the election. They were all engaged in what appeared to them to be the more important business of building their homes and otherwise providing necessities before the approach of winter. There were no party organizations in the territory. The slavery question was not generally understood to be an issue. The first candidates to announce themselves were James N. Burnes, whose name has for sixty years been prominently identified with the social, political and business history of Atchison county, and J. B. Chapman. These two candidates subsequently withdrew from the campaign, and the names finally submitted to the voters were: Gen. John W. Whitfield, Robert P. Flenneken, Judge John A. Wakefield. Whitfield ignored the slavery issue during his canvass, but his cause was openly espoused by the Missourians. Flenneken was a friend of Governor Reeder, with Free Soil proclivities. Wakefield was an outspoken Free-Soiler. Hon. David R. Atchison, then a United States senator, and for whom Atchison county was named, was the head and front of the pro-slavery movement. He had a national reputation and was a power in the United States Senate, and won for himself the highest position in the gift of the Senate, having been chosen president protempore of that body after the death of Vice-President King. He was loyal to the southern views regarding slavery and this made him the unquestioned leader of the party which believed, as Senator Atchison himself believed, that the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill would inevitably result in a slave State west of Missouri. It was to Senator Atchison that Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, himself one of the strong leaders of the pro-slavery forces, looked for inspiration and direction. In a speech Senator Atchison made in Weston, Mo., November 6, 1854, which was just prior to the congressional election in Kansas, he said:

46“My mission here today is, if possible, to awaken the people of this country to the danger ahead and to suggest the means to avoid it. The people of Kansas in their first elections will decide the question whether or not the slave-holder was to be excluded, and it depends upon a majority of the votes cast at the polls. Now, if a set of fanatics and demagogues a thousand miles off could afford to advance their money and exert every nerve to abolitionize the territory and exclude the slave-holder, when they have not the least personal interest in the matter, what is your duty? When you reside within one day’s journey of the territory, and when your peace, your quiet, and your property depend upon this action you can without any exertion send five hundred of your young men who will vote in favor of your institutions.”

On November 28, the day preceding the election, the secret society voters in Missouri began to cross over into Kansas. They came organized to carry the election and in such overwhelming numbers as to completely over-awe and out-number the legal voters of the territory at many of the precincts. They took possession of the polls, elected many of the judges, intimidated others to resign and refusing to take the oath qualifying themselves as voters and prescribe to the regulations of the election, cast their ballots for General John W. Whitfield and hastily beat their retreat to Missouri. The whole number of votes cast in that election was 2,233, of which number Whitfield received 2,258; Wakefield, 248; Flenneken, 305, with twenty-two scattering votes. The frauds which were at first denied by both the pro-slavery newspapers and General Whitfield himself, were not long in being discovered.

In the Fifteenth district, of which Atchison county was a part, the total number of votes cast was 306, of which Wakefield got none; Flenneken, 39, and Whitfield, 267. The total number of votes given by the census was 308, and in the majority report of the congressional committee of the following year 206 illegal votes were shown to have been cast in that district. However, there was little immediate disturbance following the election. The settlers continued to busy themselves in completing their homes and were more interested in securing titles to their lands than in the future destiny of the territory.

In the following January and February Governor Reeder caused an enumeration of the inhabitants to be taken preparatory to calling an election for a legislature. H. B. Jolly was named as enumerator for the Fifteenth district and Mr. Jolly found a total of 873 persons in the district, divided as follows: Males, 492; females, 381; voters, 308; minors, 448; natives of the 47United States, 846; foreign born, sixteen; negroes, fifteen; slaves, fifteen. The date appointed for the legislative election was March 30, 1855. The proclamation of the governor defined the election districts; appointed the voting precincts; named the judges of the election, defined the duties of the judges, and the qualifications of voters. Thirteen members of the council and twenty-six members of the house of representatives were to constitute the legislative assembly of the territory. Atchison was in the Ninth council district and in the Thirteenth representative district. Following the precedent established in the election for congressional delegate the November before the blue lodges of Missouri became active and large numbers of members of the secret societies of Missouri were sent into every council and representative district in the territory for the purpose of controlling the election. They were armed and came with provisions and tents. They overpowered and intimidated the resident voters to such an extent that only 1,410 legal votes were cast in the territory out of 2,905 enumerated in the census.

D. A. N. Grover was the pro-slavery candidate for councilman in the Ninth Council district with no opposition and he received 411 votes which was the total number of votes enumerated for that district. H. B. C. Harris and J. Weddell were the pro-slavery candidates for representative in the Thirteenth district with no opposition. They each received 412 votes, being the total number of votes enumerated in the district.

It was another victory for the pro-slavery sympathizers and the Free State men were indignant, while on the other hand the pro-slavery residents, with their Missouri allies, did not conceal their joy, at the same time admitting frankly the outrages which were practiced at the polls. The Leavenworth Herald of April 6 headed its election returns with the following:

“The triumph of the pro-slavery party is complete and overwhelming. Come on, Southern men; bring your slaves and fill up the territory. Kansas is Saved! Abolitionism is rebuked. Her fortress stormed. Her flag is dragging in the dust. The tri-colored platform has fallen with a crash. The rotten timbers of its structure were not sufficient to sustain the small fragments of the party.”

48The Parkville Luminary which was published in Platte county, Missouri, very mildly protested against the manner of carrying the election and spoke in friendly terms of the Free Soil settlers. The following week its office and place was destroyed by a mob and forced its editors to flee the country for their lives.

The election of November 29, 1854, so incensed the Anti-Slavery element that the Free State movement was given a great impetus. A convention of Free State men at Lawrence June 8, 1855, and the Big Springs convention September 5, 1855, were the result, and from that date many other public meetings of Free State men followed. The Free State sentiment fully crystalized itself in the momentous election of October 9, 1855, following eight days after the date set by the pro-slavery legislature for an election of delegate to Congress to succeed J. W. Whitfield, who had been elected the year before. The first election in 1855 was held October 1 but was participated in only by pro-slavery men. The abstract of the poll books showed that 2,738 votes were cast in the territory and Whitfield received 2,721, of which it is only fair to say that 857 were declared illegal. In the Free State election Ex-Governor Andrew H. Reeder received 2,849 votes, of which 101 were cast in Atchison county. On the same day an election for delegates to a constitutional convention to be held at Topeka took place and R. H. Crosby, a merchant of Oceana, Atchison county, and Caleb May, a farmer, near the same place, were elected delegates.

The returns of the pro-slavery election having been made according to law, the governor granted the certificate of election to Whitfield, who returned to Washington as the duly elected delegate from Kansas. The territorial executive committee, elected at the Big Springs convention, gave a certificate of election to Reeder. The Topeka constitutional convention subsequently convened October 23, 1855, and was in session until November 11. This body of Free State men framed a constitution, and among other things memorialized Congress to admit Kansas as a State. It was understood by all that the validity of the work of the convention was contingent upon the admission of Kansas as a State. Meanwhile the executive committee of Kansas Territory appointed at the Topeka primary, September 19, 1855, under the leadership of James H. Lane, continued to direct and inspire the work for a State government.

As a counter-irritant to the activities of the Free State men, and for the purpose of allaying the insane excitement of the territorial legislature, the 49pro-slavery followers organized a Law and Order party, which was pledged to the establishment of slavery in Kansas. From thenceforth it was open warfare between the two great forces contending for supremacy in the territory. Atchison was the stronghold of the Law and Order party, as Lawrence was the stronghold of the Free State party. The Free State party was looked upon by the Law and Order advocates as made up of revolutionists and the Law and Order party was determined to bring them to time as soon as possible, but as the members of the Free State party held themselves apart from the legal machinery devised for the government of the territory, bringing no suits in its courts; attending no elections; paying no attention to its county organizations; offering no estates to its probate judges, and paying no tax levies made by authority of the legislature, they were careful to commit no act which would lay themselves liable to the laws which they abhorred. They settled all their disputes by arbitration in order to avoid litigation, but as they could build, manufacture, buy and sell and establish schools and churches without coming under the domination of the pro-slavery forces, they managed to do tolerably well. Where the inhabitants were mostly Free State, as in Lawrence and Topeka, conditions were reasonably satisfactory, but in localities like Atchison and Leavenworth, where the Law and Order party dominated affairs, the Free State inhabitants were forced to suffer many indignities and insults.

During the month of August, 1855, a negro woman belonging to Grafton Thomassen, who ran a sawmill in Atchison, was found drowned in the Missouri river. J. W. B. Kelley, a rabid anti-slavery lawyer, from Cincinnati, who became a resident of Atchison, expressed the opinion that if Thomassen’s negro woman had been treated better by her master she would not have committed suicide by jumping into the river. Thomassen was greatly angered at this personal illusion and deluded himself into believing that if he satisfied his own vengeance he would at the same time be rendering the pro-slavery party a service. He therefore picked a quarrel with Kelley and they came to blows, after which Thomassen’s conduct was sustained by a largo meeting of Atchison people. While it is said that Thomassen was a larger and more powerful man than Kelley, the people did not consider this fact, but rather considered the principle involved, and as a result they commended the act in the following resolution:

“1. Resolved. That one J. W. B. Kelley, hailing from Cincinnati, having upon sundry occasions denounced our institutions and declared all pro-slavery men ruffians, we deem it an act of kindness and hereby command him 50to leave the town of Atchison one hour after being informed of the passage of this resolution never more to show himself in this vicinity.

2. Resolved. That in case he fails to obey this reasonable command, we inflict upon him such punishment as the nature of the case may require.

3. Resolved. That other emissaries of this ‘Aid Society’ now in our midst, tampering with our slaves, are warned to leave, else they too will meet the reward which their nefarious designs so justly merit.—Hemp.

4. Resolved. That we approve and applaud our fellow-townsman, Grafton Thomassen, for the castigation administered to said J. W. B. Kelley, whose presence among us is a libel upon our good standing and a disgrace to our community.

5. Resolved. That we commend the good work of purging our town of all resident abolitionists, and after cleaning our town of such nuisances shall do the same for the settlers on Walnut and Independence creeks whose propensities for cattle stealing are well known to many.

6. Resolved. That the chairman appoint a committee of three to wait upon said Kelley and acquaint him with the actions of this meeting.

7. Resolved. That the proceedings of this meeting be published, that the world may know our determination.”

After the passage of these resolutions they were circulated throughout Atchison and all citizens were asked to sign the same and if any person refused he was deemed and treated as an abolitionist. A few days after this incident Rev. Pardee Butler, a minister of the Christian church, who was living at that time near the now abandoned townsite of Pardee, west of Atchison, about twelve miles, came to town to do some trading. Butler was an uncompromising anti-slavery advocate and never overlooked an opportunity to make his sentiments known. He had strong convictions backed by courage, and while he did not seek controversies, he never showed a desire to avoid them. He was well known in the community as a Free State man, and so when he came into Atchison after these resolutions were passed and the town was all excited about them it did not take him long to get into the controversy and he condemned in strong terms the outrage upon Kelley and also the resolutions which were passed. In the course of a conversation which he had at the postoffice with Robert S. Kelley, the postmaster and assistant editor of the Squatter Sovereign, he informed Mr. Kelley that he long since would have become a subscriber to his paper had he not disliked the violent sentiments which appeared in its columns. Mr. Kelley replied: “I look upon all Free Soilers as rogues and they ought to be treated as 51such.” Mr. Butler responded: “I am a Free Soiler and expect to vote for Kansas as a Free State.” “I do not expect you will be allowed to vote,” was Mr. Kelley’s reply. On the following morning Mr. Kelley called at the National hotel, corner of Second and Atchison streets, where Mr. Butler had spent the night, accompanied by a number of friends and demanded Butler to sign the resolutions, which of course Mr. Butler refused to do, and walked down stairs into the street. A crowd gathered and seized Mr. Butler, dragging him towards the river, shouting that they intended to drown him. The mob increased in size as they proceeded with the victim. A vote was taken as to the kind of punishment which ought to be given him and a verdict of death by hanging was rendered. It was not discovered until forty years afterwards that Mr. Kelley, the teller, saved Mr. Butler’s life by making false returns to the excited mob. Mr. Kelley subsequently was a resident of Montana and gave this information while stopping in St. Joseph with Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, the former editor of the Squatter Sovereign. Instead of returning a verdict of death by hanging Mr. Kelley announced that it was the decision of the mob to send Mr. Butler down the Missouri river on a raft, and an account of what followed is best given by Rev. Pardee Butler himself:

“When we arrived at the bank Mr. Kelley painted my face with black paint, marked upon it the letter “R.” The company had increased to some thirty or forty persons. Without any trial, witness, judge, counsel or jury, for about two hours I was a sort of target at which were hurled imprecations, curses, arguments, entreaties, accusations and interrogations. They constructed a raft of three cottonwood sawlogs, fastened together with inch plank nailed to the logs, upon which they put me and sent me down the Missouri river. The raft was towed out to the middle of the stream with a canoe. Robert S. Kelley held the rope that towed the raft. They gave me neither rudder, oar nor anything else to manage my raft with. They put up a flag on the raft with the following inscription on it:

‘Eastern Emigrant Aid Express.

The Rev. Pardee Butler again for the underground road;

The way they are served in Kansas: Shipped for Boston; Cargo insured. Unavoidable danger of the Missourians and Missouri river excepted.

Let future emissaries from the north Beware.

Our Hemp crop is sufficient to reward all such scoundrels.’

“They threatened to shoot me if I pulled the flag down. I pulled it down, cut the flag off the flag staff, made a paddle out of the flag staff and ultimately got ashore about six miles below.”

52The mob was considerate enough to provide Mr. Butler a loaf of bread and permitted him to take his baggage on board, afterwards escorting him down the river for some distance.

When Mr. Butler landed he returned overland to his home near Pardee. On April 30, 1856, he again ventured to make his appearance in Atchison, where he says: “I spoke to no one in town save two merchants of the place with whom I had business transactions since my first arrival in the territory. Having remained only a few minutes I went to my buggy to resume my journey when I was assaulted by Robert S. Kelley, junior editor of the Squatter Sovereign; was dragged into a grocery and there surrounded by a company of South Carolinians who are reported to have been sent out by a Southern Emigrant Aid Society. After exposing me to every sort of indignity they stripped me to the waist, covered my body with tar and then for the want of feathers applied cotton wool, having appointed a committee of three to certainly hang me the next time I should come to Atchison. They tossed my clothes into the buggy, put me therein, accompanying me to the suburbs of the town and sent me naked upon the prairie. I adjusted my attire about me as best I could and hastened to rejoin my wife and two little sons on the banks of Stranger creek. It was rather a sorrowful meeting after so long a parting.”

The above incident gives some idea of the prevailing sentiment in Atchison county during the period beginning in 1854 and ending in 1857.

There was little chance of Free State settlers to avoid trouble except by discreet silence. It would not be just, however, to fail to disclose the fact that the Free State men also had their secret organizations. The Kansas Legion was a military organization for defensive purposes only. Its members were organized into companies, battalions and regiments and were officered and armed with rifles and pistols sent from the East. These organizations were the natural result of the secret pro-slavery organizations of Missouri and were known to exist to protect the Free State settlers against the attacks of the Blue Lodges, Sons of the South, and the Social Bands.

A man by the name of Pat Laughlin became a member of the Kansas Legion and was very active in organizing companies of that organization at different points in the territory. He subsequently became a traitor to his associates and gave out information to the enemy, thereby creating great indignation among his former friends whom he had betrayed. Later Laughlin and Samuel Collins, of Doniphan county, became engaged in a fierce altercation and friends of both parties to the dispute were present and armed. 53Laughlin shot Collins and killed him on the spot and was slightly wounded himself. This affair occurred October 25, 1855. No attempt was made by the appointed peace officers of the territory to bring the guilty parties participating in the Pardee Butler outrage or the murder of Collins to justice. Shortly after Laughlin recovered from his wound he secured a position in a store in Atchison and lived there for many years.

This condition of affairs could not long exist without an open rupture between the two opposing forces and from this time on there was a succession of personal encounters of wide significance, and in addition there was the war along the border in which Atchison county played a conspicuous but not a glorious part. The activities here at that crucial period were largely in the interest of the pro-slavery forces. It was at this juncture that the immortal John Brown appeared on the scene to begin his work of driving the slavery advocates from Kansas and making it and the Nation free. His first appearance among the Free State men was December 7, 1855, but he had been in the territory several months before that with his four sons. John Brown did not reach Atchison county during his stormy career in Kansas. The nearest he ever came was in 1857 when he passed through Jackson county with a party of slaves which he was taking from Missouri to Nebraska for the purpose of setting them free. In the historical edition of the Atchison Daily Globe of July 16, 1894, there appears the following short reference to this excursion:

“In 1857 John Brown made a trip from Missouri into Nebraska with a party of slave negroes which he intended to set free. His route was through Jackson county, Kansas, and up by where the town of Centralia now stands. A lot of the pro-slavery enthusiasts in Atchison heard of the affair and went out to intercept Brown. They came up with him near Centralia, but Brown had heard of their coming and captured the entire party. One of the men in the pro-slavery party was named George Ringo; afterwards he soldiered with Dwight Merlin in the Thirteenth Kansas and often talked of the trip to Merwin around their camp fires. Ringo says that James T. Herford was another member of the pro-slavery party, and a man named Cook was another. John Brown looked at Cook critically after the capture and asked his name. Cook said his name was Thomas Porter. “I believe you are lying. I believe your name is Cook and if I was certain of it I would kill you,” Brown said. Cook was one of the men accused of killing Brown’s son at Osawatomie, but Brown was not certain of his identity and let him go with the others. George Ringo says that Brown held a prayer meeting in his camp every evening and asked a blessing at every meal.

54“One night when the Atchison party was in the custody of Brown, Brown asked Jim Herford to pray. ‘I can’t pray,’ Herford replied. ‘Didn’t your mother teach you to pray?’ Brown inquired. ‘She taught me to say, “Now I lay me down to sleep,” that was all,’ Herford answered. ‘All right,’ Brown said, ‘get down on your knees and say, “Now I lay me down to sleep.”’ Herford did as he was requested, being afraid to refuse and Brown soon rolled himself in a blanket and went to sleep.”

As the activities of Brown increased so likewise the activities of the pro-slavery forces increased under the leadership of Senator Atchison, of Missouri, and Dr. Stringfellow, editor of the Squatter Sovereign. The Squatter Sovereign, about which more will appear in a subsequent chapter, was published in Atchison and was largely supported by government advertising patronage. It was the leading pro-slavery newspaper organ of the territory. Senator Atchison’s activities were of the most pronounced sort. He not only urged his Missouri constituents to invade the territory in all their might and capture the Yankees, but he went himself. At Platte City, Mo., February 4, 1856, Senator Atchison made a speech which gives some idea of the language he employed in urging the people of western Missouri to join in the invading of Kansas. He said:

“I was a prominent agent in repealing the Missouri Compromise and opening the territory for settlement. The abolition traitors drummed up their forces and whistled them onto the cars, and whistled them off again at Kansas City: some of them had ‘Kansas and Liberty’ on their hats. I saw this with my own eyes. These men came with the avowed purpose of driving or expelling you from the territory. What did I advise you to do? Why, to beat them at their own game. When the first election came off I told you to go over and vote. You did so and beat them. Well, what next? Why, an election of members of the legislature to organize the territory must be held. What did I advise you to do then? Why, meet them on their own ground and at their own game again: and, cold and inclement as the weather was, I went over with a company of men. The abolitionists of the North said, and published it abroad, that Atchison was there with bowie-knives, and by God, it was true. I never did go into that territory—I never intend to go into that territory—without being prepared for all such kinds of cattle.

“They held an election on the fifteenth of last month and they intend to put the machinery of the State in motion on the fourth of March. Now you are entitled to my advice, and you shall have it. I say, prepare yourselves. Go over there. Send your young men, and if they attempt to drive 55you out, then, damn them, drive them out. Fifty of you with your shotguns are worth 250 of them with their Sharpe’s rifles. Get ready—arm yourselves; for, if they abolitionize Kansas you lose one million dollars of your property. I am satisfied that I can justify every act of you before God and a jury.”

All of the pro-slavery papers were open in their advocacy of an immediate war of extermination. The Squatter Sovereign in its issue just after the election of January 15, commenting on certain disturbances at Easton and a murder at Leavenworth, did not condemn what took place at Easton and had no word of apology or pity to offer for the murdered man. On the contrary it upheld those who committed the murder and gave them encouragement in their campaign of killing abolitionists. Dr. Stringfellow employed his violent rhetoric to give vent to his feelings and the opening paragraph of his leading editorial in the issue of the Squatter Sovereign he used the following language:

“It seems now to be certain that we will have to give the abolitionists at least one good thrashing before political matters are settled in this territory. To do so we must have arms; we have the men. I propose to raise funds to furnish Colt’s revolvers for those who are without them. We say if the abolitionists are able to whip us and overturn the government that has been set up here, the sooner it is known the better, and we want to see it settled.”

During the whole of the following winter preparations for attack and defense went quietly on. There was drilling along the border and disquieting rumors came from time to time of companies that had been organized and equipped to move into Kansas as soon as spring opened to uphold the rights of the Southerners.

Atchison county took a prominent part in the border warfare. The bold attitude assumed by the Free State forces in and around Lawrence; the Wakarusa war; the Free State elections, and the determination of the Free State party to convene their legislature in March, 1856, kept the partisan pro-slavery sentiment in Atchison in a constant tumult. In March large numbers of South Carolina emigrants, armed and equipped with the avowed purpose of enforcing southern rights in Kansas, arrived on all the incoming steamboats. Capt. F. G. Palmer, of Atchison, commanded one of the earliest if not the earliest company of these emigrants. Robert De Treville was first lieutenant. The home company had been formed prior to the arrival of the South Carolinians. Dr. John H. Stringfellow was captain; Robert S. Kelley, first lieutenant; A. J. G. Westbrook, second lieutenant, and John H. 56Blassingame, third lieutenant. Their arms were supplied from Ft. Leavenworth and by the last of April they were ready and waiting for the assault and the subsequent “sacking” of Lawrence. The whole countryside was aflame with the passion of war. By May 1 quite a large army of pro-slavery sympathizers was organized. The South Carolinian Company, from Atchison, was among the first to start the assault upon Lawrence and it was not long before “its flag was planted upon the rifle pit of the enemy.” Dr. Stringfellow was there and Robert S. Kelley, his able assistant on the Squatter Sovereign, was also there. In an account of the assault the following appeared in the Squatter Sovereign.

“The flag was carried by its brave bearer and stationed upon the Herald of Freedom Printing office, and from thence to the large hotel and fortress of the Yankees, where it proudly waived until the artillery commenced battering down the building. Our company was composed mostly of South Carolinians, under command of Capt. Robert De Treville, late of Charleston, S. C. and we venture the prediction that a braver set of men than are found in its ranks never bore arms.”

The Squatter Sovereign continued to be without fear the most bitter and uncompromising pro-slavery organ in the territory. Its watch-word was “Death to all Yankees and traitors in Kansas.” At a large mass meeting at Atchison, held in June, 1856, Robert S. Kelley, its assistant editor, was nominated as the “Commander-in-Chief of the forces in town,” but for some reason now lost to view Kelley declined the honor and it was passed on to Capt. F. G. Palmer who accepted it without remorse and without apologies. Senator Atchison was present at this mass meeting and made a speech, and so was Col. Peter T. Abell, afterwards president of the Atchison Town Company, and Captain De Treville, and others not so famous, and they all made speeches.

During that summer, because of the continued activities of old John Brown and the agitation which those activities created in the breasts of the pro-slavery sympathizers in Atchison, another military company was formed, called the Atchison Guards, of which John Robertson was the commander, who was so prominent in the Battle of Hickory Point, and Atchison county continued to take a prominent part in the border warfare which continued for sometime thereafter. During all of this time the Free State settlers of Atchison were very quiet and undemonstrative. They were not strong in number and aside from a few virile souls like Pardee Butler, they held their tongues and kept their own counsel. They were treated with scant courtesy and consideration by their pro-slavery neighbors, and it can be said to their credit that no set of men ever displayed greater self-restraint or suffered more for the cause of peace than the Free State settlers of this county. It doubtless unsettled their minds and disturbed their slumbers to read from time to time sentiments such as these taken from the Squatter Sovereign of June 10, 1856:

58“Hundreds of Free State men who have committed no overt act, but have only given countenance to those reckless murderers, assassins and thieves, will, of necessity, share the same fate of their brethren. If Civil war is to be the result of such a conflict, there cannot be, and will not be any neutrals recognized. ‘He that is not for us is against us,’ will of necessity be the motto, and those who are not willing to take either one side or the other are the most unfortunate men in Kansas and had better flee to other regions as expeditiously as possible. They are not the men for Kansas.”

In another issue Dr. Stringfellow said:

“The abolitionists shoot down our men without provocation wherever they meet them. Let us retaliate in the same manner. A free fight is all we desire. If murder and assassination is the program of the day we are in favor of filling the bill. Let not the knives of the pro-slavery men be sheathed while there is one abolitionist in the territory. As they have shown no quarters to our men they deserve none from us. Let our motto be written in blood upon our flags. ‘Death to all Yankees and Traitors in Kansas.’ We have 150 men in Atchison ready to start in an hour’s notice. All we lack is horses and provisions.”

And then follows an exhortation from Dr. Stringfellow to his friends in Missouri to contribute something that will enable his constituents to protect their lives and their families from the outrages of the assassins of the North, and ends by stating that the war will not cease until Kansas has been purged of abolitionists.

Pro-slavery committees from Doniphan, Atchison and Leavenworth counties were organized to call on their friends in the South for arms, ammunition and provisions, and a circular letter appeared in the Leavenworth Herald, and an urgent invitation was issued to all the pro-slavery papers to give the circular wide publicity. It read, in part, as follows:

“To our friends throughout the United States:

“The undersigned, having been appointed a committee by our fellow citizens of the counties of Leavenworth, Doniphan and Atchison, in Kansas Territory, to consult together and to adopt measures for mutual protection 59and the advancement of the interests of the pro-slavery party in Kansas Territory, this day assembled at the town of Atchison, to undertake the responsible duty assigned us; and in our present emergency deem it expedient to address this circular to our friends throughout the union, but more particularly in the slave-holding states. * * * * The time has arrived when prompt action is required and the interior of Kansas can easily be supplied from various points in the above named counties. The pro-slavery party is the only one in Kansas which pretends to uphold the Government or abide by the laws. Our party from the beginning has sought to make Kansas a slave state, only by legal means. We have been slandered and vilified almost beyond endurance, yet we have not resorted to violence, but steadily pursued the law for the accomplishment of our objects. * * * * We have proclaimed to the world that we recognize the principle of the Kansas Bill as just and right, and although we preferred Kansas being made a negro slave state, yet we never dreamed of making it so by the aid of bowie-knives, revolvers and Sharpe rifles, until we were threatened to be driven out of the territory by a band of hired abolitionists, brought up and sent here to control our elections and steal our slaves. We are still ready and intend to continue so, if our friends abroad stand by and assist us. Our people are poor and their labor is their capital. Deprive them of that, which we are now compelled to do, and they must be supported from abroad, or give up the cause of the South. The Northern Abolitionists can raise millions of dollars, and station armed bands of fanatics throughout the territory and support them, in order to deprive Southern men of their constitutional rights. We address this to our friends only, for the purpose of letting them know our true condition and our wants. We know that our call will meet a ready, willing and liberal response. * * * * Heaven and earth is being moved in all the free states to induce overwhelming armies to march here to drive us from the land. We are able to take care of those already here, but let our brethren in the states take care of the outsiders. Watch them, and if our enemies march for Kansas let our friends come along to take care of them, and if nothing but a fight can bring about peace, let us have a fight that will amount to something. Send us the money and other articles mentioned as soon as practicable, and if the abolitionists find it convenient to bring their supplies, let our friends come with ours. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. Majors, Russell & Company, Leavenworth, K. T.; J. W. Foreman & Company, Doniphan, K. T., and C. E. Woolfolk & Company, Atchison, K. T., to receive any money or other articles sent for our relief, and will report to the undersigned, 60and we pledge ourselves that all will be distributed for the benefit of the cause. Horses, we greatly need—footmen being useless in running down midnight assassins and robbers.”

The following residents of Atchison county signed the circular: P. T. Abell, chairman; J. A. Headley, A. J. Frederick, J. F. Green, Jr., C. E. Mason.

This circular was signed June 6, 1856, and was published in the Lawrence Herald of Freedom, June 14, 1856.

From this time forward the conflagration spread with ever increasing fury, and not only did the appeals for aid from the pro-slavery forces find immediate response, but likewise the anti-slavery forces throughout the whole North came to the rescue of the Free Soilers in Kansas, and during all of this great excitement Atchison county was the focal point of pro-slavery activities. The news of the “sacking” of Lawrence served to awaken the Nation in the North. It was at this time that Henry Ward Beecher, with all of the great eloquence at his command, advocated from his Brooklyn pulpit the sending of Sharpe rifles instead of Bibles to Kansas, and pledged his own parish to supply a definite number. And on and on they came to Kansas out of the North with determination in their hearts and Sharpe rifles in their hands, to help the Free Soilers in their battles against the forces of Atchison and Stringfellow and Abell. Then came Lane’s “Army of the North,” which sounded more terrible than it really was, following in quick succession the second battle of Franklin; the siege and capitulation of Ft. Titus, and the famous battle of Osawatomie. At last the mobilization of the forces of Atchison and Stringfellow not far from the outskirts at Lawrence in September, 1856, for the purpose of a final assault on that Free State stronghold, marked the collapse of the Atchison-Stringfellow military campaign. It was a critical hour for Lane. Old John Brown was there, and the citizens were ready for whatever might befall them, but further hostilities were averted by the action of Governor Geary on the morning of September 15, 1856, when he appeared in person in the midst of the Missouri camp several hours after issuing a proclamation for the Missourians to disband. He found both Senator Atchison and Gen. B. F. Stringfellow (brother of Dr. Stringfellow) there, and in the course of his speech severely reprimanded Atchison, who “from his high estate as Vice-President of the United States, had fallen so low as to be the leader of an army of men with uncontrollable passions, determined upon wholesale slaughter and destruction.”

When Governor Geary had concluded his remarks his proclamation and 61order to disband the army were read and the more judicious obeyed.

The troops thus disbanded, marched homeward. Those enlisting at Atchison returned to Missouri by way of Lecompton. This was the last organized military invasion from Missouri and ended the attempts of the pro-slavery forces to rule Kansas by martial law.

It must not be concluded, however, that the Stringfellows and other pro-slavery leaders in Atchison county were not law-abiding citizens. They believed in the institution of slavery, as many good men of that day did, and they had the same rights to peacefully enter the territory of Kansas and endeavor to make it a slave State under the principle of Squatter sovereignty, as Dr. Charles Robinson, and Lane, and John Brown did to make the territory a free State. It would not only be unjust to the memory of the Stringfellows and their compatriots, but unjust to posterity also to leave the impression that they had no semblance of justification, for many of their acts, which the impartial historian will admit, were very frequently in retaliation of wrongs and outrages suffered. The terrible stress and strain under which good men on both sides labored in those critical days led them to extremes, and in the midst of the discordant passions of good men, the bad men—those who are the lawless of every age and clime—flourished and their lawlessness only served to complicate the dangerous and ever threatening situation. Calm judgment may not have been lacking in the territory in and around Atchison and Lawrence in the days between 1854 and 1857, but if it existed at all it was lost in the riot of partisan feeling and did not evince itself until later.

Following the disbanding of the “Territorial” militia before Lawrence, General Atchison seemed to have somewhat recovered his composure and in an address to the troops after Governor Geary had retired, he said:

“As was well known to all present the gentlemen composing this meeting had just been in conference with Governor Geary, who in the strongest language had deprecated the inhuman outrages perpetrated by those whom he characterized as bandits, now roving through the territory, and pledged himself in the most solemn manner to employ actively all of the force at his command in executing the laws of the territory and giving protection to his beloved citizens, and who had also appealed to us to dissolve our present organization and stand by and co-operate with him in holding up the hands of his power against all evil doers, and who had also retired from the meeting, with a request that he would consult and determine what course would be taken. Now the object of the meeting was thus to consult and determine what should be done.”

62General Atchison also impressed the meeting with the solemnity and importance of the occasion and said that it was time for men to exercise their reason and not yield to their passions and also to keep on the side of the law which alone constitutes our strength and protection. These words of General Atchison breathed a far different message than his strong language of a few years before and indicated more plainly than anything else the general trend of pro-slavery sentiment.

After the cessation of military movements in the territory, more or less peaceful elections, sessions of the legislature and conventions, at which constitutions were framed and voted upon, took place, and the work of preparing the territory to become a State went forward.

Four constitutions were framed before Kansas was admitted to the Union.

The Topeka constitution, which was the first in order, was adopted by the convention which framed it November 11, 1855, and by the people of the territory at an election December 15, 1855.

The Lecompton constitution was adopted by the convention which framed it November 7, 1857, and was submitted to a vote of the people December 21, 1857, and the form of the vote prescribed was: “For the constitution, with slavery,” and “For the constitution, without slavery.” As no opportunity was afforded at this election to vote against the constitution the Free State people did not participate in it. The Territorial legislature was summoned in extra session and passed it without submitting this constitution to a vote of the people, January 4, 1858, and at that election 138 votes were cast for it and 10,226 against it. In spite of this overwhelming vote against the constitution it was sent to Washington and was transmitted by President Buchanan to the Senate who urged the admission of Kansas under it, thus starting the great contest which divided the Democratic party, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President, and the final overthrow of the slave party. The bill to admit Kansas under this constitution failed, but a bill finally passed Congress, under the provisions of which the constitution was again submitted to the people August 4, 1858, with the result that there were 1,788 votes cast for it and 11,300 votes cast against it.

The convention which framed the Leavenworth constitution was provided for by an act of the Territorial legislature, passed in February, 1858, at which time the Lecompton constitution was pending in Congress. The Leavenworth constitution was adopted by the convention April 3, 1858, and by the people May 18, 1858.

63The Wyandotte constitution was adopted by the convention which framed it July 29, 1859, and adopted by the people October 4, 1859. It was under the Wyandotte constitution that the State was admitted into the Union January 29, 1861.

In this last convention Atchison county played a very important part. Three members were sent from this county: Caleb May, to whom reference has been made before, a farmer, born in Kentucky, and residing near the now abandoned townsite of Pardee; John J. Ingalls, a lawyer at Sumner, who arrived in Kansas from Massachusetts, October 4, 1858, exactly one year previous to the adoption of the constitution by the people of the Territory, and Robert Graham, a merchant at Atchison, who was born in Ireland. John A. Martin, the editor of Freedom’s Champion, the successor to the Squatter Sovereign, at Atchison, was secretary of the convention.

Caleb May remained a successful farmer and leading citizen of the county for many years after this convention, subsequently drifting to the Indian Territory, where he died.

John J. Ingalls became United States senator from Kansas, where he remained for eighteen years, part of the time as president protempore of that body.

John A. Martin became one of the leading military heroes of Kansas, and served as governor of the State from 1886 to 1888. He played an important part as an officer of the convention, as also did Mr. Ingalls, who, Samuel A. Stinson says, was the “recognized scholar of the convention, and authority on all questions connected with the arrangement and phraseology of the instrument.” For this reason he was made chairman of the committee on phraseology and arrangements. Robert Graham was chairman of the committee on corporations and banking, and on the ballot to locate a temporary capital of the State Atchison received six votes. Topeka received twenty-nine and was chosen as the temporary capital and afterwards became the permanent capital of Kansas.

ONE OF THE THIRTY-THREE ORIGINAL COUNTIES—THE CITY OF ATCHISON LOCATED—TOWN COMPANY—SALE OF LOTS—INCORPORATION OF TOWN—EARLY BUSINESS ENTERPRISES—ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY—COMMERCIAL GROWTH—FREIGHTING—FIRST OFFICERS—FREE STATE AND PRO-SLAVERY CLASHES—HORACE GREELEY VISITS ATCHISON—ABRAHAM LINCOLN MAKES A SPEECH HERE—GREAT DROUGHT OF 1860—CITY OFFICIALS.

Atchison was one of the thirty-three original counties created by the first territorial legislature, which convened at Pawnee, July 2, 1855, and subsequently adjourned to Shawnee Mission, July 6, 1855, and was named for Senator David R. Atchison, United States senator from Missouri, concerning whom much has been said in previous chapters. The county was surveyed in 1855 and divided into three townships, Grasshopper township comprising all that section lying west of the old Pottawatomie road; Mount Pleasant township, all east of the old Pottawatomie road, and south of Walnut creek, from its confluence with the Missouri river to the source of the creek and a parallel line west to the old Pottawatomie road, and Shannon township, all that section of the county north of Mount Pleasant township. Subsequently, this sub-division was further divided into eight townships, now comprising the county, to-wit: Grasshopper, Mount Pleasant, Shannon, Lancaster, Kapioma, Center, Walnut and Benton. The county is located in the extreme northeastern part of Kansas, save one, Doniphan county, by which it is bounded on the north, together with Brown county, and on the west by Jackson county, and on the south by Jefferson and Leavenworth counties. It has an area of 409 square miles, or 271,360 acres.

The site of the city of Atchison, the first town in the county, was selected 65because of its conspicuous geographical location on the river. Senator Atchison and his associates attached great importance to the fact that the river bent boldly inland at this point. They felt that it would be of great commercial advantage to a town to be thus located, so July 4, 1854, after a careful consideration of the matter, in all of its phases, Senator Atchison and his Platte county, Missouri, friends dedicated the new town. They felt that they had located the natural gateway through which all the overland traffic to Utah, Oregon and California would pass. After they had settled with George Million, the first known white settler of the territory, and attended to other unimportant preliminaries Dr. J. H. Stringfellow made a claim just north of the Million claim, and with Ira Norris, James T. Darnell, Leonidas Oldham, James B. Martin, George Million and Samuel Dickson, agreed to form a town company, and they received into their organization David R. Atchison, Elijah Green, E. H. Norton, Peter T. Abell, B. F. Stringfellow, Lewis Burnes, Daniel D. Burnes, James N. Burnes, Calvin F. Burnes and Stephen Johnson. A week later these men gathered under a large cottonwood tree, near Atchison street, on the river, and organized by electing Peter T. Abell, president; Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, secretary, and Col. James N. Burnes, treasurer. Peter T. Abell, president of the town company, was an able lawyer, and a Southern man, with pronounced views on the question of slavery. But he was a man of judgment, and a natural boomer. He was a very large man, being over six feet tall and weighed almost 300 pounds. When he became president of the town company he was a resident of Weston, Mo., and lived there until a year after Atchison had been surveyed. Subsequently, Senator Atchison assigned his interests in the town company to his nephew, James Headley, who afterwards became one of the leading lawyers of the town. Jesse Morris also became a member.

The town company, having been regularly organized, the townsite was divided into 100 shares. Each of its members retained five shares; the balance of thirty being held for general distribution. Abell, B. F. Stringfellow and all of the Burnes brothers were received as two parties. Henry Kuhn, a surveyor, surveyed 480 acres, which comprised the original townsite. Mr. Kuhn and his son returned to Atchison forty-five years later, and for a short time ran the Atchison Champion. On September 21, the first sale of town lots was held, amidst great excitement and general interest. It was a gathering which had both political and business significance. Senator Atchison, from Missouri, with a large number of his constituents, was there, and Atchison made a speech, in which one reporter quotes him as having said:

66“People of every quarter should be welcome to the Territory, and treated with civility as long as they showed themselves peaceable men.”

Someone in the crowd called out, “What shall we do with those who run off with our negroes?” “Hang ’em,” cried a voice in the crowd. To this Mr. Atchison replied, “No, I would not hang them, but I would get them out of the Territory, get rid of them.” One version of the speech was to the effect that Senator Atchison answered his questioners by saying, “By G—d, sir, hang every abolitionist you find in the Territory.” But the best account of the meeting was printed in a Parkville, Mo., newspaper, and was reported by an eye witness, who said:

“We arrived at Atchison in the forenoon. Among the company was our distinguished senator, in honor of whom the new city was named. There was a large assemblage on the ground, with plenty of tables set for dinner, where the crowd could be accommodated with bacon and bread, and a drink at the branch, at fifty cents a head. The survey of the town had just been completed the evening before. Stockholders held a meeting, to arrange particulars of sale, and afterwards, as had been previously announced, General Atchison mounted an old wagon and made a speech. He commenced by mentioning the bountiful country that was beginning to be settled; to some of the circumstances under which a territorial government was organized, and in the 67course of his remarks, mentioned how Douglass came to introduce the Nebraska bill, with a repeal clause in it. He told of how Judge Douglass requested twenty-four hours in which to consider the question of introducing a bill for Nebraska, like the one he had promised to vote for, and said that if, at the expiration of that time, he could not introduce such a bill, which would not at the same time accord with his own sense of right and justice to the South, he would resign as chairman of the territorial committee, and Democratic caucus, and exert his influence to get Atchison appointed. At the expiration of the given time, Judge Douglass signified his intention to report such a bill.

“General Atchison next spoke of those who had supported and those who had opposed the bill in the Senate, and ended by saying that the American people loved honesty and could appreciate the acts of a man who openly and above-board voted according to the will of his constituents, without political regard or favor. He expressed his profound contempt for abolitionists, and said if he had his way he would hang everyone of them that dared to show his face, but he knew that Northern men settling in the Territory were sensible and honest, and that the right feeling men among them would be as far from stealing a negro as a Southern man would.

“When Senator Atchison concluded his remarks, the sale of town lots began, and thirty-four were sold that afternoon, at an average of $63.00 each. Most of those that were sold were some distance back from the river, and speculators were not present, so far as it could be determined, and lots that were sold were bought mostly by owners of the town. Prices ranged from $35.00 to $200.00.”

At this meeting the projects of building a hotel and establishing a newspaper were discussed, and as a result, each of the original 100 shares was assessed $25.00, and in the following spring the National Hotel, corner of Second and Atchison streets, was built. Dr. J. H. Stringfellow and Robert S. Kelley received a donation of $400.00 from the town company, to buy a printing office and in February, 1855, the Squatter Sovereign, which subsequently did so much for the pro-slavery cause, was born.

The town company required each settler to build a house at least sixteen feet square upon his lot, so that when the survey was made in 1855 many found themselves upon school lands. Among those who put up homes in 1854 and 1855 were James T. Darnell, Archibald Elliott, Thomas J. C. Duncan, Andrew W. Pebler, R. S. Kelley, F. B. Wilson, Henry Kline and William Hassett. The titles to the lands owned by these residents remained unsettled until 1857, when titles to all lands within the townsite and open to settlement 68were acquired from the federal government, and subsequently the title to school lands was secured by patents from the Territory, and in this way the town company secured a clear title to all lands which they had heretofore conveyed, and re-conveyed the same to the settlers and purchasers. Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, proprietor of North Atchison, an addition to the city of Atchison, employed J. J. Pratt to survey that addition in October, 1857. It consisted of the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section 36, township 5, range 20. Samuel Dickson, who was the proprietor of South Atchison, had that addition platted in May, 1858, and John Roberts, who was the proprietor of West Atchison, had his addition surveyed in February, 1858, a few months before Samuel Dickson surveyed South Atchison. C. L. Challiss’ addition was surveyed about the same time. Other additions to the corporate limits of Atchison have been made, and are as follows: Branchton, Bird’s addition, Brandner’s addition, Bakewell Heights, Batiste addition, Florence Park, Forest Park, Goodhue Place, Garfield Park, Highland Park, Home Place, Howard Heights, LaGrande addition, Lincoln Park, Llewellyn Heights, Lutheran Church addition, Mapleton Place, Merkles addition, Parker’s addition, Park Place, Price Villa addition, River View addition, Spring Garden, Style’s addition, Bellvue Heights, and Talbott & Company’s addition.

Atchison was incorporated as a town by act of the Territorial legislature, August 30, 1855, but it was not incorporated as a city until February 12, 1858, after which the charter was approved by the people by special election, March 2, 1858. In the fall of 1856, Atchison had obtained a great many advantages over other towns along the river, by a judicious system of advertising. The Squatter Sovereign printed a circular November 22, 1856, which was scattered broadcast. The circular was as follows:

“To the public, generally, but particularly to those persons living north of the Kansas river, in Kansas Territory:

“It is well known to many, and should be to all interested, that the town of Atchison is nearer to most persons living north of the Kansas river, than any other point on the Missouri river. The country, too, south of the Kansas river above Lecompton, is also as near Atchison as any other Missouri river town. The roads to Atchison in every direction are very fine, and always in good repair for wagon and other modes of travel. The country opposite Atchison is not excelled by any section of Missouri, it being portions of Buchanan and Platte counties, in a high state of cultivation, and at a considerable distance from any important town in Missouri, making grain, fruit, provisions and all kinds of marketing easily procured at fair prices; a matter of no small consideration to settlers in a new country.

69“The great fresh water lake, from which the fish markets of St. Joseph and Weston are supplied, is also within three miles of Atchison.

“Atchison is now well supplied with all kinds of goods: groceries, flour, corn, meal, provisions and marketing of all kinds are abundant, and at fair prices. To show the compatibility of Atchison to supply the demands of the country, we here enumerate some of the business houses, viz: Six large dry goods and grocery stores, wholesale and retail; six family grocery and provision stores, wholesale and retail; one large clothing store; one extensive furniture store, with mattresses and bedding of all sorts; one stove, sheet iron and tinware establishment, where articles in that line are sold at St. Louis prices; several large warehouses sufficient to store all the goods of emigrants and traders across the plains, and to Kansas Territory; one weekly newspaper—The Squatter Sovereign—having the largest circulation of any newspaper in Kansas, with press, type and materials to execute all kinds of job work; two commodious hotels, and several boarding houses; one bakery and confectionery; three blacksmith shops; two wagon makers, and several carpenter shops; one cabinet maker; two boot and shoe maker shops, and saddle and harness maker shops; one extensive butcher and meat market; a first rate ferry, on which is kept a magnificent new steam ferry boat and excellent horse boat, propelled by horses; a good flat boat, and several skiffs; saw mills, two propelled by steam and one by horse-power; two brick yards, and two lime kilns.

“A fine supply of professional gentlemen of all branches constantly on hand equal to the demand.

“A good grist mill is much needed, and would make money for the owner.”

The first business house in Atchison was established by George T. Challiss, at the corner of the Levee and Commercial streets, in August, 1854. The National Hotel was not built at that time, so Mr. Challiss established a temporary camp, and his workmen were accommodated under an elm tree near the river. The Challiss store building was torn down in 1872. George T. Challiss and his brother, Luther C. Challiss, were clerking in a dry goods store at Booneville, Mo., in the spring of 1854. George T. Challiss returned to his old home in New Jersey on a visit, and upon his return, in August, he came direct to Atchison. He came by boat to Weston, Mo., where he met P. T. Abell, president of the town company, and Abell prevailed upon him to come to Atchison in a buggy, crossing the river here on George Million’s ferry. Mr. Abell donated Mr. Challiss the lot upon which he built his store, and he went to Rushville and bought enough cottonwood lumber to build it. When he arrived in Atchison, he had $4.50 in money, but later on borrowed $150.00 70from his brother, Luther C. Challiss, at Boonville. He enjoyed a good business from the beginning, and carried a large stock of both dry goods and groceries.

The town of Atchison was the one big outstanding factor in Atchison county when the territory was organized, but at the same time that Abell and Stringfellow and others “were shaping up the town,” others were busy organizing the county. As the city was named for General Atchison, so likewise was the county at the time of its creation by the first Territorial legislature that assembled at Pawnee. The first board of county commissioners was selected and appointed by the Territorial legislature, August 31, 1855, and was composed of William J. Young, James M. Givens and James A. Headley. The first meeting of the board was held September 17, 1855, at the home of O. B. Dickerson, in the city of Atchison. At this meeting Ira Norris was appointed clerk and recorder; Samuel Dickson, treasurer; Samuel Walters, assessor. William McVay had received an appointment as sheriff of the county prior to the meeting of the board, direct from the governor, to fill the office temporarily until his successor was subsequently appointed and qualified. On the 18th of September, 1855, being the second day of the session of the first board of county commissioners, Eli C. Mason was appointed as sheriff to succeed McVay, and Dudley McVay was appointed coroner. Voting precincts were established in three townships preparatory to an election of a delegate to Congress, which was to take place the first Monday in October, 1855. At the October meeting of the board of county commissioners, block 10, in what is now known as Old Atchison, was accepted by the board as a location upon which to erect a court house. This property was offered to the county by the Atchison town company for the purpose of influencing the board to make Atchison the county seat. The conditions of the gift were that the court house was to be built of brick and to be at least forty feet square. In the following spring the town company donated fifty town lots, and the proceeds of these lots were to be used in the construction of the court house. In June, 1857, the court house was ordered built and it was to be two stories high, the first story to be of rock and the second story of wood. It was 24×18 feet square: however, the plans were subsequently changed, and, because of the gift of an additional fourteen lots by the town company, of a value of $6,000.00, a more pretentious building was erected in 1859, with a county jail adjoining it. Prior to the erection of the court house, there was a spirited contest between Mt. Pleasant, Monrovia, Lancaster and Sumner over the question of the 71county seat. In an election to determine the location, Atchison received a majority of 252 votes over all competitors for the county seat. The estimated total population of the county at the time was 2,745.

In the next few years Atchison grew rapidly and the dreams of Senator Atchison and his associates bade fair to be realized on a large scale. The population of the town was about 500, and yet there were eight hardware stores, twelve dry goods stores, eight wholesale grocery stores, nineteen retail grocery stores, and twenty-six law firms. The banking business was controlled by the contracting firms of A. Majors & Company and Smoot, Russell & Company. The Atchison branch of the Kansas Valley Bank was the first in the State to be formed under the legislative act, authorized February 19, 1857, with a capital stock of $300,000.00. In the act, John H. Stringfellow, Joseph Plean and Samuel Dickson were named to open subscription books. An organization was effected in the spring of 1858, and the capital stock of the local organization was $52,000.00. The board of directors was composed of Samuel C. Pomeroy, president; W. H. Russell, L. R. Smoot, W. B. Waddell, F. G. Adams, Samuel Dickson and W. E. Gaylord. There was considerable rivalry between Sumner and Doniphan at the time, and shortly after the organization of the bank, a rumor, which was supposed to have started in Sumner, to the effect that the bank was about to suspend, caused the directors to publish a statement of its condition, showing that its assets were $36,638.00 and its liabilities $20,118.00. S. C. Pomeroy resigned as president before the year was out and was succeeded by William H. Russell. The bank subsequently had its name changed by the legislature to the Bank of the State of Kansas. Mr. Russell, the second president of the bank, made his home in Leavenworth and was an active pro-slavery man, being treasurer of the executive committee in 1856 to raise funds to make Kansas a slave State. This bank continued until 1866, when it went into voluntary liquidation and its stockholders wound up its affairs.

One of the most important institutions in Atchison in the early days was the Massasoit House, opened for business September 1, 1858, in charge of Tom Murphy, a genial proprietor, who conducted it for many years. At the same time there were three other hotels in operation in the city. Reference has heretofore been made to the National Hotel, which was elected in 1855 by popular subscription. It was a plain log structure on the north side of Atchison street, just east of Second, overlooking the river. The Tremont House was a two-story frame structure at the southeast corner of Second and Main, and the Planters’ House was at the southwest corner of Commercial and Sixth 72streets on the site now occupied by the Exchange National Bank, but the Massasoit House was the leading hotel of this section and it was a substantial, somewhat imposing frame building erected at the northwest corner of Second and Main streets on the site now occupied by the Wherrett-Mize Wholesale Drug House. It was three stories high with a basement and was handsomely furnished. It did a large business and was the headquarters for the overland staging crowds. All the lines, which ran in every direction, out of Atchison at that time departed from the Massasoit House. It was a favorite place for political gatherings, and from its balconies many speeches were made by leaders of the political parties of that day. It at one time was the hiding place for a number of slaves who had been secreted in the hotel by their master. Horace Greeley, the famous editor of the New York Tribune, ate his first dinner in Kansas at this hotel, and Abraham Lincoln was a guest on the day that John Brown was executed at Harper’s Ferry.

Some idea of the magnitude of the merchandising that was carried on in Atchison in 1858 may be gathered from the fact that during the summer of that year twenty-four trains comprising 775 wagons, 1,114 men, 7,963 oxen, 142 horses, 1,286 mules conveyed 3,730,905 pounds of merchandise across the Rocky mountains and California. One single train that was sent out that year consisted of 105 wagons, 225 men, 1,000 oxen, 200 mules, fifty horses and 465,500 pounds of merchandise. During the latter part of 1859 and the early months of 1860, forty-one regular traders and freighters did business out of Atchison. During nine months of one of those years, the trains outfitted from Atchison were drawn by mules and cattle and comprised 1,328 wagons, 1,549 men, 401 mules and 15,263 oxen. The Pike’s Peak gold mines, which were discovered in 1858, and the prospecting in that region were the causes of the larger part of this enormous business. Denver at that time had a population of about 2,500, and was the center of the mining region around Pike’s Peak. In the period just mentioned, thirty-three of the trains that left Atchison were destined for Denver. One of these trains was composed of 125 wagons, carrying 750,000 pounds of merchandise. It extended from the levee on the river far beyond the western outskirts of the city. The outfit was managed by fifty-two men, twenty-two mules and 1,542 oxen. Several of the trains for Denver had from twenty to fifty wagons. One, sent out by Jones & Cartwright, had fifty-eight wagons and carried over 3,000 pounds of merchandise. Among the trains that left Atchison during the latter part of 1859 were, one for Santa Fe, N. M., another for Colorado City, Colo., two for Green River, Wyo., and four for Salt Lake City. The biggest 73overland outfit was owned by Irwin, Jackson & Company, who were Government freighters. During one season this firm sent out 520 wagons, 650 men, 75 mules and 6,240 oxen. This firm had a good contract for supplying the military posts on the plains, including Forts Kearney, Laramie, Bridger, Douglas, and Camp Floyd, a short distance from Salt Lake City. In addition to these larger overland staging concerns there were a number of lesser outfits sent out by private parties in Atchison, with one, two or three wagons each. Most of the freight conveyed across the plains in wagons was brought to Atchison in steamboats, which unloaded at the levee extending along two or three blocks, beginning at about Atchison street and running south. Very frequently loaded ox trains nearly a mile in length were seen on Commercial street, and some of the prairie schooners would be loaded with hardware or some other dead weight, drawn by six to eight yoke of cattle; and more wagon trains were loaded and departed from Atchison than from any other point on the Missouri river.

The act of the Territorial legislature of Kansas incorporating the city of Atchison was approved February 12, 1858, and it provided for the election of a mayor and councilmen. The charter was voted upon and accepted by the people at a special election held March 2, 1858, and the first mayor and council were elected at a special election March 13, 1858. The charter provided for an annual city election at that time to be held on the first Monday in September, and consequently the first mayor and councilmen of the city, elected in March, held their offices only until the following September. Samuel C. Pomeroy was the first mayor of the city, holding his office from March, 1858, until May, 1859. Pomeroy was one of the prominent Free State settlers and was one of its most popular citizens. His election as mayor was the result of the toss of a coin. A temporary truce having been effected between the Southerners and the Free State men, it was agreed that a compromise in local affairs would be beneficial to the community. By the toss of a coin the Free State men won the mayor and three councilmen, and the pro-slavery men had four councilmen. Pomeroy was named by the Free State men mayor. Pomeroy subsequently became actively identified with the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Association, in the distribution of aid to the stricken people of Kansas following the great drought of 1860, and it was largely because of his identification with this organization that he was enabled to place aid where it would do the most good, and he subsequently became one of the first United States senators from Kansas. When he was a resident of Atchison he lived at the corner of North Terrace and Santa Fe streets, but later he moved to a 74tract of land near Muscotah, and during the twelve years he was senator he claimed the latter place as his home. It was when he asked for a third term as United States senator that he was exposed on the floor of the State senate by Senator York, who arose in his place and, advancing to the secretary’s desk, placed $7,000.00 in cash thereon, which he alleged Pomeroy had given him to influence his vote. Many have always believed that Senator Pomeroy was greatly wronged by this act of York. Ex-Governor George W. Glick, himself a Democrat and a leading citizen of Atchison in the early days, was a very warm friend of Pomeroy and always expressed indignation when he heard Pomeroy abused, not only about his conduct in connection with the Emigrant Aid Association, but also in connection with his downfall politically. It was the contention of Governor Glick that Pomeroy’s fall was the result of a conspiracy and not because of general bribery. However, Pomeroy never rose to political prominence after this incident and ended his days in Washington, D. C., where he lived for a number of years prior to his death.

Associated with Pomeroy as the first mayor of Atchison, were the following citizens: John F. Stein, Jr. register; E. B. Grimes, treasurer; Milton R. Benton, marshal; A. E. Mayhew, city attorney; W. O. Gould, city engineer; M. R. Benton, by virtue of his office as marshal, was also street commissioner; H. L. Davis, assessor; Dr. J. W. Hereford, city physician. The board of appraisers was composed of Messrs. Petfish, Roswell and Gaylord. The first councilmen were William P. Childs, O. F. Short, Luther C. Challiss, Cornelius E. Logan, S. F. Walters, James A. Headley, Charles Holbert. John F. Stein, who was register, resigned his office in August, and R. L. Pease was appointed to succeed him. In the following August the city was divided into three wards, the first ward being entitled to four councilmen, the second ward to two, and the third ward to three. At the first meeting of the council, which was held March 15, 1858, an ordinance was adopted providing for a special election for the purpose of submitting a proposition to take $100,000.00 of stock in a proposed railroad from St. Joseph, Mo., to some point opposite Atchison on the Missouri river. The election was held and the stock was subscribed for. Mayor Pomeroy was appointed agent of the proposed road, which was to be known as the Atchison & St. Joseph Railroad Company. A further account of the development of railroad building from Atchison will occur in a subsequent chapter. The council at this session also fixed the salary of the mayor, and in spite of the freedom of those days, saloons were ordered to be closed on Sunday, and other stringent regulations were passed in connection with the liquor traffic. The first financial statement of the city, of date September 5, 1859, is as follows:

The fact that Mayor Pomeroy had strongly urged in his inaugural address the importance of grading and improving the streets of the city “especially Atchison, Second and Fourth streets, and the levee,” possibly accounts for the indebtedness of the city at so early a date. There was a general inclination among the citizens of Atchison to build a modern city in accordance with the standards of the times, and therefore they were anxious to follow the mayor’s advice to put their streets and alleys in order.

One of the most interesting and at the same time one of the most difficult tasks in tracing the settlement of a community, is to correctly catalogue the establishment of the first settler, the first house, the first business institution, and the first of everything, and it could with safety be said that this is not only an interesting and difficult task but it is well nigh an impossible one. This is not to be wondered at when we take into account the rush and confusion which always attend the settlement of a new community. However, it has now become an established fact that George M. Million was the 76first white settler in the Territory, with Samuel Dickson a close second. There was some dispute about who built the first house in the town of Atchison, but we have resolved all doubt in favor of Dickson, just as we have decided that George T. Challiss established the first business house. The Challiss brothers, George, Luther and William all played an important part in the very early history of the county. They were in business and in the professions, and they were all land owners, selecting the choicest tracts “close in” and holding onto them, none too wisely or too well, for their tenacity in this respect later resulted in their undoing. The leading lawyers in the county during those days were M. J. Ireland, A. G. Otis, Isaac Hascall, James A. Headley, A. E. Mayhew, J. T. Hereford, P. H. Larey, Joseph P. Carr and B. F. Stringfellow. Horton, Foster, Ingalls, and General Bela M. Hughes came later. Hascall carried a card in the Squatter Sovereign, advertising his legal headquarters as the Border Ruffian Law Office.

In addition to the names of merchants and professional men heretofore given, “Andreas’ History of Kansas” gives the following list: Grafton Thomassen, the slave owner, ran a sawmill. Thomassen’s name appears in the records of Atchison county in connection with land transfers as Grafton Thomason; Luther C. Challiss, who occupied a store on the levee, 45 by 100 feet which he filled with dry goods and groceries, and advertised “such an assortment as was never before offered for sale in the upper country”; Samuel Dickson, a merchant and politician and also an auctioneer, on the north side of C street; Lewis Burnes, M. P. Rively and Stephen Johnson carried stocks of assorted merchandise; A. J. G. Westbrook, a grocer, and Patrick Laughlin, who fled from Doniphan on account of the murder of Collins, the Free State man, was a tinner; William C. Null and Albert G. Schmitt operated a warehouse and carried a general stock of merchandise at the corner of Second and C streets; Charles E. Woolfolk and Robert H. Cavell had a large store and warehouse at the steamboat landing; George M. Million operated the Pioneer Saloon; John Robertson conducted a saddlery and harness business; Messrs. Jackson & Ireland were a contracting firm with a shop over Samuel Dickson’s store; Uncle Sam Clothing Store, at the corner of C and Third streets, was conducted by Jacob Saqui & Company; Giles B. Buck sold stoves on C street; O. B. Dickson was proprietor of the Atchison House; Drs. J. H. Stringfellow and D. M. McVay were the leading physicians; and it is interesting to note that Washburn’s Great American Colossal Circus, which was the first in Kansas, gave two exhibitions in Atchison, July 31, 1856. This aggregation carried three clowns, a full brass and string band and an immense pavilion, and many other novel and attractive features.

77Fully fifty new buildings were erected during the spring and summer of 1856.

During this period in the history of the county, Free State people began to come into their own. They grew bolder, following the compromise with the pro-slavery citizens, over the question of the distribution of city officers and because of other concessions that were made by the pro-slavery citizens for the general good of the community. It was not strange, therefore, that some of the less tactful and politic Free State leaders should over-reach themselves at such a time. While the “Reign of Terrorism” under the Stringfellow regime was on, the Free State men in Atchison county considered discretion the better part of valor. They were very quiet, with few exceptions, of whom Pardee Butler was a conspicuous example, but they were nevertheless quite numerous in the county, and particularly was this the case in and around Monrovia, Eden and Ocena; in fact, there was an organization of Free State men in the county as early as 1857, and several quiet meetings were held that year; and at Monrovia a society was formed, of which Franklin G. Adams was the chief officer and spokesman.

Early in May, 1857, Senator Pomeroy and the Free State men bought the Squatter Sovereign from Dr. Stringfellow, and Mr. Adams and Robert McBratney became its editors. Mr. Adams was just as ardent a Free State man as Dr. Stringfellow was the other way, so the policy of the paper was completely reversed. Judge Adams was a lawyer and partner of John J. Ingalls for a while. He represented Atchison county in the constitutional convention that met in Mineola March 23, 1858 and which subsequently adjourned to Leavenworth. Caleb May, G. M. Fuller, C. A. Woodworth and H. E. Baker were the other delegates from Atchison county. Judge Adams was later one of the useful men of Kansas, and at the time of his death he was secretary of the State Historical Society, which position he filled with credit and honor for many years. On August 22, 1858, following the local compromise with the pro-slavery leaders, Judge Adams concluded the time was ripe to invite James H. Lane, the great Free State leader, to Atchison, to make a speech. He consequently served notice in his paper that Lane would be in Atchison October 19. As soon as it was generally known that Lane had been invited to speak in Atchison a number of the more rabid pro-slavery men concluded that the speaking would not take place. On the other hand, Judge Adams was just as determined that Lane would have a public meeting in Atchison. For the purpose of insuring order on that occasion Adams invited a number of strong and reliable Free State friends from Leavenworth 78to come up to Atchison and see that fair play was done. The invitation to the Leavenworth Free Soilers was accepted with alacrity and they arrived on the morning of the day Lane was billed to make his speech and brought with them their side arms as a matter of precaution. They made the office of Adams, Swift & Company their headquarters while here. Shortly after the arrival of the Leavenworth contingent and while sitting in his office Judge Adams noticed a crowd gathering on Commercial street, near Fifth. Suspecting that the crowd had gathered for no good purpose, Judge Adams and six of his friends started for the scene of what appeared to him to be a disturbance. On their way they met Caleb A. Woodworth, Sr., hatless and apparently in trouble. As Judge Adams stopped to make inquiries of Mr. Woodworth regarding his trouble somebody from the rear assaulted him with a heavy blow on the cheek. Instead of following the Biblical injunction he did not turn his other cheek, but swung quickly in his tracks and levelled a pistol at his assailant, who was accompanied by a crowd of his friends, all armed and with blood in their eyes. As Judge Adams was about to pull the trigger of his gun a friend of Judge Adams shouted, “Don’t shoot yet!” following which admonition all of the crowd displayed cocked revolvers and aimed them in the direction of Judge Adams and his crowd. Observing that the Free Soilers meant business, the pro-slavery men discreetly withdrew without further trouble, and the Free Soil men returned to the office of Judge Adams. It was then determined that the meeting should be an out-of-door one, and as they passed out into the street, again the pro-slavery advocates mixed freely with the Free Soilers. A. J. W. Westbrook, of the “Home Guards,” mounted on a prancing horse, rode among the crowd, flourishing a cocked gun, apparently seeking to kill Judge Adams at the first favorable opportunity. It has been doubted that Westbrook meant business, but his conduct had the effect of stirring up his followers who avowed that Jim Lane should not speak in Atchison that night. His threatening attitude apparently had the desired effect, for the Free Soil men decided that it was not necessary for the existence of their cause that Jim Lane should speak and therefore postponed the speaking. Judge Adams was not altogether pleased but he was finally prevailed upon to return home without attempting further trouble. Later in the day a party of Free Soil men met General Lane on the outskirts of the city, returning from Doniphan where he had been speaking, and prevailed upon him not to come to Atchison. This was not the first attempt of Lane to visit Atchison county. He was entertained at dinner in 1855 at the home of Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, whose house occupied the site 79where the home of Ex-Governor W. J. Bailey now stands. The fact that Lane was a guest of Dr. Stringfellow will appear strange to those who knew nothing of the Stringfellow family. While they were belligerent pro-slavery advocates, they were always high class men with decent instincts and therefore it would not be unusual for them to open their home to so violent an opponent of theirs as Lane was. The eastern papers, in giving an account of Lane’s entertainment at the Stringfellow home, stated that the dinner was a very elaborate one, including oysters, plum pudding, terrapin and champagne. Mrs. Stringfellow told E. W. Howe in 1894 that Lane came to the house about 11 o’clock in the morning attended by a body-guard of four men and inquired for Dr. Stringfellow. The Doctor was away at the time, but was expected about noon. The men said that they would wait, whereupon Mrs. Stringfellow knew that she would probably have them for dinner. Her girl was just getting ready to go somewhere on an errand and was asked to remain at the house. Dr. Stringfellow came in about noon and when the two men met in the yard Stringfellow asked Lane if he was not afraid to call at his house. “I am not afraid,” Lane replied, “to call on a gentleman anywhere.” This gallantry captured Mrs. Stringfellow’s admiration and she invited Lane and his body-guard to dinner, which, contrary to the report in the eastern papers, was a very simple one. Mrs. Stringfellow, in her interview with Mr. Howe, said that it was as follows: Coffee, hot biscuits and butter, cold pie, preserves and milk; no terrapin, no oysters, no champagne, no plum pudding. Lane called at the house on a matter of business and Mrs. Stringfellow said that Lane and his body-guard were very kindly genteel men. Two or three weeks later, when Mrs. Stringfellow was alone in the house, she saw a wagon pass in the road with three or four men lying down in it. Presently another wagon, similarly loaded, attracted her attention. Then came four men and a woman on horseback and several men on foot. The people came from down town, or from southwest of town. The circumstances were peculiar, and Mrs. Stringfellow climbed on top of a table and watched the men through the upper sash of a window. They stopped in a little glade northeast of the house, when the woman dismounted from the horse, took off the skirt and turned out to be Jim Lane. He stood beside the horse and talked possibly half an hour. Mrs. Stringfellow is certain the speaker was Lane, because she had seen him only a few weeks before, and he rode the white horse he had ridden when he stopped at her house, and the same four men composed the body-guard. Lane had threatened to make a speech in the town but had been warned not to, as he had been 80warned two years earlier. He made his speech in spite of the warning, but his audience was composed of his friends only. A half hour after Lane disappeared over the hill toward the farm then owned by John Taylor, some distance south of the Orphans’ Home, forty mounted southerners appeared looking for him. Mrs. Stringfellow knew John Scott, the leader, and told him of the incident. The men laughed and then gave three rousing cheers for Jim Lane, who had outwitted them.

While there was a tremendous traffic across the plains from Atchison in 1857, 1858 and 1859, and for a number of years later the “town was alive with business,” it is only fair to record that the town itself was not a thing of beauty and a joy forever, in spite of the efforts of Mayor Pomeroy and the city fathers who put the city in debt to the extent of $9,000, September 5, 1859, for public improvements.

Frank A. Root in his admirable book, “The Overland Stage to California,” published in 1901, has this to say in part upon his arrival here in November, 1858:

“It was in November, 1858, that I first set foot on the levee in Atchison. I stepped from the steamer, ‘Omaha,’ which boat was discharging its cargo of freight at the foot of Commercial street. At that time the place was a 81very small town. I took up my residence in Atchison the following spring, having this time come up the river on a steamboat from Weston where I had been employed as a compositor in the office of the Platte Argus. On landing at Atchison I had a solitary dime in my pocket, and, after using that to pay for my lunch, I started out in search of a job. A sign over the office which read: ‘Freedom’s Champion, John A. Martin, Editor and Publisher,’ attracted my attention. It hung above the door of the only newspaper office in the city at that time, but preparations were then being made by Gideon O. Chase, of Waverly, N. Y., to start the Atchison Union, which was to be a Democratic paper. I secured a place in the Champion office, beginning work the following morning. As I walked about the town I remember of having seen but four brick buildings on Commercial street. A part of the second story of one of them, about half a square west of the river, was occupied by the Champion. The Massasoit House was the leading hotel. The Planters, a two-story frame house, was a good hotel in those early days, but it was too far out to be convenient, located as it was, on the corner of Commercial and Sixth streets. West of Sixth there were but few scattering dwellings and perhaps a dozen business houses and shops. The road along Commercial street, west of Sixth, was crooked, for it had not been graded and the streets were full of stumps and remnants of a thick growth of underbrush that had previously been cut. A narrow, rickety bridge was spanning White Clay creek where that stream crosses Commercial street at Seventh street. Between Sixth and Seventh streets, north of Commercial street there was a frog pond occupying most of the block, where the boys pulled dog-grass in highwater, and where both boys and girls skated in winter. The Exchange hotel on Atchison street, between Second and the Levee, built of logs—subsequently changed to the National—was the principal hotel of Atchison, and for more than a quarter of a century stood as an old familiar landmark, built in early territorial days.

“Atchison was the first Kansas town visited by Horace Greeley. It was Sunday morning, May 15, 1859, a few days before beginning his overland journey across the continent by stage. He came through Missouri by the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, thence down the Missouri river from St. Joseph on the ‘Platte Valley,’ a steamer then running to Kansas City in connection with trains on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. It was in the old Massasoit House that Greeley wrote on Kansas soil, his first letter to the Tribune. During the latter part of the afternoon he was driven over the 82city in a carriage, John A. Martin being one of the party. The city was a favorite place of Albert D. Richardson, the noted correspondent of five eastern newspapers.

“It was at Atchison that Abraham Lincoln, on his first visit to Kansas, spoke to a crowded house on ‘The Issues of the Day,’ December 2, 1859, the date that old John Brown was executed in Virginia. Lincoln spoke in the Methodist church, which then stood on the hill at the corner of Fifth and Parallel streets. The little church was a frame building, dedicated in May, 1859, and overlooked a considerable portion of the city. The house afterwards became quite historic, for during the early part of the Civil war, the patriotic Rev. Milton Mahin, a stanch Union man, from Indiana, in a patriotic speech, soon after the Civil war broke out, had the nerve, and was the first minister of the Gospel in Atchison, to raise the Stars and Stripes over his house of worship.” D. W. Wilder, in his “Annals of Kansas,” one of the most wonderful books of its kind ever published, says that Abraham Lincoln arrived in Elwood, which is just across from St. Joseph, December 1, 1859, and made his speech there that evening. He was met at St. Joseph by M. W. Delahay and D. W. Wilder. The speech that Lincoln delivered at Elwood and at Atchison was the same speech that he subsequently delivered at the Cooper Institute, New York City, and was considered as one of the ablest and clearest ever delivered by an American statesman.

Atchison county was making forward strides at a rapid pace and the future held out every promise of prosperity, but in 1859 “a great famine fell upon the land.” It did more to depopulate Kansas than all the troubles of preceding years. The settlers in the Territory were able to fight border ruffians with more courage than they could endure starvation, and during all of their earlier troubles they confidently looked forward to the time when all of their political difficulties would be settled and prosperity, peace and contentment would be their share in life. During the years of 1855, 1856 and 1857 the citizens of the Territory were unable to take advantage of the then favorable seasons to do more than raise just sufficient for their immediate needs. During the next year immigration to Kansas was large and the new settlers had but little time, in addition to building their homes, to raise barely enough for home consumption, so in 1859 Kansas had only enough grain on hand to last until the following harvest. The drought commenced in June, and from the nineteenth of that month until November, 1860, not a shower of rain fell of any consequence. By fall the ground was parched and the hot winds that blew from the south destroyed vegetation and the wells and springs went 83dry. There were a few localities on bottom lands along the Missouri river where sufficient crops were raised to supply the immediate population, but over 60,000 people in Kansas faced starvation in the fall of 1860. Thirty thousand settlers left the Territory for their old homes, from which they came, abandoning their claims and all hope of success in Kansas. An endless procession crossed the border from day to day. About 70,000 inhabitants remained, of whom it was estimated 40,000 were able to go through the winter. As soon as the news of this situation reached the East, movements were inaugurated for the relief of the sufferers in Kansas. S. C. Pomeroy was appointed general agent of northern Kansas. He did much to raise liberal contributions in New York, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, and the contributions were all sent to Atchison, from which place they were distributed to the different counties of the State. The total receipts of provisions for distribution up to March 15, 1861, were 8,090,951 pounds, and the total distribution at Atchison, exclusive of branch depots, was 6,736,424 pounds. In spite of all of this assistance over 30,000 settlers in Kansas that year suffered privation and almost starvation.

It was during this frightful travail that Kansas as a State was born. On January 21, 1861, Jefferson Davis and a number of other southern senators left the United States Senate and on that day the bill for the admission of Kansas under the Wyandotte constitution, which had been laid before the House of Representatives in February, 1860, was called up by W. H. Seward, and passed the Senate by a vote of thirty-six yeas to sixteen nays. One week later the bill came up in the House on motion of Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, who introduced the first bill for the admission of Kansas into the Union, and while the motion was out of the regular order, it was passed by a vote of 119 yeas to forty-two nays. On January 29 the bill was signed by President Buchanan, and free Kansas joined the Union.

The following are the names of the city officials of Atchison March 1, 1916: Dr. C. C. Finney, mayor; Victor L. King, city clerk; Walter E. Brown, city attorney; C. A. Wright, city treasurer; Frank S. Altman, city engineer; D. S. Beatty, police judge; William H. Coleman, chief of police; John Compton, fire marshal; Jerome Van Dyke, street commissioner; Owen P. Grady, meat inspector and license collector; Fred Stutz, sanitary sergeant; Frank J. Roth, building commissioner; John Compton, purchasing agent; Dr. T. E. Horner, city physician. Councilmen: Louis Weinman, president; first ward, Louis Weinman, F. F. Bracke; second ward, Joseph Schott, C. A. Brown; third ward, H. M. Ernst, John R. Schmitt; fourth ward, W. C. Linville, Fred Snyder; fifth ward, Fay Kested, Walter North.

SUMNER, ITS RISE AND FALL—OCENA—LANCASTER—FORT WILLIAM—ARRINGTON—MUSCOTAH—EFFINGHAM—HURON—OLD MARTINSBURG—BUNKER HILL—LOCUST GROVE—HELENA—CAYUGA—KENNEKUK—KAPIOMA—MASHENAH—ST. NICHOLAS—CONCORD—PARNELL—SHANNON—ELMWOOD—CUMMINGSVILLE—EDEN POSTOFFICE—POTTER—MOUNT PLEASANT—LEWIS’ POINT—FARLEY’S FERRY.

One of the most interesting subjects for the local historian is the rise and fall of town companies and towns, within the confines of Atchison county. Perhaps no county in the State, or for that matter, no county in the United States, has been immune from the visitations of town boomers. It is difficult in this enterprising age, with all the knowledge that we now have at hand, to understand how it was possible for anybody, though he was ever so enthusiastic, to conceive the idea that there was any future for many of the “towns” that were born in Atchison county in the early days. Yet, it is found that there was in the breasts of many promoters a feeling that Atchison county offered unlimited possibilities for the establishment and growth of towns and cities. One need only search the records on file in the office of the register of deeds in this county to discover numerous certified plats of towns which were born to blush unseen and waste their fragrance on the desert air. In some instances the records are quite complete and authentic, and contain much information with reference to the origin, growth and final decay of these nascent municipalities. In other cases nothing has come down to posterity, save the merest fragmentary data, of which the plat, containing the name of the town and of its organizer, its location and the number of blocks, streets and alleys, constitute the major part.

Reference has heretofore been made to the founding and the organization 85of the city of Atchison, which became and now remains the county seat of Atchison county. The city played such an important part in the early history of the county that its story has been woven into the general fabric of this history, and therefore further reference to the city of Atchison will not be made in this chapter.

Perhaps the most important, although not the oldest, town established in Atchison county outside of the city of Atchison was Sumner. A peculiar aroma of legendary glory still clings to this old town, which was located three miles below Atchison, on the Missouri river.

Its founder was John P. Wheeler, a young man who came to the Territory when about twenty-one years of age, and who has been described as “a red-headed, blue-eyed, consumptive, slim, freckled enthusiast from Massachusetts.”

Atchison at this time was a strong pro-slavery town, and no abolitionist was a welcome settler in her midst. For this reason Sumner sprang into existence. It was a dream of its founder to make Sumner an important forwarding point, one of its claims being the fact that it was the most westerly of any of the Missouri river towns in Kansas.

In 1856 the site was surveyed and platted, and the name “Sumner” given the new town, in honor of George Sumner, one of the original stockholders, and not for his brother, the Hon. Charles Sumner, United States senator, of Massachusetts, as many people suppose.

To bring Sumner before the public Mr. Wheeler engaged an artist named Albert Conant to come out and make a drawing of it, and this was later taken to Cincinnati, and a colored lithograph made from it, which was widely circulated. From copies of this lithograph still extant it must be admitted that the artist did not slight the town in any particular.

In the fall of 1857 the Sumner Town Company began the erection of a large brick hotel. Samuel Hollister had the contract, his bid being $16,000. The brick used in the construction were made on the ground, and the lumber used in the construction work came by steamboat from Pittsburgh, Pa. The hotel was completed in the summer of 1858, and at last accounts the town company still owed Mr. Hollister $3,000. Some years later the brick used in the hotel were gathered and cleaned and hauled to Atchison and used for the construction of a building owned by the late John J. Ingalls, located at 108–110 South Fourth street.

86In the fall of 1857 Cone Brothers (John P. and D. D.) brought a printing outfit to Kansas, and were induced to locate in Sumner, where they shortly begun the publication of The Sumner Gazette, the first issue of which appeared on September 12. During the political canvass that fall they also issued a daily. The Gazette was issued until 1861 when it suspended, its publishers believing that it was the only paper in Kansas that outlived the town in which it started.

Among those engaged in business in Sumner on October 1, 1857, the Daily Gazette shows the following:

John P. Wheeler, attorney and counsellor at law, commissioner of deeds, dealer in real estate, etc.

Kahn & Fassler, general store, on Front street, between Washington avenue and Chestnut street.

Mayer & Rohrmann, carpenters and builders.

Barnard & Wheeler, proprietors of the Sumner Brick Yard.

Wm. M. Reed, contractor, Atchison and Sumner.

John Armor, steam saw mill, in the city.

Butcher & Brothers, general store on Front street, between Washington avenue and Olive street.

Allen Green, painter and glazier.

S. J. Bennett, boot and shoe store, corner of Washington avenue and Fourth street.

Arthur M. Claflin, general land agent, forwarding and commission agent.

J. P. Wheeler and A. M. Claflin, lumber, office with the Sumner Company.

H. S. Baker, proprietor of Baker’s Hotel, corner of Front and Olive streets, near steamboat landing.

A. Barber, general merchandise, Front street, between Washington avenue and Olive street.

Lietzenburger & Co., blacksmiths, wagon makers, etc., Cedar street, between Third and Fourth streets.

D. Newcomb. M. D., office in postoffice building, corner of Third street and Washington avenue. Mr. Newcomb also dealt in lime, and on September 24, received a large and select stock of hardware, stoves, etc.

When the Territorial legislature of 1858 met, a bill was introduced, incorporating the Sumner Company, Cyrus F. Currier, Samuel F. Harsh, J. W. Morris, Isaac G. Losse and John P. Wheeler, their associates and successors, constituting the company. The act also provided that the corporation should 87have the power to purchase and hold, and enter by preëmption and otherwise, any quantity of land where the town of Sumner is now located, not to exceed one thousand acres, etc.

A ferry at Sumner was also incorporated by the legislature of 1858, J. W. Morris, Cyrus F. Currier and Samuel Harsh being the incorporators. This boat plied between Atchison and Sumner and the Missouri side.

In 1858 Samuel Hollister built a steam sawmill, adding a gristmill later.

By the end of 1858 Sumner had outstripped its rival, Atchison, in population, and steps were taken looking towards the incorporation of the town. Early in the beginning of the legislature of 1859, articles of incorporation were passed and received the approval of Governor Samuel Medary on February 9. These articles of incorporation were later amended by an act passed by the first State legislature, which was approved June 3, 1861.

The decline of Sumner began with the drought which started in the fall of 1859 and prevailed through the year 1860. In June, 1860, a cyclone struck the town and either blew down or damaged nearly every building, this calamity being followed in September by a visitation of grasshoppers, all of which were potent factors in wiping Sumner off the map. Some of the houses which could be moved were taken to Atchison, and some to farms in the immediate vicinity.

One of the most interesting accounts that appeared about Sumner was written by H. Clay Park, an old citizen of Atchison, who for many years was editor and part owner of the Atchison Patriot. It would not be just either to Mr. Park or to Sumner, were this account not perpetuated in this volume, and it, therefore, appears in full as follows:

“Three miles south of Atchison, Kansas, is the site of a dead city, whose streets once were filled with the clamor of busy traffic and echoed to the tread of thousands of oxen and mules that in the pioneer days of the Great West transported the products of the East across the Great American Desert to the Rocky mountains. It was a city in which for a few years twenty-five hundred men and women and children lived and labored and loved, in which many lofty aspirations were born, and in which several young men began careers that became historical.

“This city was located on what the early French voyagers called the ‘Grand Detour’ of the Missouri river. No more rugged and picturesque site for a city or one more inaccessible and with more unpropitious environments 88could have been selected. It was literally built in and on the everlasting hills, covered with a primeval forest so dense that the shadows chased the sunbeams away. It sprang into existence so suddenly and imperceptibly it might almost have been considered a creation of the magician’s wand. It was named Sumner in honor of the great Massachusetts senator. Its official motto was ‘Pro lege et grege’ (For the law and the people). This would, in the light of subsequent events, have been more suggestive: ‘I shall fall, like a bright exhalation in the evening.’

“Sumner’s first citizens came mostly from Massachusetts, and were imbued with the spirit of creed and cant, self-reliance and fanaticism that could have been born only on Plymouth Rock. They had come to the frontier to make Kansas a free State and to build a city, within whose walls all previous conditions of slavery should be disregarded and where all men born should be regarded equal. The time—1856—was auspicious. Kansas was both a great political and military battlefield, upon which the question of the institution of slavery was to be settled for all time.

“The growth of Sumner was phenomenal. A lithograph printed in 1857 shows streets of stately buildings, imposing seats of learning, church spires that pierced the clouds, elegant hotels and theaters, the river full of floating palaces, its levee lined with bales and barrels of merchandise, and the white smoke from numerous factories hanging over the city like a banner of peace and prosperity. To one who in that day approached Sumner from the east and saw it across the river, which like a burnished mirror, reflected its glories, it did indeed present an imposing aspect.

“One day the steamboat Duncan S. Carter landed at Sumner. On its hurricane deck was John J. Ingalls, then only twenty-four years old. As his eye swept the horizon his prophetic soul uttered these words: ‘Behold the home of the future senator from Kansas.’ Here the young college graduate, who since that day became the senator from Kansas, lived and dreamed until Sumner’s star had set and Atchison’s sun had risen, and then he moved to Atchison, bringing with him Sumner’s official seal and the key to his hotel.

“Here lived that afterwards brilliant author and journalist, Albert D. Richardson, whose tragic death some years ago in the counting room of the New York Tribune is well remembered. His ‘Beyond the Mississippi’ is to this day the most fascinating account ever written of the boundless West.

“Here lived the nine-year-old Minnie Hauk, who was one day to become a renowned prima donna and charm two continents with her voice, and who was to wed the Count Wartegg. Minnie was born in poverty and cradled in adversity. Her mother was a poor washerwoman in Sumner.

89“Here lived John E. Remsburg, the now noted author, lecturer and free-thinker. Mr. Remsburg has probably delivered more lectures in the last thirty years than any man in America. He is now the leader of the Free-Thought Federation of America.

“Here Walter A. Wood, the big manufacturer of agricultural implements, lived and made and mended wagons. Here Lovejoy, ‘the Yankee preacher,’ preached and prayed. Here lived ‘Brother’ and ‘Sister’ Newcomb, from whom has descended a long line of zealous and eminent Methodists. Here was born Paul Hull, the well known Chicago journalist.

“And Sumner was the city that the Rev. Pardee Butler lifted up his hands and blessed and prophesied would grow and wax fat when the ‘upper landing’ would sleep in a dishonored and forgotten grave, as he floated by it on his raft, clad in tar and feathers. The ‘upper landing’ was the opprobrious title conferred by Sumner upon Atchison. The two towns were bitter enemies. Sumner was ‘abolitionist;’ Atchison was ‘border ruffian.’ In Atchison the ‘nigger’ was a slave; in Sumner he was a fetich. It was in Atchison that the ‘abolition preacher,’ Pardee Butler, was tarred and feathered and set adrift on a raft in the river. He survived the tortures of his coat of degradation and the ‘chuck-holes’ of the Missouri river and lived to become a prohibition fanatic and a Democratic Presidential elector.

“Jonathan Lang, alias ‘Shang,’ the hero of Senator Ingalls’ ‘Catfish Aristocracy,’ and the ‘last mayor of Sumner,’ lived and died in Sumner. When all his lovely companions had faded and gone ‘Shang’ still pined on the stem. The senator’s description of this type of a vanished race is unique:

“‘To the most minute observer his age was a question of the gravest doubt. He might have been thirty; he might have been a century, with no violation of the probabilities. His hair was a sandy sorrel, something like a Rembrandt interior, and strayed around his freckled scalp like the top layer of a hayrick in a tornado. His eyes were two ulcers, half filled with pale blue starch. A thin, sharp nose projected above a lipless mouth that seemed always upon the point of breaking into the most grievous lamentations, and never opened save to take whiskey and tobacco in and let oaths and saliva out. A long, slender neck, yellow and wrinkled after the manner of a lizard’s belly, bore this dome of thought upon its summit, itself projecting from a miscellaneous assortment of gent’s furnishing goods, which covered a frame of unearthly longitude and unspeakable emaciation. Thorns and thongs supplied the place of buttons upon the costume of this Brummel of the bottom, coarsely patched beyond recognition of the original fabric. The coat had been constructed 90for a giant, the pants for a pigmy. They were too long in the waist and too short in the leg, and flapped loosely around his shrunk shanks high above the point where his fearful feet were partially concealed by mismated shoes that permitted his great toes to peer from their gaping integuments, like the heads of two snakes of a novel species and uncommon fetor. This princely phenomenon was topped with a hat which had neither band nor brim nor crown:

“‘If that could shape be called which shape has none.

“‘His voice was high, shrill and querulous, and his manner an odd mixture of fawning servility and apprehensive effrontery at the sight of a “damned Yankee abolitionist,” whom he hated and feared next to a negro who was not a slave.’

“The only error in the senator’s description of ‘Shang’ is that ‘Shang’ was ‘abolitionist’ himself, and ‘fit to free the nigger.’

‘Shang’ continued to live in Sumner until every house, save his miserable hut, had vanished like the baseless fabric of a vision. He claimed and was proud of the title, ‘the last mayor of Sumner.’ He died a few years ago, and a little later lightning struck his cabin and it was devoured by flames. And thus passed away the last relic of Sumner.

“In the flood tide of Sumner’s prosperity, 1856 to 1859—for before that it was nothing, after that nothing—it had ambition to become the county seat of the newly organized county of Atchison. J. P. Wheeler, president of the Sumner Town Company, was a member of the lower house of the Territorial legislature, and he ‘logrolled’ a bill through that body conferring upon Sumner the title of county seat, but the Atchison ‘gang’ finally succeeded in getting the bill killed in the senate. Subsequently, October, 1858, there was an election to settle the vexed question of a county seat. Atchison won; Sumner lost.

“About this time Atchison secured its first railroad. The smoke from the locomotive engines drifted to Sumner and enveloped it like a pall. The decadence was at hand, and Sumner’s race to extinction and oblivion was rapid. One day there was an exodus of citizens; the houses were torn down and the timbers thereof carted away, and foundation stones were dug up and carried hence. Successive summers’ rains and winters’ snows furrowed streets and alleys beyond recognition and filled foundation excavations to the level, and ere long a tangled mass of briers and brambles hid away the last vestige of the once busy, ambitious city. The forest, again unvexed by ax or saw, asserted his dominion once more, and today, beneath the shadow cast by mighty oaks and sighing cottonwoods, Sumner lies dead and forgotten.”

91In the above article, reference is made by Mr. Park to Jonathan Lang, and it is important in this connection to print herewith an excerpt from the Atchison Daily Globe, December, 1915, relating to this interesting character, which follows:

“The reunion of the Thirteenth Kansas infantry at Hiawatha Tuesday recalls that the late Jonathan G. Lang, self-styled ‘Mayor of Old Sumner,’ and hero of John J. Ingalls’ ‘Catfish Aristocracy,’ was a soldier in this regiment, and was the butt of many jokes on the part of his comrades in camp as he was in the days of civil life at old Sumner. Thomas J. Payne, a sergeant in the Thirteenth, now living in California, relates an amusing story of ‘Old Shang,’ as Lang was generally called by his comrades: When the regiment was mustered into service on September 28, 1862, and the newly assigned officers were reviewing their troops at Camp Stanton, in Atchison, the tall, gaunt form of Lang (for he was nearly seven feet tall and very angular) towered above the rest of the men like the stately cottonwood above the hazel-brush. Riding up and down the lines, and scanning the troops with critical eye to see that there was no breech of ranks or decorum, the gaze of Colonel Bowen could not help but fall upon the lofty and lanky form of Lang, rising several heads above any of his comrades. The colonel paused, and pointing his finger at the grenadier form in the ranks, shouted in thunderous tones, ‘Get down off that stump.’ A ripple of suppressed laughter immediately passed along the lines, and when Colonel Bowen saw his mistake he promptly revoked his order with a hearty chuckle and rode on towards the end of the column. And not until twenty years later, when all that was mortal of old Lang—his nearly seven feet of skin and bones—was laid way to moulder with the ruins of old Sumner, did he finally ‘get down off of that stump.’ He rests at the entrance of the Sumner cemetery and his grave is marked with one of those small, regulation slabs such as are furnished by the Government for the graves of dead soldiers and bears this simple inscription: ‘J. G. Lang, Co. K. 13th Kansas Infantry.’ There are two other members of the Thirteenth Kansas buried at Sumner. They are, John Scott, of Company D, and Albred Brown, of Company F.”

Another article relating to Old Sumner, which is entertaining and instructive, was written by E. W. Howe, and is taken from the Historical Edition of the Atchison Daily Globe, issued July 16, 1894:

“The founder of Sumner was John P. Wheeler, a red-headed, blue-eyed, consumptive, slim, freckled enthusiast from Massachusetts. He was a surveyor by profession, and also founded the town of Hiawatha. He was one 92of the adventurers who came to Kansas as a result of the excitement of 1855–’56, and was only twenty-one years old when he came West. Most of the men who had much to do with early Kansas history were young.

“The town was not named for Charles Sumner, as is generally supposed, but for his brother, George Sumner, one of the original stockholders. At that time Atchison was controlled by Southern sympathizers—P. T. Abell, the Stringfellows, the McVeys, A. J. Westbrook and others—and abolitionists were not welcome in the town. It was believed that a city would be built within a few miles of this point, as it was favorable for overland freighting, being farther West than any other point on the Missouri river. On the old French maps Atchison was known as the ‘Grand Detour,’ meaning the great bend in the river to the westward.

“Being a violent abolitionist, John P. Wheeler determined to establish a town where abolitionists would be welcome, and Sumner was the result. The town was laid out in 1856, and the next year Wheeler had a lithograph made, which he took East for use in booming his town.

“Among others captured by means of this lithograph was John J. Ingalls. Wheeler and Ingalls were both acquainted with a Boston man of means named Samuel A. Walker. Wheeler wanted Walker to invest in Sumner, and as Walker knew that Ingalls was anxious to go West, he asked him to stop at Sumner and report upon it as a point for the investment of Boston money.

“Mr. Ingalls arrived in Sumner on the 4th of October, 1858, on the steamer Duncan S. Carter, which left St. Louis four days before. The town then contained about two thousand people, five hundred more than Atchison; but Sumner was already declining, and Mr. Ingalls did not advise his friend, Walker, to invest.

“A hotel building costing $16,000.00, had been built by Samuel Hollister. A famous steamboat cook had charge of the kitchen in the old days, and the stages running between Jefferson City and St. Joe stopped there every day for dinner. Jefferson City was then the end of the railroad—the Pacific Railroad of Missouri, now the Missouri Pacific—which runs through the deserted site of Sumner, and directly over the foundation of the wagon factory built by Levi A. Woods. This wagon factory was one of the results of Wheeler’s audacious lithograph, and few wagons were actually manufactured. The factory was heavily insured, and burned.

“Albert R. Richardson was a citizen of Sumner, when Mr. Ingalls arrived there; also James Hauk, the father of Minnie Hauk, who has since become famous as a singer in grand opera. James Hauk was a carpenter, whose wife 93operated a boarding house. Minnie Hauk waited on the table, and was noted among the boarders as a smart little girl with a long yellow braid down her back, who could play the piano pretty well. The next year Hauk made a house boat and floated down the river to New Orleans.

“When John J. Ingalls went to Sumner, a young man of twenty-four, he took great interest in such characters as Archie Boler and Jonathan Grander Lang. Lang was a jug fisherman in the river, melon raiser, truck patch farmer and town drunkard. Ingalls says that Lang was really a bright fellow. He had been a dragoon in the Mexican War, and his stories of experiences in the West were intensely interesting. Ingalls used to go out in Lang’s boat when he was jugging for catfish and spend hours listening to his talk. Finally Ingalls wrote his ‘Catfish Aristocracy,’ and Lang recognized himself as the hero. He was very indignant and threatened to sue Ingalls, having been advised by some jackleg lawyer that the article was libelous. Lang lived on a piece of land belonging to Ingalls at the time, and Ingalls told the writer of this the other day that it was actually true that he settled with Lang for a sack of flour and a side of bacon. Lang served in the Civil war, and long after its close, when his old friend was president of the United States Senate, he secured him a pension and a lot of back pay. But this he squandered in marrying. His pension money was a curse to him, for it only served to put a lot of wolves on his trail.

“When the war broke out the Atchison men who objected to abolitionists settling in their town were driven out of the country, and this attracted a good many of the citizens of Sumner. But its death blow came in June, 1860, when nearly every house in the place was either blown down or badly damaged by a tornado. This was the first and only tornado in the history of this immediate section.”

Reference is made in both of these articles to John J. Ingalls, who arrived in Sumner from Boston, Mass., October 4, 1858. Mr. Ingalls was a graduate of Williams College a short time before, and at the time he decided to go West he was a student in a law office in Boston, where his attention was first called to Sumner by an elaborate lithograph of the town displayed by Mr. Wheeler, the promoter. The impressions of Mr. Ingalls upon his arrival in Sumner are, therefore, pertinent and convey some idea of the shock he received when he landed at the Sumner levee. In a letter which he subsequently wrote describing the event, he said:

“That chromatic triumph of lithographed mendacity, supplemented by the loquacious embellishments of a lively adventurer who has been laying out town 94sites and staking off corner lots for some years past in Tophet, exhibited a scene in which the attractions of art, nature, science, commerce and religion were artistically blended. Innumerable drays were transporting from a fleet of gorgeous steamboats vast cargoes of foreign and domestic merchandise over Russ pavements to colossal warehouses of brick and stone. Dense, wide streets of elegant residences rose with gentle ascent from the stores of the tranquil stream. Numerous parks, decorated with rare trees, shrubbery and fountains were surrounded with the mansions of the great and the temples of their devotion. The adjacent eminences were crowned with costly piles which wealth, directed by intelligence and controlled by taste, had erected for the education of the rising generation of Sumnerites. The only shadow upon the enchanting landscape fell from the clouds of smoke that poured from the towering shafts of her acres of manufactories, while the whole circumference of the undulating prairie was white with endless, sinuous trains of wagons, slowly moving toward the mysterious region of the Farther West.”

Ocena was laid out in Atchison county in 1855, and for a time it gave promise of becoming an important place. Ocena was located on the northeast bank of Stranger creek, on what is known as the McBride farm, in the south half of the northeast quarter of section 22, township 6, range 19, about a mile north of the present site of Pardee. The first postoffice in Center township, and one of the first in Atchison county, was established at Ocena with William Crosby as postmaster in August, 1855. In 1856, T. C. McBride was appointed postmaster, and served until the office was removed to Pardee in 1858, when S. G. Moore was appointed postmaster.

T. C. McBride was one of the early settlers of Center township, having arrived there in March, 1856, and settled on the land on which the town of Ocena was built. He was one of the early merchants of the place, having a small store, in which he kept the postoffice. The mail was carried from Atchison to Ocena by stage. McBride was a Tennesseean, born in 1826. In the fall of 1857, in a grove on the McBride farm, the first church service in that section was held. It was of the Methodist Episcopal denomination.

Ocena was the first important stopping place west of Atchison. The old Squatter Sovereign, of Atchison, in its issue of December 5, 1857, contained the following advertisement of the town: “The truth plainly told will show that Ocena is already a city. The surface of the earth was so moulded by 95the plastic hand of the Creator that a few points in the wide expanse of Nature were destined to eclipse all others. Ocena is one of those points. Located as it is, on the northeast bank of Stranger creek, in the county of Atchison, where roads leading from Doniphan and St. Joe to Lecompton are intersected by roads leading from Atchison to Grasshopper Falls and Osawkee; and also being upon the great thoroughfare running up and down the valley of the Stranger, it offers more inducements for a large and prosperous inland town than any other place in Kansas Territory. All persons anxious to thrive and desirous of obtaining a home on reasonable terms will do well to settle in Ocena. For further particulars in reference to the town apply to Isaac S. Hascall, president, or M. C. Finney, secretary.”

Freedom’s Champion, in its issue of July 3, 1858, says of the town: “Ocena, besides having the most musical name, is one of the most beautiful places in Kansas. A postoffice has been established there and several new buildings are being erected. It is destined to be a thriving little place.”

Ocena was killed by Pardee, a town which was started a short distance to the south of it, but neither amounted to much from a municipal and business standpoint. Pardee is now only a country village. It was first platted as a town by James Brewer, in the string of 1857, and was named in honor of Pardee Butler, of border warfare fame. In the winter of 1856 Mr. Butler preached his first sermon in Pardee, the services being held in the school house, which had been completed during the previous fall, and opened by James Brewer in December. Caleb May, the first settler in Center township, was the first president of the Pardee Town Company. Pardee Butler was afterwards president; Milo Carleton, secretary; Wm. J. May, treasurer; S. G. Moore, A. Elliott and W. Wakefield, trustees. Mr. Moore opened the first store in Pardee in 1858, and became the first postmaster as aforestated. Mr. Carleton put a wind gristmill in operation at Pardee at an early day, but it was destroyed by a storm.

Lancaster is one of the oldest towns in the county. In the issue of October 16, 1858, of Freedom’s Champion, the following advertisement with reference to Lancaster appears:

“Lancaster City is the name of a new town just springing into existence. It is located 10 miles direct west of our city (Atchison) Atchison county, K. T., on the east half of Section 32, Township 5, Range 19, the great military road 96to Fts. Kearney, Laramie, Bridge, and to Santa Fe, Utah, Washington Territory, Gadson Purchase, California, New Mexico, etc., passes through the town site. Also roads leading from Nebraska City, St. Joseph, Doniphan, and to Grasshopper Falls, Topeka, Lecompton and Lawrence.

“A more beautiful situation for a large and prosperous city could not be found in the Territory, or the Great West. Its site is rolling and dry, climate healthy and salubrious as heart could wish for. The surrounding country cannot be surpassed for its magnificent undulating prairies, being one of the most fertile agricultural regions in the whole country.

“Excellent coal, building stone and timber, within two, and two and a half miles. This town has been under way but little over two months, and notwithstanding the hard times, quite a number of buildings are already erected, among which will be found a large and commodious hotel, a good store, blacksmith and carpenter shops, post office, etc., etc. Arrangements are made for the erection of several more dwelling houses, also for the erection during this month, of a Union church, (the first in the county) and with liberty heretofore unequalled in Kansas, Mr. J. W. Smith, the President of the Company, authorizes us to say that he will give good lots gratis to mechanics, laborers, and others, who will apply for them soon, or who will erect improvements on them in six months, worth $200 or more. This, we think, a good chance for men who want a comfortable home in the best section of our country. The company now offer to sell lots or shares at reasonable rates, and are prepared to make warrantee deeds for the same, having purchased the site and obtained the title for the same of the Government of the United States on the 26th day of June, 1858. Persons wishing to live in an interior town, will do well to visit Lancaster before investing elsewhere.”

While this little town did not prove to be all that its promoters expected of it, it continued as a good trading point for many years, and in 1916 remains one of the prosperous communities of the county. In addition to the one bank which it supports, reference to which has already been made, Lancaster, in 1915, has seven stores, a two-room public school, three churches, one elevator, one lumber yard, a good hotel and a garage. In 1915 its enterprising citizens built an electric high tensioned line connecting with the Effingham line out of Atchison, to supply the town with electric lights, and its citizens are now enjoying all the benefits of electricity.

About 80,000 bushels of grain, and an average of seventy-five cars of live stock are shipped out of Lancaster annually. Its merchants are enterprising and prosperous, and many comfortable and commodious homes have 97been built in this little town. It is located in one of the finest agricultural sections of the county, and the surrounding country is in a state of high cultivation, and peopled by prosperous and thrifty farmers.

In the Squatter Sovereign of March 11, 1856, published at Atchison, appeared the following advertisement of Port William:

“This new and beautiful town site is situated on the Missouri river, in Kansas Territory, three or four miles above the town of Iatan, in the heart of the most densely populated part of Kansas; surrounded by the finest soil and timber in that Territory, with a permanent landing, commanding a view of the river for several miles above and below. The principal part of said town is located on a bed of stone coal of the best quality. Arrangements are being made to have said stone coal bed opened and wrought by a joint stock company early in the spring, at which time there will be a sale of lots. There is now in course of erection a good steam saw mill, which will be in successful operation in a few weeks; also, a large and commodious tavern is in process of erection, which will be opened for the accommodation of the public in a short time. Persons wishing to procure lots immediately will have opportunity of so doing by calling on Henry Bradley or Jonathan Hartman, both of whom are authorized agents to sell and dispose of lots, and one or both may at all times be found on the premises ready to accommodate purchasers upon the most liberal terms. H. B. Wallace, Amos Rees, Henry Debard, H. C. Bradley, H. B. Herndon, James G. Spratt, W. C. Remington, James W. Bradley, P. J. Collins, trustees.”

Of the above named trustees Judge James G. Spratt, W. C. Remington and Henry Debard were prominent citizens of Platte county, Missouri, and members of the town company that incorporated Port William in 1855. James M. and Henry Bradley and H. B. Herndon were also members of this company. Henry Debard was a Kentuckian, born in Clark county, November 24, 1801, and came to Platte county at an early day, later removing to Kansas. He was a prominent Mason, and took an active part in Masonic work in Missouri for many years. He was a cabinet maker, but did not work much at his trade. He died in Platte City, October 5, 1875.

Amos Rees was born at Winchester, Va., December 2, 1800, and came to Missouri at an early age, locating in Platte county, March 1, 1845. For many years he was a prominent attorney of that county. He moved to Kansas in 981855, and died, December 29, 1885. Dr. H. B. Wallace, who was interested in Port William, was a physician at Platte City, and a member of the town board in 1858. He invested largely in St. Jose, and the war reduced him almost to poverty. He died, February 24, 1863. Judge Paxton, in his “Annals of Platte County,” simply mentions him as having married the “beautiful and accomplished Ann E. Owen.”

J. Butler Chapman arrived in Kansas in the spring of 1854, made a trip over the territory, and then published a small volume, entitled “History of Kansas and Emigrant’s Guide.” He refers to Port William as “Williamsport, a prospective town a short distance above Kickapoo.” “The bluffs,” he continues, “are high and precipitous, and the land broken until you reach the high rolling prairie back some three miles. The whole country is settled on with a view of preëmption.”

A company known as the Port William Sharp’s Rifles, numbering eighty-one, rank and file, was formed at Port William, in October, 1856. The commissioned officers elected were James Adkins, captain; Henry C. Bradley, first lieutenant; James M. Bradley, second lieutenant; S. Bowman, third lieutenant. The company was enrolled, or was intended to be enrolled, in the first regiment, first brigade, northern division of the Kansas militia, and applied for arms and commissions. The Port William Town Company was incorporated by an act of the Territorial legislature in 1855 and the town company was composed of William C. Remington, James G. Spratt, Henry Debard, James M. Bradley, Henry Bradley, Horace B. Herndon and William B. Almond.

General William B. Almond, one of the incorporators of Pt. William, was a noted man in the West in the early days. He was a Virginian, who came to Platte county, Missouri, when the Platte Purchase was opened, and settled near the Buchanan county line. At a very early period he had been connected with the American Fur Company, and as a mountaineer had many adventures. During the thirties he was a brigadier general of the State militia in Missouri. He was one of the foremost “Forty-niners” to California, leading a company to the land of gold, among whom was Ben Holladay, afterwards famous as the originator of the “pony express” and other Western enterprises. While in California General Almond distinguished himself as a Territorial judge in San Francisco. Returning to Platte county in 1851 he was elected circuit judge, was a candidate for lieutenant governor, and filled other offices and places of distinction and prominence. He was also connected with mercantile, milling and other enterprises. He lived for some time in Topeka and Leavenworth, and died at the latter place in 1860.

99Judge James G. Spratt, another of the promoters of old Port William, was also a man of some prominence. He came to the West from Smith county, Virginia, where he was born, 1826, and, like General Almond, settled in Platte county at a very early day. In 1843 he was appointed a justice of the peace in Platte county, and was afterwards deputy county clerk, probate judge and held other positions. For some time he was engaged in the practice of law, and was in partnership with Hon. Joseph E. Merryman, in Platte City. In 1864 he went to Montana where he became a mine speculator. He died November 13, 1881, and his remains were brought back to Platte for burial. W. H. Spratt, a brother of Judge Spratt, was at one time sheriff of Platte county.

William C. Remington was another pioneer of Platte, like General Almond and Judge Spratt, a Virginian by birth, who came west at a very early day. He was one of the early assessors of Platte county, and subsequently was elected circuit clerk. He was one of the trustees of the Platte City Town Company when it was incorporated in 1843. He was also a member of the company that laid off the town of St. Mary’s at the mouth of Bee creek in 1857, but no lots were ever sold. Mr. Remington was one of the early merchants of Platte City, one of the proprietors of the Platte City Weekly Atlas, and was interested in various other enterprises. His handsome brick residence in Platte City was among those burned by federal orders in July, 1864. He died December 20, 1864, in Omaha, where he was operating a hotel.

Of Henry Debard, another member of the Port William Town Company, the writer has not yet found any record. The Bradleys lived in Platte county, opposite Port William for many years, moved over to the Kansas side early in 1854, and with Squire Horace B. Herndon started the old town. The Bradleys opened a general store and James M. Bradley was appointed postmaster when the postoffice was established in April, 1855. Squire Herndon was one of the earliest justices of the peace in Kansas, and had much business in his court in the early days, as Port William was one of the roughest of the border towns.

Port William was located eight miles below Atchison. It is one of the most interesting localities from a historical standpoint in Atchison county and northeastern Kansas. It is one of the oldest settlements in Kansas, and for a time in the early days was one of the promising villages of the territory. In fact, it was of enough importance, not in size, but as a prospective populace, to be mentioned by travelers of that time, as one of the principal towns of Kansas. Father Pierre Jean de Smet, the Jesuit missionary, in a letter written 100February 26, 1859, says: “A great number of towns and villages have sprung up as if by enchantment in the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The principal towns of Kansas are Wyandotte, Delaware, Douglas, Marysville, Iola, Atchison, Ft. Scott, Pawnee, Lecompton, Neosho, Richmond, Tecumseh, Lawrence, Port William, Doniphan, Paola, Alexandria, Indianola, Easton, Leavenworth and others.” The history of old Doniphan, Sumner and Kickapoo has long been well established, but that of Port William has been neglected and has remained obscure. Port William never was much of a town, as were its rivals, Doniphan, Sumner and Kickapoo, but it was proposedly in the race for municipal supremacy in the pioneer days, and though its star may never have attained the ascendency, its story is at least worthy of preservation in the archives of Atchison county history.

Port William was started in 1856 by Henry and James M. Bradley, John T. and Albred Bailey, and Jonathan Hartman. The two Bradleys and John T. Bailey composed the town company. The Bradleys conducted a general store, and a postoffice was established in April, 1855, with Henry Bradley as first postmaster. This was the first postoffice in Walnut township. Jonathan Hartman owned and operated a sawmill, the first in Atchison county, in 1854, and made the first lumber ever sawed in the county. There were several saloons, and later a blacksmith shop, a carpenter shop and other small industries were started. It has been surmised by someone that Port Williams, as it is sometimes called, was named for a Missouri river steamboat captain named Williams, as steamboats often tied up at the place in the early days. There are others who believe it was so-called for the late “Uncle Frank” Williams, one of the fathers of the colored settlement which was started in that vicinity at a later day. The correct name of the place, however, is Port William, instead of Port Williams, and it is known that it was so named more than fifty years ago, or nearly twenty years before “Uncle Frank” Williams settled there. The correct origin of the name is probably given by the late W. J. Bailey, of Atchison, who was one of the very first settlers of that vicinity. He said that in 1854 a man named William Johnson came across from the settlement about Iatan, Mo., and took up the claim on which Port William was afterwards built. It was a likely claim and Johnson soon had trouble on his hands in holding the property. Several men tried to chase him off with guns, but Johnson managed to make such a good defense as to repel them. He stayed in his cabin a week, not daring to come out for fear of being shot. He won out and held the claim. The other fellows then referred to his cabin as Fort William (that was his first name). Soon after Jake Yunt, 101from Missouri, established a hand ferryboat, and by and by steamboats began to land there. Then the name was changed to Port William, and this is the proper name of the place, although on the Missouri Pacific station board now standing there it is marked “Port Williams.”

There are but few men who came to Atchison county earlier than W. J. Bailey, of Atchison. He crossed the river from Platte county on June 12, 1854, and settled at Port William, and, with the exception of a few years’ residence in Colorado, has lived in this county ever since. Luther Dickerson, who was generally known as the “oldest inhabitant,” came here the same month that Mr. Bailey did. When Mr. Bailey first arrived at Port William he built a one room cabin on his claim near that place, and to do so was obliged to drag logs with one horse a distance of a mile and a half. In 1855 he brought his cattle over. He said the grass all over this county was ankle deep and afforded fine pasturage. There was no town at Atchison then, but Challiss Bros. conducted a store on the river bank, and George Million operated a hand ferryboat. Mr. Bailey worked for Million three years.

“Those were happy times,” said Mr. Bailey, “we met around among neighboring cabins and had parties. When we had a fiddle we danced.” For several years Mr. Bailey was with a freighting crew between Ft. Leavenworth and Ft. Kearney, most of the time as a wagon-master. They generally drove twenty-six wagons with six yoke of oxen to each wagon and hauled Government supplies. Once they were surrounded by Indians and were in imminent danger of being annihilated, when General Harney with a company of troops came to their rescue and chased the red-skins to Ash Hollow, near Ft. Kearney, where a bloody skirmish took place and the Indians were routed. Speaking of old Port William, Mr. Bailey said: “Although laid out as an investment, the town was a failure. The little creek flowed through the center of the town, dividing the stores and saloons from the sawmill, blacksmith shop and carpenter shop. No city government encased the stream with cement tiling, and the best bridge the town ever afforded was built by felling a cottonwood tree across the stream.” Port William had its “town bullies” and fights were of frequent occurrence. Mr. Bailey said that the “town bullies” were Dan McLoud, Bill Pates and Bob Gibson. “It was common,” he said, “for farmers to go to Port William every Saturday afternoon to witness the fights and drunks.” On one occasion a man was badly shot up and another jumped into the river and swam across. Mr. Bailey said the first election there contained 250 ballots, although only sixty people voted. There were two ballot 102boxes, one controlled by the pro-slavery and the other by the Free State people. Eight or ten men stood around the balloting places with guns, and people voted five or six times, though under different names.

The “village blacksmith” of old Port William, and one of the early justices of the peace of Walnut township, was Thomas J. Payne, later living at Canyon City, Colo. Mr. Payne settled at Port William, March 18, 1855, and was one of the pioneer blacksmiths of Kansas. He operated blacksmith shops at three of the old towns of Atchison county, Port William, Sumner and Mt. Pleasant. He was appointed a justice of the peace by Governor Shannon, in 1856. The office of “county squire” was of more importance in those stirring times than it is now. Mr. Payne’s son, Charles Sumner Payne, was the first child born at old Sumner. His birth occurred September 25, 1857. He was named by the town company, who made out and presented to him a deed for a lot in the once thriving city. Another son was born at Sumner on the day that John Brown was hanged, and was named for the great abolitionist. A third son was named for Jim Lane. Thomas J. Payne enlisted as a private in Company F, Thirteenth Kansas infantry, at Atchison, August 20, 1862, and was later promoted to orderly sergeant. He was discharged at Ft. Smith, Ark., October 29, 1864. Then he was immediately appointed by the secretary of war first lieutenant of Company B, First Regiment of Kansas infantry, colored. He took part in many engagements, and was mustered out in August, 1865. He was born in Georgetown, Ohio, the town in which General Grant was born. There are few men in Kansas who have served as a justice of the peace longer than Mr. Payne. He held the office in Atchison county for a number of years, at Robinson, Kan., for eighteen years, and later at Horton, Kan., for several years.

The old Horace B. Herndon farm at Port William, now owned and occupied by Frank Bluma, Sr., was known as the “Old Indian farm,” in the early days. According to W. J. Bailey it was so-called because an Indian known as “Kickapoo John” located on it previous to the settlement of Kansas by the whites and was still living there with numerous other Indians when Mr. Bailey first came to that locality. Mr. Bailey said that the butts of tepee poles could be seen sticking in the ground on the site of Port William for some time afterwards. In 1854 Horace B. Herndon preëmpted the “Old Indian farm,” built a cabin thereon at the southwest corner of the field near the creek, and put an old negro slave in it to hold the claim for him. The old darkey died and was buried in the family burying ground on the farm about 1855. He was probably the first colored man who ever lived and died in what afterwards 103became famous as the “Port William colored settlement.” This was about twenty years before this community became generally settled by colored people. The old Herndon family residence, one of the landmarks of this region, is still standing and is occupied by Frank Bluma and family. There is evidence that the “old Indian farm” was occupied by Indians long before “Kickapoo John’s” time for the old field is strewn with various fragments representing the stone age and prehistoric times. Mr. Herndon died a number of years ago. He was another of the early justices of the peace of Walnut township and was generally known as “Squire” Herndon. He was also a public administrator for Atchison county, and was one of the most prominent citizens of the southern part of the county for many years. He was the father of Mrs. Henry King and James Herndon, residents of Round Prairie. Mrs. King, then Miss Virginia Herndon, was the “belle” of the old town of Port William, and was a social favorite throughout this section of the county.

Another early settler of Port William was Henry Luth, the veteran carpenter, who moved from Atchison to Leavenworth. Mr. Luth lived in Port William for several years in the early fifties, removing to Atchison in 1857. He built many of the first houses in this section of the country. A large walnut cupboard and other furniture in Mr. Luth’s home he made from walnut timber cut at Port William and sawed into lumber at the old Hartman sawmill at that place. Mr. Luth had a little shop at Port William in which he made furniture. Henry Hausner, Atchison’s well known commission merchant, took a claim at Port William in 1855, but was cheated out of it. Andy Brown, for many years an Atchison flagman, was an early settler of Port William. With Thomas Taylor, now living at Perry, Kan., he crossed the river to Kansas on Jake Yunt’s ferry just above Port William in 1854. Mr. Brown’s father had taken a claim at Port William and Taylor one adjoining it. The latter helped Samuel Dickson build his cabin shanty on the site of Atchison in the fall of 1854.

Ex-Sheriff Fred Hartman, of this county, now deceased, lived at Port William in the early days. His father, Jonathan Hartman, in 1854, put into operation at that place one of the very first sawmills in the Territory. It furnished lumber for many of the first houses in this section. The lumber was sawed from the fine timber which grew along Little Walnut creek. Fred Hartman said that in 1856 Bob Gibson brought his famous “Kickapoo Rangers” to Port William for the purpose of lynching his father, Jonathan Hartman, on account of his most avowed Free Soil principles. They stayed around a while, and as Mr. Hartman did not seem to be the least bit intimidated, they 104finally left and never molested him again. It was during this time that Pardee Butler was placed on a raft at Atchison and set adrift in the river. He landed just above Port William, and went at once to Mr. Hartman’s for assistance. Not deeming it safe for Mr. Butler to remain in Port William, Mr. Hartman took him out to the home of Jasper Oliphant, about two miles west of the village, where he stayed at night and finally reached his home in safety. Jasper Oliphant was another of the earliest settlers of this locality. He was assassinated some years ago by Bob Scruggs, a desperate character, who at the same time shot and killed John Groff, another prominent Walnut township citizen, and Scruggs was captured and hanged to a tree near Oak Mills. The tragic deaths of two such substantial citizens as Mr. Oliphant and Mr. Groff produced a profound sensation throughout Walnut township. In the spring of 1857 Jonathan Hartman sold his sawmill and moved to a farm near the present site of Parnell, where he died. Fred Hartman served during the war in the Thirteenth Kansas with Thomas J. Payne, mentioned elsewhere.

The wagon road leading from Port William westward to the “old military road,” bears the unique distinction of crossing the same creek fourteen times in a distance of less than three miles. It is not believed that there is another creek in Atchison county that is crossed an equal number of times by one road. Little Walnut creek, which empties into the Missouri river at Port William, has its source near the Leavenworth county line. It flows northward through a heavily timbered country, and is one of the prettiest little streams in Atchison county. It was formerly called Bragg’s creek, after “Jimmy” Braggs, an early-day Missouri Pacific section foreman, who lived on its banks. Braggs afterward moved to Holton, where he died and the name of the creek was changed to Little Walnut, after its neighbor, Walnut creek, which empties into the river at Dalby, about two miles above.

Arrington is located on the Union Pacific railroad in the southwest part of the county. This town was platted August 20, 1884, and its original promoters were R. A. Van Winkle, D. S. Henecke. John Ballinger, D. D. High, D. A. Benjamin, J. M. Roberson, Michael Baker, J. S. Hopkins, Ira Tabor and George W. Drake. Its streets are numbered one to four, and its cross streets are called Fountain avenue, Delaware street and Forest avenue. Arrington has three general stores, one elevator and a bank. During good crop years, as high as 125 cars of grain and live stock are shipped from its station, and its stores do a good business, rendering fine service to the surrounding territory.

105At one time prior to 1890 medicinal springs were located at Arrington and it was quite a resort during the summer months for people living in northeastern Kansas. The town has a good hotel, and in addition to its merchandise establishments it supports a physician and several churches.

For many years a mill was conducted on the Delaware river upon which Arrington is located, operated by water power. This mill was built by John Reider in 1867, who also operated it both as a sawmill and as a grain mill. In 1874 W. H. Stockton joined Mr. Reider, and these two men built a two-story frame mill, but they operated it only one day, as it was mysteriously burned the following night. Shortly thereafter Mr. Reider, undismayed and undiscouraged, associated with himself Albert Ingler, and remembering his previous disastrous experience with fire, Mr. Reider built a stone mill. This firm conducted a successful business for a number of years, drawing patronage for a distance of sixty miles, but in 1879, Mr. Ingler met an untimely death, by drowning as he was crossing the river, a few feet below where the Arrington bridge stands. Mr. Reider sold his interest to D. S. Heneks, who ran the mill until 1906, when John W. Young became its owner. He subsequently turned it over to George W. Stone, since which time it has been in possession of various owners, and in 1916 is owned by Burt McCulley. It has not been operated since 1908, and stands in ruins.

A history of Arrington would be incomplete without the mention of the name of Ransom A. Van Winkle, who was the first settler in Kapioma township, and the founder of the town. Captain Van Winkle was born November 25, 1818, in Wayne county, Kentucky. He was a Hollander by descent, and at one time his great-grandfather, Michael Van Winkle, owned an interest in 13,000 acres of land within twelve miles of New York City, which was sold just prior to the Revolutionary war, for twenty-five cents an acre. Van Winkle received the rudiments of his education in a Kentucky log school house, but was for two years a cadet at West Point and received a good education. He was married twice and had a varied experience in business, at one time owning a large interest in coal lands in Kentucky. He removed to St. Joseph, Mo., in 1849, and in September, 1855, came to Kansas and built the first claim cabin on the Grasshopper, or what is now the Delaware river, above Valley Falls, in Kapioma township. He also built the first steam sawmill, sawed the first lumber, and built the first frame house, and taught the first school in Kapioma township, and was the first postmaster at Arrington. He always took an active part in politics in the county and was a stanch Republican. He was a prominent Free State man 106in the early struggle in Kansas and contributed liberally to the cause and worked hard in its behalf. He was a justice of the peace in Papioma township for fourteen years; postmaster five years; trustee of Kapioma township eight years; a member of the legislature in 1861 and 1862 and county commissioner of Atchison county for six years. He was patriarchal in appearance and was a conspicuous figure for many years in Republican conventions in Atchison county.

The name of “Muscotah” is of Indian origin, but when, why and by whom it was applied to a town, seems to be a question. “Andreas’ History of Kansas,” in a brief historical mention of the town of Muscotah, says: “The name Muscotah, written in Indian style, Musco-tah, signifies “Beautiful Prairie,” or “Prairie on Fire.” Andreas does not give any authority for this statement, but on page 1343 in a biographical sketch of William D. Barnett, one of the earliest settlers of Muscotah, he says that Mr. Barnett did not name the town, but that it was named by Paschal Pensoneau, the old Kickapoo trader and interpreter. Mr. Kessler was a blacksmith among the Kickapoos at early day.

Maj. C. B. Keith was one of the founders of Muscotah, and an early agent for the Kickapoo Indians. In a letter under date of December 8, 1908, Mrs. Keith, the widow of Major Keith, wrote that Muscotah was named by her husband and her two brothers, William P. and John C. Badger. She corroborates Andreas in his statement that the name signifies “Beautiful Prairie,” or “Prairie on Fire,” and says that Muscotah should be accented on the last syllable. She further says that Paschal Pensoneau may have suggested the name, and incidentally adds: “He was interpreter for my brother, William P. Badger, who was Indian agent under President Buchanan, and later for my husband under Lincoln. He was a good friend for both of my brothers and Major Keith, and accompanied my husband to Washington with the head chiefs when they made their treaty. The original Muscotah was on a fine site and justified the name.”

There is a town in the old Kickapoo country, in Illinois, named Mascoutah, and believing it to be synonymous with the Atchison county name, though slightly different in orthography and pronunciation, Milo Custer, of Heyworth, Ill., the well known authority on the Kickapoos, wrote: “As to the meaning of the names Muscotah and Mascoutah, they are synonymous 107with the old Algonquin word, Masko-teh, meaning ‘prairies.’ The Kickapoo word for prairies was one among others that I failed to get when I visited the tribe in Kansas in October, 1906. However, I am of the opinion that the word was originally derived from Ma-shi O-shkoo-teh, meaning ‘Big Fire,’ and that it referred to the great prairie fires which swept over the country. In fact I have seen the opinion advanced by some other authority, but cannot now recall the name.” When the Kickapoos lived in Illinois there was a band called the Mas-cou-tins, which Maj. H. W. Beckwith, the highest authority on the Illinois tribes, says was the Indian name for “Indians of the Prairie.” Hence it is evident that the name Muscotah is at least a derivation of the word “prairie,” whether a “beautiful prairie” or “prairie of fire.”

The plat of the Muscotah Town Company was filed by W. P. Badger, one of its proprietors, June 5, 1857, and the town is located in section 34, township 5, range 17, on the Central Branch railroad, near the western edge of the county. Its streets run from one to thirteen, and its cross streets are named Pawpaw, Elm, Vine, Walnut, Mulberry, Hickory and Oak. Following the construction of the Central Branch railroad William Osborn filed another plat of the town, and several amendments have since been made to it. Muscotah has always been an important trading point, and one of the prosperous towns of the county. In 1916 there were three general stores, one hardware store, two banks, two elevators, one lumber yard, two cream stations, two barber shops, one harness shop, two drug stores, two restaurants, a hotel, private boarding house, two garages and blacksmith shops. The town also has four practicing physicians, including an osteopath, and one dentist. The first general store was established by Nels Brown in 1868, and a year later Watson & Guy put in a general hardware store. Hagerman & Roach conducted a grain business in 1865, and the first elevator was built in 1874. Several serious fires have destroyed much property in Muscotah, the largest being known as the Watson fire, which occurred in 1883, destroying much property. The first mayor of the town was Dr. William P. Badger, who was elected in 1882. Albert Harrington was the first postmaster, in 1866. The first physician to locate in the present limits of Muscotah was Dr. L. N. Plummer, who came there in 1869. In 1868 a Dr. Heath located a few miles out from Muscotah, but never lived in the town. Dr. S. M. Riggs came in 1872 and he and Dr. Plummer are both active physicians in the practice in 1916, together with Dr. O. O. Barter and Dr. F. A. Bermen. Years before Muscotah was established there was a small settlement nearby where there were a few houses and a postoffice located 109about where the Robert Russell farm is. John Keeley, an enterprising early settler, built a flouring mill on the Grasshopper river, now known as the Delaware, in 1869. Mr. Keeley did considerable business with the farmers in the surrounding territory, but business finally fell off and the mill was washed away by high water in 1895.

Muscotah is an important shipping point, and the annual shipment of grain amounts to $150,000 to $200,000. Much live stock is also shipped from Muscotah, and during the year 1915 fifty-two cars of cattle, hogs and horses were shipped to the Kansas City and St. Joseph markets.

Muscotah is also a city of churches and schools. The Congregational church was established in 1866. The pastor of this church in 1916 is Rev. Fred Gray, who preaches to a congregation of about 150. When this church was organized its members worshiped in the home of Robert Russell, which was at that time in the depot, and the church edifice which is now occupied was built in 1914.

The Methodist Episcopal church was established about 1876; it now has a membership of 120, and its pastor is Rev. Rollo J. Fisher.

The Advent Christian church was organized in 1889, and its first pastor was Rev. Marshall McCollough.

Mission Hall is maintained by unattached and unorganized Christians. It holds meeting several times a week, including two services on Sunday.

The public school system of Muscotah includes an accredited high school, in which two four-year courses are offered, together with a general and college preparatory course. R. E. Devor is superintendent of schools, and the officers of the school board are: J. F. Thompson, president; W. D. Roach, treasurer; R. A. Allison, secretary. The first school house within the present limits of the town was built in 1870, but was subsequently destroyed by fire when another school was built in 1885. A six room school was erected, and it was also destroyed by fire in January, 1916. A movement is now under way to build a new, handsome, modern school building, to accommodate twelve grades, together with manual training, domestic science and a gymnasium.

Muscotah is supplied with electricity by high tension line from Atchison, and in 1916 it has forty-two street lamps and fifty-five private consumers.

In addition to being a town of churches and schools, Muscotah also has several active lodges. The Masonic lodge was organized December 20, 1871, by E. D. Hillyer, of Grasshopper Falls, on a dispensation issued by 110the grand lodge; the charter was issued October 17, 1872, and the officers installed November 16, 1872. The first officers were: Ben F. Freeland, William N. Kline, Thomas H. Phillips, B. G. Merrill, D. M. Stillman, W. Bullock and I. C. Archer.

Purity Council No. 293, Knights and Ladies of Security, was chartered July 6, 1895, with John Edward Lewis, president. It had ten charter members and in 1916 there was a membership of seventy, with George W. Rork, president, and Mrs. Carl Rork, secretary.

Modern Woodmen was chartered in August, 1898. The present officers are W. F. Murray, V. H. Little and G. W. Harris. There are also active lodges of the Mystic Workers, Eastern Star and Royal Neighbors.

Muscotah’s new combination grade and high school, which will take the place of the one destroyed by fire, will cost approximately $20,000, and will be a fire-proof structure of brick and concrete. When completed it will be one of the best school buildings of its kind in any town the size of Muscotah in the State. The present city officials of Muscotah are: William Buckles, mayor; R. A. Hillyer, J. G. Burbank, W. D. Roach, R. H. Trial and R. A. Allison, councilmen; H. M. Turner, city clerk; E. M. Hicks, police judge, and S. B. Liggatt, marshal.

Effingham, the seat of Atchison county high school, is an incorporated town, located sixteen miles west of Atchison, on the Central Branch railroad, and was first platted by William Osborne April 4, 1868, who built the first hundred miles of the Central Branch railroad, and is located on a part of the southwest quarter of section 15 and the northwest quarter of section 22, township 6, range 18. The original plat contained only eight blocks and was subsequently cancelled. February 6, 1871, Major W. F. Downs, land commissioner of the Central Branch railroad, filed another plat in which one block was dedicated as a public park and the streets numbered from one to ten, with cross streets as follows: Elizabeth, Seabury, Howard, George, William, and John. At the opening of the Central Branch railroad Effingham enjoyed quite a boom and it has remained one of the finest towns in northeastern Kansas ever since.

There was a settlement around Effingham for a number of years prior to the location of the townsite, and it was quite a trading point. Effingham is located on a broad sweep of prairie land, but there is very little of romance 111or legend connected with the town. There is one thing, however, for which it has always been noted, and to this extent Effingham occupies an unique place in the towns, not only of Atchison county, but of Kansas, namely: It has never been without a good hotel. The original hotel was known far and wide throughout the country and was conducted by Aunt Betty Benton, a famous cook, who not only gave her guests good things to eat, but made of her hotel a favorite stopping place for the traveling public on account of the hospitable way in which she ran it. Uncle Jack Martin succeeded Aunt Betty and for many years thereafter kept up the high standard set by her. Then came Thomas F. Cook, whose kindly welcome made friends for him among the hundreds of visitors that came to Effingham from year to year, and who never left his hotel without a full meal. Mr. Cook was succeeded by Mrs. Frank Pitman, and she in turn was succeeded by Mrs. Davis, who, in 1915, is conducting the hotel at Effingham and maintains the high standard of excellence of food and hospitality set by her predecessors.

Among the early merchants of Effingham was Hon. Milton R. Benton, who was born in Madison county, Kentucky May 3, 1815. He immigrated to Kansas in 1857; located in Atchison, where he resided until 1867, during which year he moved to his farm in Atchison county, near Effingham. He was the first marshal of the city of Atchison, having been elected in 1858. In 1863 he was elected mayor of the city, and in 1864 was elected a member 112of the council. He served as a member of the senate in the Territorial council of 1859; in the State legislature in 1864, and for three years as trustee of Center township. Benton township, in which Effingham is located, was named for him. He was educated as a Democrat, but before he cast his first vote identified himself with the anti-slavery movement and became a Free State man in Kansas, but in after years he supported Horace Greeley and became identified with the Democratic party. In addition to farming he was in the real estate business in Effingham.

A. F. Achenbach was one of the early liverymen of Effingham, and also was George P. Allen, who was a dealer in hardware and grain; Ball & Herron, dealers in harness; Joel M. Ketch, hardware merchant; J. E. McCormick, butcher; Alonzo Spencer, grocer; James Nesbitt, lumber dealer, and Simeon Walters, contractor and carpenter.

P. J. O’Meara was a pioneer merchant of Effingham, and was a native of Ireland, having been born in the county of Tipperary March 27, 1829. He first settled in Miami county, where he received his education, and in 1865 he moved to Atchison and went into the grocery business on Commercial 113street, between Third and Fourth, later moving to Effingham when the townsite was located, and built one of the first store buildings. He did a large and paying business, and his popularity was shown by the people of Effingham in electing him their first mayor.

Effingham in 1915 had two hardware stores, one drug store, four general stores, two banks, two garages, two barber shops, one cream station, one clothing store, three restaurants, one hotel, one livery, and two elevators. Effingham is also a city of churches having one Catholic church, one Presbyterian church, Methodist church, Christian church and Lutheran church. Its citizens are enterprising and progressive, and in 1914 the city council secured a twenty-four hour electric light service over high tension line from Atchison. The elevators are owned by the Farmers’ Mercantile Association, and Snyder, Smith & Company. Tom Tucker and Beckman & Thomas are big live stock shippers, and they ship from ninety-five to one hundred cars of live stock out of Effingham every year, and the elevators ship over one hundred cars of grain every year.

The present city officials who have been so diligent and faithful in their services to Effingham are as follows:

J. W. Wallach, mayor; A. J. Sells, city clerk; G. M. Snyder, councilman; I. Ebert, councilman; D. Richter, councilman; James Farrell, councilman; E. J. Kelley, councilman; J. W. Atcheson, marshal; J. A. Harman, city treasurer.

Huron is located on the Omaha branch of the Missouri Pacific railway, in Lancaster township, seventeen miles northwest of Atchison. The townsite was originally the property of Col. D. R. Anthony, of Leavenworth. Mr. Anthony donated the railroad company twenty acres of land and the right of way for one mile. The surveys were made and the town named and platted on May 18, 1882. Within six weeks after completion of the surveys five dwellings were erected and the business interests of the town were well represented. W. D. Starr was the first postmaster, and by the end of the first year there were over fifty dwellings in the town, and among the first buildings to be erected were the Presbyterian and Baptist churches. Colonel Anthony donated lots upon which to build the churches. J. D. Carpenter opened the first hotel in Huron. Mr. Carpenter came to Kansas in 1874 and located on a farm near Huron, and when the town was organized he moved there and opened his hotel. W. G. Rucker was one of the early 114lumber dealers of Huron. He came from Corning, where he was engaged in the general merchandise business, and moved to Huron when the town was platted. Capt. George W. Stabler, for many years a resident of Huron, was one of the prominent politicians and characters of the county. He was born at Stablersville, Baltimore county, Maryland, in 1839, where his ancestors had lived for over 200 years. He moved to Kansas in 1858, settling in Lancaster township. He enlisted as a private in Company D, Second Kansas infantry, in 1861, for 100 days, and at the expiration of that time he re-enlisted in the Second Kansas cavalry; was made sergeant and was mustered out in 1865 and returned to his farm, subsequently moving to Huron. In 1866 he was elected to the legislature, and in 1871 and 1872 served as deputy United States marshal. He had been justice of the peace, at the time of his death, a few years ago, for over twenty years.

Old Huron was the original settlement near the present townsite of Huron, and was an important trading point for many years prior to the establishment of the new townsite following the laying of the railroad to Omaha. There were many early settlers of importance in and around Huron, among whom was Capt. Robert White. Captain White came to Kansas in 1857 and bought the squatter rights of Charles Morgan and preëmpted a quarter section of land in Lancaster township, near Huron.

The birth of the first white child in Atchison county, of which there is any record, occurred in Lancaster township. The child was Miss Frances Miller, who was born May 9, 1855. Her father was the late Daniel Miller, an Ohioan by birth, and lived near DeKalb, Mo., in 1841. In 1854 he looked over northeastern Kansas and settled on Independence creek, twelve miles north of Atchison, early in 1855, near the northeastern corner of Lancaster township. Mr. Miller sold his quarter section in 1858, after he had proven up on it, to Thomas Butcher, a new arrival in Kansas from Brownville, Pa., for $3,000. Mr. Butcher built a flouring mill on this land, which was run by water from Independence creek. Butcher subsequently sold the plant to A. J. Evans, who ran it as a “custom mill” until August, 1865, when it was destroyed by high water, caused by heavy rains.

Samuel Wymore, for whom Wymore, Nebraska was named, was a resident of Lancaster township, near Huron, in the fifties and early sixties, and ran a sawmill by horse power, about three miles north of Lancaster, in 1858. Mr. Wymore sold his first bill of lumber to Captain Robert White for $100 in gold, and at that time it was more money than Wymore had ever seen at one time, and he was so nervous during the following night that 115he could not sleep and continually stirred the fire in the stove so that he could count the money from the light that it made. Wymore was uneducated. He could neither read nor write, and he was said to have been worth over $150,000 before 1875.

Isaac E. Kelly, a young man from Pennsylvania, taught one of the first schools in Lancaster township, in one of the settlers’ preëmption cabin, near Eden postoffice in 1860. He went to war in 1861 and marched with Sherman to the Sea.

The first mowing machine in Atchison county was brought to Lancaster township, two miles west of where Huron now is, by Joel Hiatt, in 1859, who sold it to Capt. Robert White, who cut hay with it several seasons. The machine was a Ball, and a crude affair. The first reaper to harvest grain in the county was owned by the late M. J. Cloyes, who also lived in Lancaster township, not many miles from Huron. Mr. Cloyes bought the reaper in the early sixties. The grain was raked off by a man lashed to a post on a platform four or five feet to the rear of the cycle. This reaper was a Buckeye machine, and was sold by J. E. Wagner, the hardware merchant of Atchison.

The forty acre tract of land upon which the home of Edward Perdue stands, a few miles east of Huron, was traded for a mowing machine by the owner in 1865.

Bethel church, located southwest of Huron, is supposed to be the oldest church in the county, outside of Atchison. It was built by the Methodist Episcopal church (South), about 1870, and is still in use in 1915.

Thus it will be seen that Huron is located in the midst of a very interesting part of Atchison county, and while the town did not reach the proportions that its original promoters had hoped for it, it is one of the good towns of the county. The following are the business houses in Huron in 1915:

Over 200,000 bushels of grain are shipped from Huron annually and the average shipment of live stock amounts to about forty cars.

Martinsburg was laid out near the present site of Potter in the early days. It is not generally known, even among the old settlers, that there was such a place. George Remsburg said that this was due probably to the fact that Martinsburg was born dead. It was conceived in the town craze of early territorial times, but it came a still-born infant and its promoters succeeded in viewing it only long enough for it to give a feeble gasp and fall back dead again. Though this proposed municipal enterprise of pioneer days did not materialize, it was, nevertheless, an interesting and important fact of local history, hitherto unrecorded, that such a town was actually staked off and laid out in Atchison county at a very early period. The only old-timers who remembered it were James B. Low, of Colorado Springs, formerly of Mount Pleasant, “Uncle Joe” Potter, and W. J. (Jack) Bailey. All three settled in the southern part of Atchison county in 1854. Mr. Low settled with his parents in Walnut township in the fall of that year, and says that Martinsburg was laid out that fall. It was situated in what is known as the Mercer bottom, on land belonging to Felix Corpstein and Fred Poss, in the west half of section 24, a little northeast of the present site of Potter, or immediately adjoining it. What is known as the Mercer spring, one of the finest in this section, was included in the town site. Mr. Low and his brother went out to look at the place in the fall of 1854 and decided to spend the winter there. It consisted at that time of a few huts and a small store, and never amounted to any more than a village, if it could be called that, although Mr. Low says the town site originally comprised about 100 acres, and a few lots were actually sold. The store was a small frame building, erected by one Alex Hayes, who had previously taken a claim on Plum creek, near Kickapoo. Mr. Low thinks this was the first frame building in Atchison county. Hayes carried a small stock of goods. 117This was long before the town of Mt. Pleasant, in the same vicinity, was ever dreamed of, and even before Tom Fortune opened a store there. It seems that the chief promoters of Martinsburg were two brothers named Martin; hence the name. Not much is known concerning them, or what became of them. “Uncle Joe” Potter says that one of them came to his house on one occasion when he and his brother, Marion Potter, were making rails. Martin stood around a while and finally insinuated that they were foolish for working so hard, and in a confidential way, “just the same as told them,” as Mr. Potter expressed it, that they could make lots of money and make it easy stealing horses, whereupon Marion Potter promptly ordered him off of the place, and told him never to return. James Low’s father bought the town site of Martinsburg in the fall of 1855 and moved onto it in the spring of 1856, converting it into a farm. Thus perished Martinsburg. Even the name did not survive in the memory of the settlers, and it was only by accident that it was recently recalled after a lapse of fifty-four years. At an early day the locality became known as Mercer’s Bottom, after Joe Mercer, one of the earliest settlers, and it is known by that name today. It is not known what became of Mercer. James Low says the last time he saw him was in Denver, in 1859. Mercer was a queer character. It is told of him that he lived in a little cabin and subsisted principally on mussels, which he found in Stranger creek. Alex Hayes, the Martinsburg storekeeper, has also been lost trace of, but Dick King says there was an oldtimer named Alexander Hayes, who died many years ago and was buried in the Sapp graveyard at Oak Mills. The town site of Martinsburg was a favorite camping place for soldiers and emigrants passing over the old Military road in the early days on account of the fine spring, the large meadows and the protection of the hills around it. To catch this tide of emigration was, in all probability, the object of those pioneer town projectors in selecting this site.

There appears to be no data available which enables the historian to determine exactly where this town was located, but a prospectus publication March 18, 1858, in Freedom’s Champion, states that it was on Independence creek, within ten miles of Atchison and twenty-five miles of St. Joseph. Its chief promoter was Dr. Charles F. Kob, of Atchison. Dr. Kob was a German physician and surgeon, who located in Atchison at an early 118date. He had been a surgeon in the army, and a member of the Massachusetts and Connecticut medical societies. He lived and practiced medicine in Boston for some time. About the only advantage for Bunker Hill, set forth in the prospectus, was that coal was found around the place, but Bunker Hill never seemed to have any coal in her bunkers. She failed to flourish and no Bunker Hill monument perpetuates her memory.

Locust Grove was never laid out as a town site. It was a stopping place on the old stage route to Topeka, and the postoffice from Mount Pleasant was moved there in 1862.

Helena was located and named in this county, and the plat thereof was filed March 18, 1857, by James L. Byers, one of the proprietors of the town company, and was located on the north half of section 28, township 5, range 18, on the Little Grasshopper river, in Grasshopper township, at the crossing of the old Military road, five miles north of the present site of Effingham. The town appears on an old township map of eastern Kansas, published by Whitman & Searl, of Lawrence, in 1856. It shows it to have been on the east branch of Grasshopper river, about fifteen miles west of Atchison, and north of the Ft. Laramie and California roads.

Cayuga was laid out by a New York colony in 1856, and was named for Cayuga, N. Y. It was also in Grasshopper township, on the old Military road, one and one-half miles from Lancaster township line on part of the east half of section 18, township 5, range 18. It was surveyed by Dr. A. C. Tabor, and the plat was filed October 9, 1857, by George L. Willson. Provision was made in the town site for a public park and a young ladies’ seminary. It was claimed that it had at one time 400 inhabitants. Among the members of the town company were Messrs. Smooks, Fuller, Higby, Atherton, Ontis, Meeker, William Adams, Chase and Dr. Taylor. The land on which the town was located was “junked” as a claim by a Mrs. Place, and thereafter the town gradually went out of existence. It is said to have had a good two-story hotel and a number of business houses.

In the plat which Royal Baldwin, president of the town company, filed April 6, 1859, the name of this town is given as Kennekuck. It was located on the southeast quarter and the southwest fractional quarter of section 3, township 5, range 17. Its streets were sixty feet wide, except Broadway, which was 100 feet wide, and Market street, which was eighty feet wide. One block was donated for a market house, and another block for a park, for religious and educational purposes. The streets were numbered from 1 to 10 and the cross streets were named as follows: Elm, Linn, Cedar, Poplar, Broadway, Market, Walnut, Weld, Perry and Baldwin. The town site was vacated by the board of county commissioners December 15, 1871. Kennekuk was a station on the Overland stage route, twenty-four miles west and north of Atchison. During the overland stage days Thomas Perry ran an eating station there, and Mrs. Perry, who was a grand cook, always had a smoking hot dinner ready with the best of coffee, for the occupants of the stage coaches. In the early days dances were held in the Perry home, and Hon. D. W. Wilder, the author of the celebrated “Annals of Kansas,” used to trip the light fantastic toe there, and it is said that he courted the girl who afterwards became his wife, in the Perry home.

Frank A. Root, who was an express messenger on the overland stage, says, in his book, that Kennekuk was the first “home” station out from Atchison, and the drivers were changed there. In 1863 it was a little town of perhaps a dozen houses with one store and a blacksmith shop. The Kickapoo Indian Agency was one of the most prominent buildings there, and was located near the old road in the northwestern part of the town. The town was laid out by William H. Wheeler, a surveyor and speculator, and was named for the Kickapoo chieftain, John Kennekuk. George Remsburg says that the town was platted in June, 1854, but the dedication on the original plat in the court house would indicate that it was platted on the date first mentioned in this sketch.

Hon. A. J. White, the son of Capt. Robert White, and at one time a member of the legislature from this county, and one of the leading farmers of the county, claims that Royal Baldwin was the first white settler in Kennekuk, and that he was appointed Indian agent for the Kickapoos there by President Pierce before Kansas was opened for settlement. Mr. Remsburg also says that many noted travelers stopped at Kennekuk, including Mark Twain.

According to Captain Elberhant, of Golden, Colo., the Kickapoo Indians once had a village on the Grasshopper river in Atchison county, called Kapioma, after the chief of the band, and it is from this source that Kapioma township took its name. Captain Berthoud says that Father Duerinck, a native of Belgium, who was probably the first Jesuit priest in Atchison county, gave the pronunciation of the name of his Atchison county station as Kah-pi-oma, accent on the syllable “Kah.”

In an affidavit of H. H. Skiles, volume 69, page 63, in the records of the office of the register of deeds of Atchison county, Kansas, the following appears:

“This affiant further states that there was in 1857 and 1858 a company formed, called and known as the Kapioma City Company, and the individuals composing that company were B. Gray, S. C. Russell, W. W. Weston, H. H. Skiles and W. Y. Roberts, who united themselves together for the purpose of laying out, locating and establishing a town called Kapioma, on what was then known as Grasshopper creek, just north of its confluence with Straight creek, in the western borders of Atchison county, Kansas. The entire purpose and scheme in laying out and establishing a town fell through and was wholly and totally abandoned by all and every person connected with it without prejudice to any one, and the title to the land intended by the company to become town property reverted to the original owner. The law required to establish a town was never complied with.”

Mashenah, apparently, was to be a rival town of Kennekuk. The cold and quiet records now on file in the court house would convey the idea that Royal Baldwin must have fallen out with the original promoters of Kennekuk and decided to establish a town of his own, so, accordingly, he filed a plat of this town September 21, 1857, showing it to be located in the northeast quarter and the northwest quarter of section 2, township 5, range 17. One block was set aside for a college and another for a park. Its streets were numbered 1 to 21, and the cross streets were named as follows: Oak, Pine, Plum, Vine, Elm, Linn and Cedar.

The only record that can be found of this town is that Thomas Poteet filed a plat thereof April 20. 1858, showing it to be located in the southwest corner of section 6, township 7, range 20.

This is another town about which there is little information available. The plat was filed June 20, 1857, by James R. Whitehead and shows it to have been located in the west half of section 1, township 5, range 17. The streets were numbered from 1 to 18, and the cross streets were named Buchanan, Emily, Mary, Carolina, Jefferson, St. Joseph, Ellwood, Able, Alexander, and there were two public squares, called North and South.

The plat of Parnell was filed December 24, 1883, by J. C. Hotham, and shows the town site to be located in the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of section 20, township 6, range 20. It is located on both the Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads. The station was named for a hero of the Civil war, James L. Parnell, a private soldier in Company F, Thirteenth Kansas volunteer infantry, who was killed during the skirmish at Haare Head, Ark., August 4, 1864. Parnell was the original settler on the site of Parnell and was one of the first citizens of Atchison county to respond under President Lincoln’s call of July, 1862. He enlisted in the Thirteenth Kansas. Ex-Sheriff Frank Hartin was a comrade of Parnell in Company F and married into the Parnell family.

Shannon was platted by G. W. Sutliff February 22, 1883. and is located in the northwest corner of the northeast quarter of section 1. township 6, range 19, about eight miles west of Atchison, on the Parallel road. The town consists of one store building, in which the postoffice is located, and a few residences, together with railroad station and a small elevator.

Elmwood was platted by Anna Hoke and J. S. Hoke April 12, 1873, and was located on the south half of the northeast quarter of section 2, township 6, range 20. This was a “paper” town, and the only record now available of it is the plat on file in the court house at Atchison.

Cummingsville was platted by William Cummings December 16, 1872, and was located on the north half of the southwest quarter of section 1, township 7, range 19, on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway, southwest of Atchison, in Center township, and took its name from the founder of the town. The original plat provided for two streets, Market and Main, but on September 21, 1883, Samuel C. King filed a plat, creating an addition to Cummingsville, composed of four blocks. The first settler on the townsite was Robert Kennish, who located there in November, 1872, and was appointed postmaster when the postoffice was established the following fall. Mr. Kennish opened the first store in Cummingsville in December, 1872, and he for many years was station agent there, one of the oldest in the service of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway. He was a much beloved character. He died a few years ago at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Nelson W. Cox, who lives in Cummingsville with her invalid husband, Nels Cox, who for eight years served Atchison county in the capacity of clerk of the court. In April, 1873, C. D. Harrison and family located in Cummingsville, and their child, Lorenzo, was the first child born on the townsite, and his was also the first death, Lorenzo having died March 25, 1875. In the winter of 1880–81, R. C. Ripple taught the first school, and the Methodist church (South) was built in 1880. Cummingsville now is a town of over 100 residences, and in addition to its bank, it has several good stores, a cream station and an elevator. Much grain and live stock is shipped out of Cummingsville annually.

Eden was located about eight miles northwest of Atchison, and Charles Servoss was appointed the first postmaster there in 1858. The postoffice was located on a farm adjoining the Johnson Wymore farm on the south. Servoss resigned as postmaster in 1863 and removed to Detroit, Mich. He was succeeded by H. C. Lee, who kept the office on a farm adjoining the Wymore farm on the west. Mr. Lee was a grandfather of Miss Kate Platt and Mrs. S. F. Harburger, formerly of Atchison, and the father of Mrs. Flora B. Hiatt. Mr. Lee held the office until 1872, when Francis Schletzbaum, Sr., was named as postmaster, and removed the office to his farm, which adjoined the old Wymore farm on the north. The postoffice remained there until it was discontinued upon the establishment of free rural delivery service in 1900.

Potter is pleasantly situated on a slight rise or knoll in the beautiful valley of Stranger creek, and near the southeast corner of Mt. Pleasant township. From the first it has been the principal station on the Santa Fe railroad, between Atchison and Leavenworth, being situated about midway between the two cities. It is an attractive little town, with well graded streets and good cement sidewalks, and a number of attractive residences. While it is one of the younger towns of the county, it has made strides that make it compare favorably with some of its older sisters, in volume of business at least, if not in population.

Potter, as the home of the white man, dates back further than any community in the county. Elsewhere in this history will be found an account of Paschal Pensoneau, the old French trader, who established himself on Stranger creek, near the present townsite, during the early forties.

The building of Potter is the third and the most successful attempt to establish a town in that vicinity. The first attempt was at Mount Pleasant. This was one of the first towns started in Kansas, and here was located the first postoffice in Atchison county. It prospered for a time and was a candidate for the county seat. It gradually declined, and since the establishment of Potter, has been little more than a memory. In the early days, some say before Mt. Pleasant was started, a town was laid out near the big Mercer spring, just northeast of the present site of Potter, and called Martinsburg. It was extensively boomed, but outside of a small store and a few huts, it never advanced beyond the paper stage.

Early in 1886 the Leavenworth, Northern & Southern railway, now a branch of the Santa Fe, and known as the “Pollywog,” was built and a station located where Potter now stands. A town was platted and called Bennett Springs, after James Gordon Bennett, the well known eastern journalist. The mineral springs on the Masterson farm near the townsite were attracting considerable attention at the time, and it was thought that a popular resort could be built up there. The medicinal properties of the water were discovered by Dr. Rice, a local physician, and subsequently analyzed by experts, who confirmed Dr. Rice’s conclusions, and a number of people claimed to have used the waters in liver, kidney and other complaints with good results. Henry C. Squires, afterwards a Potter banker, conceived the idea of establishing a health resort here, and named it in honor of James Gordon Bennett, who, it was thought, would use his influence towards getting 124eastern capital interested in the project. The expected financial backing was not forthcoming, however, and the proposed development of the springs was never made.

In the meantime the railroad people had christened the town Potter, in honor of Hon. Joseph Potter, owner of the quarter section on which the town was laid out, and, while the name of the town still appears on the tax rolls as Bennett Springs, the original name having never been legally changed, the town is now generally known as Potter. Joseph Potter was the original settler, having preëmpted the land on which the town stands, in 1854, and the first sales of lots in Potter were deeded to their purchaser thirty-two years later direct from the Government preëmption owner. The taking up of the land, filing, etc., cost Mr. Potter about $220 for 160 acres, and when it was divided up into town lots it brought him $200 an acre. Mr. Potter entered part of this land with a land warrant given him for services in the Mexican war.

The first lots in the town were sold to the late James Stalons, for many years a justice of the peace, preacher of the Gospel and prominent citizen of the county. The first house on the townsite was built by Thomas J. Potter in 1882, four years before the town was laid out. The house is still standing. The first business house in the town was erected by Charles Klein, who operated a store there until his death. A year or two after Potter was 125started the postoffice was removed from Mt. Pleasant to the place, and James B. Weir was the first postmaster. The first hotel was operated by Mrs. Elvira Pierce. Dr. Barnes had the first drug store, and was also the first physician; Frank Blodgett, the first hardware store, and B. F. Shaw & Company, the first furniture store. The first barber was Thomas Seever; the first blacksmith, Lou Chilson; the first butcher, John Yost; the first carpenter, P. H. Fleer; the first painters, George Brown and Grant Cass; the first stone masons, S. B. Morrow and Frank Maxwell; the first shoemaker, Patrick Murphy; the first stock buyer, Henry Show; the first school teacher, Albert Limbaugh; the first railroad agent, C. L. Cherrie; the first lumber dealer, David Hudson; the first harness maker, Harry Rickets; the first rural mail carrier, Frank White. Frank Mayfield operated the first livery stable; the first elevator was built by James Hawley; the first church building was that of the Methodists. The first Methodist preacher was Rev. John W. Faubian, and the first Christian preacher, Rev. T. W. Cottingham. The first telephone exchange was operated by Charles and George Sprong. The first lodge was Echo Lodge, No. 103, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The first bank was the Potter State Bank. Potter has had three newspapers, the first, the Potter Press, was established by E. E. Campbell, in 1898. In 1900 Mr. and Mrs. Eppie Barber started the Potter Leaf. Three years later Charles B. Remsburg bought the Leaf’s circulation and launched the Potter Kansan, which is now owned and published by his father, J. E. Remsburg.

Potter is one of the most flourishing towns of its size in Kansas. Though its population is less than 200, it boasts of two banks, the aggregate resources of which amount to nearly a quarter million dollars. There probably is not another town of its size in the State that has two banks. The town has two good elevators which during the years 1912, 1913 and 1914 handled on an average of 140,000 bushels of grain a year. These elevators are operated by Fred Ode & Sons and James Robinson. The railroad station at Potter does a business that amounts to something like $40,000 annually. The shipping of live stock is an important industry here. The principal buyers are Tinsley, Potter, and Timple Bros. Much fruit is grown around Potter, and as high as $20,000 has been paid out for apples during one shipping season.

Potter has a rural high school, the first of its kind established in the State, and an $8,000 school building.

The town has two general stores, those of W. A. Hodge and P. P. Knoch; a hardware store, operated by B. F. Shaw; a grocery store, by Thomas J. Potter; a furniture store, by Frank Beard; a drug store, by G. E. 126Coulter; a hotel, by Mrs. G. F. Pope; two blacksmith shops, by R. E. Brown and G. F. Pope; a livery stable, by H. G. Hawley; two barber shops, by George Brown and Frank Blankenship; a cement tile factory, by Grisham & Maxwell; a millinery store, by Mrs. T. J. Maxwell; a telephone exchange, by E. C. Yoakum; a newspaper, The Potter Weekly Kansan, by J. E. Remsburg; two physicians, Dr. G. W. Redmon and Dr. S. M. Myers. Dr. A. E. Ricks, of Atchison, has a branch dental office here; the Lambert Lumber Company, of Leavenworth, has a commodious and well stocked yard here, with Samuel Parker as manager. There are two churches, Methodist and Christian, two public halls, and one lodge hall. L. M. Jewell conducts an insurance, real estate and loan business. There is also a garage, and other business enterprises in the town.

In 1854 Thomas L. Fortune, Jr., a Virginian, settled on the “old Military road” and opened one of the very earliest stores in Atchison county, around this store springing up the village of Mount Pleasant. A postoffice was established here in 1855, and Mr. Fortune was appointed postmaster. Being an inventive genius, he finally gave up his store business and devoted his energies towards perfecting and building a road-wagon, to which reference has heretofore been made, and which he thought would revolutionize the freighting business across the plains.

127The townsite of Mount Pleasant was surveyed in 1857 by John P. Wheeler, agent for the Town Company.

Michael Wilkins and James Laird were the very first settlers in the township, being followed shortly afterwards by Levi Bowles, Jacob Grindstaff, Andrew J. Peebler, Martin Jones, Chris Horn, P. R. King, W. C. Findley, A. S. Speck and Amos Hamon.

The first hotel in the town was opened by Henry Payne, who operated it many years.

T. J. Payne and Philo W. Hull were the next parties to engage in business, Mr. Payne leaving when the new town of Sumner was started, and locating there.

The next to engage in business was P. R. King, who established a general store about 1858. He remained at Mount Pleasant until after the county seat question had been settled, when he removed to Atchison.

In the fall of 1858 a district school was opened. In 1860 the Cumberland Presbyterians erected a church building, having held religious services at the homes of the members prior to this time. Rev. A. A. Moore was their first pastor.

On May 1, 1862, the Church of Christ was organized by Elder W. S. Jackson, with seventeen members, services being held in the school house.

Mount Pleasant Lodge, No. 158, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, of Mount Pleasant, was organized in the fall of 1868 by the following charter members: William J. Young, X. Klein, M. R. Benton, John Hawley. S. K. McCreary, Joseph Howell and Albert Hawley. Their first meeting was held October 20, 1868, with the following as first officers: William Young, worshipful master; X. Klein, senior warden; A. Hawley, junior warden; S. K. McCreary, secretary; M. R. Benton, treasurer.

In August, 1862, the name of the postoffice was changed to Locust Grove.

In pre-territorial times and in the steamboat days, Kansas had many geographical names that are not now to be found on the map. Some of them, where permanent settlements have sprung up, have been perpetuated, but the majority of them do not live even in the memory of the oldest inhabitants. One of the latter is “Lewis’ Point,” near the present site of Oak Mills. Old “Cap.” Lewis is long since dead, his name almost forgotten, and the rapacious Missouri river and “Mansell’s Slide” are now about to devour the “Point.” 128with which his name was coupled in our early geography. While “Lewis’ Point” was never a place of any prominence, and not even the site of a village or settlement, yet it was a geographical name that was known to every steamboat man running on this section of the river, and is worthy of preservation in our local history. “Lewis’ Point” was at the projection of land lying immediately above Oak Mills, on the Missouri river. It took its name from the fact that Calvin Lewis, an old riverman, settled at this point at an early day, and it became a frequent stopping place for steamboats to take on wood. In those days there was a splendid wood supply in that vicinity. Lewis’ house stood near the site of the old Champton, or William Moody, house, which was destroyed by fire about a year ago.

It is not generally known that a steamboat was ever built on Atchison county soil, much less that Oak Mills was ever the scene of the ship builder’s craft, outside of the construction of Indian canoes and the modern skiffs built by Dick King or some other later-day river man. Yet, it is a fact that Calvin Lewis once built and launched at “Lewis’ Point” a small stern-wheel steamboat, and operated it on the river for several years. In 1855 the first territorial legislature of Kansas passed an act authorizing Lewis to operate a ferry at “Lewis’ Point.”

The same legislature that gave permission to Lewis to operate a ferry at “Lewis’ Point,” granted the same privilege to Nimrod Farley, to maintain a ferry across the Missouri river, opposite Iatan, Mo. Farley was a well known character in the Missouri bottoms in the vicinity of Iatan, Cow Island, and Oak Mills, in the early days. He lived near Iatan, but it seems that he owned land on the Kansas side, near Oak Mills, which offered a landing for his ferry. He was a brother of Josiah Farley, who laid out the town of Farley, in Platte county, in 1850. George McAdow later became proprietor of Farley’s Ferry and operated it until it was destroyed by Jayhawkers, shortly before the war.

THE ISSUE BETWEEN EARLY SETTLERS—INFLUX OF FREE STATE AND PRO-SLAVERY PARTISANS—EARLY VOLUNTEERING—MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS—THREATENED INVASION FROM MISSOURI—POLITICAL SOCIETIES—JAYHAWKERS—CLEVELAND’S GANG—LYNCHINGS—ATCHISON COUNTY TROOPS IN THE WAR—PRICE’S ATTEMPTED INVASION.

The six years intervening between 1854 and 1860 constitute a momentous period in the history of Atchison county. No new community was ever organized under more unpromising circumstances. It was not merely land hunger and lust for personal gain that were the impelling motives which brought men to Kansas in that day. Neither gold, nor gas, nor oil, nor precious gems lured men here. Kansas was then, as it is now, an agricultural paradise, and such an environment has ordinarily but little charm for the daring adventurer and the seeker after sudden riches, who toil not and spin less. It is true that a large number of peaceful, plodding home-seekers—the tillers of the soil—the hewers of wood and the haulers of water, immigrated to Kansas to take up land and build permanent homes, but they were in the minority prior to 1860. The tremendous issue of human slavery was the all absorbing fact, and the long struggle here wrought a complete revolution in the political thought of the whole country. Men came to Kansas for the most part for political rather than for business or agricultural reasons. The settlement of Kansas was an inspired political movement of partisans. There was little room for neutrals, and those who were “too proud to fight” went elsewhere. There was little consideration on the part of the early settlers of Kansas, of any questions except slavery and anti-slavery. They came in large numbers from the South and from the North, and met here upon the frontier in a final test of strength. The Free Soilers won, but only 130after bitter contests in which passion, prejudice and bloody partisanship ran riot, and Atchison county played a most conspicuous part in this great battle. The Nation and the world looked on as the battle lines surged forward and backward. And while they fought here in a last desperate struggle for supremacy, these courageous men and women on both sides founded their towns, built their court houses, their primary schools and their churches with an abiding faith in the hearts of each of them that victory would finally crown their efforts. Atchison county made progress in spite of the fact that her leaders were wrong. We gave promise here of being the metropolis of Kansas, for we had many geographical and commercial advantages over other struggling communities of the Territory. But before the well laid plans of our citizens matured, before projects for the development of steam transportation to bring us nearer the outside world could be concluded the mighty conflict which ended in four bloody years of civil war, broke upon the Nation, and Kansas within three months after being admitted as a State enrolled itself on the side of the Union. Atchison county sprang to arms almost a thousand strong, and may it ever be said to its everlasting glory that few, if any, counties in the State had a more patriotic record. One hundred and thirty-one Atchison county men enlisted in the First Kansas regiment; twenty-five in the Seventh; eighty-five in the Eighth; eighty-six in the Tenth; 260 in the Thirteenth; 100 in the First Kansas (colored); twenty-five in the First Nebraska; 105 in the Thirteenth Missouri; thirty in the Fifteenth Kansas; forty in the Ninth, and fifty in the Sixteenth, or a total of 937 men, which, together with the scattering of men in other regiments in adjoining States, brought the total number of soldiers engaged during the Civil war to 1,000. The population of Atchison county at that time was 7,747, and the voting population 1,133, which shows that the total number of voters was but slightly larger than the total number of volunteers. At that time Atchison, by reason of its location, was subject to incursions from Confederate troops and Jayhawkers from Missouri, which called for the organization at different periods of the war, of home guard companies, which are not included in the foregoing statement. At the outset of the war Atchison had three militia companies, A, B and C, and a fourth, known as the All Hazard company, the origin of whose name is thus explained. At the city election in the spring of 1861 the issue was union or dis-union. The Republicans and Union Democrats united in supporting G. H. Fairchild for mayor. He was a Union Democrat who on various occasions announced his unwavering friendship of the Union and for the 131maintenance of the constitution and laws “at all hazards,” and when this company enlisted for the war Mayor Fairchild was its captain and it became Company K of the First Kansas. It participated in the battle of Wilson’s Creek, August 10, 1861, which was the first action in which a Kansas regiment was under fire.

In 1861 there were constant threats of invasion from Missouri rebel organizations in Buchanan and Platte counties, and in that year another home guard company was organized with the following officers: Charles Holbert, captain; J. G. Bechtold, first lieutenant; Clem Rhor, second lieutenant; W. Becker, third lieutenant; John Schupp, ensign. During the following year the danger of invasion became still more threatening and 650 men in sixteen companies came to Atchison to protect the town from destruction. The Atchison county companies were commanded by Captains Holbert, Hays, Batsett, Evans and Vanwinkle. It was due to the thoroughness with which the people of Atchison organized themselves against invasion that they were spared from being completely annihilated. On the fifteenth day of September, 1861, another company for home guard service was mustered in at Ft. Leavenworth. J. M. Graham was captain; J. G. Bechtold, first lieutenant; R. N. Bryant, second lieutenant. This company subsequently became Company E of the First Kansas Regiment Home Guards, numbering fifty men, and were ordered back to Atchison for duty, where they were stationed until all danger of invasion had passed, after which the company became a part of the Eighth Kansas. The victories of the Union forces in 1862 were frequent, and as a result many rebel sympathizers came to Atchison for safety, where they became very troublesome. In order to counteract the growing evil over the activities of these men, Mayor Fairchild issued a proclamation in which he warned them that they must not expect to be protected in any manner by the city laws as long as they held to the views which they expounded at even favorable opportunity. “It would be absurd to suppose,” the proclamation said, “that a patriotic community could treat otherwise than its enemies, persons who are in sympathy with base men who have brought upon our country untold misery, almost unlimited taxation and almost inconceivable pecuniary suffering. As a representative of a loyal people I will not encourage men to return among us who have circulated reports that they were refugees from the loyal States on account of their secession doctrines, nor will I give protection to men who unmistakably at heart belong to the Confederacy.” This proclamation met with such favor that a mass meeting of Union men in Atchison county 132was held at Price’s Hall March 15, 1862. The whole county was well represented and stirring addresses were delivered by Colonel Edge, of Doniphan county, Tom Murphy, the genial proprietor of the Massasoit House, Rev. W. S. Wenz, Lieutenant Price, E. Chesebrough, Mayor Fairchild, Caleb May, and others, after which resolutions denouncing the southern sympathizers and notifying them not to return were unanimously adopted. During the latter part of the same year a call for aid to assist the Atchison county troops met with immediate response and within a few days, commencing August 20, 1862, almost $4,000 was subscribed by the citizens of Atchison. Seven hundred and forty-five dollars came from Mt. Pleasant township. Among the leading contributors were Theodore Bartholow, E. Chesebrough, G. W. Fairchild, J. W. Russell, W. L. Challiss, Dr. William Irwin, G. W. Howe, Bela M. Hughes, William Hetherington, Otis & Glick, Henry Deisbach, J. E. Wagner, Rice McCubbin, McCausland & Brown, Tom Murphy, W. A. Cochrane, Samuel C. Pomeroy, Stebbins & Company, E. Butcher, and William C. Smith, each of whom subscribed the sum of $50 or over. Atchison also made a notable contribution when Quantrell invaded Lawrence, sending $4,000 to assist the people of that city. In 1863 depredations of the Jayhawkers became very annoying, and a vigilance committee was organized and all good, peaceful and loyal citizens were called upon to band themselves together for the protection of their lives, homes and property. Those who joined the vigilance committee took an oath to support the Government of the United States and Kansas, and to do all in their power to put down the rebellion, and also to keep secret all proceedings of the organization. This committee did very effective work in bringing to punishment violators of law and also in keeping the lawless bands of Jayhawkers and other thieves out of Atchison county.

The following “circular” has been unearthed by the author, and while it bears no date it apparently contained the constitution, by-laws, ritual and oath of these societies.

“Be extremely careful in the selection of your members. Admit no one who is not of good standing in the community, and whom you have not good reason to believe to be firm and uncompromising in his devotion to the Union, and to be relied upon to assist in any emergency in maintaining the laws and good order in the community. This is of the first and highest importance to the order, and if any member shows symptoms of defection, watch him closely.

133“In all cases, deal kindly with your opponents, and strive by gentle means to win them over to a change of sentiment. Many good men may thus be brought within our circle who would otherwise be lost to us.

“The first club established in your county seat will be called the County Club, to which all clubs in the county will report, and by those officers all such clubs will be established. It is important that we be frequently advised as to our strength in the State; and for this purpose each subordinate club will report weekly to the county club the number of members enrolled therein; and the County Club will report monthly to the Ex. Com. at —— the number of clubs and number of members in the county. These reports should be carefully sealed and addressed ——.

“The officers of County Clubs will be supplied with a printed constitution and ritual, and they will furnish officers of subordinate clubs copies of the same, with a strict injunction to secrecy.

“All correspondence must be secret as possible; and in order that this may be accomplished the monthly reports may consist only of the place, date, number of clubs in the county and number of members. No signature must be attached. These reports will be summed up and published by the Ex. Com.

“Strict secrecy as to the working of the organization is enjoined and promptness and vigor in its extension is very important. We must work now and work rapidly. No time is to be lost; our opponents are working vigorously and secretly, but it is not too late to counteract their machinations and utterly overthrow them. Work! Work! Work!

“The object shall be to preserve and maintain the Union and the constitution of the United States and of the State of Kansas, and to defend Kansas against invasion, insurrection, civil commotion and to protect Union men against assassination, arson, robbery, prescription and all other wrongs inflicted by the enemies of the Government of the United States and of this State upon loyal persons.

“The officers shall consist of Pr., V. P., R. S., T., M., and S., who shall hold their office for three months.

“The duties of officers shall be the same as in similar organizations and all business shall be conducted in the usual parliamentary form.

“Persons may become members who are eighteen years of age and upwards, and are citizens of the United States.

“All initiations shall take place in and with the authority of the officers of the club who may delegate suitable persons to initiate members from time to time as occasion requires outside of any regular meeting of the club. Branch clubs may be formed by proper application to this club when the president may appoint suitable persons to establish the same.

“Any member may withdraw from this club by giving written notice of the same to the R. S. at any regular meeting; but the obligations of such member shall remain the same as before.

“This constitution may be altered or amended by giving one week’s notice thereof, by a vote of two-thirds of the executive committee of the State. Each county club may make by-laws for its own organization, not conflicting with this constitution.

“Eternal God! Supreme Ruler, Governor and Architect of the Universe! We humbly beseech Thee to protect the people of the United States in general and especially the members of this organization. Wilt thou be pleased to direct and prosper all our consultations to the advancement of Thy glory, the good of Thy country, the safety, honor and welfare of Thy people, and may all things be ordered and settled by the Legislature and Executive branches of our Government upon the best and surest foundation, so that peace and happiness, truth and justice may be established among us for all generations. Wilt Thou be pleased to guide and direct us as Thou didst our Fathers in the Revolution. With the strength of Thine almighty arm Thou didst uphold and sustain them through all their trials, and at last didst crown them with victory. May 135charity, and brotherly love cement us; may we be united with our principles founded upon the teachings of Thy Holy Word and may Thy Good Spirit guide, strengthen and comfort us, now and forever, Amen.

“All candidates for membership to this club will be required to answer the following questions to be propounded by the marshal before initiation:

“1. Are you opposed to secession or dis-union?

“2. Do you acknowledge that your first and highest allegiance is due to the Government of the United States of America?

“3. Are you willing to take such an oath of allegiance to the United States of America?

“4. Are you willing to pledge yourself to resist to the extent of your power, all attempts to subvert or overthrow the constitution of the United States, or the constitution of the State of Kansas?

“Should the candidates answer affirmatively, the marshal, after repeating to the president, will conduct them into the club room and present them to the president, who shall then address the candidates as follows:

“Gentlemen:—We rejoice that you have thus voluntarily come forward to unite yourselves with us. The cause we advocate is that of our country; banded together for the purpose of perpetuating the liberties for which our fathers fought, we have sworn to uphold and protect them.

“It is a strange and sad necessity which impels American citizens to band themselves together to sustain the constitution and the Union; but the Government under which we live is threatened with destruction. Washington enjoined upon us that ‘the unity of the Government which constitutes us one people is a main pillar in the edifice of our real independence; the support of our tranquility at home, our peace abroad—of our safety, of our prosperity, of that very liberty which we so highly prize.’ He charges that we should ‘properly estimate the immense value of our national Union to our collective and individual happiness; that we should cherish a cordial, habitual and immovable attachment to it; accustoming ourselves to think and speak of it as the palladium of our political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned.’

“He tells us again that ‘to the efficiency and permanency of the Union, a Government for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict between the parts, is an adequate substitute.’

“It is to sustain this Government we are banded together, and for this purpose you are now required to take a solemn obligation.

136“Place your left hand on the National Flag and raise your right hand toward Heaven; repeating after me:

“We and each of us do solemnly swear in the presence of God and these witnesses to support, protect and defend the constitution and Government of the United States and of the State of Kansas against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and to maintain and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, and aid in maintaining the laws of the United States in this State and to defend the State of Kansas against invasion from any State or States and from any other rebellion, invasion, insurrection to the best of our ability without any mental reservation or evasion—So help us God.

“The members will respond.

“To this we pledge ourselves.

“We do severally solemnly swear and affirm that we will protect, aid and defend each member of all Union clubs, and will never make known in any way or manner, to any person or persons, not members of Union clubs, any of the signs, passwords, proceedings, purposes, debates or plans of this or any other club under this organization, except when engaged in admitting new members into this organization.

“The president will then deliver the following address to the candidates:

“‘The oath which you have now taken of your own free will and accord cannot rest lightly upon your conscience, neither can it be violated without leaving the stain of perjury upon your soul. Our country is now in “disorder” and “confusion;” the fires of commotion and contest are now raging in our midst, war has come to us but we cannot, we must not, we dare not omit to do that which in our judgment the safety of the Union requires, not regardless of consequences, we must yet meet consequences; seeing the hazard that surrounds the discharge of public duty, it must yet be discharged. Let us then, cheerfully shun no responsibility justly devolving upon us here or elsewhere in attempting to maintain the Union. Let us cheerfully partake its fortune and its fate. Let us be ready to perform our appropriate part, whenever and wherever the occasion may call us, and to take our chances among those upon whom the blows may fall first and fall thickest.

“‘Above all remember the words of our own immortal Clay: “If Kentucky tomorrow unfurls the banner of resistance, I never will fight under that banner. I owe a paramount allegiance to the whole Union. A subordinate one to my own State.”

“‘Be faithful, then, to your country, for your interests are indissolubly connected with hers; be faithful to these, your brethren, for your life and theirs 137may be involved in this contest; be faithful to posterity for the blessings you have enjoyed in this Government are but held in trust for thee.’

“Response by all the members—We Will!

“The president will then present the constitution and oath to the candidates for their signature.”

Charles Metz, a notorious Jayhawker, whose personal appearance and characteristics are best described in an essay entitled, “The Last of the Jayhawkers,” contributed to the old Kansas Magazine, by John J. Ingalls. “Conspicuous among the irregular heroes who thus sprang to arms in 1861,” says Ingalls, “and ostensibly their leader, was an Ohio stage driver by the name of Charles Metz, who having graduated with honor from the penitentiary of Missouri, assumed for prudential reasons the more euphonious and distinguished appellation of ‘Cleveland.’ He was a picturesque brigand. Had he worn a slashed doublet and trunk hose of black velvet he would have been the ideal of an Italian bandit. Young, erect and tall, he was sparely built and arrayed himself like a gentleman in the costume of the day. His appearance was that of a student. His visage was thin, his complexion olive tinted and colorless, as if ‘sicklied over with a pale cast of thought.’ Black piercing eyes, finely cut features, dark hair and beard correctly trimmed, completed a tout ensemble that was strangely at variance with the aspect of the score of dissolute and dirty desperadoes that formed his command. These were generally degraded ruffians of the worst type, whose highest idea of elegance in personal appearance was to have their mustaches a villainous, metallic black, irrespective of the consideration whether its native hue was red or brown. * * * *

“The vicinity of the fort with its troops rendered Leavenworth undesirable as a base of operations. St. Joseph was also heavily garrisoned, and they accordingly selected Atchison as the point from which to move on the enemy’s works. Atchison at that time contained about 2,500 inhabitants. Its business was transacted upon one street and extended west about four blocks from the river. Its position upon the extreme curve of the ‘Grand Detour of the Missouri, affording unrivaled facilities to the interior in the event of pursuit. Having been principally settled by Southerners it still afforded much legitimate gain for our bird of prey, and its loyal population having already largely enlisted, the city was incapable of organized resistance to the depredations of the marauders.

“They established their headquarters at the saloon of a German named Ernest Renner, where they held their councils of war and whence they started 138upon their forays. The winter was favorable to their designs, as the river closed early, enabling them to cross upon the ice. Cleveland proclaimed himself marshal of Kansas, and announced his determination to run the country. He invited the cordial co-operation of all good citizens to assist him in sustaining the government and punishing its foes. Ignorant of his resources and of his purposes, the people were at first inclined to welcome their strange guests as a protection from the dangers to which they were exposed, but it soon became apparent that the doctors were worse than the disease. They took possession of the town, defied the municipal authorities, and committed such intolerable excesses that their expulsion was a matter of public safety. Their incursions into Missouri were so frequent and audacious that a company of infantry was sent from Weston and stationed at Winthrop to effect their capture, but to no purpose. * * * * If a man had an enemy in any part of the country whom he wished to injure, he reported him to Cleveland as a rebel, and the next night he was robbed of all he possessed and considered fortunate if he escaped without personal violence. * * * * A small detachment of cavalry was sent from the fort to take them, but just as they had dismounted in front of the saloon and were hitching their horses, Cleveland appeared at the door with a cocked navy in each hand and told them that he would shoot the first man who moved a finger. Calling two or three of his followers he disarmed the dragoons, took their horses and equipments and sent them back on foot to reflect upon the vicissitudes of military affairs. Early in 1862 the condition became desperate and the city authorities, in connection with the commander at Winthrop, concerted a scheme which brought matters to a crisis. Cleveland and about a dozen of his gang were absent in Missouri on a scout. The time of their return was known, and Marshal Charles Holbert had his force stationed in the shadow of an old warehouse near the bank of the river. It was a brilliant moonlight night in mid-winter. The freebooters emerged from the forest and crossed upon the ice. They were freshly mounted and each one had a spare horse. Accompanying them were two sleighs loaded with negroes, harness and miscellaneous plunder. As they ascended the steep shore of the levee, unconscious of danger, they were all taken prisoners except Cleveland, who turned suddenly, spurred his horse down the embankment and escaped. The captives were taken to Weston, where they soon afterward enlisted in the Federal army. The next day Cleveland rode into town, captured the city marshal on the street and declared his intention to hold him as a hostage for the safety of his men. He compelled the 139marshal to walk by the side of his horse a short distance, when finding a crowd gathering for his capture, he struck him a blow on the head with his pistol and fled.”

Cleveland continued his exploits for a number of months after this, but was finally captured in one of the southern counties where he was attempting to let himself down the side of a ravine. He was shot by a soldier from above, and the ball entered his arm and passed through his body. He was buried in St. Joseph. Mo., and a marble head stone over his grave bears the following inscription, placed there by his widow: “One hero less on earth, one angel more in heaven.”

As the direct result of the operations of Cleveland and his gang, the spirit of lawlessness grew and the people finally “took the law into their own hands.” Perhaps the best account of the lynchings that followed was given by Hon. Mont. Cochran March 17, 1902, at the time a Congressman from Missouri, but formerly a leading citizen and county attorney of Atchison. Mr. Cochran said:

“The thieves who fell victims to Judge Lynch, while not known as Cleveland’s gang, operated extensively throughout the period of lawlessness in which no effort whatever was made to bring the outlaws to justice. After the Cleveland gang had been effectively broken up, these depredatory scoundrels continued their operations. Their last crime, and the one for which they were gibbeted, was the attempted robbery of an old man named Kelsey. He had received at Ft. Leavenworth $1,500 on a Government contract, and, upon returning home by the way of Atchison, he deposited it in Hetherington’s bank. The thieves went to his house at night and demanded the money. Of course, he could not produce it. They tortured the old man and his wife alternately for hours, and when after the departure of the thieves, the neighbors were called in, Kelsey and his wife were nearer dead than alive. The next morning hundreds of their neighbors, armed to the teeth, swarmed into Atchison. In Third street, north of Commercial, was a little log building, which had been the home of an early settler, in which was a gunsmith’s shop. Three or four of the farmers went there to have their fire arms put in order. When they came out one of them had a revolver in his hand. Two fellows standing by, seeing the farmers approaching, dived into an alley and started westward at lightning speed. The farmers pursued and at the house of a notorious character, known as Aunt Betsey, the fugitives were run to cover. The house was surrounded and they were captured. One of them was Sterling, the fiddler and pianist of the bagnio. Other arrests 140followed until five were in durance. Then ensued probably the most extraordinary proceeding known to the annals of Judge Lynch. The mob took possession of the jail and the court house and for a week held them. The prisoners were tried one by one. Sterling was convicted and executed. An elm tree, standing on the banks of White Clay creek, in the southwest quarter of the town, was admirably suited to the purpose. When the wagon, bearing Sterling to his doom reached the ground the whole town was in attendance. A range of hills to the south swarmed with women. Asa Barnes, a prominent farmer, a man of iron resolution and unswerving honesty, was the leader of the mob. With clinched teeth and blanched face he ordered Sterling to take his place on the seat of the wagon, and, while the desperado was as game as a peacock, he promptly obeyed. Standing on the wagon seat Sterling took off his hat, banged it down and placing his foot on it, shook his clenched hand at the sea of upturned faces, and with a volley of imprecations, said: ‘I am the best d—d man that ever walked the earth and if you will drop me down and give me a gun, I will fight any ten of you.’ Sandy Corbin, a great bluffer, who bore but little better reputation than the man with the noose on his neck, pretended that he wanted to fight Sterling single-handed. Nobody else paid any attention to Sterling’s ravings, and in a twinkling he was swung into eternity. The next day two others, a man named Brewer, a soldier at home on a furlough, and a young fellow known as Pony, met the same fate. There was much sympathy for Pony. He was a drunkard and all his delinquencies were attributed to this weakness. Just as they were ready to swing him up, two or three members of the mob told him that if he would give information as to others implicated, but who had not been arrested, they would save him. His reply was: ‘I went into this thing as a man and I will die as a man.’ There was a stir among those nearest the wagon and it was discovered that an effort was being made to save the boy from death. The traces were cut and the horses led away. The effort failed. Fifty men seized the wagon and dragged it away. The fourth to suffer the vengeance of the mob was an old gray-haired man named Moody. At the trial he strongly protested his innocence, and promised, if given a respite of twenty-four hours, he would prove an alibi. This was granted, but the witnesses were not forthcoming and the next day the old man was put to death. A priest visited him in jail, which was constantly surrounded day and night, and when he came out after administering the rights of the church to the doomed man, it was remarked by those who saw him that the priest was as pale as a ghost. The report gained currency that 141when asked if Moody was innocent, he refused to answer yea or nay, and, although it had not then developed that Moody could not produce the witnesses he promised, the conduct of the priest was taken as proof that Moody was guilty. During the week in which these extraordinary proceedings took place, the mob was in undisputed control of the court house and jail. Judge Lynch was perched upon the wool sack and a jury of twelve men, who had qualified under oath, in the usual form, occupied the jury box. Not the slightest effort at concealment was made by those who led or those who followed. In my judgment no other course was left open to the community.

“Not less than 500 men were driven out of Kansas on the charge of disloyalty in 1861 and 1862, with the approval of men of excellent character, by thugs and scoundrels, who made no concealment of the fact that they lived by horse stealing and house breaking. From the beginning of the Civil war until peace was declared, the Kansas border from the Nebraska State line to the Indian Territory, was a scene of lawlessness and disorder. In the earlier years of the war, thieves regularly organized into companies, with captains whose authority was recognized by the rank and file, with headquarters in the towns and cities of eastern Kansas, masqueraded as saviors of the Union, and upon the pretense that they were serving the cause, thrived amazingly by pillaging the farm houses and barns of neighboring counties in Missouri. Atchison was the headquarters of the Cleveland gang—the most active and the boldest of the banditti. The gang did not hesitate to cross over to Missouri and steal horses, and returning to Atchison sell them in broad daylight. Usually these raids were made at night, but there was no concealment of the business they were engaged in, nor of the fact that hundreds of the horses sold by them were stolen from farmers of Buchanan, Platte and Clinton counties. In the capacity of saviors of the Union, they took upon themselves the task of driving all persons suspected of sympathy for ‘the lost cause’ out of Kansas. P. T. Abell, J. T. Hereford, Headley & Carr, prominent lawyers, were notified to leave or they would be killed. They departed. Headley, Carr and Hereford served in the Confederate army. Abell lived in exile until after the war was over, and then returned to Atchison. He was one of the founders of the town, and before the war was the partner of Gen. B. F. Stringfellow. Tom Ray, proprietor of an extensive blacksmithing and wagon shop, was banished. In a month or two he returned, but not until after he had halted at Winthrop, a village opposite Atchison and opened up negotiations which resulted in a grant of permission to remain in Atchison long enough to settle 142up his business and collect considerable sums due from his customers. He registered at the old Massasoit House, but did not tarry long. Maj. R. H. Weightman, an early settler, who left Atchison in 1861, and accepted a colonel’s commission in the Confederate army, had been killed at Wilson’s Creek. While sitting in the Massasoit House barroom, Ray was approached by Sandy Corbin, a somewhat notorious character, who handled most of the horses stolen by Cleveland’s thieves. Corbin mentioned Weightman’s death, expressing satisfaction at his untimely end, and applying all the epithets known to the abandoned, to the dead man. Ray expostulated, and finally warned Corbin to desist or expect a thrashing. Corbin rushed to his room and returned with two revolvers, so adjusted upon his belt that Ray could not help seeing them. Ray, who was a giant in size, seized Corbin, threw him face downward upon a billiard table, and with a blacksmith’s hand as large as a ham, spanked him until he was almost insensible. Then he hurriedly boarded the ferry boat, crossed the river and made his way to Montana, where he lived until his death, twenty years ago.

“Cleveland’s lieutenant, a fellow named Hartman, was the worst of the gang, and was guilty of so many and such flagrant outrages upon the prominent citizens that in sheer desperation, four men, all of whom are now dead, met and drew straws to see who would kill Hartman—(1) Jesse C. Crall, during his life prominent in politics and business; (2) George T. Challiss, for thirty years a deacon in the Baptist church and a prominent wholesale merchant and identified prominently with Atchison affairs; (3) James McEwen, a cattle buyer and butcher; (4) The fourth man was a prominent physician. Each of these had suffered intolerable outrages at the hands of Hartman. He had visited their houses and terrified their wives by notifying them that unless their husbands left Atchison within a specified period they would be mobbed. Even the children of two of the victims of persecution had been abused. They met at the physician’s office, and after a prolonged conference, at which it was agreed that neither would leave until Hartman had been killed, proceeded to draw straws to see which would undertake the work. Crall held the straws, McEwen drew the short straw and the job fell to his lot. Atchison is bisected by two or three brooks, one of which traverses the northwest section of the town and runs into White Clay creek. This ravine has very precipitous banks, and was crossed by several foot bridges. At the east approach of the bridge was a tall elm tree. McEwen took his position under this tree, and awaited the appearance of Hartman, who necessarily passed that way in going home at night. When 143Hartman was half-way across the bridge, McEwen stepped out, dropped to his knee, leveled a double-barreled shotgun and turned loose. He filled Hartman with buckshot from his head to his heels, but strange to say, the fellow did not die for months afterward. Had either of the others drawn the fatal straw, no doubt Hartman would have been killed in broad daylight, on the streets, but McEwen concluded to give the fellow no chance for his life.”

The First Kansas volunteer cavalry was the first regiment to be raised under the call of President Lincoln May 8, 1861. It was mustered into the service at Ft. Leavenworth June 3, 1861. George W. Deitzler, of Lawrence, was colonel, and the following men from Atchison were officers: George H. Faicheled, captain, Company C; Camille Aguiel, first lieutenant: Rinaldo A. Barker, second lieutenant; James W. Martin, second lieutenant of Company B. Within ten days of the date this regiment was mustered in, they received orders for active service. The regiment joined the army of General Lyon at Grand River, Mo., and on July 10 arrived at Springfield, where the force of General Sigel was gathered. The united forces of the rebels, under Price and McCullouch, was concentrated at Wilson’s Creek, twelve miles from Springfield, and was strongly entrenched there, where the initial engagement of the First Kansas regiment took place. This regiment went into the engagement with 644 men and officers, and lost seventy-seven killed and 333 wounded. The rebel forces were estimated to be 5,300 infantry, fifteen pieces of artillery, and 6,000 horsemen, with a loss of 265 killed, 721 wounded, and 292 missing. The Union forces numbered about 5,000, with a loss of about 1,000. It was one of the fiercest and most determined battles of the Civil war, and both officers and privates in the companies from Atchison displayed great bravery. First Lieut. Camille Aguiel was among the killed, and privates Henry W. Totten and Casper Broggs, together with Corporal William F. Parker, of Atchison, also lost their lives in this engagement.

The Seventh regiment Kansas cavalry was ordered into active service immediately following its organization. Colonel Daniel R. Anthony, of Leavenworth, was a lieutenant-colonel of this regiment, and among the line officers was William S. Morehouse, of Atchison, who was second lieutenant. This regiment saw a great deal of active service in the Civil war, and was first attacked by the rebels November 11, 1861, while encamped in western Missouri, on the Little Blue river. Following a furious battle the regiment lost nine of its force by death and thirty-two wounded. This regiment 144subsequently participated in an engagement at Little Santa Fe and at Independence. In January, 1862, the Seventh regiment went into camp at Humboldt, Kan., and remained there until it was ordered to Lawrence in the following March, and subsequently was ordered to Corinth, Miss., and from thence to Rienzi, Miss., where it was assigned to the First Cavalry brigade, of which Phillip H. Sheridan was commander, and subsequently saw much service in Tennessee and other points in the South, and participated in the various actions that occurred during General Smith’s expedition to the Tallahatchee, after which the balance of their active service took place in Missouri. It was mustered out at Ft. Leavenworth September 4, 1865.

The Eighth regiment Kansas infantry was perhaps closer to the hearts of the people of Atchison county than any other regiment that participated in the Civil war, for the reason that its lieutenant-colonel was the beloved John A. Martin, editor of the Atchison Champion, and subsequently governor of Kansas. It was originally recruited and intended for home and frontier service. The fear of invasion, both by hostile Indians on the west, and the rebels on the south and east, kept fear alive in the hearts of many residents of Kansas, and for this purpose it was deemed desirable to have a regiment of volunteer soldiers close at hand. As originally organized, this regiment consisted of six infantry and two cavalry companies, but various changes were made during the three months following its organization. It saw active service throughout the South, and participated in many of the important battles of the Civil war, but in none did it play a more conspicuous part than in the great battle of Mission Ridge. The following is from Colonel Martin’s official report of the part taken by the Eighth Kansas in this engagement:

“Shortly after noon, on the twenty-fifth (November), we were ordered to advance on the enemy’s position at the foot of Mission Ridge, and moved out of our works, forming in the second line of the battle. We at once advanced steadily in line through the woods and across the open field in front of the enemy’s entrenchments to the foot of the hill, subjected during the whole time to a heavy artillery fire from the enemy’s batteries, and as soon as we reached the open field, to a destructive musketry fire. Reaching the first line of works we halted to rest our men for a few moments, and then advanced through a terrible storm of artillery and musketry, to the foot of the hill and up it as rapidly as possible. The crest of the ridge at the point where we moved up was formed like a horseshoe. We advanced in the interior, while the enemy’s batteries and infantry on the right and left, 145as well as in the center, poured upon us a most terrific fire. But the men never faltered or wavered, although from the nature of the ground, regiments were mingled one with another, and company organization could not possibly be preserved. Each man struggled to be first on top, and the officers and men of the regiment, without a single exception, exhibited the highest courage and the most devoted gallantry in this fearful charge.

“The enemy held their ground until we were less than a dozen yards from their breastworks, when they broke in wild confusion and fled in panic down the hill on the opposite side. A portion of our men pursued them for nearly a mile, capturing and hauling back several pieces of artillery and caissons, which the enemy were trying to run off.

“We occupied the summit of Mission Ridge until the night of the twenty-sixth, when we were ordered to return to camp at Chattanooga.

“Our loss was one commissioned officer wounded and three enlisted men killed and thirty-one wounded. The regiment went into the battle with an aggregate force of 217 men and officers.

“Where all behaved with such conspicuous courage, it is difficult to make distinction, but I cannot forebear mentioning my adjutant-lieutenant, Sol. R. Washer. Wounded at Chicakamauga, and not yet recovered from the effects of his wound, and suffering from a severe sprain of the ankle, which prevented his walking, he mounted his horse and rode through the whole battle, always foremost in danger.”

The Eighth infantry remained in camp at Chattanooga until it removed to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville, which city was reached on December 7. About the same time Sherman’s corps arrived. The winter of 1863 was spent in east Tennessee, and in the following February arrived home in Atchison and Ft. Leavenworth. There was great rejoicing and celebration and both officers and soldiers were greeted with waving banners, ringing bells, booming cannon, and there was much feasting and speech making. The regiment was home on a furlough, and early in April the men re-assembled at Leavenworth and on the twelfth of that month was ordered to report back to Chattanooga, where it subsequently saw service in the Cumberland mountains, and throughout the State of Tennessee.

Colonel Martin was mustered out at Pulaski November 17, his term of enlistment having expired, and the following day he left for the North, but the regiment was not mustered out of service until the following January.

The Tenth regiment, Kansas infantry, was made up of the Third and Fourth and a small portion of the Fifth Kansas regiments, and among its 146officers were Mathew Quigg, captain of Company D; Seth M. Tucker, first lieutenant, and David Whittaker, second lieutenant, all of Atchison. The activities of this regiment were largely confined to operations in Missouri and Arkansas, and afterwards in Tennessee. In December, 1864, it arrived at Clinton, Miss., without tents or blankets, and many of the men without shoes or overcoats. During January it made an expedition into Mississippi, and the latter part of that month marched to Waterloss, Ala., remaining there until February 8, when it embarked for Vicksburg, where it remained until February 19, and subsequently operated around Mobile, and the men of this regiment were employed as skirmishers in the joint advance upon the fortifications around Mobile. It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., September 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. The regiment was mostly composed of veterans, who understood the life of a soldier, and realized the hardships of military campaigns. They did their duty, whether it was in guarding their own State from invasion, or assaulting the rebels at the siege of Ft. Blakely.

The Thirteenth regiment, Kansas infantry, had more officers in it from Atchison than any of the regiments that participated in the Civil war. It was raised under President Lincoln’s call of July, 1862, and was recruited by Cyrus Leland, Sr., of Troy, Kan., by virtue of authority from James H. Lane, in the counties of Brown, Atchison, Doniphan, Marshall and Nemaha. The regiment was organized September 10, 1862, at Camp Staunton, Atchison, and mustered into the service ten days later. Colonel of this regiment was Thomas M. Bowen, of Marysville, and the major was Caleb A. Woodworth, of Atchison. Among the line officers from Atchison were: Henry Havenkorst, captain of Company B; August Langehemeken, second lieutenant; Henry R. Neal, captain; Robert Manville, second lieutenant; John E. Hayes, captain, Company F; Archimedes S. Speck, first lieutenant; William J. May, second lieutenant; Patrick McNamara, captain, Company K; Daniel C. O’Keefe, first lieutenant; Hugh Dougherty, second lieutenant.

The regiment joined a division of General Blunt soon after the battle of Old Ft. Wayne, and participated in various engagements in Arkansas. At the battle of Prairie Grove, it was one of the first regiments to be engaged, and in every attempt to capture the battery of which this regiment formed the support at this battle, was successfully repulsed, with heavy losses to the rebels. This battle virtually finished the campaign for the winter. It subsequently did garrison and out-post duty in Arkansas, and in the Cherokee Nation. The regiment remained on duty at Ft. Smith, Ark., until 147March 3, 1865, when it was ordered to Little Rock, Ark., and on June 26 of that year was mustered out of service.

Among the privates of this regiment from Atchison, who were killed, were: James L. Parnell, of Mount Pleasant, and John Collins and Lorenzo Richardson, of Atchison.

Thomas Roe, a fine, stout young man, son of a widowed mother, of Brownsville, Pa., was the only member of Company D, of the Second Kansas cavalry, that lost his life in battle during its nearly four years of service in the Civil war. This company participated in the battles of Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, in Arkansas, and other engagements. Roe came to Kansas with the late Thomas Butcher, for whom he worked until going into the war of the rebellion.

In May, 1861, a company of home guards was organized by Free State men, of Lancaster and Shannon townships, Atchison county, with a few from Brown and Doniphan counties, which gathered every Saturday afternoon for drill, alternating at the homes of Johnson Wymore and Robert White. Robert White, who had received military training during the Mexican war, having served there in 1846–48, did most of the drilling. A. J. Evans was captain; Robert White, first lieutenant; John Bertwell, of Brown county, was second lieutenant.

The pro-slavery people were also organized and drilling at the same time, consisting of South Carolinians, Virginians and Missourians, who were for the Confederacy and slavery.

At a Sunday school meeting on the prairie, held in a vacant settler’s shanty near Eden postoffice, where both sides in the neighborhood worshiped on Sundays, Robert White found out on a Sunday in August, 1861, that a southern organization was to disarm all Free State men the following Tuesday. His nearest neighbor and a good friend, also a southerner, thought White had found this out and came and visited him a good part of Sunday afternoon and staying in the evening until after 10 o’clock before going home, White showing no excitement. Willis went home, seemingly much at ease, but he was watched by his friend White until safely resting at his home, when White went and called another Free State man from his bed who notified half the Free State company and White the other half, causing them to meet early the following Monday, when by the middle of the afternoon of that day every pro-slavery man in that part of the country had his fire arms taken from him, and before Tuesday evening all of them had departed for Missouri.

148Most of the members of the Free State company enlisted in the following October as volunteers for three years’ service in the Union army and became known as Company D of Second Kansas cavalry. Robert White, who was commissioned as first lieutenant in Company D, was discharged and sent home to die with a serious case of inflammatory rheumatism, but he recovered so far that in 1863 he raised and drilled a company that became a part of the State militia. He was commissioned captain of this company and led it in the Price raid at the battle of Westport in 1864 as a part of the regiment commanded by Col. L. S. Treat in helping keep Capt. White’s old brigade, commanded by Gen. Sterling Price, of the Mexican war, from getting into Kansas. The late M. J. Cloyes and T. B. Platt, of Atchison, were members of Captain White’s company in the Price raid. Platt was clerk of the company; John English was first lieutenant; W. F. Streeter, second lieutenant, and Francis Schletzbaum was first sergeant.

The Seventeenth regiment, Kansas infantry, was a negro regiment, but with white officers. James M. Williams was colonel, and George J. Martin, of Atchison, was captain of Company B, and William G. White and Luther Dickinson, of Atchison, were first and second lieutenants. This regiment played an honorable part during all the Civil war, and its service was largely confined to operations in Arkansas and Texas. It was mustered out of service at Pine Bluff, Ark., October 1, 1865.

The Second regiment, Kansas colored infantry, was organized in June, 1863, at Ft. Smith, Ark., and among its line officers was First Lieut. John M. Cain, of Atchison. It conducted itself with conspicuous bravery with the army of the frontier, and during the brief occupation of Camden, Ark., by General Steele’s forces, this regiment was employed on picket and forage duty. It showed conspicuous bravery around Poison Springs and Mark’s Mills, and under the able command of Col. Samuel J. Crawford, who subsequently became governor of Kansas, it won for itself an enviable name among the regiments from Kansas, who participated in the Civil war. This regiment was finally discharged from the services at Leavenworth November 27, 1865, after having proved to the Nation the fidelity of the colored soldier.

It was in September, 1864, that General Sterling Price created great consternation by an attempted invasion of Kansas, which ended in his defeat on the border by the Union forces, aided by the Kansas State militia. At the time Price started north in his march through Arkansas and Missouri. Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis commanded the Department of Kansas, which 149included Nebraska, Colorado and Indian Territory, in addition to Kansas. General Curtis had about 4,500 men, all of whom had been employed in protecting the frontiers of Kansas and Colorado, and the overland mail route. At this time General Curtis was near Ft. Kearney, operating against the Indians. On receipt of word announcing the movements of General Price, General Curtis was recalled and reached Kansas in September. A few days later he received word that 3,000 rebels were marching on Ft. Scott, and advised Governor Carney to call the militia into service. At this time George W. Deitzler was major-general of the State militia; John T. Norton was assistant adjutant-general; R. A. Randlett, assistant quartermaster; Samuel S. Atwood, assistant quartermaster; Charles Chadwick, George T. Robinson, Lewis T. Welmorth, John J. Ingalls, Thomas White, Elijah G. Moore, H. Stein, and John A. Leffkler were all majors. Constant reports of a conflicting nature were spread from day to day, regarding the movements of General Price, but the first point to be attacked was Pilot Knob, the engagement commencing September 27 and lasting all day. General Ewing put up a vigorous defense, with a force of about 1,000 men, while the militia commanders in Kansas made preparations for further resistance to the invasion of Price. Meanwhile General Price continued to make headway, and on the fourth of October an order was issued forbidding the transit of boats below Kansas City. When it was discovered that the rebels under Price had not been seriously checked in their movement westward, further efforts were made by General Curtis to prevail upon Governor Kearney to call out the militia, which the Governor seemed disinclined to do. Finally, on October 9, 1864, Major General Deitzler issued an order for the State militia from Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha and Marshall counties to rendezvous at Atchison, and the militia from other counties were ordered to other points in the State. A few days later Leavenworth was fortified, because of a telegram which was received from General Rosecrans, stating that it was Price’s intention to strike that point first. The militia responded promptly, and the following regiments reported for service at Atchison: The Twelfth regiment, composed of 460 men, under the command of Col. L. S. Treat, and the Eighteenth regiment, composed of 400 men, under the command of Colonel Mathew Quigg. The total number of militia enrolled under the call of the governor was 12,622, of which about 10,000 were south of the Kansas river at the point most exposed to danger. From the eleventh until the sixteenth of the month there was great excitement, as the forces rapidly gathered, to 150be organized and equipped. On the staff of General Deitzler there were two men from Atchison: A. S. Hughes, an aide, and John J. Ingalls, judge-advocate, with the rank of major.

As a result of this determined move on the part of Gen. Sterling Price to invade Kansas, there followed in quick succession the battle of Lexington, the battle of Big Blue, and finally the battle of Westport, at which, on October 23, 1864, the forces of Price were finally routed and his campaign and invasion were stopped, but not until it had caused the citizens of Kansas, in addition to the labor and loss of life, not less than half a million dollars.

PIONEER TRANSPORTATION—EARLY FERRIES AND RATES—FAMOUS RIVER BOATS—STEAMBOAT LINES TO ATCHISON—STEAMBOAT REGISTERS.

Slight reference has been made in the early narrative of this history to pioneer transportation facilities, but the subject is one of so much importance and of such immense interest, that a chapter devoted to it is the only way in which it can be adequately treated.

At the time Atchison county was settled, railroad transportation by steam was not a new thing, although it was in its primitive stages. Navigation of the inland waterways had reached rather a high state of development, and the matter of transportation then was just as essential to the purposes of civilization as in this day of the railroad and the automobile, but it was many years before the steam railroads made the steamboat traffic of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers obsolete. The tremendous subsidies granted by the Government in later years for railroad building, however, and the splendid opportunity for piling up wealth in the projection of new railroads and the operation of them, without Governmental restrictions, together with the advantage of speedier transportation facilities, completely overshadowed the steamboat business, and as a result, our great inland waterway system has grown into practical disuse. Shortly after Atchison county was organized, and the city of Atchison laid out, agitation was started for railroad connections with the East. One of the first ordinances passed by the city council in 1858 provided for an election to submit a proposition to take $100,000.00 of stock in railroad. At that time the only means of communication to the outside world Atchison had was by steamboats to St. Louis. It was in October, 1855, that George M. Million, Lewis Burnes, D. D. Burnes, James N. Burnes and Calvin F. Burnes commenced the operation of a ferry across 152the Missouri river. Their dock on the Kansas side was at the foot of Atchison street. Their charter was secured from the legislature under the terms of which a bond of $1,000.00 was required to insure the faithful performance of their operations. Although there was no public utilities commission in Kansas in 1855, the legislature took upon itself the task of fixing the rates to be charged by the ferry owners, in order that the public would not be robbed. They were as follows:

The original promoters operated the ferry but a short time, and early in the following year, they disposed of their interests to Dr. William L. Challiss, and his brother, Luther C. Challiss, and Willis E. Gaylord, and the ferry, under Dr. Challiss, and subsequent owners, continued in operation until 1875, when the present bridge was built.

About the time the first ferry was established in Atchison, a number of Salt Lake freighters selected the town as a starting and outfitting point and from that time until 1866, Atchison was the eastern terminus of many of the leading overland mail and freighting routes. It was the natural location for communication with the West, as it was twelve miles further west in Kansas than any other point on the Missouri river. Freight and passengers were brought to the Atchison levee, at the foot of Commercial street, by a regular line of Packets plying between St. Louis and St. Joseph. It required eight days to make the round trip, and in the very early days, as many or four to six boats landed here in the busy season.

During the winter months traffic on the river was practically suspended, on account of the ice. These boats carried as many as 400 passengers, the 153fare from St. Louis to St. Joseph ranging from $10.00 to $15.00, which included meals and state rooms. The cooking was said to have been very fine, and the passengers always enjoyed the best that money could buy.

In addition to passengers, these boats carried from 500 to 600 tons of freight, and the rates were as high as $2.50 per cwt. on merchandise that would not cost to exceed fifteen cents per cwt. in these days. The crew consisted of 80 to 100 men, and the value of these boats was estimated to be about $45,000.00 each. The river then, as now, was filled with sandbars and it required the greatest experience to pilot a boat safely to its destination, and as a result, experienced pilots would command monthly salaries ranging from $250.00 to $500.00. Each boat carried two pilots. A. B. Symns, for many years a successful wholesale grocery merchant in Atchison, E. K. Blair, the miller, and George W. Bowman, who also subsequently engaged in the grocery business, were employees on several of the steamboats that landed at Atchison. Stories of gambling and revelries, by day and by night, are not uncommon, and it is said it was not an unusual sight to see as many as ten games of poker going on in the main cabins on every trip, in which real money and not mere chips were used. Among the famous boats on the river in the early days were the “Hesperian,” which burned near Atchison in 1859; the “Converse,” “Kate Kinney,” “Fort Aubrey,” “Morning Star,” “John D. Perry,” “Sioux City,” “Omaha,” “Carrier,” and the “James H. Lucas,” which made the record run from St. Louis to St. Joseph, encompassing the trip in fifty-nine hours and twenty-two minutes, were among the well known boats that docked at the Atchison levee from time to time. The leading wharfmaster of the steamboat days was Mike Finney, who was the father of Atchison’s present mayor (1915). James H. Garside succeeded him and remained in the position until steamboat days had passed. Had the Missouri river been the beneficiary of the bounty of the Government, as the railroads were in that day, it would still be a splendid auxiliary of our transportation system. The Missouri river, so far as Atchison is concerned, is in the same condition it was in when Mark Twain made an early trip on it from St. Louis to St. Joseph. In “Roughing It,” he said:

“We were six days going from St. Louis to St. Joseph, a trip that was so dull and sleepy and eventless, that it has left no more impression on my memory than if its duration had been six minutes instead of that many days. No record is left in my mind now concerning it, but a confused jumble of savage looking snags, which we deliberately walked over with one wheel or the other; and of reefs which we butted and butted and then retired from, and 154climbed over in some softer place; and of sand bars which we roosted on occasionally and rested, and then got our crutches and sparred over. In fact the boat might as well have gone to St. Joseph by land, for she was walking most of the time anyhow—climbing over reefs and clambering over snags, patiently and laboriously all day long. The captain said she was a bully boat, and all she wanted was more “shear” and a bigger wheel. I thought she wanted a pair of stilts, but I had the sagacity not to say so.”

Every boat on the above list except eight have passed down again, making in all, sixty landings at our wharf, in the short space of thirteen days.

(From Freedom’s Champion, Atchison, April 3, 1858.)

One of the following Splendid Steamers Will leave

157OFFICE on the Levee.

(From Freedom’s Champion, Atchison, March 27, 1858.)

ATCHISON AS AN OUTFITTING POINT—FREIGHTING COMPANIES—PRINCIPAL ROUTES—STAGE LINES—OVERLAND MAIL ROUTES—BEN HOLLADAY—BUTTERFIELD’S OVERLAND DISPATCH—TIME TO DENVER—TABLES OF TIME AND DISTANCES ON VARIOUS ROUTES—STATISTICAL.

Atchison was chosen as an outfitting point for the Salt Lake freighters, in addition to many other reasons, because we had one of the best steamboat landings on the river, and had the best wagon road in the country leading west. Twenty-four miles west of Atchison this road was intersected by the old overland mail trail from St. Joseph. Leavenworth had laid out a new road west, over which it was planned to run the Pike’s Peak Express stages in the spring of 1859, as well as the mule and ox teams, for Denver and the mountain mining camps. A branch road was also opened to intersect this route from Atchison in the spring of 1859, under the direction of Judge F. G. Adams. The expedition started west from Atchison in the spring of that year, over what is now known and was then known as the Parallel road, then through Muscotah and America City, across into the Big Blue river, near Blue Rapids, and westward through Jewell county. The object of this expedition was to open a shorter route to the mountains than the one opened by the Leavenworth company, and the route proposed did save sixty-five miles distance, and almost twelve hours time. E. D. Boyd, an engineer, measured the entire distance from Atchison to Denver. He also made an accurate report, showing distances and the crossing of streams, and a brief description of the entire route, which was published in the Atchison Champion, in June, 1859. According to that report, the distance from Atchison to Denver was 620 miles. But notwithstanding the advantage of this new road, it was abandoned immediately and never traveled by ox or mule trains out of Atchison, for the reason that 159the old military road by Fort Kearney and along the Platte river enjoyed Government protection from the Indians, and was settled at intervals almost the entire distance.

During the period of overland freighting on the plains, more trains left Atchison than any other point on the river. The leading firms engaged in the freighting business were, Stevens & Porter; Dennison & Brown; Hockaday-Burr & Company; J. S. Galbraith: George W. Howe; Brown Brothers; E. K. Blair; I. N. Bringman; Roper & Nesbitt; Harrison Brothers; Henry Reisner; J. C. Peters; P. K. Purcell; R. E. Wilson; Will Addoms; George I. Stebbins; John C. Bird; William Home; Amos Howell; Owen Degan, and a number of others.

The cost of shipping merchandise to Denver was very high, as everything was carried by the pound, rather than by the hundred pounds rate. Flour, bacon, molasses, whiskey, furniture and trunks were carried at pound rates. The rates per pound on merchandise shipped by ox or mule wagons from Atchison to Denver prior to 1860, were as follows:

It has been said by those who witnessed the tremendous overland traffic of the late fifties and the early sixties, that those of this generation can form no conception of the enormous amount of traffic overland there was in those days. Trains were being constantly outfitted not only at Atchison, but at other points along the river. Twenty-one days was about the time required for a span of horses or mules to make the trip to Denver and keep the stock in good condition. It required five weeks for ox trains to make the same distance, and to Salt Lake, horses and mules were about six weeks making the trip, and ox trains were on the road from sixty-five to seventy days. It was the ox upon which mankind depended in those days to carry on the commerce 160of the plains. They were the surest and safest for hauling a large part of the freight destined for the towns and camps west of the Missouri river. Next in importance to the ox, was the mule, because they were tough and reliable, and could endure fatigue.

The year of 1859 was a big year in the history of Atchison, for in that year the percentage of the growth of the town was greater than any other year in its history. The fact that it was the best point on the Missouri river for the overland staging and freighting outfits, brought it in greater commercial prominence. At that time, Irwin & McGraw were prominent contractors, who were supplying the various military posts on the frontier. The mere fact that these Government trains were started from Atchison, gave the town wonderful prestige.

It was nothing unusual to see two or three steamboats lying at the levee, discharging freight, and as many more in sight either going up the river from St. Louis, or down the river from St. Joe. It was not uncommon for a boat to be loaded at Pittsburgh, Pa., or Cincinnati, Ohio, going down the Ohio river and up the Mississippi and Missouri to Atchison; it was not an unusual sight to see a whole boat load of wagons and ox yokes, mining machinery, boilers and other material necessary for the immense trade of the West.

The greater part of the traffic out of Atchison to the West was over the Military road, along the south bank of the Platte, and along this road teams of six to eight yoke of cattle, hauling heavily loaded wagons, and strings of four or six horse or mule teams, formed almost an endless procession.

The liveliest period of overland trade extended from 1859 to 1866, during which time there was on the plains and in the mountains an estimated floating population of 250,000. The greater majority of the people on the plains produced but few of the necessities of life, and consequently they had to be supplied from the Missouri river. During the closing year of the Civil war, the travel was immense, most of the emigration going into the gold mining camps of the Northwest.

While there was considerable freighting out of Atchison to the West following the opening of the Territory, overland staging did not reach its height until 1861. The era of overland staging from the Missouri river to the Pacific coast lasted altogether about eight years. The first great overland staging enterprise started in 1858, on what is known as the Southern or Butterfield route. This route ran from St. Louis and Memphis, Tenn., intersecting at Ft. Smith, Ark. After being in operation for nearly three years, the route was succeeded by a daily line on the Central route, which ran from 161the Missouri river five years, first starting at St. Joseph, Mo., July 1, 1861, and then from Atchison in September of that year. On the Central route, the through staging came to a close after the completion of the Union Pacific railroad from Omaha across the continent. Originally the stage enterprise was known as the Overland Mail Company—the Southern or Butterfield line. After it was transferred north and ran in connection with the stages to Denver, it was known as the Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak Express Company. After passing into the hands of Ben Holladay, it became the Overland Stage Line, and finally the name was changed to the Holladay Overland Mail Express Company. In 1866, the line had been consolidated with the Butterfield Overland Dispatch, a stage company which was organized in 1865, with headquarters in Atchison.

Atchison’s importance as an overland staging terminus was fixed by reason of an order of the United States Postoffice Department. Before the final change, making Atchison headquarters and starting point for the mail, the road from Atchison westward intersected the road from St. Joseph at Kennekuk. The distance from Atchison to Kennekuk was twenty-four miles, while it was about thirty-five miles from St. Joseph, and consequently there was a saving of about nine miles in favor of Atchison. This was an important item, in carrying the mails, and resulted in the order of the Postoffice Department making Atchison the starting point. The distance by the overland stage line from Atchison to Placerville was 1,913 miles, and following the abandonment of the Butterfield or Southern route, it became the longest and the most important stage line in America. There were 153 stations between Atchison and Placerville, located about twelve and one-half miles apart. The local fare was $225.00, or about twelve cents per mile, and as high as $2,000.00 a day was frequently taken in at the Atchison office for passenger fare alone. The fare between Atchison and Denver was $75.00, or a little over eight cents per mile, and to Salt Lake City, $150.00. Local fares ran as high as fifteen cents per mile. Each passenger was allowed twenty-five pounds of baggage. All in excess of that was charged at the rate of $1.00 per pound. During the war, the fare to Denver was increased from seventy-five dollars to $100.00, and before the close of the war, it had reached $175.00 or nearly twenty-seven cents per mile.

It required about 2,750 horses and mules to run the stage line between Atchison and Placerville. It required, in addition to the regular supply of horses to operate the stages, some additional animals for emergencies, and it was estimated that the total cost of the horses on this stage line was about one-half 162million dollars. The harness was the finest that could be made, and cost about $150.00 for a complete set of four, or about $55,000.00 for the whole line. The feeding of the stock was one of the big items of expense, and there were annually consumed at each station from forty to eighty tons of hay, at a cost of $15 to $40 per ton. Each animal was apportioned an average of twelve quarts of corn every day, which cost from two to ten cents a pound. In the Salt Lake and California divisions, oats and barley, grown in Utah, were substituted for corn, but which cost about the same.

There were about 100 Concord coaches which, in the early sixties cost about $1,000.00 each. The company owned about one-half of the stations, in addition to thousands of dollars’ worth of miscellaneous property, at different places along the route. There were superintendents, general and local attorneys, paymasters and division agents, all of whom drew big salaries. Among the stage company’s agents in the late fifties and early sixties were Hugo Richards and Paul Coburn, at Atchison; Robert L. Pease, of Atchison, was also for a time agent at Denver.

The mail was carried from Atchison west by Forts Kearney, Laramie and Bridges, once a week. The schedule time from the river to Salt Lake City was about eighteen days, and the distance was about 1,200 to 1,300 miles.

In 1861 a daily overland mail was established out of Atchison, and with the exception of a few weeks in 1862, 1864 and 1865, on account of Indian troubles, the overland was in operation and ran stages daily out of Atchison for about five years. It was the greatest stage line in the world, carrying mail, passengers and express. It was also regarded as the safest and the fastest way to cross the plains, and the mountain ranges. It was equipped with the latest modern four and six horse and mule Concord coaches, and the meals at the eating stations along the route were first-class, and cost from fifty cents to $2.00 each.

When Atchison was selected as the starting place for the overland mail, it was not certain how long it would remain the eastern terminus of the mail route. The Civil war was at its height, and the rebels were doing much damage to the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, which had been constructed in 1859. They tore up the track, burned the bridges, destroyed the culverts, fired into the trains, and placed obstructions along the roadbed, frequently delaying the mail from two to six days. As a result of this condition of affairs, it was feared that Atchison would lose the overland mail, and the Government would change the starting point to some town further north, but because of the advantageous geographical position of Atchison, it was decided 163that it would be disastrous to make a change, so the Government placed a large number of troops along the entire line of the Hannibal & St. Joe, to insure the safety of the mails, and Atchison continued to be the point of departure for the overland mail, until 1866.

The stage coaches used by the overland line were built in Concord, N. H. They carried nine passengers inside, and one or two could ride on the box by the driver. Some of the stages were built with an extra seat above and in the rear of the driver, so that three additional persons could ride there, making fourteen, with the driver. Sometimes an extra man would be crowded on the box, making as many as fifteen persons, who could ride on the Concord coach without very much inconvenience.

This chapter on overland staging would be unfinished, unless some reference was made to Ben Holladay, who played such an important part in the overland staging days of this country. Ben Holladay had a remarkable career. In his early days, when he resided in Weston, Mo., he drove a stage himself. He was a genuine westerner, having run a saloon and tavern in Weston as early as 1838 and 1839. He went overland to California in 1849, and took a train to Salt Lake City with $70,000 worth of goods. He spent some time in Utah, where he made considerable money.

Besides operating the Overland Stage for over five years, Holladay had other important interests in the West. Among his enterprises was a fleet of passenger steamers, plying between San Francisco and Portland, Ore. At the height of his career he was a millionaire, and few men in the country accumulated wealth more rapidly. He spent his money freely, and squandered vast sums when he was making it. After he had accumulated a fortune, he went to New York to live, and built a most pretentious residence a few miles out of New York, on the Hudson river, which he called Ophir Farm. After he was awarded some good mail contracts by the Government, he built a mansion in Washington, which he furnished superbly, and collected a large classical library, with handsomely bound volumes, and also was a patron of art, collecting fine oil paintings of celebrated masters in Europe and America. He also made a collection of fine bronzes and statuary, and paid $6,000.00 each for two bronze lions.

It was in 1860 that he came into possession of the Central Overland California Mail Line, but subsequent trouble with the Indians damaged his property to the extent of a half million dollars. His stage stations were burned, and his stock stolen, and stage coaches destroyed. Finally, in 1888, being 164broken in health and in debt, his Washington home, with its contents, was sold under the hammer.

He came into possession of practically all the big overland routes by purchase and foreclosure of mortgages, and he made his vast fortune in mail contracts from the Government. He remained at the head of the overland line for about five years, taking possession of it in December, 1861, and disposing of it, including the stations, rolling stock and animals, in the latter part of 1866, to Wells Fargo & Company.

Mr. Holladay died in August, 1877, in Portland, Ore., a poor man.

One of the interesting promoters in overland staging days was D. A. Butterfield. He came to Atchison from Denver in 1864, and engaged in the commission business in a large stone warehouse near the Massasoit House, and, in addition to his commission business, he was agent for a line of packets plying between St. Louis and Atchison. Shortly after his arrival in Atchison he began the development of an overland stage line, which subsequently reached very large proportions. His ambition was to be at the head of an overland stage line, and, having selected what was known as the Smoky Hill route along the Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, which was fifty miles shorter than any other route to Denver, he proceeded with the further development of his plans. He was a smart, capable, ambitious and aggressive fellow, with vim, and was in touch with a number of men of large means in New York, whom he soon interested in his enterprise. Early in 1865 the following advertisement appeared in the Atchison Daily Free Press, announcing Mr. Butterfield’s project:

Butterfield’s consuming desire was to control the big end of the transportation business across the plains. He maintained an expensive office in New York City and called his line “The Butterfield Overland Dispatch.” 165Conspicuous signs were displayed over the doors of his office in the Astor House, showing caravans of great covered wagons drawn by mules and oxen, which signs attracted the attention of all. During his promotion of this new stage line Butterfield lived in great style and elegance in Atchison, in a house, the remains of which still stand (1915) at the southwest corner of Fifth and S streets. He entertained lavishly, and “champagne flowed like water” at his home when he gave a party.

The direct route out of Atchison to Denver, chosen by Butterfield, was in a southwesterly direction to Valley Falls, thence across the plains to a point on the old Fort Riley military road a few miles northeast of Topeka. The Butterfield line was first operated with mules and oxen, but as the road grew more prosperous, four horse stages were substituted. “Dave” Butterfield, as he was known, was determined to make Ben Holladay a pigmy in the overland stage business. Although it was known to many that there was more wind behind his enterprise than real money, yet in spite of the fact that his efforts in the staging world were more or less looked upon as a promotion scheme, he interested considerable capital, including the United States, American and the Adams Express companies. He was a great believer in publicity and spent large sums in newspaper advertising, but it required much money to properly equip and operate a stage line, and Butterfield did not have enough. In consequence of his lack of capital, his original company failed, but was subsequently reorganized in June, 1865. Butterfield, undaunted, went east again and raised more money, and before his return, he capitalized a new company with $3,000,000.00, with one-half paid in. Branch offices were opened in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, Atchison, Leavenworth, Denver and Salt Lake City. John A. Kinney, a pioneer business man of Atchison, who had been connected with Butterfield from the beginning, continued in charge of the Atchison office under the reorganization, with a salary of $2,500 per year. Shortly after the new company was organized, Butterfield inserted another advertisement in the Free Press, as follows:

“To all points in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Idaho, Montana and the state of Nevada.

“Contracts can be made with this Company through their Agents to transport freight from all the eastern cities to all localities in the Territories, the rate to include railroad and overland carriage and all commissions upon 166the Missouri River. The Company owns its own transportation and gives a through bill of lading which protects shipper from extreme East to the Far West.

“About August, 1865 the Company will have a line of express coaches running daily between Atchison, Kansas and Denver, Colorado; and about September 1st, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and as soon in the Spring as possible, a tri-weekly between Denver and Salt Lake City over which merchandise will be carried at fair express rates.

“INSTRUCTIONS: Mark goods for cattle and mule trains: ‘But’d Ov’d Desp’h.’ Mark goods for express: B. O. D. Express, Atchison.”

Some changes were afterwards made in the location of the route, but it left as before, in a southwesterly direction to Valley Falls. The business of the new company was very large from the start and grew rapidly. Steamboats discharged great quantities of freight at the Atchison levee for shipment by Butterfield’s line. A large amount also came from St. Joseph by railroad. In one day during July, 1865, nineteen car loads of freight consigned to the Butterfield line at Atchison were received for transportation across the plains. In the following month a train was loaded with 600,000 pounds of merchandise for Salt Lake City. One of the early stages that left Atchison on this line made the run to Junction City, which was 119 miles, in less than twenty-four hours, or at the rate of five and one-half miles an hour, including all stops, but the reorganized Butterfield line was not long in operation before it met with many obstacles. The fact that the Smoky Hill route selected by Butterfield was not guarded by Government troops of soldiers, as the Fort Kearney route was, caused the Indians to make many raids upon the overland trains. A number of severe encounters with Indians were had from time to time, until it became necessary to operate the stages with a mounted guard in advance. It finally became so dangerous that it was difficult to secure messengers and drivers to operate the line. This condition became so serious that the “Overland Dispatch,” which in the meanwhile was becoming more financially embarrassed from day to day, was finally obliged to retire from the field. During the short time that it lasted, it was widely known throughout 167the western country, and in the East it was known in most of the leading cities. While this company, to some extent, cut down the receipts of the Holladay line, traffic across the plains had become so dull in the sixties that there was not much profit in it for anybody. In March, 1866, Holladay took over the Butterfield line and the following announcement appeared in the newspapers:

“To the Employees of the Overland Dispatch Company.

“The Overland Stage Line and the Overland Dispatch Company have become one property under the name of the Holladay Overland Mail & Express Company.

“The new Company guarantees payment to the employees of the late Overland Dispatch Company. An agent is now en route from New York to pay them.

The business that Butterfield had worked up was continued by the new company, but Butterfield was hopelessly down and out. While in the midst of what appeared to be a prosperous freight business with many tons of ponderous mining machinery in transit across the plains to the mining camps of Colorado, the mining bubble broke, and great difficulty was experienced in collecting freight bills that were accumulating on machinery that was being transported across the plains, so it was unloaded upon the plains and there it was left to rust out. In less than eighteen months from the first organization of the Overland Dispatch, Butterfield was a financial wreck, and the consolidation of his company with the Holladay line was the only action that could be taken to conserve the property which the Butterfield line had acquired. Butterfield subsequently left Atchison and located in Mississippi, where he organized a railroad, which also proved a failure. He left Mississippi for Arkansas and built and operated a horse car line in Hot Springs. He finally got into a quarrel with one of his employees, who struck him with a neck yoke, from the effects of which he died.

Atchison was an important point for stage routes as early as 1859. There was a line of hacks which ran daily from Atchison to Leavenworth, and another to Lawrence, and still another by Oskaloosa and Valley Falls across the 168Kansas river to Lecompton, Big Springs, Tecumseh and Topeka. To reach Lawrence from Atchison in those days, passengers were compelled to go by Leavenworth, until a line was opened by Mount Pleasant and Oskaloosa, reducing the distance to forty-five miles, and the fare to $4.50. There was a line north to Doniphan, Troy, Highland and Iowa Point. A line was also operated by Doniphan to Geary City, Troy and St. Joseph, and still another ran by Hiawatha to Falls City, Neb. The most important route, which had its headquarters at that time in Atchison, was a four mule line. The Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak Express, which with its speedy Concord stages, crossed the plains twice a week. This was the Holladay line. The Kansas Stage Company operated a line to Leavenworth, which made stops at Sumner and Kickapoo. A daily line, operated by the Kansas Stage Company, ran to Junction City by way of Mount Pleasant, Winchester, Osawkie, Mt. Florence, Indianola, Topeka, Silver Lake, St. Marys, Louisville, Ogden and Ft. Riley. The distance over this route was 120 miles and the fare was $10.00. There was also a two-horse stage line carrying the mail from Atchison to Louisville, Kan. Louisville was one of the most important towns in Pottawatomie county, and in 1859 was an important station on the route of the Leavenworth & Pike’s Peak Express. The mail line as then operated ran through Monrovia, Arrington, Holton and other points to its destination in the West. J. H. Thompson, who was an old man then, was the contractor for carrying the mail and was well known along the whole route, being familiarly known as “Uncle Johnny” Thompson. His stage left Atchison every Saturday morning at 8 o’clock and arrived from Louisville on Friday evening at 6. The fare from Atchison to Louisville was $8.00.

“Passing through Geary City, Doniphan, Atchison, Manchester, Hickory Point, and Oscaloosa, connecting at Lecompton with lines to Topeka, Grasshopper Falls, Fort Riley, Lawrence, Kansas City, and the Railroad at St. Joseph for the East.

“Offices—Massasoit House, Atchison. K. T., and Planter’s House, St. Joseph, Mo.”

(From Freedom’s Champion, Atchison, February 12, 1859.)

The people of Atchison in the sixties little realized the advantages the town gained by being the starting point for the California mail. They became 169used to it, the same as we have this day been accustomed to the daily arrival and departure of trains, but it was a gloomy day for Atchison when “the overland” finally pulled out of the town for good, after having run its stages out of the city almost daily for five years. The advance of the Union Pacific railroad from Omaha west along the Platte to Ft. Kearney, and the completion of the Kansas Pacific railway was the cause of the abandonment of Atchison by the “overland” as a point of departure for the mail. The company for many weeks before its final departure had been taking both stock and coaches off of the eastern division from the Missouri river to Rock creek, and other steps in preparation for moving the point of departure further west were taken. It was a little after 11 o’clock in the morning of December 19, 1866, that the long train of Concord stages, express coaches, hacks and other rolling stock started from their stables and yards on Second street to leave Atchison forever. The procession went west out of Atchison along Commercial street. Alex Benham and David Street, both faithful employees of “The Overland,” were in charge of the procession and they rode out of town in a Concord buggy. Other employees followed in buggies and coaches, and then the canvas covered stages, followed by over forty teams and loose horses, slowly moved out of town, headed for Fort Riley and Junction City.

Which have left Atchison this season, for Salt Lake City and other Points on the Plains, Together with the Number of Men, Cattle, Mules, Horses and wagons engaged in transporting, and the Amount of the Freight Shipped:

EARLY RAILROAD AGITATION—THE FIRST RAILROAD—CELEBRATING THE ADVENT OF THE RAILROAD—OTHER ROADS CONSTRUCTED—THE SANTA FE—THE ATCHISON & NEBRASKA CITY—THE KANSAS CITY, LEAVENWORTH & ATCHISON—THE ROCK ISLAND—THE HANNIBAL & ST. JOSEPH—THE FIRST TELEGRAPH—MODERN TRANSPORTATION.

Eight years before the last stage pulled out of Atchison the agitation for a railroad began. The first charter provided for the construction of a railroad from Atchison to St. Joseph. As appeared in an earlier chapter, the city council of Atchison at its first meeting called an election March 15, 1858, to vote on a proposition to subscribe for $100,000 in stock. The election was held in the store of the Burnes Brothers, and S. H. Petefish, Charles E. Woolfolk and Dr. C. A. Logan were judges of election. The proposition carried almost unanimously, and, in addition to the stock subscribed for by the city, the citizens of the town subscribed for $100,000 in stock individually. The following May the contract for the construction of the road was awarded to Butcher, Auld & Dean at $3,700 per mile. There were fourteen other bidders. The members of the firm which made the successful bid were: Ephraim Butcher, David Auld, James Auld and William Dean. Work of construction was started May 12, 1858, but was not finished until February 22, 1860. The completion of this road to Atchison was of very far reaching importance. The town was wild with excitement, for the new railroad gave the town its first direct rail connection with the east. Its terminus at Winthrop (East Atchison) was the first western point east of the Rocky mountains reached by a railroad at that time in the United States, save one. The first railroad built between the Mississippi and the 175Missouri rivers was the Hannibal & St. Joseph, which was completed to St. Joseph February 23, 1859, and the new railroad from Atchison connected with the Hannibal & St. Joseph at the latter point.

Richard B. Morris was the first conductor of the Atchison road, and he subsequently became internal revenue collector of Kansas under Cleveland. Following the completion of the road, a great celebration was held at Atchison June 13, 1860, and the people not only celebrated the completion of the St. Joseph line, but also the breaking of ground on the Atchison & Pike’s Peak railroad, now the Central Branch. Great preparations were made for the celebration weeks in advance and promptly following the hour of 12 o’clock on the morning of June 13, 1860, the firing of 100 guns at intervals began, which was kept up with monotonous regularity until daybreak. Flags and bunting fluttered from poles and windows throughout the city, and a special train of invited guests from the East arrived at Winthrop before noon with flags flying and bands playing. The passenger steamer, “Black Hawk,” loaded to the guards with citizens from Kansas City, reached Atchison early in the morning, and leading citizens also came from Wyandotte, Leavenworth, Lawrence, Topeka and other towns. The city had been cleaned up and put in holiday attire by the city authorities. The town had never before presented such a gay appearance. Frank A. Root in his interesting book, “The Overland Stage to California,” who was present at the celebration, has perhaps written the most interesting account of this event that has ever been printed. He says:

“In the procession that formed along Second street, one of the unique and attractive features was a mammoth government wagon trimmed with evergreens and loaded with thirty-four girls dressed in white, representing every State in the Union and the Territory of Kansas. There were three other wagons filled with little girls similarly dressed, representing all the forty-one counties of Kansas in its last year of territorial existence.

“One of the contractors for government freighting had a huge prairie schooner, drawn by twenty-nine yoke of oxen, the head of each animal ornamented with a small flag, while he himself was mounted upon a mule. The contractor was quite an attraction, dressed in the peculiar western prairie and plains frontier cow-boy costume with buckskin pants, red flannel shirt, boots nearly knee high, with revolver and bowie knife buckled around his waist, dangling by his side. The procession in line, marched west along Commercial street to near Tenth. It was a long one and it was estimated that there were 7,000 people in it and at least 10,000 in the city witnessing 176the festivities. The ceremony of breaking ground for these two roads took place about noon, but there was nothing particularly imposing about it. The most important part of the ceremonies was the turning over of a few spadefuls of dirt by Col. Peter T. Abell, president of the road, and Capt. Eph. Butcher, the contractor, who built the Atchison & St. Joseph road. The event was witnessed by fully 5,000 people, after which the monster procession formed, and, headed by a brass band, and other bands at different places in the line, marched across White Clay creek to the grove in the southwest part of the city, where the oration was delivered by Benj. F. Stringfellow. Following the oration several speeches were made by the most prominent of the invited guests, one of them by Col. C. K. Holliday, of Topeka, one of the founders of the great Santa Fe system. The barbeque was an important feature of the affair. Six beeves, twenty hogs, and over fifty sheep, pigs and lambs were roasted. There was also prepared more than one hundred boiled hams, several thousand loaves of bread, cakes by the hundred, besides sundry other delicacies to tickle the palate and help make the occasion one long to be remembered by all present. The exercises were quite elaborate and wound up with a ball in the evening at A. S. Parker’s hall on the west side of Sixth street, between Commercial and Main and a wine supper in Charley Holbert’s building on Second street, just north of the Massasoit House. Many visitors came from a long distance east, some as far as New England. Most of the Northern States were represented, and a few came from the South. Free transportation was furnished the invited guests. Hundreds came by rail and steamboat and many poured in from the surrounding country for miles, in wagons and on horseback, from eastern Kansas and western Missouri.”

While a strong movement for the construction of railroads was started in 1860, it was soon discovered that much progress could not be made in the face of the unsettled conditions brought on by the Civil war, and, as a result a further effort in that direction, was, for the time being, abandoned. However, Luther C. Challiss did not give up his idea of projecting a road to the West, and to him more than to anybody else belongs the credit of starting the first road west out of Atchison. He obtained a charter for the building of the Atchison & Pike’s Peak railroad and this company was organized February 11, 1859, but on account of the war was not opened to Waterville until January 20, 1868. Challiss obtained possession of 150,000 acres of land from the Kickapoo Indians by a treaty, and, upon the organization of the company he was elected president. The land he secured from the 177Indians was, for the most part, located in Atchison county, around Muscotah, and adjoining counties. With Mr. Challiss were associated Charles B. Keith, who was the agent of the Kickapoo Indians, George W. Glick and Senators Pomeroy and Lane. In the charter for this road provision was made for its construction 100 miles west of Atchison. Col. William Osborn, who had constructed the west half of the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, built the first section of the Central Branch to Waterville. He named the town after his old home in New York, where he was born. It was proposed at this point to make a connection with a branch running from Kansas City to Ft. Kearney, Neb., but the Kansas City road was subsequently changed to Denver, and for this reason it has been said the Central Branch was not completed to Denver, as originally planned.

The Atchison & Pike’s Peak Railroad Company was incorporated by special act of the Territorial legislature of the Territory of Kansas, chapter 48, “Private Laws of Kansas, 1859,” and authorized to construct a railroad from Atchison to the western boundary of the Territory in the direction of Pike’s Peak. Subsequently, the Atchison & Pike’s Peak Railroad Company became the assignee of all the rights, privileges and franchises of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company, given and granted under an Act of Congress, of July 8, 1862, Twelfth Statute, page 489, entitled: “An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of same for postal, military and other purposes,” which provided that the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company might extend its road from St. Joseph via Atchison, to connect and unite with a railroad in Kansas, provided for in said Act, for one hundred miles in length next to the Missouri river, and might, for that purpose, use any railroad charter, which had, or might have been granted, by the legislature of Kansas. Accordingly, the work of construction from Atchison west was inaugurated under the name of the Atchison & Pike’s Peak Railroad Company. On January 1, 1867, by virtue of the laws of the State of Kansas, the name of Atchison & Pike’s Peak Railroad Company was changed to the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad Company, and the latter company completed the railroad from Atchison to Waterville.

The first real move for the construction of a railroad from the Missouri river, west, resulted in a charter granted by the Territorial legislature to the 178St. Joseph & Topeka Railroad Company February 20, 1857. Under the terms of the charter the road was to start from St. Joseph, Mo.; thence crossing the river through Doniphan, Atchison and Jefferson counties to Topeka. The charter was subsequently amended and the road was extended in the direction of Santa Fe, N. M., to the southwestern line of Kansas, which is practically the same route now traversed by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. The desire on the part of the people for direct railroad connection with the Missouri river and the East gave to this movement great impetus, and there was considerable rivalry between the towns to offer aid and assistance. The people of Atchison were particularly anxious to make this town the terminal point and the future railway center of the great trans-continental system, and strongly opposed any project which would make Atchison simply a way station on the great road to the West. With a view to avert such action on the part of those behind the movement to construct this road, it was determined to make Atchison the eastern terminus of the same. Accordingly, Atchison loaned its credit to the amount of $150,000. by aid of which subsidy a direct road was built on the Missouri side of the river from St. Joseph and thence north under another charter with Atchison, Kan., instead of St. Joseph as the eastern terminus, the enterprise was carried on and as a result the citizens of Kansas Territory were much elated with the added prestige of the railroad being a Kansas corporation. The Atchison & Topeka Railroad Company was incorporated by an Act of the legislature February 11, 1859. Those named as the original incorporators were: S. C. Pomeroy, Atchison; C. K. Halliday, Topeka; Luther C. Challiss, Atchison; Peter T. Abell, Atchison; Aspah Allen, Topeka: Milton C. Dickey, Topeka; Samuel Dickson, Atchison; Wilson L. Gordon, Topeka; George S. Hillyer, Grasshopper Falls; Lorenzo D. Bird, Atchison; Jeremiah Marshall, Topeka; George H. Fairchild, Atchison; F. L. Crane, Topeka. The company was “authorized to survey, locate, construct, complete, alter, maintain and operate a railroad with one or more tracks from or near Atchison in Kansas Territory, to the town of Topeka, in Kansas Territory, and to such point on the southern or western boundary of said Territory in the direction of Santa Fe as may be convenient and suitable for the construction of said road and also to construct a branch to any point on the southern line of said Territory in the direction of the Gulf of Mexico.” The authorized capital stock was $1,500,000, and the first meeting for organization under the charter was held at the office of Luther C. Challis in Atchison September 15, 1859, at which meeting $52,000 of the 179first subscription of stock was paid, and the following directors were chosen: L. C. Challiss, George H. Fairchild, P. T. Abell, S. C. Pomeroy, L. D. Bird, C. K. Halliday, F. L. Crane, E. G. Ross, Joel H. Huntoon, M. C. Dickey, Jacob Safford, R. H. Weightman, and J. H. Stringfellow. The officers were: C. K. Holliday, president; P. T. Abell, secretary; M. C. Dickey, treasurer. It will be seen that the majority of the incorporators and of the officers were citizens of Atchison, and it is an important fact in the history of Kansas that Atchison county played such an important part in the organization and construction of the first railroad lines in the State. Had it not been for the terrible drought of 1860, which totally paralyzed all classes of business, the work of constructing this road immediately following its organization would have gone forward, but the famine which followed the drought was so complete and so widely distributed throughout the State and the western country as to almost destroy the farming interests. During this period the directors of the road decided to press the claims of Kansas for a national subsidy for the construction of railroads, and President C. K. Holliday, with a number of his associates, spent much time in Washington during 1859 and 1860. Their work was not in vain, for on March 3, 1863, Congress made a grant of land to the State of Kansas, giving alternate sections one mile square and ten in width, amounting to 6,400 acres per mile, on condition that the Atchison-Topeka road should be finished on or before 1873. The State accepted the grant and transferred it to this road February 9, 1864. It was in October, 1868, almost ten years after the date that the first charter was granted to this road that work of construction was begun in Topeka. The road was first built in a southerly direction so as to reach the coal region in Osage county. It was opened to Carbondale, eighteen miles from Topeka, in July, 1869, and reached Wichita, 163 miles from Topeka, in May, 1872, and at about the same time in 1872 the road was completed from Topeka to Atchison, a distance of fifty-one miles.

On May 5, 1867, the charter for the Atchison & Nebraska City Railroad Company was filed in the office of the secretary of State of the State of Kansas. The original incorporators of this road were Peter T. Abell, George W. Glick, Alfred G. Otis, John M. Price, W. W. Cochrane, Albert H. Horton, Samuel A. Kingman, J. T. Hereford and Augustus Byram, all of whom were citizens of Atchison. The charter provided for the construction of a 180railroad from “some point in the city of Atchison to some point on the north line of the State of Kansas, not farther west than twenty-five miles from the Missouri river, and the length of the proposed railroad will not exceed forty-five miles.” Shortly after the road was incorporated the name was changed to the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad Company, and under this name subscriptions in bonds and capital stock were made in Atchison and Doniphan counties. Atchison county subscribed for $150,000, and in addition to the subscription of the county there were individual subscriptions amounting to $80,000 in the county. Work was commenced on the road in 1869, and it was completed in 1871 to the northern boundary of Doniphan county, three miles north of Whitecloud. The stockholders of Atchison graded the road bed to the State line, constructed bridges and furnished the ties, after which the entire property was given to a Boston syndicate in consideration of the completion and operation of the road. This railroad was afterwards consolidated with the Atchison, Lincoln & Columbus Railroad Company of Nebraska, which road had been authorized to construct a railroad from the northern terminal point of the Atchison & Nebraska railroad to Columbus, on the Union Pacific railroad, by way of Lincoln, and the road was completed to Lincoln in the fall of 1872. This consolidated road was purchased by the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company in 1880.

This road was organized by articles of association filed in the office of the Secretary of the State of Kansas September 21, 1867, and March 25, 1868, and the Missouri River Railroad Company by articles of association filed February 20, 1865, and the construction of the Leavenworth, Atchison & Northwestern railroad was commenced at Leavenworth in March, 1869, and completed to Atchison in September, 1869. The stock held in the company by Leavenworth county, aggregating $500,000, was donated to this road to aid in its extension to Atchison, and the first train into Atchison arrived in the latter part of 1869. It was not until July, 1882, however, that the first train was run through from Atchison to Omaha over the line of the Missouri Pacific railroad, which subsequently absorbed the Leavenworth, Atchison & Northwestern Railroad Company.

The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company was one of the last of the railroads to make connection with Atchison. This line was 181originally projected to Leavenworth, but reached Atchison shortly after. The construction of the Atchison branch was begun in 1872, and in July of that year the first train was run into the city.

All of these roads having been organized and constructed and in operation, the next movement that took place in transportation circles was the erection of the bridge across the Missouri river, work upon which was commenced in August, 1874, and completed in July, 1875. This bridge is 1,182 feet long and the stone for the piers and abutments upon which it rests was taken from the quarries at Cottonwood Falls, Chase county. It was originally built by the American Bridge Company of Chicago, and was rebuilt entirely new, except for the piers, in 1898. Shortly after the erection of the bridge, connecting Missouri with Kansas at Atchison, the first railroad depot was built upon the site of the present union station, which was completed and dedicated September 7, 1880. There was a great deal of discussion as to the proper location of a depot before the building was finally erected, and it was through the efforts of the Burneses that its location on Main street, between Second and Fourth street, was selected. The capital stock of the original Depot Company was $100,000,000, of which the railroad companies then entering the city subscribed for $70,000. The balance of the stock was taken by individuals. The cost of the original depot was $120,000, and the architect was William E. Taylor, who planned the old union station in Kansas City. James A. McGonigle, who was the contractor for the old Kansas City station, also built the Atchison union depot. It was built of the finest pressed brick from St. Louis, and trimmed with cut stone from the Cottonwood Falls quarries. Its length was 235 feet, with an “L” ninety-six feet long. It was two stories high with a mansard roof. It was an ornamental, and, in those days, an imposing structure. The ceremonies accompanying its dedication were witnessed by a great crowd, and many great men in the railroad and political life of Kansas participated in them. Gen. Benjamin F. Stringfellow delivered the address, and a banquet was served in the evening, followed by a procession and fire-works. Two years later, in June, 1882, this depot was partially destroyed by fire, suffering a loss of $10,000, but it was immediately rebuilt. On January 6, 1888, another fire completely destroyed the building, and the present union station was erected a short time later.

On and after Monday, February 28, this road will be open for business throughout its entire length. Passenger trains will leave St. Joseph for Hannibal 182every morning, making close connection with steam packets to St. Louis and Quincy, and affording direct connection with all the railroads east of the Mississippi river. Time from St. Joseph to Hannibal, eleven hours, and to St. Louis, eighteen hours, saving more than three days over any other route. Trains from the east will arrive in St. Joseph every evening, connecting with a daily line of packets running between St. Joseph and Kansas City; also a line up the Missouri to the Bluffs. Passengers from all parts of Kansas will find this the quickest and most agreeable route to St. Louis and all points on the Mississippi, giving those going east a choice between the routes from St. Louis, Alton and Quincy. Fare will be as low as by any other route. Favorable arrangements will be made for taking freight, saving most of the heavy insurance on the Missouri river. Express freight will be taken through much quicker than by any other line.

Tickets can be had at the office in St. Joseph for nearly all parts of the country.

(From Freedom’s Champion, Atchison, February 12, 1859.)

Passengers for St. Louis, northern Missouri, Iowa, Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, Louisville and Southern States, will find this the shortest, quickest and most desirable route to the above points. On the 1st day of February only fifteen miles of staging intervenes between St. Joseph and Hannibal, and on the 1st day of March, 1859, the road will be completed, and open for through travel the entire length. A daily line of stages from Atchison, passing through Doniphan and Geary City, connects at St. Joseph with the H. & St. Jo. railroad. From Hannibal a daily line of packets leave upon arrival of cars for St. Louis, upon the opening of navigation, and boats connect at Quincy with the C. B. & Q. railroad for Chicago, and with the G. W. railroad for Toledo via Naples. This is in every respect the best route for eastern and southern passengers. Trains leave St. Joseph for the east daily.

It was a little over six months after the completion of the Atchison & St. Joseph railroad that the first telegraph connection was established between Atchison and the world. The construction of the Missouri & Western telegraph line was begun in Syracuse, Mo., in 1859. Charles M. Stebbins built this telegraph line, which extended from Syracuse to Ft. Smith, Ark. A branch of this line was extended westward to Kansas City, and reached Leavenworth along in the spring of 1859. August 15, 1859, this branch was extended to Atchison, and it was a proud day in the history of this city. The first office was in a brick building on Commercial street adjoining the office of Freedom’s Champion. John T. Tracy was the first operator. Gen. Samuel C. Pomeroy was mayor, and on this account the honor was given him of sending the first message, which was as follows: “Atchison, August 15, 1859. His Honor, H. B. Denman, Mayor of Leavenworth. Our medium of communication is perfect. May our fraternal relations continue—may our prosperity and success equal our highest efforts. S. C. Pomeroy, Mayor of Atchison.” Mayor Denman replied as follows: “Hon. S. C. Pomeroy, Mayor of Atchison. May each push forward its works of enterprise and the efforts of each be crowned with success. H. B. Denman, Mayor of Leavenworth.” Congratulations were next exchanged between Atchison and St. Louis, as follows: “Atchison, August 15, 1859. Hon. O. D. Filley, Mayor of St. Louis. For the first time since the world began, a telegraph message is sent to St. Louis from this place, the farthest telegraph station in the West. Accept our congratulations and aid us in our progress westward. S. C. Pomeroy, Mayor of Atchison.” It was in October of that same year that the first news was flashed over the wire telling of the capture of Harper’s Ferry by old John Brown.

In connection with the question of early day transportation in Atchison county, it would be an oversight to fail to mention the efforts of one Thomas L. Fortune to improve the means of locomotion. Mr. Fortune was a citizen of Mt. Pleasant, and in the fall of 1859 he conceived the scheme which he believed would revolutionize the whole transportation problem. He planned a steam wagon with which he expected to haul freight across the plains. The following year he built at St. Louis, a large vehicle, twenty 184feet long by eight feet wide. The wheels were twenty inches wide and eight feet in diameter. This wagon was transported up the Missouri river to Atchison from St. Louis on the steamer, “Meteor,” and was landed from the steamer in front of the White Mice saloon, which was a noted resort on the Atchison levee at that time, in the latter part of June, 1860. The following account is taken from Frank A. Root’s “Overland Stage to California”:

A day or two after its arrival (referring to Fortune’s wagon) Mr. Root says that it was arranged that the steam wagon should make a trial trip on the Fourth of July. The monster was accordingly fired up on the eighty-fourth National anniversary and started by an engineer named Callahan. The wagon was ornamented with a number of flags and loaded with a crowd of anxious men and boys. When everything was in readiness the valve was opened and the wagon moved off in a southerly direction from the levee. It went all right until it reached the foot of Commercial street, about a square away. The pilot failing to turn the machine, it kept on straight up to the sidewalk and ran into A. S. Parker’s warehouse, which stood so many years by the old historic cottonwood tree at the southeast corner of Commercial street and the levee. The result of this awkward blunder was an accident, in which a son of the owner of the wagon had an arm broken, as the machine crashed into the side of the building, which was a long, one-story frame cottonwood structure that for a number of years was a noted landmark in Atchison. The excited engineer was at once let out and Lewis Higby, another engineer, and a natural genius, was sent for. Higby mounted the wagon and took his place at the engine, backed the machine out into the middle of the road and in a few minutes went sailing gracefully along west on Commercial street at about six miles per hour. When in front of Jesse Crall’s stable at the corner of Sixth street, before that part of Commercial street had been graded, it went down a little hill at a lively speed, but Higby kept it going and did not stop until it reached L. C. Challiss’ addition, just south and west from Commercial and Eighth streets, near Morgan Willard’s old foundry, built in 1859, away from the business and residence portion of the city.

After the wagon crossed Eighth street and was beyond the business houses, Higby turned on more steam, and the monster vehicle made about eight miles an hour, cavorting around on the bottom, there being only a few scattering buildings then west of Eighth street. To test the practicability of the machine, it was run into hollows and gullies, and, where the ground was soft it was found that the ponderous wheels would sink into the mud 185when standing still in soft ground. The result of the trial, witnessed by hundreds, was disappointing to most of those present. The inventor, who had spent a large amount of money and much time in trying to perfect his steam wagon and solve the overland transportation problem, was the worst disappointed. He was thoroughly disgusted. He saw at once that the use of the vehicle was impracticable and that it would never answer the purpose. That trial trip was the first and only one the “overland steam wagon” ever made. It was accordingly abandoned on the bottom where the tracks of the Central Branch and Santa Fe roads are now laid, and was never afterwards fired up. Those who had crossed the plains with mules and oxen, knew it could never be used in overland freighting. There was no use for any such vehicle and the anticipated reduction in prices of ox and mule teams did not take place. The timbers used in the framework of the machine that were not stolen finally went to decay, and the machinery was afterwards taken out and disposed of for other purposes.

The propitious beginning that Atchison had as a commercial and transportation center should have made the town one of the largest and most important railroad terminals in the West. That was the hope and aspiration of its original founders, and for many years afterwards it was a cherished idea. But Kansas City was subsequently selected as the point of vantage, and the builders of this great western empire have since centralized their activities at the mouth of the “Kaw,” and it is there that the metropolis of the West will be built. However, a marvelous development has taken place here since the day of the Holladay and Butterfield stage lines and slow-moving ox and mule trains across the plains. We no longer marvel at the volume of trade and freight tonnage and the multitude of travelers that pass through Atchison every year. We take these things as a matter of course, and make no note of the daily arrival and departure of the fifty-six passenger trains at our union depot every day; we marvel not at the speed and the ease and comfort with which we can make the trip to St. Louis or Chicago, over night, or to Denver in less than twenty-four hours, or to New York in two and one-half days, and to San Francisco in less than five, surrounded by every luxury money can buy. We have accustomed ourselves to these marvels, just as we have learned to make use of the telephone and the telegraph, and a little later on will begin to use the air ship and the wireless. Nature has a way of easily adjusting mankind to these changed conditions.

D. R. ATCHISON—MATT GERBER—J. H. TALBOTT—WILLIAM OSBORNE—JOHN W. CAIN—W. L. CHALLISS—GEORGE SCARBOROUGH—SAMUEL HOLLISTER—JOHN TAYLOR—JOHN M. CROWELL—LUTHER DICKERSON—LUTHER C. CHALLISS—GEORGE W. GLICK—W. K. GRIMES—JOSHUA WHEELER—WILLIAM HETHERINGTON—WILLIAM C. SMITH—JOHN M. PRICE—SAMUEL C. KING—CLEM ROHR—R. H. WEIGHTMAN—CASE OF MAJOR WEIGHTMAN.

One of the really creditable and most pretentious newspaper enterprises ever undertaken and accomplished in Kansas was E. W. Howe’s Historical Edition of the Atchison Daily Globe. It contains much interesting and valuable information written in the unique style which has made Mr. Howe famous. With the consent of Mr. Howe, which he has very kindly granted the author of this history, there will appear in this chapter, almost verbatim, a number of biographical sketches and other interesting matter, which should be printed in book form so that it could be assured of a permanent place in the archives of the State. There are but few copies left, and these are in a bad state of disintegration. The sketch of Gen. D. R. Atchison will first be reproduced herein, and then will follow others, touching upon the lives and characters of early settlers, who contributed their part to the upbuilding of this community. Much has already appeared in this history touching upon the activities of General Atchison, but a sketch of his life is important, inasmuch as he is perhaps the most conspicuous early-day character in the history of Atchison county.

David Rice Atchison, for whom Atchison was named, was born near Lexington, Fayette county, Kentucky, August 11, 1807. The son of William 187Atchison, a wealthy farmer of that county, he received all the advantages of a liberal education. His mother’s maiden name was Catherine Allen, a native of the State of Georgia. William Atchison, the father, was a Pennsylvanian by birth.

David R. Atchison was blessed with six children, four sons and two daughters. In 1825 he graduated with high honor from Transylvania University, then the leading institution of learning in the State, and since incorporated in the new University of Kentucky.

Upon receiving his degrees in the arts, Mr. Atchison immediately applied himself to the study of law. In 1829 Mr. Atchison was admitted to practice in his native State, and a few months after, in 1830, removed to the comparatively wild district of Clay county, Missouri. In April of that year he received in St. Louis his license to practice in the supreme court of the State and immediately settled in the village of Liberty, now the county seat of Clay county. About this period, Mr. Atchison was appointed major general of the northern division of the Missouri State militia.

General Atchison soon commanded a lucrative practice in his new home, where he continued to reside in the discharge of the duties of his profession until February, 1841, when his superior legal attainments, which were known and recognized throughout the State, won for him the appointment as judge of the district court of Platte county on its organization in February of that year, when he moved his residence to Platte City. It appears that in that day judges were appointed to this position by the Government, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The office was not made elective until several years after. In 1834 and 1838 he was elected to the Missouri legislature from Clay county.

Upon the death of Dr. Lyon, United States senator, in 1838, Judge Atchison was appointed by Governor Reynolds to the vacancy in the Senate. It was by many considered that this appointment was merited and he had been recommended by Colonel Benton and other authorities of the Democratic party; by others it was said that the governor himself was ambitious of the senatorship and had selected Judge Atchison as a person who could be easily beaten at the next election. The death of Governor Reynolds, however, occurred before the meeting of the next legislature and Judge Atchison was elected with but slight opposition. He was reëlected for two more terms, the last of which expired March 4, 1855, during the administration of Franklin Pierce. Two years after this he moved his residence from Platte to Clinton county. He was elected president of the Senate to succeed Judge Mangun, a Whig senator from North Carolina.

188The 4th of March, 1849, occurring on Sunday, Zachary Taylor was not inaugurated until the following Monday. Judge Atchison thus, as presiding officer of the Senate, became virtually President of the United States during the term of twenty-four hours. In referring to this accidental dignity, on being interrogated as to how he enjoyed his exalted position, the venerable senator good humoredly replied that he could tell but little about it as, overcome with fatigue consequent to several days and nights of official labor, he slept through nearly his whole term of service.

Judge Atchison became especially prominent in the legislature for the organization of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and claims to have originated the repeal of the Missouri Compromise bill. On his retirement from the Senate, of which he was an honored member for the space of twelve years, during the larger part of the time as presiding officer, he continued to take a lively interest in the politics of the country, and was regarded as a leader and chief adviser of the pro-slavery party in Kansas during the troubles which preceded the admission as a State. In 1856 we find him in command of 1,150 men at a point called Santa Fe. On the 29th of August, the same year, a detachment from General Atchison’s army attacked Osawatomie, which was defended by about fifty men, who made a vigorous resistance but were defeated with a loss of five wounded and seven prisoners. Five of the assailants were killed and thirty buildings were burned. The next day a body of Free State men marched from Lawrence to take Atchison’s army. Upon their approach the latter retired and withdrew its forces into Missouri. The admission of Kansas as a free State soon after this occurred put an end to this much vexed question and restored tranquility to the country.

General Atchison lived in retirement on his magnificent estate in Clinton county until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he left for the South and was present at the battle of Lexington. Governor Jackson secured him a commission as brigadier general at the commencement of the war. This General Atchison declined, as his residence was in Clinton county, outside the limits of the division. He, however, remained with the army and assisted in its organization. He joined temporarily for the purpose of making up the company under Ephraim Kelley’s command from St. Joseph and remained with the army until after the battle of Elkhorn.

At the close of the war, General Atchison returned to his home in Clinton county, where he continued to reside in almost unbroken retirement on his 1,700–acre farm in a neat cottage erected on the site of his spacious brick mansion, which was accidentally destroyed by fire February 2, 1870. He never married, and died at his home in Clinton county, January 26, 1886.

Matt. Gerber came to this county originally in 1855, as pastry cook on a Government steamer. There was almost no town at Atchison then, and he went to Sioux City with the boat and afterwards returned to St. Louis. In 1856 he was pastry cook on the “A. B. Chambers,” which ran between St. Louis and Weston and was commanded by Captain Bowman, the father of Mrs. D. C. Newcomb and Mrs. G. H. T. Johnson. Mr. Gerber was born in Baden in 1833 and came to America in 1853, landing at New Orleans, and for a time ran on boats on the lower Mississippi. For many years he was the hero of Atchison children, as he operated a bakery, confectionery and toy store on the south side of Commercial street, near Fourth. Mr. Gerber first located in Sumner in 1858, where he ran a bakery, coming to Atchison in 1860, and was in business at the same location for over thirty-four years. Mr. Gerber died in Atchison, December 14, 1907.

J. H. Talbott came west in 1855 and was a passenger on the “A. B. Chambers,” of which George W. Bowman was captain and E. K. Blair, second clerk. The cholera was so bad that year that Mr. Talbott left the boat at Jefferson City and came overland to Monrovia, although his passage was paid to Leavenworth. Several passengers on the “A. B. Chambers” died of 190cholera and were buried on sand bars. Mr. Talbott preëmpted a claim at Monrovia, and when his family came two years later he kept a boarding house at Monrovia for four years. Albert D. Richardson was often a guest at his house. He was a clean, neat city man of about thirty, and was engaged in writing up the Kansas war for the New York Tribune. Jim Lane also stopped at J. H. Talbott’s occasionally. Mr. Talbott first heard him make a speech in a grove at Pardee, and A. J. Westbrook was in the audience. Lane made some abusive reference to Westbrook, who made a movement as if to pull a pistol, but Lane shook his celebrated boney finger at Westbrook and defied him to shoot. At that time Atchison was controlled by the pro-slavery element, but the Free State men predominated around Monrovia and Pardee. The noted Colonel Caleb lived at Farmington. James Ridpath was often at J. H. Talbott’s, and D. R. Anthony and Webb Wilder appeared there as young men and took up claims.

Another famous place in those days was the Seven Mile House, seven miles west of Atchison on the road traveled by the freighters, kept by John Bradford. Talbott’s boarding house was built of logs and the beds were nailed against the wall, one above another. Sometimes the house was so crowded that the floor was also occupied with beds.

Mr. Talbott was born in Canal Dover, Ohio, where he knew W. C. Quantrill real well. Quantrill afterwards became the noted guerilla and sacked Lawrence. Mrs. Talbott went to school with Quantrill, and the teacher was Quantrill’s father, a very worthy man. After Mr. Talbott married he removed to Zanesville, Ind., and kept a store with S. J. H. Snyder, who was one of the early settlers of Atchison county and a fierce Free State man. In a little while Will Quantrill appeared at Zanesville and taught school in the country. He usually spent his Saturdays and Sundays at J. H. Talbott’s house, on the strength of their acquaintance at Canal Dover. Mr. Talbott says he was well behaved and attracted great attention around the store, particularly from the young men.

In 1854 Quantrill left Zanesville and settled at Lawrence, Kan., as a Free State man and taught school, where he became acquainted with Robert Bitter Morrow, whose life he afterwards saved during the massacre. Robert Morrow kept the Byram in Atchison several years. When Talbott went to Monrovia in 1855, the country was full of Kickapoo Indians. He remembers seeing an Indian grave there: a rail pen covered with brush. In the middle of the pen could be seen the dead Indian in a sitting posture, with his gun beside him.

Colonel Osborne built the first railroad to the Missouri river—the Hannibal & St. Joseph. He built and owned the transfer ferry “Wm. Osborne,” which was famous in Atchison in the early days. He also built the first 100 miles of the Central Branch to Waterville, as has been previously stated. He lived and died in Waterville, N. Y., but visited Atchison frequently to see his daughter, Mrs. R. A. Park, who was the wife of the president of the Atchison Savings Bank.

Amos A. Howell was one of the plains freighters who distinguished Atchison in the early days. He ran twenty-seven wagons with six yoke of oxen to each wagon. An extra head of oxen was taken along, known as the “cavvy” to spell the others and take the places of those that gave out. Altogether he owned 400 head of work oxen. The oxen were expected to pick up their living on the way, but when mules were used in the winter it was necessary to carry grain for them. Thirty men were necessary in the train of twenty-seven wagons pulled by oxen. Mr. Howell was assisted in his wagon business by his son, Nat.

In those days there was a Government regulation that all trains should be held at Ft. Kearney until 100 armed men had collected. Then a captain was elected, who was commissioned by the Government and had absolute charge of the train while it was passing through the Indian country. Mr. Howell frequently occupied the position of captain, being well known on the plains. On one occasion while he was captain he halted at Cottonwood Falls on the Platte, as the Indians were very bad, and soldiers were expected to go through with the train, but none came and finally Mr. Howell unloaded five wagons, filled them with armed men and started out. Almost in sight of Cottonwood a gang of gaily painted Indians attacked the train, supposing it was a little outfit. But when the Indians came within range, the “Whiskey Bills” and “Poker Petes” in the covered wagons began dropping the Indians off their ponies, and there was a pretty fight, in which the Indians were badly worsted.

Mr. Howell says that the Indians never attack wagon trains except very early in the morning, or late in the evening.

The favorite sport of the Indians, however, was to run off the stock 192after the train had gone into camp at night, and they always had one way of doing it, which Mr. Howell finally learned. The Indians are no wiser than white men, for they say that white men always fail in business the same way and act the same way when they have a fire. An Indian would ride up onto a high point and look around a while. This would always be in the evening when the train was near a camping place. Then the Indian would disappear and come back presently with another Indian wrapped in his blanket and riding the same pony. One Indian would then drop into the grass, and the rider would go back after another one. The Indians were collecting in ambush; thinking the freighters would never think of it. Mr. Howell had in his employ a driver, an Atchison man, named “Whiskey Bill,” who was particularly clever at hating Indians, and whenever an ambush was preparing “Whiskey Bill” would select four or five other men equally clever and go after the Indians. He often killed and scalped as many as four in one ambush, and sold their scalps in Denver to the Jews for a suit of clothes each. The Jews bought them as relics and disposed of them in the East. The killing of Indians in this manner was according to Government order and strictly legitimate. Another driver in Howell’s train was an Atchison man named Rube Duggan. He was a great roper and used to take a horse, when in sight of a buffalo herd and go out after calves, which made tender meat. Riding into the herd he would lasso a calf, fasten the rope to the ground with a stake and then go on after another one before the herd got away. He caught several calves in this way for Ben Holladay, who took them east. Mr. Howell remembers that once, this side of Fort Kearney, it was necessary to stop the train to let a herd of buffalo pass. The men always had fresh buffalo meat in addition to their bacon, beans, dried apples, rice and fried bread.

There was a cook with the train who drove the mess wagon, but he did not do any other work. Every driver had to take his turn getting wood and water for the cook and herding the cattle at noon, but the night herder did nothing else and slept in the wagon during the day. Occasionally he was awakened about noon and hunted along the road. The cattle fed at night until 10 or 11 o’clock when they would lie down until 2 in the morning. The night herder would lie down by the side of a reliable old ox and sleep too, being awakened when the ox got up to feed. The oxen were driven into the wagon corral about daylight and yoked. Every wagon had its specified place in the train and kept it during the entire trip.

Wagons were always left in a circle at night, forming a corral. Into 193this corral the cattle were driven while being yoked. In case of an attack, the cattle were inside the corral and the men fought under the wagons. The teams started at daylight and stopped at 10 or 11 until 2 or 3, and then they would start up and travel until dark. Mr. Howell always rested on Sunday, making an average of 100 miles a week with his ox teams. When the train started out each man was given ten pounds of sugar which was to last him to Denver. On the first Sunday the men would make lemonade of sugar and vinegar and do without sugar the rest of the trip. Mr. Howell saw the attack on George W. Howe’s train on the Little Blue when George Con—— was killed and the entire train burned. Con—— was an Atchison man. Howell’s train was corraled and he could not go to Howe’s assistance.

Howell came to Atchison county in 1856 by wagon from Fayette county, Pennsylvania, where he was born, December 26, 1824. At seventy he was stout and vigorous, getting up every morning at 4 o’clock to go to work. His plains experience did him good. He died on the 1st day of August, 1907, owning a large tract of land in Grasshopper township.

John W. Cain and his two sons, John S. Cain and William S. Cain, came to Atchison in 1856 from the Isle of Man, and preëmpted a quarter section, five miles west of Atchison. A. D. Cain, another son, came to this county in 1856, accompanying his brother, John M. Cain, who had gone to his old home 194in the Isle of Man on a visit. A. D. Cain attended school longer than either of his three brothers and was a graduate of King William’s College, a celebrated institution of learning. After leaving school he learned the business of a druggist. He was born in 1846. John M. Cain was seven years older.

John M. Cain enlisted in the Thirteenth Kansas infantry in 1862. His brother, William, enlisted in Col. John A. Martin’s regiment the year before. In less than a year John M. Cain was given the position as captain in the Eighty-third U. S. infantry and raised Company C in Atchison. Phillip Porter, the celebrated negro politician and orator, of Atchison, was orderly sergeant of Company C, which had ten men killed in the battle of Prairie Grove. After serving in the army nearly four years, John M. Cain returned to his farm in Atchison county in 1866 where he remained until 1872, when he removed to Atchison and engaged in the grain business. The Cains started the exporting of flour from Kansas and their business was very largely export business during their operation of the mill.

John W. Cain, father of the Cain brothers, was a fierce Free State man in the days when it was dangerous to be a Free State man in Atchison county, but as he was a powerful man and of undoubted courage, the pro-slavery fans thought it wise to forgive him. His memory as well as the memory of his sons, John M. Cain and A. D. Cain, are still highly esteemed by the older settlers of Atchison county.

Dr. W. L. Challiss came to Atchison June 3, 1866, on the steamboat “Meteor” from Moorestown, N. J., where he had been a practicing physician. At that time John Alcorn was operating a horse ferry on the river and Dr. Challiss, in company with his brother, L. C. Challiss, purchased a three-fourths interest in the ferry franchise after operating a little rival ferry for a time, which was known as the “Red Rover.” The price paid for the franchise was $1,800.00.

In the fall of 1856 Dr. Challiss went to Evansville, Ind., and contracted for the building of a steam ferry. This was completed in November and started for Atchison. In December it was frozen up in the Missouri river at Carrollton, Mo., and left in charge of a watchman. The crew was made up of old acquaintances of Dr. Challiss in New Jersey, and these he brought to Atchison in two stage coaches hired for the purpose.

On February 7 of the following year Dr. Challiss started down the river on horse back after his ferry boat, accompanied by George M. Million, Granville 195Morrow and John Cafferty. There had been a thaw and a rise in the river, and when the men reached the vicinity of Carrollton they learned that the boat had gone adrift. They followed it down the river, hearing of it occasionally and finally came up with it in sight of Arrow Rock. The boat had grounded on a bar and a man was in possession, claiming salvage. Dr. Challiss caught the man off the boat, took possession and settled with him for $25.00. A story was circulated that there had been small-pox on the boat and it narrowly escaped burning at the hands of the people living in the vicinity. Dr. Challiss went on down the river and met his family at St. Louis. When the steamer on which they were passengers reached Arrow Rock, the captain was induced to pull the ferry off the sand bar, and within four days it arrived in Atchison.

This boat was named the “Ida” for Dr. Challiss’ oldest daughter, who became the wife of John A. Martin, editor of the Atchison Champion, colonel of the Eighth Kansas regiment and governor of the State two terms. The “Ida” was brought up the river by George Million and Granville Morrow, pilots, and John Cafferty, engineer. George Million was the captain when it began making regular trips as a ferry, receiving originally $50.00 per month. During the last years of his service he received $125.00 a month. The ferry boat business was very profitable and $100.00 per day was no unusual income. In 1860 Dr. Challiss built a larger ferry at Brownsville, Penn., and called it the “J. G. Morrow.” When it arrived at Atchison the Government pressed it into service and sent it to Yankton with Indian supplies. Bill Reed was pilot and Dr. Challiss, captain. A quick trip was made to within seventy miles of Yankton where the pilot ran the boat into a snag and sank it. The boat cost $25,000.00 and nothing was saved but the machinery. This was afterwards placed in the ferry “S. C. Pomeroy,” which was operated here until the bridge was completed in 1877. After this the “S. C. Pomeroy was taken to Kansas City, where it sank during a storm. S. C. Pomeroy owned a one-fourth interest in the “J. G. Morrow” and “S. C. Pomeroy” and the wreck of the “Morrow” cost him $5,000.00.

The “Ida” was taken to Leavenworth on the completion of the bridge and was in service there many years.

In the early days Dr. Challiss was a Free State man and for years he had in his possession a letter warning him to leave the country, which was written during the exciting period before the war. Dr. Challiss remained active in the affairs of the town for many years but practiced his profession only spasmodically. He died in Dayton, Ohio, at the home of his daughter, on April 23, 1909.

George Scarborough was one of the most romantic characters that ever lived in Atchison county. Influenced by his niece’s description of Kansas, he came to Sumner in 1859 and purchased a tract of land now owned by E. W. Howe and known as Potato Hill. The location is probably the finest on the Missouri river. The farm lies on top of the bluff, and Scarborough’s house was built near the river. He was well fitted to enjoy the life of elegant leisure and seclusion, which he did. Early in life he went to Kentucky from Connecticut and taught school. While there he married the daughter of a congressman named Triplett. The wife died a year later, and Scarborough came into possession of considerable money. After that he adopted a literary and scientific life and spent much of his time abroad, where he collected many pictures and other art treasures. These were displayed in his home below Sumner. Scarborough was a botanist, and made a complete collection of the flora of this section, which he sent to the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington. One of his discoveries was that Atchison county had eleven varieties of the oak. Scarborough was one of the original founders of the First National Bank of this city, furnishing most of the original capital.

In 1869 he went to Vineland, N. J., where he married a girl of twenty-three, although he was nearly seventy. His wife died within a year, in child birth, under precisely the same circumstances as his first wife. Scarborough died in 1883, in his old home in Connecticut, in absolute poverty, at the age of eighty-four. He is spoken of as one of the most elegant gentlemen who distinguished the early days.

Samuel Hollister was one of the original settlers of Sumner. He landed at Leavenworth May 1, 1857, coming by boat from Jefferson City. Two weeks later he met a number of the members of the Sumner Town Company who were looking for somebody to go to Sumner to build a hotel. Having been a contractor and builder in his old home in New Jersey, Mr. Hollister accompanied the men to Sumner, which then consisted of a claim cabin, used as a hotel, and four frame houses in course of construction. The material for the frame houses had been brought from Cincinnati, ready framed, and when completed were 16×24, containing two rooms each. Mr. Hollister took the contract to build the Baker House, which contained three rooms on the 197ground floor. The half story above was all in one room, where the guests slept. The frames for the Baker House were hewn out in the timber adjoining the town; the weather boarding and shingles were shipped up the river. The hotel was completed in the summer of 1857, and was operated by Hood Baker, a cousin of Capt. David Baker, for many years a prominent citizen of Atchison.

In the fall of the same year Mr. Hollister began work on the Sumner House, the contract price being $16,000.00. The brick used were made on the ground. The lumber came by boat from Pittsburgh, Penn. This hotel was completed in the summer of the following year. It was built by the town company, which owed Mr. Hollister $3,000.00 at the time of his death, a few years ago.

Mr. Hollister lived in Sumner twelve years, vigorously fighting Atchison. In the fall of 1858 he built a mill, in company with Al Barber, later adding a gristmill, which was the second built in the county, the first having been built in Atchison, by William Bowman. Mr. Hollister went down the river in a boat in January, 1859, and when he reached his old home in the Catskill mountains, he crossed the Hudson river on the ice. During this trip east he was married to Miss Harriet Carroll, a lineal descendant of Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. His wife returned with him to Sumner, and they afterwards moved to Atchison, where they lived for many years. Mr. Hollister died March 28, 1910.

John Taylor, who for many years lived on a farm immediately south of the State Orphans’ Home, was a resident of Missouri, a mile and a quarter above East Atchison in 1844, ten years before Kansas was opened for settlement. His father, Joseph Taylor, came to the Platte Purchase in 1838, from Pennsylvania, settling near Weston. At that time most of the best claims were taken. John Taylor’s recollection was that the very earliest settler in that vicinity was in 1837. Joseph Taylor did not secure a very good claim, and afterward removed to Andrew county, finally locating a mile above East Atchison, in 1844. John Taylor said that George Million was living on the present site of East Atchison when his father’s family settled in the bottom. It was Mr. Taylor’s opinion that George Million settled in East Atchison in 1842, and that he did not start his ferry until 1850. In the spring of that year John Taylor crossed the river on George Million’s flat-boat ferry, and 198went to California, in company with his brother, Joe. There was no wagon road running west from Atchison at that time. John and Joe Taylor mined in California for eighteen months, never making over $20.00 per day, and usually only $5.00. They returned home by the way of the Isthmus of Panama, and John Taylor got the small-pox at Glascow, Mo., which did not break out on him until he reached East Atchison. This was supposed to be the first case of small-pox in this section of the country. All the other members of the family got it, and the wife of Jim Stultz, who came in to help his mother, also got it. Their physician was a Doctor Ankrom, who lived in the Narrows, near Rushville, and he got it, too. This was in the winter of 1851 and 1852. In September, 1854, ten years after settling in East Atchison, Mr. Taylor came to this side of the river. When he arrived Ladd Yocum was running a hotel in a tent; there was nothing else on the town site. Late in the fall George T. Challiss completed his store, which was the first building of any kind in Atchison, according to Mr. Taylor. He says that George Million did not erect his claim shanty until the following year.

Mr. Taylor first settled in the bluffs, northeast of Atchison, but afterwards moved to a tract of land owned by a man named O. B. Dickerson, who afterwards built the first livery stable in Atchison. Dickerson sold his claim to a man named Adams, B. T. Stringfellow’s father-in-law, for $600.00, but Adams did not comply with the law and Taylor jumped it. For a while Taylor and Adams lived on the same quarter, and became acquainted; then Taylor discovered that Adams paid $600.00 for the claim, and gave him his money back. Taylor said he never had any short words with Adams about the claim, but once. They met on the hill, overlooking the river, one day, and were looking at the wreck of the old “Pontiac,” which is now said to have contained several hundred barrels of whiskey. “Well,” said Adams, “when are you going?” “Going where?” asked Taylor. “To Nova Scotia,” replied Adams. “I am not going at all,” was Taylor’s response, which Adams understood to mean that he was not going to leave the claim, but intended to fight. A compromise soon followed.

Taylor says the “Pontiac” was carried off by Atchison people, and put into their houses, and that years afterwards, the writing on the wheel house could be seen around town. There was no whiskey left in the hold; indeed, the hold was carried away.

The Taylor place was considered a great deal more valuable in 1855 than it is now; people felt sure that within four or five years John Taylor would cut it up in town lots and sell them at fabulous prices, and go abroad.

199John Taylor’s sympathies were always with the South Carolinians, who made this section so warm in 1856, but said that only one in ten were good citizens; the others were toughs. One of them, a man named Newhall, was killed in the fight at Hickory Point. John Robinson, captain of a southern party at Hickory Point, was an Atchison man, and was shot in the hip.

Mr. Taylor said that in 1844 and several years later the country was full of bee trees, and that cattle turned into the rush in the river bottom in winter, came out fat in the spring. In 1844 there was a settlement of fifty Kickapoo families on the flat just above the island on the Kansas side. They made a great deal of maple sugar. In summer these Indians went out to the buffalo grounds, sixty to eighty miles west of the river, returning in the fall, to be near the Missouri settlers. There never was an Indian village on the site of Atchison, although Mrs. Joe Wade, who was George Million’s daughter, claims to have remembered coming to this side of the river when she was a little girl, and seeing a dead Indian strapped to a board and leaning against a tree on the present site of Commercial street. The body was surrounded with totem poles. There was no game at that time on this side of the river. Indians themselves hunted deer on the Missouri side in winter, and were very friendly with the whites.

John Taylor died on March 7, 1897.

John M. Crowell was mayor of Atchison three terms, coming to the city in 1858 from Londonderry, N. H., where he was born October 22, 1823. For ten years he was a merchant here, afterwards being appointed Government storekeeper, and having charge of a distillery below town. From 1870 to 1885, he was United States postoffice inspector for nineteen States and Territories, and in that capacity visited every section of the country. He resigned to become a mail contractor, although solicited by a Democratic postmaster general to remain. His record in Washington was as good as that of any man who ever worked for the Government. Mr. Crowell was a forty-niner, crossing the plains during the great rush of that year, and engaging in sluice mining. He made four trips to California, but never by railroad. From San Francisco he visited China, South America, the Sandwich Islands, and was a great traveler in his time. He was the father of Frank G. Crowell, who was born in Atchison, and for many years a prominent citizen here, but later resigning his position as county attorney of Atchison county and moving to Kansas City to engage in the grain business, where he now lives.

200John M. Crowell’s daughter became Mrs. F. M. Baker, who accumulated a fortune in the grain business in Atchison. Mr. Crowell died on the eleventh day of October, 1902.

Luther Dickerson came to Atchison county in June, 1854, immediately after Kansas was opened to settlement, from Saline county, Missouri, where he had lived ten years. He went to Missouri from Washington county, Ohio, where he was born in 1825. After looking over the country Mr. Dickerson returned to Missouri, but came back to Kansas the following October, and “squatted” on a tract of land a mile north of the State Orphans’ Home. From 1854 to 1857 were the squatter sovereignty days, during which period a settler could have no title to land, further than the fact of his settlement on the land he selected as his home. Land offices were not established until in 1857, when the squatter filed his claims, and began fighting over them. The first land office in this section was at Doniphan. John W. Whitfield, who was afterwards in Congress, was the register. About a year later the land office was removed to Kickapoo, just below Atchison.

When Mr. Dickerson squatted on his claim in 1854, three-fourths of the land around him was taken. Welcome Nance, Peter Cummings, John Taylor and Widow Boyle had farms at that time. Andy Colgan did not come until 2011857. The settlers of 1854 were mostly from Missouri. In 1855 came an organized band of South Carolinians, whose object was to make Kansas a slave State. Then followed the fierce and relentless fight with the Free State men, which ended in 1857, as far as this section was concerned. That is, in 1857 the Free State men won control, and have practically kept it ever since. In the fall of that year the Free State men elected their county ticket, and Luther Dickerson was chosen as one of the four commissioners and was made chairman.

Luther Dickerson was a Free State man and was fought by all the Missouri and South Carolinians. His land was contested, and he was beaten in the land office, but he finally won before the secretary of the interior, by proving that the woman who was contesting him was a foreigner. Hiram Latham, a Free State man, who lived across the road from Dickerson, was murdered in Doniphan, and because of this murder Frank McVey left the country and never came back. The men who killed Latham were ferried over Independence creek by Dickerson, and, noticing that they were armed, he asked where they were going. They said they were going wolf hunting. In 1858 Luther Dickerson was elected a member of the house of representatives, which met at Lecompton, and then adjourned to Lawrence. In the same year, while still a county commissioner, he built the old court house, which occupied the site of the present court house.

Luther Dickerson raised the first company of soldiers ever organized in the State of Kansas, in May, 1861. The first military order issued in the State was directed to him, signed by John A. Martin, assistant adjutant general.

But while his company was the first organized, it happened that Dickerson’s commission as captain was the second issued, and was signed by Governor Charles Robinson, before the State had an official seal. Afterwards, Mr. Dickerson served in the regular volunteer service, as first lieutenant.

He lived on his land, north of town, for many years, and died in Atchison on the thirteenth day of December, 1910.

Luther C. Challiss came to Atchison in 1855 from Boonville, Mo., where he was engaged as a merchant. He remained here continuously until 1861 as merchant, banker, ferry operator and real estate owner. Luther C. Challiss’ 202addition, the east line of which is at the alley between Seventh and Eighth streets, was preëmpted by Mr. Challiss in 1857, and was originally composed of 198 acres.

As a member of the Territorial council, Mr. Challiss secured the first charter for a railroad west from Atchison, known as the Atchison Pike’s Peak railroad, now the Central Branch. He was the first president of the road, and originally owned every dollar of the stock. He also managed the Kickapoo treaty, which gave the road 150,000 acres of land, and made it prominent in Washington as a specific possibility. The original Government subsidy for this road was every other quarter section of land for ten miles on either side, in addition to $16,000 to $48,000 per mile, in Government bonds.

At the same time Mr. Challiss secured a charter for the Atchison-Pike’s Peak railroad, he secured a charter for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, his original idea being a southern route to the Pacific, and that road has fulfilled all of his early expectations.

Mr. Challiss made a great deal of money in Atchison, and in 1864 drifted to New York and Washington, where he became an operator on the stock exchange. Mr. Challiss’ sympathies were with the South, and was generally a bull. As long as the South showed its ability to hold out Mr. Challiss made a great deal of money, and at one time he had on deposit in New York $960,000, but the tide turned against him when the South began to fail, and this fortune was reduced to nothing.

As an operator on Wall street at that time, Mr. Challiss outranked Jim Fisk and Jay Gould, and was the peer of Anthony Morse and the Jeromes. Jay Gould was a very common man at that time, compared to Mr. Challiss, and a very little thing might have made Mr. Challiss one of the great financial leaders in America. An incident in his career in New York was the attempt of Woodhull & Claflin to break him. He made a fight that is still remembered, and sent Woodhull and Claflin, Colonel Blood Stephen, Pearl Andrews and George Francis Train to jail, where they remained six months. Finally they left the country as a result of a compromise. Mr. Challiss’ lawyers were Roger A. Pryor and Judge Fullerton. Judge Fullerton received a quarter section of land in Atchison county as his fee. Mr. Challiss also brought the famous Pacific Mail suit, which was equally famous.

He returned to Atchison in 1878, looking after the wreck of his former possessions. For three years he edited the Atchison Champion, and bitterly opposed John J. Ingalls for United States senator in 1890.

Mr. Challiss, in his latter years, became a very much abused man, and 203was looked upon as one of the unpopular citizens of the town, but it may be said to his credit that he did much for Atchison, and was largely responsible for making the town the terminus of the Hannibal & St. Joe railroad. He brought Jay Gould, Henry N. Smith and Ben Carver to Atchison, and they agreed to extend the road from St. Joseph to Atchison, in consideration of $75,000.00 in Atchison bonds, which was agreed to. Mr. Challiss had some sort of a deal with Henry N. Smith while they were operating on Wall street, and Challiss claimed that Smith owned him $107,000.00. They finally settled the matter, by Smith agreeing to bring the Hannibal & St. Joseph road here without the $75,000.00 in bonds the people had agreed to give him. The Atchison Champion of May 11, 1872, contained a half column scare head, to the effect that Luther C. Challiss telegraphed from New York that the bridge had been finally secured, and gave the credit of securing the bridge to Challiss and James N. Burnes.

Mr. Challiss died a poor man on the sixth day of July, 1895.

George W. Glick, the ninth governor of Kansas, for a number of years United States pension agent for the district comprising Kansas, Missouri, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Territory, came to Atchison in June, 1859, from Fremont, Ohio, where he studied law in the office of Rutherford B. Hayes, who afterwards became President of the United States. Mr. Glick came to Atchison on the steamer “Wm. H. Russell,” named for and largely owned by William H. Russell, senior member of the celebrated freighting firm of Russell, Majors & Waddell. Mr. Glick was born in Fairfield county, Ohio, July 4, 1829, on a farm, and when four years old removed with his father’s family to within a mile and a half of Fremont, where he remained until he came to Atchison. He first went to school in the country, near Fremont, where he afterwards taught when he was nineteen. Later he attended a Dioclesion school at Fremont, founded by Dr. Dio Lewis, who afterwards became famous and whose name then was Dioclesia Lewis. Later he attended Central College, Ohio, but did not graduate. In 1849 he began the study of law in the office of Bucklin & Hayes, in Fremont, as a result of getting his feet in a threshing machine. It was supposed that he would never be fit for farm work again, but he afterwards recovered. Two years later he was admitted to the bar in Cincinnati, standing an examination with the graduating class of the Cincinnati law school. He practiced eight years in Fremont 204before coming to Atchison, building up a good business, in spite of the fact that he always went out to the farm in haying time and harvested and helped his father. In January, following his arrival in Atchison, he formed a partnership with A. G. Otis, which continued as long as he practiced law. The firm of Otis & Glick was the strongest in Atchison, as long as it lasted, and B. P. Waggener was a student in their office. In 1872 Mr. Glick became a town farmer, operating a farm of 640 acres four miles west of Atchison, making a specialty of Short Horn cattle, paying as high as $1,000 for several single animals. He served nine terms in the Kansas legislature, and was once county commissioner, and once county auditor of Atchison county. While auditor of Atchison county, in 1882, he was elected governor, by 9,000 plurality, over Jim P. St. John, who had been elected two years before by about 55,000. In 1884 he was re-nominated as governor by the Democrats, but was defeated by John A. Martin. He first received the nomination for governor nine years after coming to Kansas, but was defeated by the Republicans. He was appointed pension agent in 1885, and again in 1893. He was a Mason, and was one of the original organizers of the Knight Templars and Royal Arch Masons, in Atchison. He was the first president of the Atchison-Nebraska road, having built it to the county line, in connection with Brown and Bier. Governor Glick sold his farm near Shannon a number of years ago, and during the latter part of his life was inactive in business and professional affairs. He died on the thirteenth day of April, 1911.

One of the oldest citizens of Atchison was Dr. W. H. Grimes, who came here from Yellow Spring, Ohio, in 1858. His son, E. B. Grimes, came a year before, and opened a drug store in the building for many years occupied as an office by the Atchison Water Company, across from the Byram Hotel. Dr. W. H. Grimes practiced medicine until the war broke out, when he became a surgeon in the Thirteenth Kansas. Returning to Atchison at the close of the war, he continued the practice of medicine until his death, in 1879.

E. B. Grimes was a quartermaster during the war with a rank of major. At the close of the war he entered the regular army, and built many of the posts in the Department of the Platte, notably Ft. Laramie, Ft. Fetterman and Ft. Douglass. He died at Ft. Leavenworth, in 1882.

Another son, Dr. R. V. Grimes, was a lieutenant in his father’s regiment. After the war he became an army surgeon, and was in many of the Indian 205campaigns in the Northwest. He was in Merritt’s command when it went to the rescue of General Custer, and was the surgeon in Major Thornburg’s command when it was surrounded at the famous fight on Milk river. The command was surrounded five days by the Utes, and was finally rescued by General Merritt. While he lived in Atchison he was employed as a printer on the Champion.

Two other sons of Dr. Grimes, John and Howard Grimes, were members of Colonel Jennison’s Seventh Kansas Jayhawkers.

Joshua Wheeler was one of the best known, as well as one of the most successful, farmers Atchison county ever had. His papers on questions pertaining to agriculture and the farm, read before the various societies, attracted wide-spread attention. In State affairs, he served the public long and honorably, and for over twenty years was a member of the State board of agriculture, serving three years as its president. His long connection with the State Agriculture College gave him an extended acquaintance over the State, and he was appointed regent for that institution by Governor Harvey in 1871, and re-appointed by Governor Martin in 1888, serving until April, 1894. During several years of that time he was treasurer of the board, and gained an extensive knowledge of the college and its history. He served in the State senate during 1863 and 1864 and in the fall of 1885 was elected for another term.

Joshua Wheeler was born in Buckingham, England, February 12, 1827, and came to America in 1844, locating in New Jersey, where he resided four years before removing to Illinois. In 1857 a colony of seven or eight families of Fulton county, Illinois, farmers, Seventh-Day Baptists, came to Kansas, and located in the southwest portion of Atchison county, covering the entire distance overland. S. P. Griffin and Dennis Sounders preceded the colony in the spring of the same year to look up a location. They went as far to the southwest as Emporia, but found no land equal to that of Atchison county. After locating the land for the colony they went back to Illinois, but did not accompany the colony to Kansas, but came a year or two later. Griffin farmed for nearly twenty years, but afterwards became a Nortonville merchant. He was the father of Charles T. Griffin, at one time an attorney in Atchison.

When the colony of Seventh-Day people arrived at the end of their destination they found the land in possession of colonists, but they bought them 206out, preëmpted claims and laid out the now famous Seventh-Day Lane. The land was then an open prairie, occupied only by an occasional hut. It is at this time the admiration of every visitor abounding in well cultivated fields, pastures, groves, orchards, comfortable homes, to which paint is no stranger, large barns, uniformly trimmed hedges, and peopled by as thrifty a class as can be found in the western country. Later on Seventh-Day people came from Iowa, Wisconsin and New York, and joined the Illinois colony on Seventh-Day Lane, which is two miles in length. The Seventh-Day Baptists observe their Sabbath from sundown Friday evening to sundown Saturday evening. Their church has a seating capacity of 400, which is always comfortably filled, and was built in 1884, prior to which time the Seventh-Day Baptists worshiped in their school house.

A. A. Randolph was the first pastor of the church on Seventh-Day Lane. He came here from Pennsylvania in 1863, and died in 1868. S. R. Wheeler, a brother of Joshua Wheeler, was pastor of the church for twelve years.

When the Seventh-Day Baptists built their homes on the Lane smooth wire cost eleven and one-half cents per pound in Atchison, and ordinary flooring, $100.00 per thousand feet. Money was loaned at four per cent. per month. They did all of their trading in Atchison until Nortonville was built.

Joshua Wheeler was not only a successful farmer, but a good business man. He kept a regular set of books, and could always tell exactly what it cost him to produce a bushel of wheat in any of the different years of his farm experience. He could tell also what a bushel of corn, fed to cattle, would produce. In 1877 he sold his wheat for $1.75 per bushel.

He owned a farm of over 300 acres, just at the west end of the Lane, where he died on the fourteenth day of May, 1896.

William Hetherington, founder of the Exchange National Bank, came to Atchison in 1859, from Pottsville, Penn., where he operated a flouring mill. His three oldest children, Mrs. B. P. Waggener, W. W. Hetherington and C. S. Hetherington, were born in Pottsville. Mrs. W. A. Otis, the youngest daughter, was born in Atchison. William Hetherington himself was born in Milton, Penn., May 10, 1821. He was also married there. When he first came west he stopped in St. Louis, then went to Kansas City, and later to Leavenworth, where he bought a bankrupt stock of goods and hauled them to Atchison in wagons. This was in 1859. The same year he established 207the Exchange Bank of William Hetherington, absorbing the Kansas Valley Bank, owned by Robert L. Pease, which had been established several years before.

Mr. Hetherington’s influence in Atchison was very marked. He was a cultured gentleman of the old school, and was so generally respected, although always a Democrat, he stood very high in the sixties when the sectional bitterness was at its height, and did much to maintain peace between the contending factions. He was a very able public speaker. He was never a bitter partisan, and enjoyed the respect of the people to an unusual degree. He was one of the early mayors of Atchison, and had a successful career. He died on the twenty-first day of January, 1890.

William C. Smith, one of the early mayors of Atchison, came to Kansas in 1858 from Illinois, settling near Valley Falls. Two years later he traded his farm to Sam Dickson for a stock of goods in Atchison and removed to this city. The firm of William C. Smith & Son continued sixteen years. The son was Henry T. Smith, who still resides in Atchison (1915). Another son is William R. Smith, who is at present the attorney for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company, at Topeka, for a number of years was a justice of the supreme court of Kansas. His oldest daughter married P. L. Hubbard, who afterwards became district judge of Atchison county, and another daughter married H. C. Solomon, for many years a leading attorney of Atchison. Mr. Smith died in 1884. He was mayor two terms; member of the legislature, council and the board of education. Although Mr. Smith came to Kansas from Illinois, he was born at Columbus, Ohio, in 1817.

John M. Price arrived in Atchison with his wife on the first of September, 1858, the day the Massasoit House was formally opened for the public. They came here from Platte City, Mo., to visit some old friends from Kentucky, who had moved to Kansas, and after they arrived concluded to remain. The Prices originally came from Irvine, Ky. Mr. Price studied law in Irvine; was admitted and elected county attorney before coming to Atchison. He was a Union man, in spite of the fact that he came from Kentucky, and was very active in a business and professional way during the early days of his 208residence in this county, and for many years thereafter. He constructed more large and substantial buildings in Atchison than any other individual who ever lived here. He built the house for a residence, now occupied by Mt. St. Scholastica Academy, an opera house and many blocks of business buildings and residences. He was a member of the legislature several times; was prominently mentioned as a candidate for United States senator. Mr. Price died on the twentieth day of October, 1898.

Samuel C. King came to Atchison March 27, 1857. His brothers, Ed. and John, together with a sister and his widowed mother, arrived here the year before, coming here with Dr. W. L. Challiss, in the steam ferry, “Ida,” from Brownsville, Penn., where that boat was built. The King family came originally from England, within thirty-five miles of Liverpool, where the children were born, and where the father died. Ed. King was the first pilot of the ferry boat, “Ida,” when it began making trips to Atchison. The three sons and the mother took up claims in Mt. Pleasant township. While living there three old neighbors came out and Samuel C. King went out with them to look for claims. They were told that there was plenty of vacant land near Monrovia, but Mr. King advised them that it was too far out in the wilderness, and they went elsewhere. (Monrovia is fourteen miles from Atchison). While the other members of the family were getting their start Samuel C. King clerked in George T. Challiss’ store, receiving $25.00 per month, and boarded himself. He afterwards went to work for Mike Finney, steamboat wharf master, and was practically the first express agent in Atchison. Later he went out to his farm and split rails to fence it, and afterwards clerked for Bowman & Blair for $25.00 per month and board. He enlisted in the navy in June, 1861, enlisting as a landsman on the man of war, “Augusta.” He served on this ship through all the exciting scenes of the navy during the war, and was at the battle of Point Royal. He assisted in capturing eight British ships, which tried to run the blockade, and his part of the prize money amounted to over $7,000.00. He was at the bombardment of Ft. Sumpter, and at the taking of Tyble Island, off Savannah, Ga. He spent eleven months at sea, working for the “Alabama,” and rounded Cape Hatteras. He saw the burning of Charleston, and finally learning that his mother was fatally ill, he came home. He was elected county treasurer of Atchison county. Mr. King remained a prosperous capitalist and real estate operator, until his death on the twenty-third day of January, 1910.

Clem Rohr came originally from Buffalo, N. Y., where he was born in 1835. He learned the trade of harness maker there, and afterwards worked at his trade at Chicago, Detroit and Moline, Ill. In Davenport, Iowa, he heard Jim Lane make a speech about Kansas. This speech caused Rohr to go to Leavenworth in 1856, and while living in that town and employed as mail carrier he ran into the famous battle of Hickory Point. He slept in Hickory Point the night after the fight and helped fix up the wounded. He walked to Atchison in 1857 from Leavenworth, with Nick Greiner, for many years a prosperous German farmer, south of Atchison, and started a harness shop, which he conducted in the same place on the south side of Commercial street, between Fourth and Fifth streets, for over forty years.

The first telegram that came to Atchison announcing that Kansas had been admitted was sent to Clem Rohr, and was signed by S. C. Pomeroy. He served as mayor of Atchison. Early in the sixties when the home guard was organized in Atchison Clem Rohr was made captain. His father was one of Napoleon Bonaparte’s body-guard, and was with that great soldier at Austerlitz in the Russian campaign, and at the battle of Waterloo. Mr. Rohr always claimed that Julius Newman, who had a farm near the Soldiers’ Home, made the first filing in the Lecompton land office.

Mr. Rohr died in Atchison on the twenty-third day of May, 1910.

One of the most interesting and romantic early-day characters in Atchison county was Maj. R. H. Weightman, an ex-major of the United States army, who was associated with a famous frontier tragedy. Major Weightman was a violent pro-slavery man and had been reared in the South. Before coming to Kickapoo, where he was connected with the land office, and subsequently to Atchison, he was the editor of the Herald at Santa Fe, N. M., and also a delegate to Congress from that Territory.

F. X. Aubrey, the other party to the quarrel, was a French Canadian, of great pluck and energy, and had made a reputation on a wager in 1852, riding from Santa Fe to Independence, Mo., in a few hours over eight days. The next year he wagered $1,000 he could go the same distance in less than eight days. His bet was accepted and Aubrey covered the distance in less than five days. Following these rides he engaged in the freighting business over 210the plains and he and Major Weightman became warm personal friends. Aubrey later made a trip to California, taking a herd of sheep, which he sold at a fine profit. It was upon his return from this trip that he and Weightman had their famous quarrel. The fairest account of this incident appeared in the Missouri Republican, September 28, 1854, which was in the form of a communication from a correspondent of that paper, and was as follows:

“Mr. Editor: The deplorable event by which F. X. Aubrey lost his life and which deprived the West of one of its most energetic and able pioneers, will not be passed lightly over. The name of Mr. Aubrey had become too closely identified with all that is gallant, preserving, and—in a western sense, at least—brave and chivalrous, that his memory and his sudden death should not awaken painful emotions among all those to whom his name had become a household word; emotions too painful to expect that, under his influence, full justice would be done to both parties concerned. When, therefore, an opportunity is afforded by which the facts, as nearly as we can approach them, may be investigated, it would seem injustice to withhold these facts from the public.

“Though, perhaps, less historically known (if the expression be permitted) than Mr. Aubrey, Major Weightman has peculiar claims upon the citizens of Missouri, and especially of St. Louis, for demanding full and impartial justice in this behalf. Without wishing to anticipate the judgment of your readers, or at all commenting upon the evidence which will be found below, your correspondent, in view of the grave charge in which Major Weightman is involved, and the melancholy importance of the event, deems it his duty, notwithstanding, here to state what may be known to most of your readers, that Major Weightman, for years, formerly, was a resident of St. Louis, beloved and respected, almost without any exception, by all with whom he came in contact.

“Amongst the many of Missouri’s citizens who participated in the late Mexican war, Major, then Captain Weightman, at the head of his Light Artillery Company, won laurels which placed his name foremost among the bravest and most gallant in that war. His fellow soldiers still in our midst will cheerfully bear your correspondent testimony, that Captain Weightman’s gallantry as a soldier and officer was only surpassed by his urbanity and true kindliness of feeling as a gentleman; and if the evidence adduced upon his 211preliminary examination before the examining magistrate should sustain Weightman’s plan of self-defense in the premises, his former friends here and abroad, and his fellow soldiers, will be glad to learn that the qualities of heart, for which they used most to prize Captain Weightman, in former years, remain untainted even now, when his name has become unfortunately coupled with a most grave and serious charge. May the public judge, and may not the unquestioned enviable renown of Captain Aubrey’s name tend to warp calm judgment in pronouncing upon the guilt or innocence of the accused.

“The following evidence, being a synopsis of the process verbatim at the preliminary examination before Judge Davenport, at Santa Fe, have been transmitted to your correspondent from New Mexico by a third person, and, as your correspondent has every reason to believe, may be fully relied on. It is in the main supported by your former notices published in the Republican concerning this same transaction.

“The circumstances are these: Major Weightman, hearing of the arrival of Aubrey, and that he was at the store of the Messrs. Mercure, merchants at Santa Fe, crossed the plaza to see him, and was one of the first to take him by the hand and greet him as a friend. When Major Weightman arrived at the store of the Messrs. Mercure, several persons had already arrived to pay their respects to Mr. Aubrey.

“Aubrey and Weightman met kindly, shook hands, and conversed pleasantly for a short time, when something having been said by a third person about the route by which Aubrey had arrived from California, Aubrey asked the major if he had yet published his paper in Albuquerque. The major said, no; that it was dead—had died a natural death from want of subscribers. Aubrey then said it should have died, because of the lies with which it was filled. This was said without excitement. When Weightman asked ‘What lies?’ Aubrey remarked: ‘When I returned from California last year you asked me for information in respect to my route, and afterwards you abused me.’ This Weightman denied, saying, ‘No, Aubrey, I did not abuse you.’ Aubrey then said, more or less excited, ‘I say you did, and I now repeat, it is a lie,’ at the same time bringing his hand down with force upon the counter.

“At this Weightman, who was sitting on the counter, five or six feet from Aubrey, sprang down and approached Aubrey, who had been standing near the counter, and taking a glass from which Aubrey had been drinking (a toddy), threw the contents in his face. Weightman immediately stepped back, when Aubrey drew a pistol (Colt’s belt pistol), the first shot from which took effect in the ceiling (supposed to have gone off while cocking). 212Weightman then drew a knife, and before another shot could be fired, closed with Aubrey and stabbed him in the abdomen, and soon after seized Aubrey’s pistol.

“The Messrs. Mercure rushed on and seized the parties. Aubrey rapidly sank, and as soon as he relinquished his pistol Weightman said: ‘I did it in my own defense, and I will go and surrender myself to the authorities,’ which he did, accompanied by his friend, Major Cunningham. Aubrey died in a few minutes. He received but the one blow. Major Weightman has carried a bowie knife for his own protection for a year past, believing it to be necessary for him to do so. This was stated as the cause of his being armed. Aubrey was of the number of those who were inimical to him. The relations between Aubrey and Weightman had been heretofore of the most agreeable character.”

Major Weightman was a resident of Atchison only a few years. At the outbreak of the war he joined the southern army, and lost his life in the battle of Wilson’s Creek.

AN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY—SCIENTIFIC FARMING—FARMERS, THE ARISTOCRACY OF THE WEST—MODERN IMPROVEMENT—TOPOGRAPHY—SOIL—STATISTICS.

Atchison county is distinctively an agricultural community. There have been some earnest efforts made in the past to develop its mineral resources, and it is not beyond the realm of possibility that future efforts in that direction will unlock hidden resources of fabulous value. But in the future, as in the past, agriculture will be the big important dividend producer in this county. Up to this time it is not unfair to say that only the surface of the soil has been scratched. Farming has been the occupation of a very large portion of our people from the days when the first settlers took up their claims and with crude implements, broke the sod, down to this enlightened age, of the riding plow and the traction engine, but scientific husbandry has not been followed on a large scale in this county. Crops have been so easy to produce, on account of rich soil and a favorable climate, that the methods employed in countries not so blessed and of a greater population, have not been followed in the past. This is not an arraignment of the former, for Atchison county has been peculiarly blessed in its possession of an intelligent lot of thrifty farmers. They have toiled and labored early and late; they have built comfortable homes, accumulated fortunes, and are the sturdy, dependable citizens of the county, but for over sixty years they have lacked organization and the prosperous farmers have succeeded because of their own personal initiative, judgment and hard work. As a class they have not made the progress to which they are justly entitled. Those that came early and remained, have in most instances met with rare success, but they worked out their own salvation, unaided by scientific organization.

214One hundred and sixty of them have banded together for mutual help and have secured a county agricultural agent to assist them in this direction, as the rich country in the States east of us have been forced to do. The soil also has an abundance of potash and a creditable amount of phosphorus, so with the proper use of legumes and manure, with the addition of some phosphorus, the fertility of the soil may be increased and maintained indefinitely. If soil washing is stopped and the organic matter in the soil maintained, this county has a soil, that agriculturally speaking, is second to none.

The real aristocracy in the West, will, in future generations, trace its ancestry back to the pioneers, who settled on the land and tilled it. Those who went into trade and the professions when they came to Atchison county prior to 1860, and in subsequent years, have prospered, in part, by their wits, but in the main, on the farmer. The farmers were then, as now, the real wealth producers and so it has come to pass, after these many years, that the farmer “has arrived,” and with the increase in population and the general trend of advancement and improvement in all human activities, farming now stands near the top of the big human enterprises. The desire for organization and coöperation among the farmers is growing everywhere, and it has taken hold of Atchison county in recent years.

The farmer’s life in this county, in the late fifties and early sixties, was a hard and lonely one. During those years many homesteads were preëmpted, fifteen to twenty-one miles southwest, west and northwest of Atchison, and onto these the young pioneers took their wives and families. There they built their log houses, “broke out” their land, and put it to corn and wheat. There were few neighbors, fewer creature comforts, and no conveniences. It was a solitary life.

This history contains biographical sketches of many of these pioneers, and in them will be found the intimate stories of hardships, privations and discomforts. They came to conquer the resources of nature, and they accomplished what they came after. There were no highways over which to convey their crops when harvested, and the ways to the nearest market were long and dreary ones. It was a two days’ trip over the prairies to Atchison with a load of grain, and there were few ways to economize time, although, fortunately, time was not an object then, as it is in these restless days.

And yet within the short span of the lives of farmers who are still here, there has been a marvelous development. Log houses have given way to fine commodious homes, steam heated and electric lighted; great barns shelter 215the stock, and house the grain; the telephone, the rural delivery and the automobile have revolutionized the farmer’s life and the farmer’s wife. Better roads are the order of the day, and it will be along this line that great progress will be made in the immediate future. Meanwhile, land values are on the increase, and the quarter sections that sold from $500 to $800 each, fifty years ago, are now bringing $16,000 to $24,000 each. Within the year 1915 there has been a general trend of sentiment among the more enterprising farmers to put farming upon a more scientific basis. The services of a farm adviser have been secured, whose duty it is to assist in this direction. They are learning more of food values, crop rotation and diversification, soil culture and plant life. As the value of these things become more apparent, the farming industry will thrive more, and in another generation the problem of keeping the young men and young women on the farm will have been solved.

The richest and most valuable farming land in Atchison county is very generally distributed. There are parts of each township that are rough and broken, but as the population increases land not now regarded as choice will be made to produce abundant crops. The river bluffs, which have stood so long in timber, are gradually being cleared and the bare hills which are left, are admirably adapted to fruit, wheat and alfalfa. Much of this land is as well adapted to fruit raising as is the already famous Wathena district, some of it being exactly the same type of soil. All that is needed is that the fruit growers give their plantations care. The orchard that is properly cared for produces fruit of a quality far superior to that of the famous Northwest. Incidentally, this land returns the grower a greater net profit.

Atchison county lies within the glaciated portion of the plains region. The underlying rocks are buried by the glacial till, but in turn is covered by a deposit of fine silty material, known as loess. Practically all the soil throughout this country is derived from the loess covering. The principal soil is a brown, almost black, silty loam, well adapted to the production of general farm crops. The rainfall is sufficient for the maturing of all crops, the normal annual precipitation ranging from fifteen to twenty-five inches. Atchison county has a population ranging from 28,000 to 30,000 people. There was a slight decrease in the population between the years of 1900 and 1910, yet, in spite of this apparent unfavorable showing, the value of farm land and farm products have increased. About ninety-five per cent. of the land in this county is in farms, of an average value of $69.26 per acre. The proportionate land area is 263,680 acres, of which 249,339 acres are in farms, 216with an aggregate land value of $17,270,130, which is more than double what it was in 1900, and over two million dollars more than the whole of the Louisiana Purchase cost us in 1803. Figures and statistics are proverbially dry and uninteresting, but there is no place in which they can be more appropriately used than in history, and no language that can be employed could tell a better story of the agricultural progress of Atchison county, than the statistics taken from the thirteenth census of the United States. From this source we find that the total value of improvements on the farms in this county in 1910 was $2,692,755, and that the value of the implements and machinery used by the farmers, not including automobiles, was $499,129. While the value of domestic animals and live stock was $2,149,863, and in these figures poultry is not included. The chicken, duck, goose and turkey census reached 150,127, and these were valued at $77,926. The total value of all crops shown by the census of 1910 was as follows:

Making a grand total of $2,370,847.00.

INFLUENCE OF NEWSPAPERS—PART PLAYED BY THE EARLY PRESS—“SQUATTER SOVEREIGN”—“FREEDOM’S CHAMPION”—“CHAMPION AND PRESS”—PIONEER EDITORS—LATER NEWSPAPERS AND NEWSPAPER MEN.

Of all the mighty powers for good and evil, none can excel the newspaper. Take all the newspapers out of the world today and there would be chaos. Mankind would lie groping in the dark, and life itself would be a vain and empty thing. Newspapers are the arteries through which the lifeblood of the world runs. They carry to our firesides the continued story of civilization.

Early in the history of Atchison county, before the schools and the churches, the newspaper appeared. It received a bounty of the original town company when that association, September 21, 1854, by a resolution, donated $400 to Robert Kelley and Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, to start a printing office, and it was then that the Squatter Sovereign was conceived, and after a brief period of gestation, was born February 3, 1855. By a strange stroke of misfortune this first newspaper in the county stood for a wrong principle and preached bad doctrine, for it advocated human slavery. Yet it was a creature of environment, and reflected the prevailing sentiment of its constituency. It was fearless in its attitude and rabid in its utterances. It was a violent organ of hate and bitterness toward all Free State men, and in it appeared a constant flood of inflammatory comment directed against those who opposed slavery, and were determined that Kansas should be the land of the brave and the home of the free. But as the pro-slavery cause waned, the Squatter Sovereign waned with it, and in the fall of 1857, when saner counsel and the feeling of brotherhood grew, the town company disposed of its 218interest in the Squatter Sovereign to the New England Aid Society, of which S. C. Pomeroy was agent, and the paper then passed into the hands of Robert McBratney and Franklin G. Adams. Mr. Adams and Mr. McBratney were both Free Soilers, but they did not run the paper long. It was shortly sold to O. F. Short, who ran it until the following February, and on the twentieth day of that month, 1858. John A. Martin purchased the plant and changed the name of the paper to Freedom’s Champion. Under that name Colonel Martin made of his paper one of the leading Free State organs of the Territory. Always a brilliant editor, of courage and deep convictions, Colonel Martin during his whole career never performed a greater service than during the time he shouted the battle-cry of freedom through the columns of Freedom’s Champion, from 1858 to 1861. In September of the latter year, he laid aside his pen and took up his sword in defense of the principles he so stoutly advocated, and thus translated his words into deeds. When he went to the front he left the Champion in charge of George J. Stebbins, who continued in charge until the fall of 1863, when it was leased to John J. Ingalls and Robert H. Horton. These two men afterwards became political rivals. Both were lawyers and both residents of Atchison for many years. Horton was a typical lawyer, smooth and tactful, who enjoyed a successful career in the practice of his profession and on the bench. Ingalls was of a different temperament, being more intellectual, caring little for the law, less tactful, but ambitious. They both met in the arena of politics, and Horton was the vanquished. Following the senatorial election of 1879, at which they were both candidates, they became bitter enemies, and did not speak until they met, by chance, in London, in 1891. While these two men were editors of the Champion. Ingalls did most of the writing and kept things warm until the return of Colonel Martin from the war in January, 1865, one of the Nation’s heroes. Three months after his return, on the twenty-second day of March, 1865. Colonel Martin became the publisher of a daily paper, and on August 11, 1868, the Freedom’s Champion was consolidated with the Atchison Free Press, under the name of Champion and Press. The Free Press was a Republican daily paper, and first appeared May 5, 1864, with Franklin G. Adams as its editor and proprietor. In April, 1865, Frank A. Root became a partner, and subsequently, L. R. Elliott, who had been an assistant editor, became a proprietor, with Mr. Root retiring later, when the paper was consolidated with the Champion.

The office of the Champion and Press was destroyed by fire May 20, 1869, but three weeks later the paper was in running order, with John A. 219Martin as sole editor and proprietor, and from that date until the death of Mr. Martin October 2, 1889, it remained one of the most influential and prosperous papers in the State of Kansas.

Upon the death of Mr. Martin, the newspaper property was turned over to his father-in-law, W. L. Challiss, as executor of Mr. Martin’s estate, and on the day of Mr. Martin’s death the name of Phillip Krohn appears as managing editor. Krohn occupied that important place until March 29, 1890, when his name appeared for the last time as editor. Dr. Phillip Krohn was a man of brilliant attainments, a fluent writer, and a pleasing public speaker. He was a Methodist minister by profession, but, although he occupied the pulpit upon occasions, his name was seldom taken seriously in connection with religious work. From the date of Governor Martin’s death the paper gradually waned in influence. The paper remained the property of the estate of Governor Martin, and Luther C. Challiss was editor and manager, until October 11, 1804, when A. J. Felt, an ex-lieutenant governor of Kansas, became its editor and proprietor. The paper did not prosper under the management of Mr. Felt, and four years later a company was organized by Charles M. Sheldon, a promoter, and Mr. Sheldon became its editor May 2, 1898. Mr. Sheldon was an enthusiastic and aggressive individual, who had very little respect for the value of money, which he spent so lavishly that two months later, July 1, 1898, his name appeared for the last time as editor of the Champion. On the twentieth of that month the paper was sold to satisfy a mortgage and the property was re-purchased by A. J. Felt, who immediately transferred it to the Champion Linotype Printing Company, a partnership, composed of Edward Skinner, George T. Housen, Charles O. Hovatter, James McNamara and A. J. Felt. Mr. Felt again resumed the editorial management of the paper, and remained in charge until January 1, 1899.

February 3, 1899, Henry Kuhn, who surveyed the townsite of Atchison, returned to the city with his son, James G. Kuhn. They made a heroic effort to restore the lost prestige of the Champion, but soon became discouraged, and in the latter part of May or early in the June following, they gave up the ghost and silently disappeared. The mortgagees continued the publication of the paper, and July 31, 1899, the name of John A. Reynolds appears as business manager. It had no editor until August 23, 1899, when James G. Day, Jr., a young lawyer, occupying a desk in the office of Waggener, Horton & Orr, became editor and manager. Mr. Day ran a daily until January 9, 1900, when it was discontinued. The following March he 220published a daily for one week, “as the devil would run it,” a piece of cynicism in reply to an effort the Topeka Capital made a short time before, when that paper was turned over to Rev. Charles M. Sheldon, the eminent Congregational preacher, who ran that paper one week, “As Jesus would run it.”

Meanwhile, the Champion had its ups and downs, but did not die. A daily again appeared April 22, 1901, with Ewing Herbert, one of the celebrated newspaper men of Kansas, as its editor and owner. Mr. Herbert was at that time the owner of the Brown County World, at Hiawatha. He conceived the idea that Atchison offered an attractive field for a newspaper venture, and he succeeded in interesting some local capital in his enterprise. Capt. John Seaton was a stockholder, among others, and Jay House, the present mayor of Topeka (1915) and a brilliant newspaper paragrapher, was city editor. Mr. Herbert spent only part of his time in Atchison, and turned over the management of the Champion to Mr. House. It looked for a time as if Mr. Herbert was going to make a success of his venture, but just at the height of his prosperity he was guilty of an editorial indiscretion, which turned some powerful influences against the paper, and on August 17, 1901, Mr. Herbert gave up his effort as a bad job and turned the plant over to one W. A. Robinson, formerly of St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Robinson was a follower of Henry George, the great single taxer, and conceived it to be his duty to spread the single tax propaganda through the editorial columns of the Champion. His efforts in this direction did not prove profitable, and becoming disheartened and discouraged he fled from the city shortly thereafter, a much poorer but wiser man.

The Champion next fell into the hands of Corman H. Young, for many years a successful music merchant, of Atchison, who incidentally acquired a small job printing plant, which he operated on North Fifth street, and which he subsequently merged with the Champion plant, having acquired that by paying off the mortgage which Mr. Robinson gave Ewing Herbert at the lime he undertook to acquire the property. Mr. Young ran a weekly paper for a number of years, until May, 1907, when he employed Walt Mason, the famous prose poet of the United States, to assume the editorial management of a daily. Mr. Mason many years before had been a resident of Atchison, and ran the Globe during the absence of Mr. Howe in Europe. He was not so famous in 1907 as he is in 1915, but he was just as brilliant. He published the daily Champion on pink paper and filled it with columns of editorial matter and humorous running comment on current affairs. Mr. Mason had a wonderful capacity for work and could prepare more “copy” in one 221day than all the other writers on the paper could prepare in a week. During the summer of 1907, Sheffield Ingalls, having returned from the legislature, where he was a member of the house of representatives, became an editorial writer on the Champion. November 20, 1907, Mr. Young prevailed upon Mr. Ingalls to give up his other work and become editor of the paper. As Mr. Ingalls walked into the office, Mr. Mason walked out, never to return. Mr. Ingalls remained editor and manager of the Champion until October 6, 1909, having been frustrated in plans he had made to acquire the property as his own. Mr. Young continued to run the paper until July 1, 1911, when Mr. Ingalls, with the assistance of J. C. Killarney, succeeded in organizing a company, which purchased the paper and turned it over to Eugene C. Pulliam, as editor. Mr. Pulliam was a young man, who had served his apprenticeship on the Kansas City Star as a reporter. He was a good writer, but lacked experience and business judgment, and while he made a vigorous effort to run the paper, and had the benefit of strong financial connections, he did not succeed, and September 1, 1914, he turned the paper over to Sheffield Ingalls as trustee, and it was subsequently sold to A. S. Andereck and his brother, A. P. Andereck, of Kankakee, Ill. A few months later a company was organized, composed of the Andereck brothers, O. A. Simmons, vice-president of the First National Bank, Wilbur C. Hawk and Sheffield Ingalls, who in 1915 are conducting the paper, and it is enjoying its most prosperous days since the death of its brilliant editor, John A. Martin.

In 1877 there came to Atchison a young man who subsequently became one of the famous editors of the United States, Edgar Watson Howe. Mr. Howe was born in Wabash county, Indiana, May 3, 1854, a son of Henry and Elizabeth Howe. When he was about three years of age his family removed to Bethany, Harrison county, Missouri, where the father, a Methodist preacher, published a newspaper of strong abolition sentiments. The younger Mr. Howe served an apprenticeship at the printer’s trade in his father’s office, and in 1868 started out for himself. He visited various cities, working at the case to earn money to pay his way from one place to another, and at the age of eighteen became the publisher of the weekly Globe, at Golden, Colo. From there he went to Falls City, Neb., where he published a newspaper, subsequently coming to Atchison, and established the Daily Globe. When Mr. Howe reached Atchison, the Champion, under the management of John A. Martin, was the most powerful newspaper organ in the northern half of Kansas, and the field here was none too promising on this account. However, Mr. Howe proceeded to publish a paper of an entirely 222different type than that published by Mr. Martin. It was a small sheet, and was devoted to “gab, gossip and paid locals,” and for over thirty years this policy was successfully maintained by Mr. Howe. It was unique in the journalistic world, and under the management of Mr. Howe it acquired a National reputation, chiefly because of the quaint, homely philosophy it contained and the unusual treatment he gave the ordinary incidents of human life. As a reporter of this class of news, Mr. Howe was perhaps without a peer in the country. For over thirty years he tramped the streets of Atchison with note-book and pencil, and to practically every item he turned in he gave a peculiar twist, which reflected a remarkable insight of human nature. With Mr. Howe were associated Miss Frances L. Garside, Ralph (“Doc”) Tennal, Miss Nellie Webb and J. E. Rank. To each of them Mr. Howe was indebted for much of the success the Globe attained. The death of Col. John A. Martin and the collapse of the Champion, that followed, gave Mr. Howe his opportunity, and for the greater part of his active newspaper career in Atchison he had the field to himself. The Globe was a great financial success and in one year it has been said that Mr. Howe cleared close to $24,000 on his property. “Doc” Tennal was the first one of Mr. Howe’s faithful associates to break up the Globe family. Mr. Tennal was a remarkable reporter of local news, but being ambitious and realizing the limitations by which he was surrounded, he concluded to acquire a newspaper property of his own, and in pursuance of that plan, he bought the Sabetha Herald in 1905, subsequently relinquishing it to become editor of the Kansas City Weekly Star. He returned some years later to Sabetha, and re-purchased the Herald plant, and is now the editor of that prosperous and progressive paper (1915).

J. E. Rank left the Globe a few years later, and went to Bartlesville, Okla., where he ran a paper a short time, and then returned to Atchison, and his first newspaper love.

Miss Garside, who was one of the most brilliant newspaper women in the country, went from the Globe to the New York Journal, and in 1909 Mr. Howe turned the Globe over to his son, Eugene Howe, who is now (1915) its editor and principal owner. Associated with him are Mr. Rank and Miss Nellie Webb, together with other old Globe employes.

Miss Webb is the society reporter, and in this capacity she has acquired a brilliant reputation among the newspaper women of Kansas. The “policy” of the Globe remains unchanged, and, while it may not enjoy the same prestige it had during the days of the elder Howe, it is still one of the moneymaking 223newspaper plants of Kansas. Eugene Howe is a young man of much promise. He is still young and has spent his life in newspaper work. He has carried the new responsibilities thrust upon him by his father both gracefully and tactfully, and there is every reason to predict a successful future for him.

Among the early newspaper enterprises of Atchison was The Patriot, established by Nelson Abbott October 25, 1867. In September, 1868, Messrs. H. Clay Park, B. P. Waggener and Mr. Abbott formed a partnership, under the name of H. Clay Park & Company, and purchased the establishment, and in October of the same year, the paper passed into the hands of C. F. and C. P. Cochrane, but shortly thereafter reverted to Nelson Abbott, who remained in control until December, 1875. Dr. H. B. Horn, for many years a respected and honored citizen of Atchison, was connected with the paper as bookkeeper and business manager, and performed much of the editorial work, and when Mr. Abbott finally relinquished control of the paper, it fell again into the hands of H. Clay Park, who together with F. L. Vandergrift and P. H. Peters, assumed control. Mr. Peters did not remain long in the partnership, and in 1877 he sold his interest to E. W. Beall. The paper was Democratic, and Mr. Park, who was very actively identified with the affairs of Atchison in the early days, was an able editor. He left Atchison twenty-five years later, to become an editorial writer on the St. Joseph News and Press. F. L. Vandergrift is one of the famous newspaper men of Kansas, and for many years was the representative in Kansas of the Kansas City Star. He is one of the best loved and best known newspaper writers of the West, and is now (1915) editor of the Earth, a publication devoted to the interests of the Santa Fe railroad.

One of the well known newspaper men of the West connected with The Patriot was Tom Stivers, who was connected with the Champion for eight years, and in January, 1879, became a partner with Mr. Park and Mr. Vandergrift.

The Patriot was an afternoon daily paper, and always stanchly Democratic in politics, and for many years was a successful journalistic enterprise. This paper continued to be published either as a weekly or a daily until about October 12, 1895. It was in a precarious condition many years before that date, and had a number of different editors, among them F. M. Stambaugh and W. J. Montgomery. The Atchison Morning Star and Daily Patriot was built upon the wreck of the original Patriot, its first issue being dated October 13, 1895, and running until February 23, 1896.

The Atchison Union was a Democratic paper, established by Gideon O. 224Chase, about 1858. It had an office in a frame building at the southwest corner of Fifth and Commercial streets, subsequently occupied by the Champion. Mr. Chase came from Waverly. N. V., and his paper, while Democratic, was for the Union and against slavery. Mr. Chase did not remain in charge of the paper very long, and turned it over to W. H. Addoms and G. I. Stebbins. Shortly thereafter Stebbins retired, and Addoms went to Leavenworth, where he started a paper, turning his interest over to A. P. Cochrane, who was an employe in the office. Cochrane did not run the paper but a short time, when a Mr. Leland, Francis J. Marion and Franklin G. Adams assumed control and ran it a short time, when Marion took the plant of Plattsburg, Mo., and junked it, and for many years what was left of the paper was piled up in the court house at that place.

The Atchison Church Visitor was established in 1906, and was published by the pastors of the following churches: English Lutheran, Methodist, Christian, Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist.

On January 14, 1911, Paul Tonsing became its editor and publisher. The paper is printed by Mr. Tonsing in the office over 500 Commercial street, so long occupied as the editorial room of John A. Martin, of whom Mr. Tonsing is a son-in-law. Mr. Tonsing is a Lutheran minister by profession, and for a number of years after his graduation from Midland College, he did pastoral work in a number of Lutheran churches in Nebraska and Kansas. Mr. Tonsing is a reformer, and a man not without courage and ability. His views are looked upon as too extreme by the conservative liberal element of Atchison, but all give him credit for being conscientious and honest. He is a hard-working, industrious citizen, and, while he has made inane active enemies in his reform work, he enjoys the personal satisfaction of seeing many of the reforms he has advocated come to pass. He is an avowed foe of the liquor traffic, and has perhaps done more than any other individual in the community to make his views on that question effective. In connection with the publication of the Church Visitor, Mr. Tonsing also prints and edits the Western Chief, a monthly publication devoted to the Improved Order of Redmen.

E. W. Howe’s Monthly was started by Mr. Howe in March, 1911. It is published monthly and contains practically all of the present literary efforts of its editor. Mr. Howe has adopted the use of pink paper for this publication, which is composed of four pages. It contains no advertising matter, but has a large circulation among friends and admirers of Mr. Howe’s peculiar literary type. Mr. Howe has popularized this monthly by making 225the price so low that no subscriber can afford not to take it, and when he has reached a circulation large enough, he plans to put it on a profitable basis as an advertising medium.

The Effingham New Leaf was started about April 12, 1894, with M. C. Klingman, editor, and his wife, Mrs. Ima L. Klingman, as associate editor. The New Leaf was the successor of the Effingham Times, founded in 1887, and the Effingham Graphic, founded in 1891, and the Effingham World, founded in 1893. After the death of M. C. Klingman, at the Missouri Baptist sanitarium, at St. Louis, Mo., May 5, 1899, Mrs. Klingman took charge as editor and publisher, and employed W. W. Cahoon, associate editor. January 4, 1901, J. W. Coleman became the editor and publisher, and W. W. Cahoon, associate editor. In December, 1903, W. W. Cahoon purchased a one-half interest and the firm became Coleman & Cahoon. Mr. Coleman re-purchased the paper October 16, 1903, and continued its publication until September 8, 1903, when Mr. Cahoon and C. E. Sells became the editors and publishers. May 4 of the following year Mr. Cahoon sold his interest to W. H. Sells, and August 31, 1906, C. E. and A. J. Sells took charge of the paper, and in 1915 were still its publishers.

The Effingham New Leaf is a successful country newspaper, serving its readers faithfully and satisfactorily.

The Muscotah Record was founded about October 1, 1884, by F. M. Bonham, who ran the paper until about 1886, when on August 18 of that year the Miller brothers became its editors and publishers. They sold it to Claud Martin and Coleman Martin December 4, 1889, who subsequently sold the plan to M. C. Klingman, editor of the Effingham New Leaf, May, 1890. Mr. Klingman turned the property over to Fred W. Badger July 18, 1890, who continued the paper until December 8, 1893, when he disposed of it to John Ford. Ford published the paper until November 1, 1894, when he sold it to James S. Martin and Guy L. Stotter, the latter assuming entire control March 6, 1896. Mr. Stotter sold the Record to J. W. Campbell August 17, 1905, but assumed control of it again November 23, 1905, and remained in control until June 6, 1907, when J. A. Shoemaker, who afterwards became county superintendent of Atchison county, appeared as its editor and publisher. When Mr. Shoemaker was elected county superintendent, he turned the property over to A. W. Huntis, who on February 3, 1910, sold it to P. J. Cortelyon, and March 7, 1912, the property was purchased by R. M. Dunlap, who is now (1915) its editor and publisher.

226The Huron Herald started January 7, 1892, with Frank I. White as editor and publisher. On May 16, 1895, Messrs. Priest & Priest took charge and were in control October 18, 1896, when the office was destroyed by fire. The paper was suspended for a few weeks and the next issue was dated November 6, 1896, with W. E. Johnson, editor and publisher. The Herald suspended publication in February, 1897, and was again resurrected by W. A. Huff by the issue of April 9, 1897. Mr. Huff discontinued the paper in 1900, and went to Brown county, where he was active in newspaper work in that county. The Huron Herald was revived again April 12, 1907, by J. E. Smith, who published it until March 12, 1914, and March 19 of that year. J. M. Delaney announced that through no fault of his, he was forced to take control of the paper, and had employed Herman Van. On August 19, 1915, T. A. Cur became editor, and on November 11, 1915, Orvil L. Pancake was in charge.

The Potter Kansan was originally known as the Potter Leaf, which started November 22, 1900, by Eppie L. Barber and Norene Barber, his wife. Mr. Barber surrendered control of the paper September 17, 1903, turning it over to his wife, who became its publisher. Shortly thereafter, Charles B. Remsburg, who for many years was a well known newspaper reporter in northeastern Kansas, appeared as its editor and publisher, and remained in charge until May 11, 1905, when he turned it over to J. W. Thompson and his wife, Mrs. J. W. Thompson. On August 17, 1905, the Thompsons leased the paper to R. J. Wilson, but in the following December Mr. Thompson resumed control again and placed Howard C. King in charge as local editor and business manager. On March 22, 1906, W. A. Remsburg became proprietor and in the following September, J. E. Remsburg purchased the plant, and is now its editor.

The Potter Kansan is one of the best known country weekly papers in Kansas and the contributions from the pen of George J. Remsburg, the noted archaeologist and newspaper paragrapher and poet, are frequently quoted by the newspapers of the State.

Atchison county, perhaps, has been the graveyard for as many newspapers as any other county in the State. The State Historical Society has reserved the record, and in many instances, the files, of newspapers, which have been born, and after a brief existence, have died in this county.

The first rival newspaper of the Champion, then the Squatter Sovereign, was the Sumner Gazette, published at Sumner in 1857. It survived only a short time, as also did the Western Spy, which lived a few months in 1860.

227In 1857 The Kansas Zeitung was started by Kab & Sussman, but was moved to Leavenworth in 1859.

Half a dozen papers sprung up in 1862 and 1863, among which were: The Pleifer, The Bulletin, The Union-Banner, The Anti-Jayhawker, The Standard, and Die Tackle.

In 1873 the anti John A. Martin crowd, headed by John M. Price, started a Republican daily and weekly, called the Globe, with A. W. Wagnhals, J. B. Dutton, Rev. E. Cooper, T. F. Smith and Franklin G. Adams as the principal writers. It lasted but a few months. Wagnhals subsequently changed his name to Wagnalls, and moved to New York City, where he became a great publisher as a member of the firm of Funk & Wagnalls, which published the Standard Dictionary and a number of other well known publications.

The following list shows the different publications received by the Historical Society from Atchison county at the end of the year 1915:

Among the numerous publications that have enjoyed a brief existence in this county, are the following:

Kansas Churchman, published at Atchison from November, 1891, to December, 1892. Rev. E. K. Brooke was editor. This publication had been published at Salina, Kan., previously, and from Atchison was removed to Lawrence.

228Arrington Argus, started by T. W. Gardner, and was suspended after the tenth number.

The American Journal of Education was published at Atchison and St. Louis, Mo., by Messrs. J. B. Merwin and I. C. Scott, in 1870.

The Atchisonian, established March 24, 1877, by the Atchison Publishing Company. This paper was a six column, eight page affair, with a patent inside. The last issue appeared May 26, 1877.

Atchison Daily Times was started February 3, 1887, by John N. Reynolds, but after the seventh issue the paper was changed to a weekly, and called the Atchison Weekly Times, from March 19 to July 2, 1887. The next issue was dated July 11, 1887, and was again called The Atchison Daily Times, and ran as such until August 6, 1887, when it suspended. John N. Reynolds was in many ways, a unique character. He came to Atchison as the organizer and manager of a live stock insurance company. He was at one time a preacher, and his career in Atchison was remarkable for its violence and his disregard for both the proprieties and the ethics of the newspaper profession, he was looked upon by many as an irresponsible demagogue, and it was supposed that he ran his paper for blackmailing purposes. The story goes that during his management of the live stock insurance company, he incurred an advertising bill with one of the local papers, and failing to pay the bill, the editor of the local paper, instead of having recourse to the courts, began to heap abuse upon Reynolds, and using this as a pretext, Reynolds established the Times, for the purpose of retaliation. As the result of this episode, Reynolds became very violent in his denunciation of many men of established reputations in the community, and during the time that he published his paper there was much excitement of an undesirable character in the city. Reynolds finally landed in the Kansas State penitentiary, having served a term previously in the Missouri State penitentiary. He wrote a book subsequently, relating largely to his treatment in these two institutions, which he entitled “The Twin Hells.” For a short period he edited his paper from the county jail in Atchison, but in 1888 J. A. Sunderland took hold of the Times, and it was published up to January 31, 1891.

The Sunday Morning Call was started by the Call Printing Company, with Frank Pearce as editor and publisher, and was first issued in magazine form February 8, 1880. March 28, 1880, Barton Lowe & Company became editors and publishers, enlarging the paper to a five column folio. January 3, 1881, Luther L. Higby appears as a member of the firm, but with the issue of October 9, 1881, Luther L. Higby became sole owner. November 6, 1881, C. F. Cochrane became one of the editors, and January 18, 1882, 229Chris Rutt became a partner of Mr. Higby, and this firm sold the plant to Herman J. Rodman October 22, 1882, who continued it until November 18, 1883, when the name was changed to The Western Mercury, with E. J. Van Deventer and H. J. Rodman as publishers, and it was continued until about 1886.

The Missouri Valley Farmer was published by A. J. Felt during the time that Mr. Felt was editor of the Champion. The first issue of the Farmer was dated January 5, 1893, and it continued until August 18, 1898, at which time it was sold to C. M. Sheldon, who also became owner of the Champion, and the Missouri Valley Farmer was moved to Kansas City.

The New West was a monthly journal of immigration, published by the Immigrant Union, that was established in Atchison in August, 1878. It was issued in magazine form and contained about sixteen pages of reading matter. The earlier numbers of the publication were printed at Hannibal, Mo., and in 1878 H. H. Allen, who was for many years a real estate operator in Atchison, became the editor of this paper. Mr. Allen subsequently sold the property to J. G. P. Hilderbrand, who later turned the property over to two men by the names of Berry and Henry. The last issue appeared about July, 1880.

Atchison Baptist was a monthly magazine, printed by the City Mission Publication Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa., in the interests of the First Baptist church, of Atchison. It lasted about three years, and W. H. Park was the local editor.

Kansas Agriculturist was a weekly publication, which was established July 18, 1898, and probably died about March 20, 1899.

The Atchison Blade was established July 16, 1892, and published by the Blade Publishing Company, composed of Dr. Grant Brown, Natt G. Langston, and Will Harris, three prominent negroes of Atchison. It was a four page, six column paper, and was operated, after several changes in the management, until about January 20, 1894. It again resumed publication November 5, 1897, and was run until September 19, 1898, by H. Lewis Dorsey.

The Kansas Statesman, Atchison, was established February 15, 1901, by G. W. Myers & Sons, office, 315 Commercial street. This paper was absorbed by the Atchison Champion, after the issue of October 11, 1901.

The Trades Union, Atchison, was founded September 5, 1885, by Frank Hall, R. Tompkins, and James W. Reilly. This paper was the official paper of the Kansas State Assembly of the Knights of Labor, office, 521 Commercial street. The last issue on file is dated November 6, 1886, and the paper moved to Topeka after this date.

230The Atchison Banner was a German paper, and C. F. Ruth was editor and publisher. This was a seven column, four page paper, and was founded March 1, 1878. It was enlarged to an eight column paper the same year. It supported the Republican State ticket in 1878. The paper was suspended after the issue of July 12, 1879.

The Bible Investigator was a monthly publication, started about July, 1881, by William Kirby and A. D. Stevens. It was printed by W. H. Haskell & Son, who for many years conducted a prosperous printing business in Atchison. The editor was William Kirby, and a Mr. Stevens was the manager, both of whom were residents of Doniphan, and a notice in the paper asked that communications for either one should be addressed to that place. It was in operation about five months.

Atchison’s Monthly was published by W. H. Haskell & Son, and the managing editor was Herman J. Rodman. It did not last long.

Sentinel of the Northwest was a monthly publication, of which Dr. A. H. Lamphear was editor. The only issue of which there is any record was Volume 1, No. 1, date January 1, 1883.

Sunday Morning Facts was published by E. W. Beal from September 2, 1883, until about February 3, 1884.

Der Humorist, was as the title indicates, a German publication, with L. Willstaedt as its publisher. This paper, or magazine, was also short lived, lasting less than a year.

Atchison Sunday Morning Sermon, published by J. W. and J. M. Tanner. First issue was June 1, 1884, and the last issue about July 27, 1884.

Atchison Advance, published by Frank Hall and Dr. H. B. Horn. The first issue of the paper was November 5, 1884, and the last issue was January 3, 1885.

The Messachorean was started in 1887, and issued about every two months. It was devoted to the interest of Midland College, and edited by the faculty. It died about June, 1888.

The Atchison Daily Bee was one of John N. Reynolds’ enterprises, which started March 25, 1889, and suspended April 4, 1889.

The Tradesman was a monthly publication, devoted to the trade unionism, and was edited by Robert Tompkins, the veteran editor and publisher.

Stebbins & Talbot’s Real Estate Record, established in 1869, by C. I. Stebbins, W. R. Stebbins and J. H. Talbot. This was, as its name implies, a publication devoted to booming real estate in Atchison county and vicinity.

Kansas Monthly Souvenir was published by Fitch Rice & Company from February, 1873, to sometime in June of the same year.

231Gardner’s Real Estate Bulletin was another real estate journal, published monthly, by C. V. Gardner in 1873.

The Short Line Advocate was issued by the Atchison & Denver Railroad Company in 1879.

Der Courier was another German publication, published at Atchison and Topeka, by Edward F. Fleischer in 1879.

The Public Ledger was started August 19, 1880, by W. J. Granger. It supported the National Greenback ticket of that year, and October 30, 1888, Granger turned the paper over to E. A. Davis & Son, who ran it a short time. Mr. Granger returned to Atchison eighteen years later, and became a reporter on the Atchison Champion, and during the interval published papers in Effingham and other places. In 1915 he was the publisher and owner of the Nettawaka Talk.

The Western Farm Home was a continuation of the New West Monthly. Its first issue was in January, 1881, with James P. Henry and George H. Pardee as editors and publishers. It suspended publication in October, 1881.

High School Quarterly was published at Effingham for the first time January, 1895, with S. J. Hunter, editor, and John W. Wilson, business manager. This magazine was published in the interests of the Atchison high school. It was subsequently changed to The High School Bulletin, after which it was issued regularly once a month during the school year. It suspended publication about September, 1902.

The Oracle was another Effingham publication, started December, 1901, which was conducted by Guy Hendrickson and the students of the Atchison high school, in the interests of that institution. It suspended publication about May, 1902.

The A. C. H. S. Newsletter was a monthly publication, started in February, 1901, by John W. Wilson, principal of the Atchison county high school. There were only three numbers of this paper, which was a monthly.

The Atchison County Visitor was still another Effingham publication, started by W. J. Granger March 10, 1905. Guy C. Hendrickson became business manager June 8, 1906, and the paper suspended during the year 1907.

The Potter Press, started April 8, 1898, with E. Campbell as editor, and Jewell & Campbell as publishers. It lasted until September 30, 1898, when it was consolidated with the Easton (Leavenworth county) Light. January 27, 1899, it resumed publication, with M. L. and K. Lockwood as editors, and 232E. E. Campbell as local editor, but again consolidated with the Easton Light September 1, 1899.

The Atchison County Recorder was started June 1, 1900, and published by the Lockwood Printing Company, of Atchison. Its last issue was dated October 26, 1900.

The Muscotah News was filed April 5, 1880, by Nash & Walkup, and lasted about three months.

The Weekly Journal was started by G. W. Messigh in Effingham September 2, 1892, who ran it until February 23, 1893, when it died.

The Arrington Times was started May 28, 1896, by W. A. Huff. In September of the same year its name was changed to The Atchison County Times, and it suspended sometime in 1897.

The Prairie Press was started in Lancaster May 12, 1888, with W. C. Adkins as editor and publisher, and it was run until March 7, 1890, when it was succeeded by the Huron Graphic.

The Huron Headlight, started March 13, 1884, and died on the same date.

The Huron Messenger was started July 2, 1884, by J. M. Warton, and also died on the same day it was born.

The Weekly Graphic, which succeeded to all the rights and privileges of the Prairie Press, of Lancaster, was started by W. C. Adkins April 5, 1890. Mr. Adkins ran this paper until March 28, 1891, at which time he sold it to J. A. Sunderland, of Atchison, who ran it until May 2, 1891, when Mr. Adkins again took control of the paper and ran it until the following fall.

The Huron Times was a kind of continuation of the Atchison Times, and Volume 4, No. 1, of this paper, was dated April 4, 1891. There were but four issues of the Times, after the plant was moved from Atchison to Huron, the last issue being dated April 25, 1891. J. A. Sunderland was also editor and publisher of this paper, after he moved it from Atchison to Huron. The Huron Times was a weekly publication, by G. E. Nichols, and was started February 22, 1901, and published seventeen times, when it died.

The Effingham Enterprise was founded about July 1, 1895, by W. H. Bright. It was short lived, and little is known of its history after the date just mentioned.

The Peoples’ Press was a party organ, started in August, 1883, by the Peoples’ Press Association, and suspended September 15 of the same year.

The New Kansas Magazine was started by Dr. W. H. Wynn, for many 233years a much beloved and greatly respected professor of English literature at Midland College. Dr. Wynn conceived the idea that there was a place for a monthly magazine in Atchison, to be conducted along the lines of the original Kansas Magazine, published in 1873, which contained some of the best literature that had ever been produced in Kansas. Associated with Dr. Wynn were Dr. W. W. Campbell, R. M. Manley, B. P. Waggener, H. M. Jackson, H. H. Allen, and A. J. Harwi. The first issue appeared February 18, 1892, and the last issue appeared September 30, 1893.

Midwest Moose Review was the official organ of the local lodge of the Loyal Order of Moose, published monthly by Frank L. Danforth, editor. It was founded in 1912, and ran only a few months.

The Atchison Tribune was started in 1896, but the name of the editor and publisher are unknown.

The Western Chief is a monthly publication, devoted to the Order of Redmen, and was founded about April, 1909. Paul Tonsing is editor and publisher.

Benedictine Parish Monthly, started in Atchison, in March, 1907, and published by St. Benedict’s College, until January, 1910.

The College Review was published monthly in Lawrence and Atchison, by A. G. Coonrod and G. T. Smith, from 1891 to 1900. Coonrod & Smith were the owners of business colleges at Atchison and Lawrence.

Kansas Telegraph was a German paper, started by H. Von Langen December 23, 1880, and was published in Atchison until 1881, when it was removed to Topeka, where it was published for many years.

Atchison Journal was another German publication, started by John Hoenscheidt in 1880, but was short lived.

The Kansas Staats-Anzeiger was started in Topeka in 1879, and published until 1881, when it was moved to Atchison. It was also short lived.

Plain Facts was a weekly publication, started in Atchison October 4, 1897, and published by authority of twenty-five Atchison Populists, who were opposed to the election of George W. Glick, the so-called Populist candidates for State senator. It lasted three issues.

The Atchison Journal was the official publication of the Trades and Labor Council of Atchison. It started early in the year 1903, by W. J. Granger, and discontinued the last of November of the same year.

The Atchison Morning Star was a daily paper, published by J. A. Roulston, and started June 14, 1905, lasting until August 30, 1905.

The Atchison Tribune was a weekly publication, started March 27, 1896, by W. H. Higgins, and suspended publication July 16, 1896.

EARLY DAY BANKING—PIONEER FINANCIERS—THE OLDEST BANK—PRIVATE, STATE, AND NATIONAL BANKS—ATCHISON COUNTY BANKERS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS.

Banking was a precarious business during the Territorial days in Kansas. There were no banks, as we know them, until January 29, 1857, when the Territorial legislature passed an act providing that every company or association of persons formed for banking purposes within the Territory, and without an act of legislature authorizing the same, should be deemed unlawful. Upon the passage of this act, the first bank authorized to do business under it was The Kansas Valley Bank, of Leavenworth, with an authorized capital stock of $800,000.00, with five branches, at Atchison, LeCompton, Doniphan, Ft. Scott and Shawnee. The authorized capital stock of each one of the branches was $300,000.00, and under the terms of the act, each branch was independent of the Leavenworth institution. The great Government Overland Transportation Company of Majors Smoot-Russell & Company was the big financial power behind this organization. The Leavenworth bank was never formed, and the Atchison branch was the first to start out under this act of the legislature, being authorized to begin business February 19, 1857, with securities amounting to $100,000. Dr. John H. Stringfellow, Joseph Plean and Samuel Dickson were authorized to open subscription books. The board of directors included Samuel C. Pomeroy, who was president: W. H. Russell, L. R. Smoot, W. B. Waddell, Franklin G. Adams, Samuel Dickson and W. E. Gaylord. Shortly after the bank began business there were rumors emanating from the rival towns of Sumner and Doniphan that the Atchison institution was about to suspend, and for the purpose of allaying any suspicion on the part of the public, created by these rumors, the directors published a statement 235of its condition, showing that the assets were $36,638.00, with liabilities of $20,118.00. In July or August, 1857, L. S. Boling, of LeCompton, was appointed to examine and report on the financial condition of the Atchison branch of the Kansas Valley Bank, and this is the first record in Kansas of a proceeding of this kind.

Samuel C. Pomeroy resigned as president of the bank in 1858, and was succeeded by William H. Russell, of the contracting firm of Majors-Smoot-Russell & Company. G. H. Fairchild was made vice-president, and R. L. Pease, cashier.

In 1861, this bank, then called the Kansas Valley Bank, had its name changed by act of the legislature, to the Bank of the State of Kansas, and it was conducted under that name until 1866, when the stockholders wound up its affairs.

The legitimate successor of the Bank of the State of Kansas was Hetherington’s Exchange Bank, which was founded in 1859 by William Hetherington.

The Exchange National Bank, of Atchison, Kan., is the oldest banking institution in the city of Atchison, having been established in 1859, while Kansas was a Territory. The bank was then named the Hetherington Exchange Bank. That bank became the successor of the Bank of the State of Kansas, which was organized in 1857. The founder of the Hetherington Exchange Bank was William Hetherington, and, except for one year during the Civil war, it has been in successful operation since it was established. It passed through the period of its existence during Territorial days, and the depressing financial conditions as a result of the war, and business reversals incident to the reconstruction period, and its management was at all times conducted upon the theory of its motto adopted by William Hetherington in an early day that “Safety First” in all of its business transactions was the secret of success.

The bank’s first business home was in the Otis & Glick building, opposite the Byram Hotel. In 1869 it was moved to the Hetherington building, at the northwest corner of Fourth and Commercial streets. Later on, and in 1885, the bank was moved to the southwest corner of Sixth and Commercial streets, into the building erected by its president, William Hetherington, where it has since been located.

In 1876, William Hetherington admitted into the firm, as a partner, Webster W. Hetherington, his eldest son, and in 1881, Clifford S. Hetherington, his youngest son, became associated with him. In the year 1882 the Hetherington 236Exchange Bank was incorporated under the laws of Congress, as a National bank, under the name of The Exchange National Bank of Atchison, with a paid-up capital of $100,000, and surplus of $20,000, and at once took high rank as one of the strongest and most conservative banks in northeastern Kansas, and has ever since maintained that reputation.

The Exchange National Bank was organized with William Hetherington as president, August Byram, vice-president, Webster W. Hetherington, cashier, and C. S. Hetherington, assistant cashier. In 1890, upon the death of its president, William Hetherington, Webster W. Hetherington was elected president, B. P. Waggener, vice-president, and C. S. Hetherington, cashier. In 1892, upon the death of its then president, Webster W. Hetherington, B. P. Waggener was elected president, A. J. Harwi, vice-president, W. P. Waggener, vice-president, C. S. Hetherington, cashier, C. W. Ferguson, assistant cashier, and Webster Wirt Hetherington, teller. In October, 1906, C. S. Hetherington, the cashier, died, and C. W. Ferguson was elected cashier, and Webster Wirt Hetherington, assistant cashier, and Edgar Mattocks, teller. In April 1907, the capital stock of the bank was increased to $200,000.00 with a surplus of $50,000, and ex-Governor W. J. Bailey was elected vice-president and managing officer of the bank, which position he has since held. Upon the death of A. J. Harwi, his son, Frank E. Harwi, was elected director, and succeeded his father, A. J. Harwi, as vice-president, which position he now holds.

In 1892 the bank adopted a by-law, which prohibited any officer or director of the bank from borrowing any money from it, or becoming an endorser or surety on any obligation or note to the bank, since which time no officer or director of the bank has been permitted to borrow any of its funds on deposit. The wisdom of this by-law adopted in 1892 has repeatedly been approved by the comptroller of the currency. The management of the Exchange National Bank has adopted and adhered to this policy, because it believes that a bank officer or director should not be permitted, under any circumstances or in any emergency, to use any of its deposits in any of his own personal speculations or ventures.

In February, 1914, Webster Wirt Hetherington was appointed cashier, and Edgar Mattocks was elected assistant cashier, and George L. Wolfe, teller.

While the bank is known far and wide throughout the State of Kansas for its conservatism, yet it makes an effort to accommodate all business institutions in the city of Atchison entitled to assistance and credit. It aims to be a distinctive Atchison institution.

237Luther C. Challiss appeared as a banker in the city directory of 1859 and 1861, operating his bank at the corner of Second and Commercial streets, but not much is known of this institution.

First National Bank was organized on the first day of October, 1866, by David Auld, with the following as the first board of directors: David Auld, Henry Kuhn, H. H. Moulton, George Scarborough, C. G. Foster, D. C. Newcomb, and J. M. Linley. David Auld was elected president, George Scarborough, vice-president, and W. R. Stebbins as cashier. For thirty-eight years this bank was under the careful and conservative management of David Auld, who died in October, 1904, and was succeeded by his son, David Auld, Jr. The bank began business in July, 1867, and since that time has been one of the strongest financial institutions in the West. It has always had the benefit of the services of experienced men in the banking business, and has followed a conservative policy during the whole of its existence. In 1910 the controlling interest in the First National Bank was purchased by the Commercial State Bank, which was organized in Atchison in 1906 by Sheffield Ingalls and O. A. Simmons. In the merger that took place the Commercial State Bank was absorbed by the First National Bank, and has continued under the latter name to maintain its high standard of conservatism, and with the introduction of new blood and new methods, it embarked upon a policy of service which has redounded to the lasting benefit of the community. The present officials of this institution are as follows: Edward Perdue, president; J. H. Barry, chairman of the board; O. A. Simmons, first vice-president and manager; J. M. Schott, second vice-president; Charles Linley, cashier; George H. Edwards, assistant cashier; F. J. Ledoux, assistant cashier.

The directors represent varied business interests of this city and county, and are as follows: Edward Perdue, J. H. Barry, O. A. Simmons, Charles Linley, J. M. Schott, C. C. McCarthy, August Manglesdorf, Leo Nusbaum, Sheffield Ingalls, A. E. Mize, M. Noll and W. T. Hutson.

The Atchison Savings Bank claims the distinction of being “The Oldest State Bank in Kansas,” having enjoyed a continuous corporate existence of over forty-six years.

R. A. Park was its organizer and first cashier, and in June, 1869, it opened its doors for business in a brick one-story building at the northwest corner of Fifth and Commercial streets. At that time most of the business was centered close to the river, and this was considered quite an “up town” location, but time has vindicated the judgment of its early director in anticipating the westward growth of the town. With the expectation of building 238thereon the bank early acquired title to the lot at the southwest corner of Fifth and Commercial streets, but subsequently disposed of it to the late Ex-Governor John A. Martin, who built the Champion building thereon, and the bank moved to its present quarters, which it had acquired, and still owns, at the southeast corner of Fifth and Commercial.

William C. Smith (father of Henry T. Smith) was the first president but the late Judge A. G. Otis soon thereafter succeeded him and remained president until 1891.

Thomas Murphy (father of John Murphy and one of the builders of the present Cain Mill Company mill), W. W. Guthrie, Julius Kuhn, C. J. Drury, Col. Wm. Osborn, J. W. Parker, and other men prominent in the business and social life of that period were among its early stockholders and directors, while for seventeen years the late T. C. Platt served as teller, and by his affability and faculty of remembering people, made many friends for the institution. A baseball bat, kept under the counter, was his weapon for defending the funds in his care. Courtney Challiss, George H. Lawton, “Vode” Kathrens, Lowenholt, O. Orlopp and Will H. Bryning and others also served varying terms as early employees and will be remembered for their distinctive personalities. An apothecary’s scale for weighing gold dust was part of the early equipment, but one trial was sufficient to prove the presence of too much dust and too little gold in the commodity offered. For almost twenty years the bank ran with but few restrictions from the State, the law simply requiring it to file an annual statement of its capital, surplus, etc., with list of stockholders and officers, and publish a statement of its financial condition as of some one day in the year. Needless to say the day selected was usually one on which the deposits, loans and resources would make a satisfactory showing, but about 1890 the legislature enacted a banking law, which has since been several times perfected by amendments, which brought this and all other State banks under its provisions, and the supervision of a State bank commissioner, with cast iron restrictions as to the relative amounts of loans, cash reserves, etc., and although some of the requirements seemed unduly severe to those accustomed to the former unrestrained exercise of their own individual judgment, few would now deny that it was wise and much needed legislation.

Following the retirement from the bank in 1891 of Judge Otis, Col. William Osborn became president, serving until his death, when R. A. Park succeeded to the office and served until his death in 1902. C. J. Drury being elected his successor and giving the institution his services for about a year, seconded by J. T. Hersey as vice-president, but both these gentlemen then retired 239upon the acquisition of a majority of the stock by Messrs. T. M. Walker, J. C. Fox and F. M. Baker. Of later years the growth of the bank has been marked, the capital and surplus having repeatedly been enlarged, and deposits and loans having shown a corresponding increase. The late Theodore Bartholow added his ripe experience as a successful banker to the board of directors, while F. G. Crowell, Joseph W. Allen, William Carlisle, with Messrs. Walker, Baker and Fox and others as stockholders and directors gave the institution a State-wide prominence.

R. A. Park, the second, who resigned as vice-president in 1911 to engage in business elsewhere, entered the bank in 1881; became cashier in 1892; elected vice-president in 1910, being succeeded as cashier by F. M. Woodford, who entered the bank’s employ in 1900 as bookkeeper.

C. W. Ferguson, formerly cashier of the Exchange National Bank, has recently been elected a vice-president of the Savings Bank, and the present officers and directors are as follows: T. M. Walker, president; Joseph W. Allen, vice-president; C. W. Ferguson, vice-president; F. M. Woodford, cashier; W. T. Fox, assistant cashier.

The German-American State Bank of Atchison was chartered May 15, 1912, and began doing business June 21, 1912. Its original board of directors was composed of Louis W. Voigt, Henry Klostermeier, William Klostermeier, F. A. Manglesdorf, L. A. Libel, G. T. Bolman, and F. A. Manglesdorf. Three months later the charter was amended and Charles Haase and W. A. Dilgert were added to the board of directors. This bank was organized with a capital stock of $50,000, and a surplus account of $10,000. At the first meeting of the board of directors, the following officers were elected: Louis W. Voigt, president; Henry Klostermeier, vice-president; William Klostermeier, vice-president; F. A. Manglesdorf, cashier.

At the time the membership of the board was increased, Guy Elwell was elected assistant cashier. This bank occupies handsome quarters at the southeast corner of Eighth and Commercial streets, and has shown a remarkable growth since its organization. The only change in the board of directors that has been made since its organization was the substitution of E. F. Manglesdorf for his brother, A. F. Manglesdorf. At the close of the first business day of the bank it had deposits aggregating $25,000, and at the end of one year the deposits had increased to $248,000, and at the end of the second year it was $323,000, and at the end of the third year it was $425,000, and in 1915 it boasted of total deposits amounting to $525,000, with a 240surplus and undivided account of $21,000. This bank has had an able set of officers, and its directors are among the most influential and substantial citizens of the community. It started in by making an aggressive campaign for business, and it accomplished what it went after. The institution is conducted along broad and conservative lines, and renders not only good service to its many patrons, but to the community as well.

German Savings Bank.—This institution was organized in 1873, with the following officers: George Storch, president; Robert Forbriger, vice-president; John Belz, cashier.

The capital stock of the bank was $10,000 and its deposits were about $100,000. It conducted a general banking business, together with a regular savings department in connection therewith. This bank was located at 406 Commercial street, and wound up its affairs in 1886, when it was merged with the United States National Bank and the Dime Savings Bank, both of which failed.

The Atchison National Bank.—This bank was organized April 1, 1873, by John M. Price as president; M. Barratt as cashier. G. D. Harrison succeeded Mr. Price as president, in which capacity he served until 1878, at which time he was succeeded by C. J. Drury, with R. H. Ballentine as vice-president. When this bank commenced business it had a capital of $100,000, but in 1877 it was reduced to $50,000. It was located for many years at 503 Commercial street, afterwards moving to what is now the Simpson building, in the corner occupied by the Barth Clothing Company, where it failed in 19—.

The Atchison State Bank.—This bank was organized prior to 1891, and went into voluntary liquidation March 24, 1898, at which time John M. Cain was president and cashier, and John H. Murray was secretary. It was located on West Main street, near the corner of Thirteenth street.

The Commercial State bank was chartered September 8, 1906, and began business October 31 of the same year, and subsequently merged with the First National Bank March 24, 1910.

The Union Trust Company was chartered February 28, 1907, and was organized by B. P. Waggener, with a paid-up capital stock of $100,000. March 24, 1909, his charter was amended and it became the Exchange State Bank of Atchison, the officers of which are: F. E. Harwi, president, and Edward Iverson, cashier. This bank has a paid-up capital of $50,000, with surplus and undivided profits of $34,776.91, with average deposits of $350,000. It is one of the strong State banking institutions of Kansas, and is doing a prosperous business.

241Atchison county has a number of strong, flourishing banks, located at Effingham, Muscotah, Potter, Huron, Lancaster and Cummings.

The Farmers and Merchants State Bank, at Effingham, was organized in 1905, with a capital of $12,000 by A. J. Smith, U. B. Sharpless, Fred Sutter, R. M. Thomas and J. W. Davis. Since its organization there have been a few changes among the officers and the board of directors, and in 1915 the officers were: Fred Sutter, president; L. T. Hawk, vice-president; E. J. Kelley, cashier; D. R. Gerety, assistant cashier. The present board of directors is as follows: Fred Sutter, L. T. Hawk, Alex. McKay, U. B. Sharpless, E. J. Kelley.

The capital stock and surplus in 1915 exceeds $15,000, and the bank’s average deposits are about $120,000. In 1910 a handsome and commodious brick building was erected at the corner of Main and Howard streets for its new home, and it was fitted with attractive new fixtures and a burglar-proof vault of modern structures, at a cost of $4,000. This institution is purely a local concern, financed by local capital; all of the stockholders reside in Effingham and vicinity, and comprise leading merchants and farmers of the Effingham district.

The State Bank of Effingham was organized in 1889, and occupies its own quarters in a substantial and commodious brick building on the Main street of Effingham, which was erected in 1897. In 1912 handsome new fixtures and a burglar-proof vault were purchased at large cost. The first president of this bank was Wesley Cummings, and the first cashier was Gilbert Campbell, with Harvey Sharp as assistant cashier and bookkeeper. Mr. Cummings continued as president until his death in 1899, and was succeeded by L. A. Murphy, who in turn was succeeded by T. J. Bohannon, who served until his death, August 29, 1915. A. M. Ellsworth became cashier in 1892, and was succeeded by W. M. Walker, who served in that capacity until 1905, when he is turn was succeeded by Clarence L. Cummings, the present cashier of this substantial and growing institution. The president officers of the bank are as follows: R. G. Bohannon, president; A. E. Mayhew, vice-president; C. L. Cummings, cashier; Carl B. Searls, bookkeeper. The directors are: H. A. McLenon, A. E. Mayhew, R. G. Bohannon and C. L. Cummings. The capital stock is $20,000, with surplus of $13,500 and deposits average $100,000. This institution is one of the most flourishing banks in the county, and its officers and directors are substantial business men and farmers, who are not only highly regarded in Effingham and vicinity, but throughout all of northeastern Kansas.

242The State Bank of Lancaster was organized March, 1896, by W. W. Stepp, Mark S. Cloyes, C. L. Cummings, T. J. Bohannon, and Dr. A. L. Charles. T. J. Bohannon was elected its first president, and C. L. Cummings its first cashier. It had a capital stock of $5,000, which subsequently was increased to $10,000, and in 1915 it had a surplus of $5,000, with deposits aggregating $80,000. The present directors of this bank are as follows (1915): M. J. Hines, C. E. Smith, A. J. Smith, J. F. Shell and M. E. Smith, and its present officers are: M. J. Hines, president; C. E. Smith, vice-president; A. J. Smith, cashier, and C. G. Stickler, assistant cashier.

The State Bank of Cummings was organized by H. J. Barber and E. W. Kaufman in 1908, with a capital stock of $10,000. E. W. Kaufman was elected president; B. F. Cline, vice-president, and H. J. Barber, cashier. The capital stock in 1915 was $10,000, with a surplus of $5,000 and deposits aggregating $60,000. A neat and substantial brick building was erected for banking quarters and equipped with handsome fixtures and burglar-proof vault, at a cost of $3,500. The officers of the bank in 1916 were as follows: President, John Ferris; cashier, H. J. Barber, and the directors were John Ferris, H. J. Barber, C. A. Lewis, William Hegarty and F. W. Kaufman. The bank is in a thrifty condition, and has shown a steady increase in growth from the date of its organization.

The Farmers’ State Bank of Potter, Kan., was organized in 1905 by B. C. Daum, C. K. Hawley, P. C. Grenier, Arthur Davis, James Grapengieszer, Fred Potter, John Niemann, C. L. Cline, J. H. Glancy, who subsequently became directors of this enterprising institution. The capital stock was fixed at $12,000 and the first president of the bank was B. C. Daum, and the first cashier was C. K. Hawley. There are thirty-two stockholders in this institution, who are practically all farmers, residing in the immediate neighborhood of Potter. In 1916 the officers were as follows: President, P. C. Grenier; cashier, A. H. Manglesdorf; vice-president, C. E. Hudson, and the capital stock was $12,000, with a surplus of $5,500 and deposits aggregating $80,000.

It is unusual to find two substantial banking institutions in a town the size of Potter, as it is supposed that one bank in such a community would meet all the requirements of its citizens.

The Potter State Bank preceded the organization of the Farmers’ State Bank five years. It was organized in 1900 by O. A. Simmons, L. M. Jewell and Fred Ode, with a capital stock of $5,000. O. A. Simmons remained the active cashier and manager of the bank for two years, being succeeded by L. M. Jewell in 1902, who served until 1906. Mr. Jewell was succeeded by 243H. A. Ode. A new brick building was erected for this very enterprising financial institution in 1909, and equipped with new modern fixtures and a fine burglar-proof vault. The capital stock of this bank in 1916 was $10,000, with a surplus of $10,000 and deposits aggregating $125,000. The officers for that year were as follows: President, L. M. Jewell; vice-president, Fred Ode; cashier, H. A. Ode, and in addition to the officers, the following prominent farmers of Walnut and Mount Pleasant townships are directors: C. N. Faulcomer, C. W. Carson, E. H. Blodgett and Adam Ehart. There are over seventeen stockholders, all of whom are prosperous and well to do farmers, living in the vicinity of Potter. This bank has grown rapidly, both in prestige and strength since its organization, and its average net annual profits since its organization have been about $2,000.

The Muscotah State Bank was organized by George Storch in 1870, as a private bank, who remained in charge until about 1890, when Mr. Storch sold his interest to Harvey and Calvert. This firm conducted the bank as a private institution until about January 1, 1902, when it was organized into a State bank, with A. B. Harvey, president, and J. H. Calvert, cashier. Mr. Harvey remained president until about 1910, and in that year C. C. Hart became its cashier. The officers of this institution in 1916 were as follows: A. D. Wilcox, president; C. C. Hart, vice-president; R. A. Allison, cashier. The directors are: A. D. Wilcox, C. C. Hart, A. H. Calvert, M. E. Bevens, R. A. Allison and Thomas Ryan. The capital stock is $10,000.00, with a surplus of $10,000.00, and deposits aggregating $100,000.00. This institution is the oldest bank outside of the city of Atchison, and remains today one of the most substantial financial institutions in this part of the State.

The Huron State Bank was organized in 1891, with a capital stock of $10,000. The first directors were Edward Perdue, John Swartz, John Drohan, John English, David Rouse, David Rouse, Jr., and T. B. Marshall. Its first officers were Edward Perdue, president; John Swartz, vice-president, and W. C. McLain, cashier. This is one of the substantial banks of the county, and showed by one of its last statements a capital stock of $10,000, with surplus fund of $5,000.00 and deposits aggregating $80,000.00. Its officers in 1916 are as follows: Edward Perdue, president; David Rouse, Jr., vice-president, C. E. Smith, cashier, and Cloyd Smith, assistant cashier. In addition to the officers, T. B. Smith, Jr., is the fifth director.

Mr. Perdue, who is the president of this bank, is one of the leading citizens of Atchison county, and in addition to being president of the Huron bank, is also president of the First National Bank of Atchison.

244C. E. Smith, the cashier, is also one of the well known and most conservative bankers of the State, and the officers and directors of this institution have reason to be proud of the splendid growth and standing of their institution.

The Farmers State Bank of Muscotah was organized and opened for business February 21, 1910, with a capital stock of $10,000. It now has a surplus and undivided account of approximately $5,000, and its deposits average $70,000. The first directors were L. Cortelyou, A. T. Cortelyou, L. Cortelyou, Jr., and H. M. Turner, who came from Moberly, Mo. W. M. Walker, of Atchison, was one of the organizers of this institution, but he sold his interest a few weeks after organization and was succeeded by William Buckles on the board of directors. L. Cortelyou was elected president, and H. M. Turner, cashier, and they have continued as the active officers of the bank. The present board of directors consists of L. Cortelyou, William Buckles, M. C. Vansell, John Sullivan, J. W. A. Miller and H. M. Turner. As this history is written it is said that there has been a consolidation of the two Muscotah banks, under the name of the Farmers State Bank. A charter has been granted and the new institution will have a capital of $15,000. L. Cortelyou is to be the president, H. M. Turner, cashier, and Ralph Allison, assistant cashier. The bank will continue to occupy the present quarters of the Farmers State Bank, and the merger, when effected, will give Muscotah one of the best banks in the county.

The Commerce Trust Company of Atchison, with a paid-up capital stock of $100,000, received its charter from the State February 11, 1916. The first meeting of the board of directors was held in the office of the Commerce Investment Company on the evening of February 19, 1916, at which time the following officers were elected: President, Sheffield Ingalls; vice-presidents, Henry Diegel, A. J. Schoenecker, M. J. Horan; treasurer, Ellsworth Ingalls; secretary, Frank H. Manglesdorf; trust officer, H. A. Schoenecker; general counsel, J. M. Challiss. The following named citizens were the first directors of the company: H. A. Schoenecker, Henry Diegel, J. C. Killarney, O. A. Simmons, A. J. Schoenecker, Ellsworth Ingalls, T. E. Snowden, Clive Hastings, M. J. Horan, F. H. Manglesdorf, H. E. Muchnic and Sheffield Ingalls. The company is a development of the Commerce Investment Company, established in 1910, and does a general trust business, as provided by the laws of Kansas. It began business March 2, 1916.

METHODIST—CHRISTIAN—PRESBYTERIAN—BAPTIST—SALEM CHURCH—GERMAN EVANGELICAL ZION CHURCH—FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST, SCIENTIST—ST. PATRICK’S, MT. PLEASANT—TRINITY CHURCH, EPISCOPAL—ST. MARK’S, ENGLISH LUTHERAN—ST. BENEDICT’S ABBEY—FIRST GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH.

Methodism was introduced into Atchison by the Rev. James Shaw, who had been a prominent member of the Detroit conference, both as pastor and missionary among the Indians along the Lake Superior district, and also as presiding elder. Being in poor health and desiring a new location, he came to Leavenworth in March, 1856, and finding that Leavenworth was already provided with a pastor, he proceeded to Atchison. He did not find Atchison very friendly toward preachers when he arrived, and the Pardee Butler incident was fresh in the minds of the people at that time. So the Rev. Mr. Shaw went farther north, to Doniphan and Geary City, which were Free State towns. He soon thereafter went to Detroit for his family, and soon after his return to Geary City, he was appointed as pastor at Atchison and Monrovia. He preached his first sermon in May, 1857, in the office of S. C. Pomeroy, which was located on the corner of Third and Commercial streets, and this was the first sermon from the lips of a preacher of any denomination that was delivered in Atchison. He organized the Methodist Episcopal church in January, 1858, with members from various denominations. The first services were held in a room in the building on the southeast corner of Second and Commercial streets. He later raised $2,000 for a new church building, S. C. Pomeroy, O. F. Short and Robert McBratney each pledging $500, on condition that the new building should be located on the north side of Parallel street, near Fifth street.

246Rev. I. F. Collins succeeded Mr. Shaw, and Rev. C. H. Lovejoy, who had been preaching at Lawrence for two years, was sent to Sumner. Upon the arrival of Mr. Collins, he at once began the erection of the new church building on Parallel street, the two lots on which the building was subsequently erected being donated by the Atchison Town Company. The trustees of the church at that time were: John T. Dougherty, Edwin O. Collins, Archie C. Master, David F. Beagle, William A. Butler, Joseph H. Gilbert, Robert Hancock, Cyrus A. Comstock and Calvin W. Phelps. The church building was completed in April, 1859, and was fifty-eight feet long and thirty-two feet wide. It had a seating capacity of 350 people, and cost $3,075. The structure was dedicated May 8, 1859, and Rev. Hugh D. Fisher, the famous Free State Methodist preacher, came up from Leavenworth and assisted in the dedication. During the first year in the new church, two young men came to Atchison, who afterwards became successful and honored citizens of the town, Samuel Gard and D. C. Newcomb. They subsequently formed a partnership and conducted a drygoods store under the name of Gard & Newcomb, which for many years remained one of the leading firms of the city. Mr. Gard died many years ago, and in 1915 Mr. Newcomb still lives. The Methodist church, perhaps, owes more to D. C. Newcomb than any other man who was ever identified with it. His money, business sagacity and consecration have made possible the success of Methodism in Atchison. His motto has always been, “It is safe to do right, and unsafe to do wrong.”

Butcher, Auld & Dean, famous contractors of an early day, who built the first railroad between Atchison and St. Joseph, with their families, united with the Methodist church and became stanch supporters of it. J. C. Reisner, who came to Atchison in 1858, and his wife, Rebecca, were also prominent early members of the church. They built the Tremont House, which for a great many years was the leading hotel, located where the Burlington freight house now stands. Rev. Dr. Christian F. Reisner, pastor of Grace Church, New York City, was the youngest son of Mr. and Mrs. Reisner. The fourth session of the Kansas-Nebraska conference, which met in Omaha in May, 1859, returned Rev. Collins to Atchison, and during that year Mr. and Mrs. John M. Crowell and the McCulley brothers united with the church. In December, 1859, Abraham Lincoln, on his visit to Kansas, spoke in the little church edifice on Parallel street, reference to which has already been made in this history. In the fifth session of the Kansas-Nebraska conference, Rev. Milton Mahen was appointed to Atchison. It was a critical 247period in the history of the town, and the Rev. Mahen was admonished to be very cautious on the question of slavery, but he had courage and patriotism enough to order the Stars and Stripes hoisted on his church. That year T. B. Davis and his wife, Kathryn, came to Atchison and became useful members. “Grandma” Davis is living in 1916, and on February 21, 1915, celebrated her ninetieth birthday. Owing to the great drought that visited Atchison in 1860, the church did not prosper greatly during the period of Mr. Mahen’s pastorate, but in the succeeding session of the Kansas conference, which met March 21, 1861, Mr. Mahen was returned to Atchison, and it was during this year that a severe storm, which destroyed Sumner, wrecked the church building so that extensive repairs were necessary. In the seventh session of the Kansas conference, March, 1862, the Rev. Mr. James Shaw was returned to Atchison.

W. M. Davies was the superintendent of the Sunday school, having been elected in 1859. In 1863 Rev. W. Marlatt was appointed for Atchison, and March 10, 1864, Mr. Marlatt was succeeded by Dr. W. R. Davis, who had been president of Baker University. Rev. Mr. Davis was retained in March, 1865, by the tenth session of the conference, and was succeeded by Rev. W. K. Marshall. Mr. Marshall was returned to Atchison in 1867, and in March, 1868, Rev. Hugh D. Fisher, who was known during the war as the “fighting chaplain,” was made pastor at Atchison. He found conditions rather discouraging, but went to work to pay off the debts on the church property and repair the building. He created a great deal of interest in the town in religious matters, and the little church building on Parallel street having become too small, two lots on the corner of Fifth and Kansas avenue were purchased in 1870, and the basement of the present building was erected and dedicated by Dr. Fisher, who remained pastor of the church for three years. Dr. Fisher was one of the strong preachers of Kansas in that day, and a strong anti-slavery sympathizer. He built the church at Leavenworth in 1859, which was one of the famous churches of the State, and popularly known as the cradle of prohibition. He was in Lawrence when Quantrell sacked the town, and after an eventful life as pastor, chaplain and missionary, Dr. Fisher died at Baldwin, Kan., October 23, 1905.

Rev. T. J. Leak succeeded Mr. Fisher, and it was during Mr. Leak’s pastorate that the new church was dedicated, October 26, 1873. Three years later the Rev. Mr. Leak was succeeded by Dr. George S. Dearborn. Rev. William Friend succeeded Dr. Dearborn in March, 1876, who was succeeded by E. W. Van Deventer. Dr. Philipp Krohn became pastor in 1882. 248He was succeeded by Rev. A. H. Tevis. Dr. J. W. Alderman came to Atchison in 1887 and remained until March, 1893, and was succeeded by Dr. E. H. Brumbaugh, who became pastor in March, 1893. Rev. S. V. Leach followed Dr. Brumbaugh in 1897, who in turn was succeeded by Rev. G. W. Grines, and since that time Dr. H. E. Wolf, Rev. W. T. Stott, Dr. I. B. Pulliam and Dr. John W. Scott filled the pulpit of the church down to the year 1914, when Rev. Thomas E. Chandler, who for five years previous had been superintendent of the Ottawa district, became pastor of the church. Dr. Chandler is one of the best informed, most eloquent and beloved pastors the church has ever had. He is not only popular among his own church people, but has made numerous friends outside his fold. In September, 1915, through the efforts of Dr. Chandler, assisted by Dr. C. F. Reisner, pastor of Grace Church, New York City, together with C. D. Walker and others, $42,000 was raised for the erection of a new church. When it is completed it will be one of the finest church edifices in Kansas.

The Christian church was organized in Pioneer Hall, corner of Kansas avenue and Fourth street, May 20, 1882, with twenty-four charter members. At the end of the first year there were fifty-five members, and in April, 1884, the church was incorporated under the laws of Kansas. The first church edifice was located at the corner of Tenth street and Kansas avenue, and was dedicated May 24, 1885, at a cost of $2,604. The building was much enlarged during the ministry of W. H. White. In 1912, the congregation having outgrown its old building, agitation for a new building was started, and a new site was selected at Seventh and Santa Fe streets, and on August 19, 1914, a beautiful new church was dedicated, which cost $47,000. The church also owns a lot adjoining the church, upon which a parsonage will be erected. The present membership is 1,400, and the Bible school is next to the largest in the State. The Sunday school is thoroughly graded, with eight departments, sixty-five officers and teachers, with H. P. Armstrong, superintendent. The church has thirty deacons and elders.

The records show that as early as 1869 the Christian church had followers in this community, and among the pastors who served in the early days were William C. Rodgers, James E. Gaston and C. C. Band. The early congregation went so far as to purchase a lot at the corner of Seventh and Santa Fe streets, opposite the present new edifice, and a foundation was laid for a building, but the plan had to be abandoned because of lack of funds.

249Miss Etta Beason, of Atchison, and T. D. McCleery, of Effingham, are the two surviving charter members.

The names of the pastors who have served the church since 1882 are as follows: M. P. Hayden, W. S. Priest, J. S. Myers, Rev. Cox, W. H. White, Lowell McPherson, Rev. Ingram, M. E. Harlan, E. L. Ely, W. T. Hilton, Z. E. Bates. The present pastor of the church is Rev. Jesse M Bader, one of the most popular, aggressive and conscientious ministers in Atchison.

The First Presbyterian Church was organized October 21, 1858, by a committee from the Presbytery of Highland, Rev. Alexander W. Pitzer, of Leavenworth, chairman. The number of persons entering into the organization on that day was eight. Their names were as follows: William M. Davies, Mary Davies, George B. Irwin, Rebecca Irwin, Annie Love, Andrew Hamilton, Maximilla Ireland and Edward Hair. The following persons 250have served the church as ministers: Rev. Julius Spencer, from April, 1858, for about eighteen months; Rev. H. H. Dobbins, for seven months, from September, 1863; Rev. T. P. Lemis commenced his labors in April, 1865, and continued with the church until February, 1868; Rev. Edward Cooper had charge of the church from December, 1868, until December, 1875; Rev. J. H. Clark officiated as pastor from March, 1876, until June, 1878; Rev. M. L. Howie began his labors in November, 1878, and continued with the church until November, 1882: he died in Chicago in August, 1913; Rev. D. C. Milner began his work in December, 1882, and continued with the church until September 23, 1887: Rev. M. L. Howie (second term), November 11, 1887, to 1897: Rev. J. D. Countermine, from 1897 to 1899; Rev. B. F. Boyle came February 25, 1900, and continued as pastor until in the fall of 1911. Rev. W. I. Alexander came in November, 1911, and continued his labors until September, 1914. Rev. W. C. Isett was called in September, 1915.

251For some months after its organization the church had no regular minister and services were held in a store room, hall and private residences. For a time the church held meetings in Bang’s Hall on Commercial street, and in Price’s Hall, on the corner of Fourth and Main streets. During the pastorate of Rev. Lewis, the building on Fourth street, between Commercial and Main streets, known as “the Presbyterian hall,” was erected, and the congregation commenced using it as a place of worship in 1865. The congregation began the erection of the present church building in 1880. The corner stone was laid on September 15 of that year. About the time of beginning the building, Mrs. S. Donald, Mrs. Judge Berry, Mrs. C. A. Stuart and Mrs. A. J. North canvassed the city and secured large subscriptions to the building fund. The building committee consisted of A. W. Simpson, A. F. Martin and J. M. Covert. The elders in 1880 were as follows: A. B. McQueen, A. J. North, J. M. Covert, J. W. Allen, J. S. Trimble, and Harry Harkness. The deacons in the same year were as follows: B. F. Hudson, J. Edward Lewis, S. D. D. Smith and D. M. Wynkoop. The trustees were as follows: B. F. Hudson, president; A. F. Martin, secretary; David Lukens, treasurer; E. K. Blair, R. B. Drury, A. W. Simpson, S. D. D. Smith. Officers of the Sunday school were as follows: A. F. Martin, superintendent; J. M. Covert, assistant superintendent, and J. E. Lewis, secretary and treasurer. Officers of the Ladies’ Aid Society were as follows: Mrs. A. J. North, president; Mrs. W. C. North, secretary; Mrs. E. K. Blair, treasurer. Young Ladies’ Society: Miss May Seaton, president; Miss Tola Thomas, secretary; Miss Nellie George, treasurer. In the year 1858 the persons active in the church at that time were: Mrs. Thomas Seip, Mr. and Mrs. William Davis, Mr. and Mrs. A. B. McQueen. The first deaconesses were: Mrs. C. J. Parmenter and Miss Anna J. North, ordained in 1888.

The First Baptist Church of Atchison was organized in 1858, in Allen’s Hall, on the northwest corner of Second and Commercial streets. At the time of the organization there were but nine members, of whom three are still living and members of the church, though non-resident: Mrs. L. A. Alderson, Mrs. Aaron Stephenson and Mrs. Mary A. Challiss. Dr. W. L. Challiss was soon added to the membership. The lots on the corner of Ninth street and Kansas avenue were donated by Luther C. Challiss, and a house 252of worship was erected upon it, and this location has been the home of the church ever since.

Rev. L. A. Alderson was the first pastor of the church, and he served faithfully three years without salary. Then followed Rev. Dr. Perkins from New Jersey, and Rev. Frank Remington.

Just at this time the troubles of the war came on and very little could be accomplished. Rev. J. W. Warder became pastor in 1866 and the church grew strong under his ministry. Rev. H. A. Guild successfully served the church for a time in 1868. Rev. J. Sawyer accepted the pastorate, and then Rev. E. Gunn.

Rev. J. W. Luke was pastor directly before Rev. Mulford. He baptized some of our best workers and did excellent and permanent work for the church.

The twenty-fifth anniversary was fittingly celebrated at the home of Mrs. John M. Price, and a silver offering was received toward a new building which came soon after, under the pastorate of Rev. J. B. Mulford, who was called to his reward from here.

Rev. D. D. Proper followed and Rev. E. P. Brand and Rev. G. W. Rogers, all of whom served the church under great difficulties. There was a heavy debt left upon the new building, which was drawing a high rate of interest, and the constant calls for money which was paid with apparently no returns, discouraged the membership. Still, the pastors resolutely worked at the great task. Rev. G. W. Rogers undertook to raise $5,000 of the mortgage, and B. P. Waggener, who had always been a generous contributor, gave $2,000, and made a liberal loan besides. Not long after Rev. Rogers was called to another field, and again the church had a pastorless period, but greatly enjoyed the ministrations of the late Dr. Murphy. Rev. J. R. Comer was called to the pastorate June 1, 1895, and faithfully served the church twelve years. Much of the money pledged during Dr. Rogers’ pastorate was paid in or collected while Rev. J. R. Comer was pastor. Then the remaining $1,500 mortgage and all other debts were bravely taken up and paid, and the church celebrated its victory in burning the mortgage and a general rejoicing, and also a firm determination never to go deeply in debt again.

During the present pastorate of more than eight years the church has strictly followed this rule, but this has not prevented some large purchases. In 1909 the church purchased and placed a new pipe organ at a cost of $4,500, and two years later purchased the property adjoining the church on the 253west for the accommodation of the growing Sunday school. This was done at a cost of $5,500 for property and furniture, and the money was raised at a Sunday morning service. It is in the minds of many of the members of the church that in the near future there must be a new church building, and to that end over $6,000 has been accumulated and is being held for the time when the membership of the church shall be ready to erect a structure that shall be worthy of the city and an honor to God.

The work of the church has grown and developed and every department has accepted a larger share in work, local and world-wide. Last year the church contributed over $1,200 for missionary and benevolent work, besides some gifts which did not pass through the church treasury.

The church stands for a strong and helpful and constructive religious work, and a faithful adherence to the teachings of the Bible, and a loyalty to the Lordship of Christ. The present pastor is Rev. A. J. Haggett, who has served his congregation long and well.

The Evangelical Association located a mission in Atchison in 1882, with Rev. C. Brandt as the first missionary. A number of German families were gathered and signified their willingness to effect a church organization. Accordingly, a hall was rented at 614 Commercial street and services held. In 1884 the organization numbered forty-seven members, and the Kansas conference of the Evangelical Association at its annual session in 1884 decided to build a church at this time. Rev. Daniel R. Zellner was appointed pastor, and Rev. John Wuerth, presiding elder of the Holton district. During the pastorate of Rev. D. R. Zellner in 1884 the church was built at 522 Atchison street, and dedicated by Rev. John Wuerth, presiding elder, as the Salem church of the Evangelical Association, and service has continued uninterruptedly ever since. Following are the ministers who served consecutively as pastors: Rev. C. Brandt, D. R. Zellner, C. Brant, second pastorate; C. F. Erffmeyer, Samuel Mueller, Jacob Schmidle, John Wuerth, C. F. Iwig, Peter Scheumann, D. R. Zellner, third pastorate; Charles Linge, F. F. Erffmeyer, D. R. Zellner, fourth pastorate. L. M. Nanninga, J. M. Fricker, Samuel Breithaupt, present pastor (1916).

The following served as presiding elders during the past thirty-four years: John Wuerth, Henry Mattill, J. F. Schreiber, Albert Brunner, C. F. Erffmeyer, W. F. Wothensen and C. F. Iwig. The Evangelical Association 254was organized as a denomination in 1800, with Jacob Allbright as its founder.

Originally, the language used was German, but in the past half century the German language was rapidly superseded by the English language. At this time there are very few congregations in the denomination that worship in the German language exclusively. The services in the Evangelical church in this city for the past few years are conducted in English.

This society maintains a well organized Sunday school, with weekly sessions every Sunday at 10 o’clock a. m. G. W. Bradley is superintendent; a Young People’s Alliance, E. B. Breithaupt, president, and a Woman’s Missionary Society, Mrs. Samuel Breithaupt, president. This organization maintains free pews and extends an invitation to strangers when in the city to worship with them.