{i}

A GUIDE BOOK OF
ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND
HISTORIC INTERESTS IN
PENNSYLVANIA {ii}

{iii}

EDITED BY
A. MARGARETTA ARCHAMBAULT

ILLUSTRATED



PHILADELPHIA
THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY
1924
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Copyright, 1924, by
The John C. Winston Co.

All rights reserved


PRINTED IN THE U. S. A.
{v}

President

Mrs. John B. Hamme

Art Committee for the Guide Book

{vi}

HAIL! PENNSYLVANIA

This Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interests in Pennsylvania was started with the help of Mrs. Edward Biddle from Carlisle and supported by Mrs. Samuel Semple from Titusville during their time as presidents of the “State Federation of Pennsylvania Women.” It’s designed for tourists and is organized chronologically, beginning with the earliest formed counties. Towns in each county are arranged in a way that reflects their location as closely as possible. Notable artworks in the state have been listed, along with intriguing stories of pioneer history, ensuring that each of the sixty-seven counties has a chapter in the book; those without art feature the Indian trails and exciting tales of our early brave explorers.

Serious efforts have been made to verify all the information; in some cases, two or three counties have claimed the same historic firsts, which have been properly recorded here with input from the State Historians in Harrisburg. To keep the book concise, facts are only briefly outlined; you can find more information about them in the bibliography of this book.

Each county's chapter was written by a knowledgeable local resident, including judges, clergy, historians, and some members of women's clubs, providing insights that outsiders could never gain. All boring statistics are left out, focusing only on the most interesting information. {viii} The experts consulted have had differing opinions, and errors will happen; there will be both omissions and inaccuracies in the work, depending on the reader's perspective. However, these are minimal compared to the valuable information compiled in this book.

To all the dedicated helpers who have contributed their knowledge, time, and patience in gathering and sending these reports, we extend our warmest thanks and heartfelt appreciation; they truly deserve all the credit. We would love to share their names, but some have requested to remain anonymous, and we feel it's best to respect everyone's wishes.

A. Margaretta Archambault, Editor.

Philadelphia, June 15, 1917.

This book, completed for publication in 1917, was stored in the vaults of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, since all funds were needed for our soldiers. The current committee, appointed by Mrs. Hamme, has decided to publish the work as it was compiled in 1917, rather than delaying it by attempting to update the sixty-seven counties. Since the war, conditions for new construction have been so poor that little progress has been made. However, the town populations have been updated to the 1920 statistics.

A. M. Archambault.

Philadelphia, June 30, 1924.{ix}

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{1}

THE first parks in North America dedicated for the enjoyment of the public were established by William Penn at the settlement of Philadelphia in 1682. They were the North Eastern, South Eastern, North Western, South Western, and Centre Squares, now known as Franklin, Washington, Logan, Rittenhouse, and Penn Squares.

In a letter dated 1683, William Penn refers to the glasshouse of the Free Society of Traders. Shortly after this, a glasshouse was built at Frankford by English Friends.

The first almanac printed in America was “Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense, or, America’s Messenger. It was an Almanack for the Year of Grace, 1686.” It was edited by Samuel Atkins and published by William Bradford in 1685.

The first paper mill in America was established by William Rittenhouse along the banks of Wissahickon Creek in 1690.

“A new Primmer or Methodical Direction to attain the True Spelling, Reading and Writing of English.” This was the first American school textbook; even though it was published in New York in 1698, its author was Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown.

The first presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in the United States was created in Philadelphia in 1705. It consisted of seven ministers and included Philadelphia, Maryland, Delaware, and the Eastern Shore of Virginia.{2}

The first botanical garden in America was established in 1705 by Dr. Christopher Witt, at the southeast corner of Germantown Avenue and High Street. John Bartram started his well-known gardens in 1728 at Gray’s Ferry on the Schuylkill River.

The first Mennonite Church in America was built in Germantown, at Germantown Avenue and Herman Street, with the first service taking place there on May 23, 1708.

The first place in America to care for the poor was the Friends’ Almshouse, set up in Philadelphia in 1713.

First municipal care for the poor in the United States started with the City of Philadelphia in a rented building on September 1, 1713; the first building was built in 1731.

The first Dunkard (Tunker) Church in America was established in Germantown on December 25, 1723, at the corner of Germantown Avenue and Upsal Street. They also held the first love feast celebrated in this country that same evening.

The first organization for the benefit of workers (or labor union) in America was the “Carpenters’ Company,” founded in Philadelphia in 1724.

The first mariner’s quadrant, invented by Thomas Godfrey, a glazier from Nineteenth Street and Church Lane in Germantown, was made in 1730. It was first used in Delaware Bay by Joshua Fisher.

In 1727, Franklin and eleven others established a literary society here. This was the well-known “Junto,” which led to the creation of the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first public library in America. The association document was dated{3} July 1, 1731, and the charter was granted by the proprietary on May 3, 1742.

The first club in America set up as a dining and fishing club was the “Colony in Schuylkill,” in 1732. The name was later changed to the “State in Schuylkill.”

The first German newspaper in America was Die Philadelphische Zeitung, published by Benjamin Franklin on May 6, 1732. Only two issues were released.

The first type made in America was created by Christopher Saur, the printer from Germantown, in 1735.

The first volunteer fire company in America, “The Union Fire Company,” was started by Franklin and four colleagues on December 7, 1736. It operated for eighty-four years.

February 13, 1741, The American Magazine, or a Monthly View of the Political State of the British Colonies, was published by Andrew Bradford. This was the first magazine published in America. Three days later, on February 16, 1741, Franklin launched The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America.

The first German Bible printed in America was done by Christopher Saur in Germantown in 1743. Saur also published the New Testament in German. He released seven editions in the years 1745, 1747, 1748, and 1751.

The first institution in America dedicated to science and education was the “American Philosophical Society,” founded in 1743. According to the Articles of Agreement dated January 2, 1769, this society merged with “The American Society for Promoting{4} and Propagating Useful Knowledge, based in Philadelphia,” which was an offshoot of the well-known “Junto” created by Franklin and his friends in 1727. Since the merger, there has been only one society in existence, known as the “American Philosophical Society.”

The first lightning rod was installed on the home of its inventor, Benjamin Franklin, at 141 (now 325) Market Street, in 1749.

In December 1749, some Scots living in Philadelphia set up the “St. Andrew’s Society at Philadelphia in Pennsylvania.” The purpose of the society was to help poor and needy Scots. It was the first organization of its kind in this country.

The first hospital in America was "The Pennsylvania Hospital," chartered by the Pennsylvania Assembly on May 11, 1751.

The first American book on botany was written by John Bartram and published in 1751. It was called “Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Various Products, Animals, etc., made during his travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and Lake Ontario.”

The first fire insurance company in America was the “Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire.” It was established on April 13, 1752, and twelve directors were selected at that time, who held their first meeting on May 11, 1752. During this meeting, they adopted the famous seal that earned the company its nickname, “Hand-in-Hand.”

The first expedition organized in the United States for Arctic exploration and the search for a northwest passage set sail from Philadelphia on the schooner Argo, with Captain Charles Swaine, on March 8, 1753.

The first cartoon published in America was the well-known snake split into eight sections, symbolizing the colonies: New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. It had the slogan, “Join or die.” This was published by Benjamin Franklin in “The Pennsylvania Gazette” on May 9, 1754, in response to the killings of colonists during the French and Indian wars.

The first life insurance company in this country was the “Presbyterian Ministers’ Fund of Philadelphia,” established in 1759.

The first mention of Shakespeare (found to date, April 1916) in any American work appears in “Science, A Poem” by Francis Hopkinson. It was published by William Dunlap in Philadelphia in 1762.

The first night school in America opened at Germantown Academy on October 14, 1762. The sessions ran from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., and each student had to bring their own candle and pay 2 shillings and 6 pence for firewood; the payment was 10 shillings per quarter.

The first observatory built in America was on South Street near Front and was constructed for Mason and Dixon in 1763.

The first religious magazine in America was the "Geistliches Magazine," published by Christopher Saur in 1764.

The first medical school in America was established by the University of Pennsylvania on May 3, 1765. The{6} first medical commencement took place on June 21, 1768, when ten students received their degrees.

“Captains of Ships Charitable Club” was established on July 4, 1765, and incorporated on February 4, 1770, as “The Society for the Relief of Poor and Distressed Masters of Ships, their Widows and Children.” This was the first organization of its kind formed in America.

The first permanent theater in America was the “Southwark Theatre,” built at South and Leithgow Streets, Philadelphia. It was opened by David Douglass on November 21, 1766.

The first American play was “The Prince of Parthia,” by Thomas Godfrey, Jr., a young poet from Philadelphia and the son of the inventor of the mariner’s quadrant. It premiered at the Southwark Theatre on April 23, 1767.

The first American publication on teaching methods was “A Simple and Thoroughly Prepared School-Management,” by Christopher Dock, “the devoted schoolmaster of Skippack.” It was published in Germantown by Christopher Saur in 1770.

“The Pennsylvania Packet; and the General Advertiser,” was first released on October 28, 1771. This was a weekly publication printed by John Dunlap. In 1784, Dunlap partnered with David C. Claypoole, and on Tuesday, September 21, 1784, they launched “The Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser.” This was the first daily newspaper published in America.

The first active protest against the importation of tea, due to the unpopular tax, took place in Philadelphia (not Boston) in 1773. A huge meeting was held in the State House Yard on October 16, 1773.{7} On November 27, 1773, a notice was issued warning against any attempts to land this objectionable item. On Christmas Day, the ship Polly, captained by Ayres, arrived in Chester. Captain Ayres was brought to Philadelphia and informed about the situation. On December 27th, he set off on his return journey to England, taking his cargo of tea with him. The people of Boston held their tea party on December 16, 1773, and dumped the tea into the harbor, causing a significant loss for the innocent merchants.

“The Garden of the Soul: Or, a Manual of Spiritual Exercises and Instructions for Christians who (living in the World) aspire to Devotion.” London; Printed. Philadelphia: Re-printed, by Joseph Cruikshank, on Market Street, between Second and Third Streets (1774). This was the first Roman Catholic prayer book printed in English in America.

“The Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery” was founded in Philadelphia in 1774. It was the first organization in the country established for this purpose. It was reorganized on February 10, 1784, as the “Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and for the Relief of Free Black People Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and for Improving the Condition of the African Race.”

The first recorded mention of carpet making in this country is by William Calverly of Loxley’s Court, dated around 1774.

The first joint-stock company established for cotton manufacturing was the “United Company of Philadelphia for Promoting American Manufactures.” The inaugural general meeting took place on February 22, 1775, and{8} Dr. Benjamin Rush was chosen as president. This is thought to be the first joint-stock company for any type of manufacturing in this country.

The first piano made in the United States was in 1776 by John Behrent, Jr., a carpenter, located on Third Street below Brown.

The first United States flag is thought to have been created in Philadelphia in 1777.

In 1780, America passed its first abolition act, which required the end of slavery in Pennsylvania.

July 17, 1780, the “Pennsylvania Bank” started operations. This was the first bank in the United States and was active until 1784. “The President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of North America” was chartered by the Continental Congress on December 31, 1781. This bank is still operating today and is the only bank in the United States that functions under the National Banking Act without needing to include the word “National” in its official name.

The first Bible in English made by an American press was created by Robert Aitken, a printer from Philadelphia, in 1782. It was published in two volumes. On the back of the title page of the first volume in the British Museum, there’s a note written by Robert Aitken: “The first copy of the first edition of the Bible ever printed in America in the English language is presented to Ebenezer Hazard, Esq., by the Editor.”

The “Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture,” established in 1785 and incorporated in February 1809, was the first agricultural organization in the country. Its membership was restricted to farmers only.{9}

The first General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States took place at Christ Church in Philadelphia from September 27 to October 7, 1785. Delegates from seven states attended, and it was at this convention that the Church was established in America, along with the updates made to the Prayer Book needed for its use in the new nation. Rev. William White, D.D., was elected as the president of the convention.

The first free clinic in the United States dedicated to helping the sick and suffering was the Philadelphia Dispensary, founded in January 1786. It opened on Strawberry Alley on April 12, 1786. It is still operational and is located at 127 South Fifth Street.

The first steamboat in the world was built by John Fitch, a resident of Philadelphia. The boat successfully operated on the Delaware River on July 26, 1786. Another boat, 80 feet long, was constructed and on October 12, 1788, successfully completed the journey from Philadelphia to Burlington, carrying thirty passengers.

The first "College of Physicians" in America was established in Philadelphia on January 2, 1787.

The first Roman Catholic Church for Germans was established in Philadelphia in 1787. A plot of land was bought at the northwest corner of Sixth and Spruce Streets. Incorporation papers were issued on October 4, 1788, under the name “The Trustees of the German Religious Society of Roman Catholics, known as the Church of the Holy Trinity in the City of Philadelphia.”

The first medical library in the United States was{10} established in connection with the College of Physicians in Philadelphia, in April, 1788.

“The Free African Society” was founded on April 12, 1788, by Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, two Black clergymen from Philadelphia. This Society built the “African Church,” the first church in America that was entirely for and led by Black people, which opened for public worship on July 17, 1794. It was incorporated on March 28, 1796, as “The Minister, Church Wardens and Vestrymen of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, in the City of Philadelphia.”

In 1789, Lucian’s “Dialogues,” the first Greek book printed in America, was published by Joseph James in Philadelphia.

The Philadelphia Stock Exchange, the first in America, began in 1790, in a building at the southwest corner of Front and Market Streets, called the “London Coffee House.” It was referred to as the “Philadelphia Board of Brokers” until December 8, 1875, when it was renamed “The Philadelphia Stock Exchange.”

The first law school in America was opened by the University of Pennsylvania on December 15, 1790, with President Washington and his cabinet participating in the events.

Turkish and Axminster carpets were first produced in this country in 1791 by William Peter Sprague, in the Northern Liberties.

First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia on February 25, 1791.

The first patents for machines that thresh grain in{11} the world were granted to Samuel Mulliken from Philadelphia on March 11, 1791.

In 1791, Charles Willson Peale started a drawing school, which was followed in 1794 by “The Columbianum,” also founded by Charles Willson Peale. This was the first organization in the United States dedicated to promoting the fine arts.

The first canal in the United States was the “Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company,” established here in 1791. There were 2,000 shares of stock priced at two hundred dollars each, and the officers were Robert Morris, president; Timothy Matlack, secretary; and Tench Francis, treasurer.

The first United States Mint was established in Philadelphia, at what is now 37 and 39 North Seventh Street. The cornerstone was laid on July 31, 1792, and the first coins, which included dimes, half-dimes, and cents, were minted in October of that same year. David Rittenhouse, a local from Philadelphia, served as the first director.

The first company set up in America to do marine insurance was the “Insurance Company of North America,” which was organized in March 1792, although it didn’t get its charter until April 14, 1794. Even with the delay in receiving the charter, the company started operating right after its organization in 1792. The first loss payment was recorded on June 10, 1793, and the first dividend on its stock was paid in January 1794.

“The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Company,” the first built in the United States. The company was formed in 1792,{12} with permission from the Legislature. The road was finished in May 1796. The first regular stagecoach departed from Lancaster at five o’clock in the evening and arrived in Philadelphia at five o’clock the next morning, carrying ten passengers. The original officers of the company were William Bingham, president; William Moore Smith, secretary; and Tench Francis, treasurer.

The first successful balloon flight in America took place from the old jail yard at the southeast corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets on January 9, 1793, by the French aeronaut, J. P. Blanchard.

Sulfuric acid (oil of vitriol) was first made in America by John Harrison in 1793. He was also the first to try to produce nitric acid.

“The Female Society for the Relief of the Distressed” was the first organization in this country created to provide temporary help to those in need. It was established in November 1793, and the inaugural meeting took place at Isaac Parrish's house, located at the southeast corner of Second Street and Pewterplatter Alley.

Ice cream was first made in this country by Peter Bossu, a Frenchman, who moved to Philadelphia in 1794. The first advertisement for ice cream appeared in The Aurora on July 22, 1800.

The first printing press made in America was built by Adam Ramage in 1795.

“The United States Gazetteer,” the first of its kind in this country, was put together by Joseph Scott and published by Bailey at 116 Market Street, Philadelphia, in 1795.

The “First American Edition” of Shakespeare{13}’s complete works was published in Philadelphia in 1795, by Bioren and Madan.

To “Ambroise & Company,” located on Mulberry Street (now Arch Street) between Eighth and Ninth, holds the distinction of being the first in America to produce flammable gas and demonstrate the effects of gas lighting. This demonstration occurred in August 1796, alongside a fireworks show.

Philadelphia launched the first city water system in America, using a steam pump. Construction started on March 12, 1799; the first brick was laid on May 2, 1799; the initial wooden pipe was installed on June 18, 1799; and on the same day, the foundation for the engine house in Centre Square was begun. The first water flowed through the pipes on January 27, 1801.

The first person to create “artificial mineral water,” or soda water, in America was John Hart, a druggist in Philadelphia. He did this around the beginning of the 19th century (exact date unknown), following a suggestion from Dr. Physick to replicate waters found in specific mineral springs.

The first United States Navy Yard was set up in Philadelphia in 1800. It covered around twelve acres and stretched from Prime Street (now Washington Avenue) to Wharton Street, and from Front Street to the Delaware River. In 1875, it was relocated to League Island, and the old property was sold.

The first frigate of the United States Navy, the Philadelphia, was built in 1800 by Joshua Humphreys near Washington Avenue.

The first mercurials made in the United States were{14} produced in 1801 by Dr. Adam Seybert, a pharmacist, whose shop was at 168 North Second Street.

The oxy-hydrogen blowpipe was invented in 1801 by Professor Robert Hare from Philadelphia.

Charles Eneu Johnson, in 1804, created the first printing ink made in America. His company is still operating today and is called Charles Eneu Johnson & Company.

The first land steam carriage, or automobile, in the world was invented by Oliver Evans in 1804. The Eruktor Amphibolis, a machine for cleaning docks, was mounted on a wagon and drove along Market Street, from Centre Square to the Schuylkill River. At the river, a stern wheel was attached, and the vessel was launched; the machine was powered by steam on the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers and was used to deepen the docks.

In 1804, Samuel Wetherill and his son, Samuel Jr., set up a white lead factory at the northwest corner of Broad and Chestnut Streets, where the first white lead in the country was produced. English manufacturers strongly opposed the establishment of this industry in the United States, even sending an agent to destroy the facility by fire. It was rebuilt in 1808 at Twelfth and Cherry Streets and then moved to West Philadelphia along the Schuylkill River in 1847, where the business is still run by the fifth generation.

The first commission house in the United States for selling American-made products was set up in Philadelphia in 1805 by Elijah Waring.

The first art school in the United States was the “Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.” The Articles of Agreement were signed on December 26, 1805, by seventy-one citizens. George Clymer was appointed president. The charter was granted on March 28, 1806, and it opened to the public in 1807.

The first orphan society in the United States was the “Roman Catholic Society of St. Joseph for Educating and Maintaining Poor Orphan Children.” It was founded by Rev. Leonard Neale in 1806 and got a charter the next year.

The first riveted fire hose in the United States was produced in Philadelphia in 1808.

“American Ornithology” was created by Alexander Wilson, who lived in Philadelphia. Eight volumes were released, with the first one coming out in September 1808. It was published in Philadelphia by Bradford and was the first book on ornithology published in the United States.

The first American shot was fired in Philadelphia, with two towers being finished almost simultaneously. The ads show up under the following dates:

The first Bible Society in America was established on December 12, 1808, and received its incorporation on January 30, 1810, as the “Bible Society of Philadelphia.” An amendment to the charter on March 7, 1840, changed the name to the “Pennsylvania Bible Society,” which has been kept ever since.

The first printed cotton products using engraved cylinders in the United States were made near German{16}town in 1809 by Thorp, Siddall & Co., using cylinders imported from England.

The first experimental railroad track in the United States was built by Somerville, a Scottish millwright, for Thomas Leiper from Philadelphia. It was set up in the yard of the Bull’s Head Tavern, located on Second Street above Callowhill, in the Northern Liberties. The track was sixty-four feet long. The test took place on July 31, 1809, and was so successful that Leiper had a railroad constructed at his quarries on Crum Creek in Delaware County in September 1809. This was the first functional railroad built in the United States.

First institution in the United States chartered to do a trust business was the “Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities.” Application for charter was made in January 1810; it was refused by the House of Representatives but was finally granted on March 10, 1812.

The first chemical society in America was the “Columbian Chemical Society,” established in Philadelphia in 1811.

The first soup society in America was the “Northern Soup Society,” located on Fourth Street above Brown, established in January 1817.

The “Academy of Natural Sciences” was the first of its kind in the United States. It was established on January 25, 1812, by John Speakman, Jacob Gilliams, and four others. The society was officially recognized by the Pennsylvania Legislature on March 24, 1817.

The first lithograph published in the United States was a portrait of Rev. Abner Kneeland, created by Bass Otis, in 1818.{17}

John Farr, a chemist from Philadelphia, introduced the production of Seidlitz powders to the U.S. in 1818. He partnered with Abram Kunzi, and together as Farr & Kunzi, located on Arch Street near Twelfth, they produced the first quinine in the United States. This company eventually became part of the Powers-Weightman-Rosengarten Company through various developments.

First savings bank, the “Philadelphia Saving Fund Society,” started operating on December 2, 1816. It was chartered on February 25, 1819.

The first church for seamen in the world was built in Philadelphia around 1820, led by Rev. Robert Eastburn. It was called the "Mariner's Bethel."

The “Philadelphia Law Library,” the first in the United States, was established in 1821, under the sponsorship of “The Society for the Promotion of Legal Knowledge and Forensic Eloquence.”

The “Philadelphia College of Pharmacy” was the first of its kind in the world. The founding meeting took place at Carpenters’ Hall on February 23, 1821. Classes started in the fall of that same year, with Charles Marshall as the president of the college. The charter was granted on March 30, 1822.

The first engraved cylinders for calico printing in the United States were created in Philadelphia in 1822 by David H. Mason and Matthew W. Baldwin.

In 1827, William Ellis Tucker from Philadelphia was the first in America to make porcelain and chinaware. In 1831, he launched the first American queensware factory.{18}

The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the first of its kind in America, was formed at a meeting held in the hall of the Franklin Institute, on Seventh Street below Market, on November 24, 1827. It was incorporated on March 23, 1831.

The first one-cent newspaper in the country was The Cent, published in 1830 by Dr. Christopher Columbus Conwell at Second and Dock Streets in Philadelphia.

The first building and loan association in the United States was the “Oxford Provident and Building Association,” formed in Frankford in 1831. The officers were Isaac Whitelock, president; Isaac Shallcross, secretary; and Samuel Pilling, treasurer.

In 1832, George D. Rosengarten produced the first morphine in the United States.

The first public high school in the United States was established in Philadelphia in 1836. The first building was constructed in 1837-38 on Juniper Street facing Penn Square, which is now home to the Wanamaker Store. The school opened on October 26, 1838, when a class of sixty-three students was admitted.

The first daguerreotype portrait in America was created in Philadelphia by Robert Cornelius in November 1839 at 710 Chestnut. (Portrait of himself.)

The first homeopathic medical college in the world, the “North American College of Homeopathic Medicine,” was established in Allentown, PA, in 1835. The second was the “Homeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia,” founded in 1848. Next came the “Washington Medical College of Philadelphia,” chartered on May 2, 1853. This last institution changed its name on July 17, 1867, to the “Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia.” The first of these schools was short-lived; and by an act of the Legislature dated April 2, 1869, the second and third were combined under the name “Hahnemann Medical College of Pennsylvania.” This institution can therefore claim to be the oldest of its kind in the world, and while it isn’t technically the first, it is effectively so.

The first American grand opera, “Leonora,” was composed by William H. Fry from Philadelphia, and the lyrics were written by his brother, Joseph R. Fry. It premiered at the Chestnut Street Theatre on June 4, 1845, by Pratt & Wemyss.

The first free college for orphan boys in the United States was established in Philadelphia under the will of Stephen Girard. Girard College opened on January 1, 1848, with a class of one hundred boys.

The first comic weekly in America was The John Donkey, edited by Thomas Dunn English and G. G. Foster. Illustrated by F. O. C. Darley and Henry L. Stephens. Published in Philadelphia by G. B. Zieber & Company, 1848.

“The Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania” is the oldest college in the world specifically created to train women in the medical field. It was established on March 11, 1850.

The Spring Garden Institute, the first mechanics institute in the United States, was established on April 12, 1851. The cornerstone of the building was laid on July 8, 1851, and the building was dedicated on November 12, 1852.

The first English translation of the Hebrew Bible published in America was the result of eighteen years{20} of work by Rev. Isaac Leeser. It came out in Philadelphia in 1854.

The first Republican National Convention took place at Musical Fund Hall on June 18, 1856, with Henry S. Lane from Indiana as the Chairman. John C. Fremont was nominated for President of the United States, and William L. Dayton from New Jersey was nominated for Vice President.

The process of sugar-coating pills started in 1856 by William R. Warner & Co., a manufacturing chemist company in Philadelphia. This was done in a pan hanging by a chain over a charcoal fire. The original pan is still kept by the company.

The first society in America specifically focused on numismatic research was the “Numismatic Society,” which was set up in Philadelphia on December 27, 1857, by seven men. It got its charter on February 19, 1858. On March 23, 1865, the name was changed to “The Numismatic and Antiquarian Society.”

The "Zoological Society" was established in 1859, and in Fairmount Park, north of the Spring Garden Water Works, it began the first zoo in the United States. They later relocated across the river to their current location, and the new buildings and grounds were opened to the public on July 1, 1874.

On April 8, 1861, John Wanamaker opened a men’s clothing store at Sixth and Market Streets. Fifteen years later, in 1876, after relocating to Thirteenth and Market Streets, it featured “six departments for the outfitting of men and boys.” On March 12, 1877, it transformed into a general store with sixteen departments offering all kinds of dry goods. This is thought to have been the first “department store” in the United{21} States, and possibly in the world. The same store, in 1865, introduced the “one price system,” stating that anything sold could be returned for a refund. The Wanamaker store at Thirteenth and Market Streets was lit by electricity on the night after Christmas in 1878, making it the first store ever to be illuminated this way.

First bank chartered under the National Banking Act, the “First National Bank of Philadelphia,” June 20, 1863. The first “National Currency” was issued by this bank.

The first Stock Exchange Clearing House in the United States was set up here in August 1870.

The first organization in the world for insuring real estate titles was “The Real Estate Title Insurance Company of Philadelphia,” chartered on March 28, 1876. An amendment to the charter on December 3, 1881, changed the name to “The Real Estate Title Insurance and Trust Company of Philadelphia.”

The first international fair in this country was the Centennial Exhibition put on in Philadelphia from May 10 to November 10, 1876. It's the only fair of its kind to have covered its own costs without any funding from Congress.

Philadelphia is known as the city of the Easter lily. It was brought from Bermuda in 1879 by Mrs. Mary Rogers, who propagated it until, in three years, there were 100 specimens. Then William K. Harris, a florist on Fifty-sixth Street and Springfield Avenue, introduced it in both Philadelphia and New York.

The Philadelphia Bourse, the first and still the{22} only one in the United States, was chartered on June 25, 1891, and was completed and opened for business on October 1, 1895.

The "Wistar Institute of Anatomy," founded in 1892 by General Isaac Wistar and associated with the University of Pennsylvania, is the first anatomical and neurological institute established in the United States.

Philadelphia was the first city to launch a service using pneumatic tubes for transporting first-class mail. A six-inch tube linking the Bourse station to the Central Post Office at Ninth Street went into operation on February 17, 1893, and is still in use today. Eight-inch tubes have been installed since then, with each capable of handling 7,200,000 letters per day in either direction.

The first concrete arch highway bridge in the United States was built in 1893 by the City of Philadelphia at Pine Road over the Pennypack Creek.

The first institution set up in the United States for the promotion of business and trade in all areas, both local and international, was the “Commercial Museum.” It was planned by Dr. William P. Wilson and created by an ordinance from the Philadelphia City Council, approved on June 15, 1894.

The first successful electric car was designed and built by two guys from Philadelphia, Henry G. Morris and Pedro G. Salom. It was patented on August 31, 1894.

The first hospital train dispatched during the Spanish War to help the soldiers suffering from fever in the mobilization camps was sent by the University of Pennsylvania. The soldiers were taken to and{23} treated at the hospital of that institution. This train departed from Philadelphia on August 17, 1898.

The first Automatic Restaurant (Automat) in America opened on June 9, 1902, at 818 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, by the Horn & Hardart Baking Co.{24}

WITH a royal grant for 40,000 square miles of land in the New World, William Penn, 38 years old, traveled up the Delaware River in 1682 and arrived at the Blue Anchor Inn, which was built by the Swedes in 1636. The state now spans 45,126 square miles.

No eastern state has forests with such diverse and plentiful timber, or extensive mineral deposits. According to official reports from the state geologist, mineral products worth one and one-third billion dollars were extracted from the ground in 1916; among these, coal is the top wealth producer, generating over $1,000,000,000 annually, with production being nearly half that of the entire United States. The supply remains plentiful, and new fields are being developed. Over $100,000,000 worth of coke and more than $42,000,000 in its by-products were produced. Petroleum amounts to $26,000,000. Small quantities of gold, silver, platinum, and asbestos are also found. Natural gas has been utilized in this state for manufacturing since 1874. This is the largest manufacturing region in the world and has the richest agricultural land in the United States. Pennsylvania ranks first among the states in the Union for the number of towns with over 5000 residents, making it an exceptional market. Philly, the largest city, has a population of 1,823,779, making it the third largest in the United {25}

{26} States, is located on the site of a Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indian village called Coaquanarck. Thanks to William Penn’s welcoming approach to early settlers, and later becoming the seat of government for the United States, many national institutions began here, and there are more historical buildings in this city than in any other city in America. It includes all of Philadelphia County, and has its own unique character, reminiscent of old Quaker life, which is detailed in this book through two Colonial Walks; the Revolutionary Period is presented in driving routes based on Washington’s travels; and modern institutions, many of which have roots in colonial times, are covered in chapters on schools, galleries and museums, hospitals, libraries, music, and churches. Philadelphia was a pioneer in the struggle for “Liberty of Conscience.”

The clear charm of Philadelphia is found in the Pennsylvania Hospital, Independence Hall, Christ Church, Old Swedes', and St. Peter's. Down on lower Spruce Street and the surrounding streets, there are lovely colonial houses, impressive doorways, decorative ironwork, dormer windows, and grand gables, all facing each other at street corners in perfect harmony. No other town has preserved its old streets as well as this one. When the early Friends left England, they brought with them their “Liberty of Conscience,” a love for beautiful architecture, and the funds to create it. During a great period of English architecture, they hired skilled English architects—Wren was reportedly one of them—to design not only their public buildings but their private homes as well; they also packed paneling, carvings, ironwork, furniture, and various details in their personal luggage that they wouldn't be able to find in Philadelphia.

Long straight streets give the town a sense of calm and relaxation.

The Quaker City; Penn’s “Green Country Town.”

Start at the State Capitol, known as Independence Hall in 1776; open for free from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M.; located on the south side of Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth. It’s the most historically significant building in the United States. The architect was Andrew Hamilton, who was the speaker in the Assembly; it’s Georgian-style and made of brick; built for the Province{28} of Pennsylvania as a Colonial State House. The tower features a wooden cupola built in 1828, which houses a clock and bell, donated to the City by Henry Seybert in 1876.

First occupied by the Assembly in 1735. The Second Continental Congress met here on May 10, 1775. George Washington was selected as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. The Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4, 1776. The Articles of Confederation, establishing a perpetual union between the States, were adopted and signed on July 9, 1778. The Constitution of the United States of America, long a source of pride for Americans and a model for freedom advocates around the world, was created and signed on September 17, 1787.

Lafayette was welcomed here in 1824.

The body of Abraham Lincoln lay in state from April 22 to April 24, 1865.

Second National Encampment, Grand Army of the Republic, January, 1868, when the annual Memorial Day, May 30, was established by Major General John A. Logan. It was observed the same year by posts of the Grand Army of the Republic and the public.

The Liberty Bell was rung on July 8, 1776, to celebrate the Declaration of Independence; it has the inscription, “Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof” (Leviticus XXV: 10). It was hung in the tower in 1755 and cracked while being tolled for the death of Chief Justice John Marshall on July 8, 1835; it hasn't been rung since 1843.

Portraits of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, mostly painted by Charles Willson Peale, along with his portrait of Washington, are here. Benjamin West’s

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painting, “Penn’s Treaty with the Indians”; a large collection of portraits of notable Pennsylvania men in the government of the Commonwealth; and a collection of forty-five small historic portraits in pastel by James Sharples. On Chestnut Street, there’s a marble statue of Washington; sculptor, J. A. Bailey; erected in 1869 through contributions from the public school children of Philadelphia.

The building was renovated and restored in 1897 to look like it did originally. Small buildings connecting to the west contain colonial artifacts; to the east, Revolutionary artifacts. To the west, an open porch leads to Congress Hall, at the corner of Sixth Street, built in 1789 as the Court House for Philadelphia County; it’s Georgian and was used by the Federal Congress from 1790 to 1800, after necessary changes made by Major L’Enfant. The first floor housed the House of Representatives; the second floor was the Senate Chamber; a gallery was added in 1795. Here, Washington was inaugurated for his second term as President on March 4, 1793, and John Adams was inaugurated as the second President of the United States in 1797. The National Currency was established, the First National Bank was founded, and the Army and Navy were organized. Jay’s Treaty, which determined relations with England, was considered and ratified. The official announcement of Washington’s death in 1799 was made here, and a resolution was offered by Chief Justice John Marshall to honor the man “First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen.”

Contains wooden sculptures by William Rush; a statue of Washington carved in 1815; also an eagle on a globe, a portrait of Michael Hillegas, the first Treasurer of the United States until 1789, and other paintings.

Building restored in 1896, through the Pennsylvania{30} Society, Colonial Dames of America; architect, William Ziegler.

Corner of Fifth Street, Supreme Court Building, or the old City Hall, built in 1789. The second floor was home to the First Supreme Court of the United States from 1791 to 1800. It served as the Mayor’s Office until 1896. Later, it was the headquarters for the Boy Scouts and the Grand Army of the Republic. Now it has been restored to its original appearance; it features a museum with Colonial and American Indian collections, as well as paintings.

In 1783, State House Garden was enhanced with the planting of elms, the creation of paths, and the installation of benches. It features a statue of Commodore Barry. Located at 104 South Fifth Street, in State House Yard, the American Philosophical Society, built in 1789, is made of brick in the Georgian style; it originated from “The Junto,” which was formed by Benjamin Franklin in 1727. See Historic Institutions.

Southeast corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, site of the residence of William Moore Smith, son of the first provost of the University of Pennsylvania. Washington’s portrait was painted here by Gilbert Stuart.

Northeast corner of Fifth and Sansom Streets, site of the Philadelphia Library 1790-1830.

427 Chestnut Street, the location of the Lawrence mansion, served as Howe’s headquarters from 1777 to 1778.

421 Chestnut Street, home of the United States Hotel. Charles Dickens stayed here in March 1842, during his first visit to America.

South side of Chestnut Street, below Fifth, United States Custom House; marble, classic; Doric portico; built in 1819; architect, John Haviland.

Northwest corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Provident Life and Trust Company, of Philadelphia,{31} modern; features oil portraits of the directors; among the artists showcased are Bernard Uhle, Cecilia Beaux, and Thomas Eakins.

Southeast corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets, the location of the Friends meeting house in 1701, and later the location of Mathew Carey’s bookstore in 1800.

320 Chestnut Street, at the entrance of Carpenters’ Court. Carpenters' Hall; open free daily 9 A.M. to 3 P.M., Saturdays until 12:30 P.M.; Georgian-style, made of brick; constructed in 1770 for the Carpenters’ Company, which was established in 1724.

307 Chestnut Street, Bank of North America; established in 1781 on the same site; the oldest and first bank chartered by Congress in the United States. Through Robert Morris, the first president, victory was made possible for Washington and the Continental Army. Features a portrait of Robert Morris.

Third Street above Chestnut; Post Office in 1713; later Judd’s Hotel during the War of 1812.

27 South Third Street, home of the United States Post Office, 1792.

250 Chestnut Street, the original location of the United States Treasury, 1798.

243 Chestnut Street, the home of Governor Thomas Lloyd in 1684, appointed by William Penn.

Letitia Street, west side above Chestnut, east of Second; location of Letitia House, William Penn's home, relocated to Fairmount Park.

Southeast corner of Second and Black Horse Alley, above Chestnut Street, site of Bradford House and printing office, used for the colonial Post Office, 1728; Andrew Bradford, postmaster; in 1719 he published the first{32} newspaper in Pennsylvania, The Mercury, a weekly, the second in America.

Southwest corner of Front and Market Streets, site of London Coffee House, in 1754, where, in 1780, Robert Morris met with others to consider the establishment of the first bank. Horses, slaves, and cattle were sold here.

About 221-23 North Water Street, the location of Stephen Girard’s final residence.

111 Spring Street, west of Front, above Race, is said to have been the home of Benjamin Franklin from 1723 to 1726; it’s a brick building with three stories and an attic; still standing.

Jones’s Alley, above Market Street, west from 14 North Front Street, is the location of Robert Grace’s house, where the “Junto Club” gathered in 1727.

110 Market Street, the location of Robert Aitken’s Printing Office in 1782; he printed the first English Bible in America.

Southwest corner of Second and Market Streets, site of Friends’ first meeting house, 1695-1808, on land donated by George Fox, the founder of the Society.

Middle of Market Street, at Second, facing east, the site of the old Court House, built in 1710; used as the town hall and seat of the Legislature until the State House was built in 1735. The acceptance of the United States Constitution was announced to the people here on December 13, 1787; depicted in a large painting by Birch, made in 1829, now in City Hall at Broad and Market Streets.

25 North Second Street, office Peter Porcupine’s Gazette, edited by William Cobbett, a sharp satirist.

Christ Church, located on the west side of Second Street, north of Market, built in 1695. (See Churches.)

{33}

200 Arch Street, home of the Saint George and the Dragon Inn, built in 1700, managed by Nicholas Scull, a member of Franklin's "Junto," in 1727; he was the sheriff in 1744; he published a map of the city in 1750. It's the oldest inn building still standing; from 1791 to 1793, it was run by John Inskeep, Mayor of Philadelphia from 1800 to 1805. Stagecoaches to New York and Baltimore left from here regularly.

No. 239 Arch Street, Betsy Ross's House, is a two-story brick building marked by a tablet; it is now owned by the American Flag House and Betsy Ross Memorial Association. She made the first flag adopted by the United States, based on a pencil drawing by Washington, who, along with Robert Morris and George Ross, approached her to design it; Congress accepted the flag on June 14, 1777, and it's now one of the oldest flags in the world, predating those of France, Spain, Germany, Russia, Italy, and Austria. John Paul Jones was the first to fly the new flag. Betsy Ross lived to be eighty-four, passing away in 1836; she is buried in Mount Moriah Cemetery, where a flag continuously flies over her grave, established by the Sons of Veterans. Flag Day was first celebrated in Philadelphia in 1893.

226 Race Street, location of the First Moravian Church, 1742-1856.

267 Race Street, the residence of Benjamin Franklin around 1749.

325 Market Street, the home of Benjamin Franklin, where he first invented the lightning rod, around 1749-50; in 1752, the world's first lightning rod was installed by Franklin at the southeast corner of Second and Race Streets.

229 North Fourth Street, Saint George’s, oldest{34} Methodist Church in the world, still in use for worship; dedicated on November 24, 1769.

Fourth Street above Race, St. Augustine’s Roman Catholic Church, 1796; destroyed in the riot of 1844; rebuilt in 1846.

Old St. John’s Church, Race Street between Fifth and Sixth; the first English Lutheran Church in America, built in 1806.

Southeast corner of Fourth and Cherry Streets, site of Zion Lutheran Church (German), built in 1766; in 1790, its organ was regarded as the best in America.

Northeast corner of Fourth and Arch Streets, James Russell Lowell stayed here with his wife in 1845.

Southeast corner of Fourth and Arch Streets, Friends meeting-house; the oldest in Philadelphia, built in 1804; since 1811, it has been used for the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Orthodox Friends and is said to be the largest in the world. (See Historic Burial Grounds.)

Southwest corner of Fourth and Arch Streets, site of the home built for William Smith, D.D., before 1762. First provost of the University of Pennsylvania.

Fourth Street, west side, below Arch, site of the Academy in 1749; beginning of the University, marked with a plaque.

Southeast corner of Fifth and Arch Streets, Christ Church cemetery. (See Burial Grounds.)

Southwest corner of Fifth and Arch Streets, Free Quaker Building; tablet, inscription “By general subscription for the Free Quakers; erected in the year of our Lord 1783, and of the Empire 8.” “Fighting Quakers,” who fought in the Revolutionary War against the peace principles of the sect. The Apprentices’

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Library, established in 1820 at Carpenters’ Hall, was for many years the only free library in Philadelphia and occupied the building after 1850. It was later used by the Grand Lodge of Masons.

515 Cherry Street, home of Bass Otis in 1819, who created the first American lithograph.

528 Arch Street, location of the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, the first in Philadelphia, founded in 1852; now part of the University of Pennsylvania.

627 Arch Street, the location of the Woman’s Medical College, the first in America to graduate female physicians, founded in 1850.

Southeast corner of Seventh and Arch Streets, home of David Rittenhouse in 1770.

Northwest corner of Seventh and Arch Streets, Fort Rittenhouse; residence of David Rittenhouse, 1787; treasurer of Pennsylvania.

117 North Seventh Street, location of Mikveh Israel Synagogue, established in 1747. Moved to Broad and York Streets.

37-39 North Seventh Street, first United States Mint, 1792. David Rittenhouse, superintendent.

Southeast corner of Sixth and Market Streets, home of Robert Morris; next to it, on Market Street, 530-536, location of President Washington’s mansion and John Adams, the second President; originally built for Richard Penn.

700 Market Street, Penn National Bank. The house where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

801 Market Street, the location of the office of Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State.{36}

About 808 Market Street, the location, home of Thomas Jefferson, in 1791.

15 South Seventh Street, Franklin Institute, established in 1824; classic architecture, marble; designed by John Haviland.

Southeast corner of Ninth and Chestnut Streets, site of Cook’s Museum and Circus; the first mummies brought to the United States are said to have been displayed here.

Northwest corner of Ninth and Chestnut Streets, USPS, built in 1884 on the site of {37} the Mansion House, which was meant to be the official residence of President Washington but was never used; it later served the University of Pennsylvania. There’s a bronze statue of Benjamin Franklin, created by sculptor John Boyle; on the Chestnut Street side, there's an inscription by Washington: “Venerated for Benevolence, admired for Talent, esteemed for Patriotism, beloved for Philanthropy”; also, a bronze bust of President McKinley in the corridor; and a sculpture group on the roof by D. C. French.

Northeast corner of Ninth and Sansom Streets, site, Chinese Museum; later, in 1835, Peale’s Museum; exhibitions by the Franklin Institute were held here.

Northeast corner of Ninth and Walnut Streets, Walnut Street Theatre, built in 1808; the oldest theater in the United States.

808 Locust Street, Music Fund Hall, built in 1824; the oldest building in Philadelphia that has been continuously used as a hall; Dr. Charles H. Jarvis held classical soirées here before the Academy was built; it has excellent acoustic properties; it is located on the site of the Fifth Presbyterian Church, which was relocated to Tenth and Arch Streets.

260 South Ninth Street, Potter House, built in 1812; Joseph Bonaparte lived here for two years; the cartoons, “Birth of Psyche,” which he brought from Versailles, still decorate the walls of the banquet hall.

Northeast corner of Spruce and Darien Streets, below Ninth, Jewish Cemetery, founded 1740; Rebecca Gratz, the hero in Scott’s “Ivanhoe,” is buried close to the entrance.

225 South Eighth Street, Morris House, built 1787; typical colonial style.{38}

Eighth and Pine Streets, Pennsylvania Hospital, established in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin; Georgian style. It features Benjamin West’s well-known painting “Christ Healing the Sick”; the woman in the white head shawl is believed to resemble West’s mother.

715 Spruce Street, home of Nicholas Biddle in 1820; now occupied by the American Roman Catholic Society.

705 Locust Street, home of E. L. Davenport, actor.

Southwest corner of Seventh and Locust Streets, the location where Dr. Horace Howard Furness started his impressive variorum edition of Shakespeare.

618 Locust Street, home of John W. Forney, journalist.

Southwest corner of Seventh and Walnut Streets, the oldest Savings Bank in America; established in 1816 by Mr. Condy Raguet with twelve directors; classic design; Furness, Evans and Company, architects; among the oil portraits displayed there are Lewis Wain and John C. Lowber by Thomas Sully; G. Colesberry Purves by William M. Chase, and Condy Raguet, artist unknown.

Southeast corner of Seventh and Chestnut Streets, site, home of George Clymer, signer of the Declaration of Independence.

708 Chestnut Street, the home of Jared Ingersoll, a signer of the United States Constitution; later, it was the residence of George M. Dallas, Vice President of the United States. Across the street, below Eighth on Chestnut Street, at the eastern end of Green’s Hotel, is the former residence of Thomas Fitzsimmons, another signer of the United States Constitution.{39}

632 Chestnut Street, home of the Waln mansion.

615-17-19 Chestnut Street, site, The Arcade, built in 1826; the Public Ledger published its first issue here on March 25, 1836.

605 Chestnut Street, bronze plaque out front, inscription: “Site of First Chestnut Street Theater, 1793-1855. ‘Hail! Columbia,’ composed by Joseph Hopkinson, first performed here on April 25, 1798, by Gilbert Fox. Fanny Elssler danced here in 1840; Jenny Lind sang in 1850; Charlotte Cushman acted in 1851; erected by The City Historical Society of Philadelphia.”

Northwest corner of Sixth and Ranstead Streets, above Chestnut, site, The Falstaff Hotel, from 1814-16; First City Troop met here.

130 South Sixth Street, location, home of Thomas G. Wharton; the birthplace in 1824 of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Southwest corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets, Curtis Publishing Company, on the site of the Ludwig Building, a school built by Christopher Ludwig, “Baker General” of the Revolution; see Architecture.

Southeast corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets, site, Walnut Street Jail, 1775-1838; extended nearly to Fifth Street; in the back, facing Locust Street, then Prune Street, was the debtors’ prison; Judge William Moore and Provost William Smith were held here in 1758 for publishing what were considered seditious pamphlets on patriotism; students would go there to recite their lessons to him; Robert Morris, {40}, the financier of the Revolution, was imprisoned here in 1797 for debts from a significant private transaction; the first successful balloon ascent in America took place from the gaol yard, done by J. P. Blanchard, a French aeronaut, in January 1793.

Sixth to Seventh Streets, on Walnut, Washington Square Park, granted by William Penn, 1704-05, as a burial ground for strangers; hundreds of Revolutionary soldiers were buried here, as well as victims of the great yellow fever epidemic in 1793; in earlier times, enslaved people gathered here to sing their native songs and perform energetic African dances among the graves; named Washington Square by the Councils in May 1825 and upgraded for public use; a monument to the Washington Grays features a life-size bronze figure of a private in the original uniform.

215 South Sixth Street, home of Hon. James Campbell, United States Postmaster General, appointed by President Pierce.

219 South Sixth Street, The Philadelphia Athenaeum, founded in 1813 by students from the University as a circulating library; first president was William Tilghman, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania; the Law Library was located there for many years while the Courts were on Sixth and Chestnut Streets; it was a major chess center; architect was John Notman.

245 South Sixth Street, the residence of Commodore Barry, who took over from John Paul Jones as the head of the American Navy.

Locust Street below Sixth, south side, site, Prune Street Theater; “Home Sweet Home” was performed here for the first time in America.{41}

Northwest corner of Sixth and Spruce Streets, Holy Trinity Catholic Church, built in 1739; circular building made of alternating red and black bricks; the body of Stephen Girard was buried here for many years before being moved to Girard College.

144-54 South Fifth Street, location, Free Quaker Cemetery.

127 South Fifth Street, site, Philly Dispensary, the oldest in the United States; founded by Dr. Benjamin Rush in 1786; now merged with Pennsylvania Hospital.

Northeast corner of Fourth and Walnut Streets, residence of General Stephen Moylan, military secretary to Washington; Muster Master General of the Continental Army in 1775.

South side Walnut Street, above Fourth. John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States, died here on July 6, 1835.

Willing’s Alley, south of Walnut Street, east of Fourth, St. Joseph's Church; built in 1731; the oldest Roman Catholic Church in Philadelphia; features a painting called “Hagar and Ishmael” by Benjamin West; it's said that Washington was first called “The Father of his Country” by the priest during his sermon after Washington’s death; Lancaster County makes the same claim.

309 Walnut Street, the location of Bishop White's last residence.

212 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia Contributorship for Fire Insurance on Homes, the oldest fire insurance company in America, founded in 1752 by Benjamin Franklin; {42} known as “The Hand-in-Hand,” from its seal; classic architecture, built in 1835; portraits of Horace Binney by Thomas Sully, painted in 1837, and by George B. A. Healy in 1857; Dr. Charles Willing and Hon. John Welsh by Bernard Uhle; James Lewis Smith by Henry Inman; William Sellers and Ellis Yarnall by Percy Bigland, English; Alexander Biddle, Sydney P. Hutchinson, and John T. Morris by Vonnoh; James S. Smith, 2nd, by Van Morcken.

218-22 South Fourth Street, location of the Edward Shippen mansion; President, Provisional Council, and First Mayor of Philadelphia; his daughter, Peggy Shippen, married Benedict Arnold.

Southwest corner of Fourth and Prune Streets, or Locust, home of Dr. Caspar Wistar, in 1799; the garden stretched out to St. Mary’s churchyard; is now the headquarters of the Philadelphia Chapter No. 2 of Colonial Dames.

244-50 South Fourth Street, St. Mary's Catholic Church, built in 1763, features a beautiful pieta by Boucher. In the graveyard, you can find the tombs of Commodore Barry and Thomas Fitzsimmons, who were both members of the Continental Congress.

338 Spruce Street, home of Joseph Hopkinson, born 1770, died 1842; author of “Hail! Columbia,” 1798; it was known as “The President’s March,” and was always sung when Washington held state events; music by Henry Roth; he also wrote “The Battle of the Kegs.”

Southwest corner of Fourth and Pine Streets, Old Pine St. Presbyterian Church, brick, rough cast; classic; porch with Corinthian columns; built,{43} 1857; graveyard on both sides; the east part belongs to First Church, and the west part to Old Pine.

Southwest corner of Leithgow Street, above Fourth and South Streets, South Street Theatre, 1766-1821; now used as a commercial building.

East side of Leithgow Street, west of Fourth, between South and Bainbridge Streets, site, Apollo Street Theatre, 1811.

Spruce to Pine Streets, Third to Fourth, site, Old Homeless Shelter, 1731, and Philly Hospital, 1732.

Northwest corner of Third and Lombard Streets, home of Charles Willson Peale, 1741-1827.

Southwest corner of Third and Pine Streets, St. Peter's Church, built 1761; in the churchyard are the tombs of Rev. Jacob Duché and Charles Willson Peale, artist, 1741-1827; it’s often said, “To be part of old Philadelphia Society, you need to have an ancestor who passed into Paradise through Saint Peter’s graveyard”; (see Churches).

Northwest corner of Third and Pine Streets, site, home of Colonel John Nixon, who read the Declaration of Independence.

Northeast corner of Third and Pine Streets, location, home of Rev. Jacob Duché; later, British Military Hospital.

224 Pine Street, location, home of Mayor John Stamper, 1760; Governor John Penn passed away here. “His funeral was quite significant, attracting a large crowd.”

237 DeLancey Street, above Pine, the home of Horace Binney, the famous lawyer.

About 260 South Third Street, the site of the Bingham residence; later, in 1828, Joseph Head’s Mansion House,{44} known as the most luxurious inn in America; John Quincy Adams stayed here in 1811; the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati held a dinner in 1811 to celebrate the unveiling of a monument to General Wayne; the “Sons of Washington” had their annual dinner here on Washington’s Birthday; French citizens hosted a dinner in 1830, with Peter Du Ponceau presiding, as a popular demonstration after the French Revolution that overthrew Charles X.

256 South Third Street, home of “Washington Hall,” built in 1814; created by the Washington Benevolent Society; this is where General Andrew Jackson was celebrated and dined in February 1819; Lafayette attended a dinner in 1824 for Richard Rush, the U.S. envoy to England, who later became a member of Adams' Cabinet; the second Horticultural Exhibition took place in 1830.

244 South Third Street, home of Samuel Powell, Mayor of Philadelphia from 1775 to 1789; beautiful colonial architecture; many events took place here during the Revolution; Washington celebrated his twentieth wedding anniversary here on January 6, 1779.

228 South Third Street, site of the Thomas Willing residence, in 1746.

217-31 South Third Street, St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, built in 1761; Headquarters of Philadelphia City Mission; Edwin Forrest, a famous actor, is buried in the graveyard; (see Churches).

Southeast corner of Dock and Moravian Streets, below Walnut, publisher’s office of Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine, when Edgar Allan Poe was the editor.

Southeast corner of Third and Walnut Streets, site,{45} home of Alexander Hamilton, and site of Fort Wilson, home of James Wilson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

301 Walnut Street, the location and home of Dr. Benjamin Rush, in 1791, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

307 Walnut Street, site, home of Judge Richard Peters.

Back part of Walnut Court, between 314-318 Walnut Street, location of Friends’ Almshouse, 1713-1841.

Southeast corner of Third and Pear Streets (now Chancellor), Robert Bell’s bookstore; Bell’s imprints are highly sought after by collectors.

116-120 South Third Street, Girard National Bank, the oldest bank building in America; Stephen Girard, who financed the War of 1812, purchased it in 1812; it served as his office until he passed away on December 26, 1831.

114 South Third Street, site of Jay Cooke's Bank, which financed the Civil War.

Sansom Street, previously known as Lodge Street, above Second; the first successful locomotive, Old Ironsides, was built in America by Matthias Baldwin in 1828.

Northwest corner of Second and Sansom Streets, location, home of William Logan, 1750-60.

Southeast corner of Second and Sansom Streets, site, Slate Roof Home, 1698-1867, built for William Penn; his son John was born here on January 29, 1700; sold to William Trent, founder of Trenton, in 1803 for eight hundred and fifty pounds; General Forbes, Governor of Pennsylvania, died here. “His funeral was very grand.{46}”

121 South Second Street, home of Robert Fulton, artist and engineer.

123 South Second Street, the residence of Captain Joseph Anthony; Assembly met here in 1828-30.

Back of 145-47 South Second Street, location of the Indian reservation.

Second Street, southeast corner of Little Dock Street, site of Loxley House in 1720; Lydia Darrach is believed to have lived here; Benjamin Franklin used the front door key in his electricity experiment with a kite.

Water Street, between Walnut and Dock Streets, Hamilton’s Wharf. First Assembly Events were held here, in a large room, around 1740.

Second and Pine Streets, Second St. Market, built in 1745.

200 Pine Street, the home of Charles Elias Boudinot.

South Street at the corner of American, between Second and Third Streets, inscription on the corner house: “This street was the birthplace of Edwin Forrest; Commodore Joseph Cresson; Alexander Wilson; and Joel B. Sutherland, the first President of the Society of 1812.”

Second Street below South, west side, Southwark Bank, built in 1825.

30 South Street, site, Plumsted House; Mason and Dixon's Observatory was close to here.

Front and Pine Streets; likely location of the Penny Pot House.

Northwest corner of Front and Dock Streets, likely the site of the Blue Anchor Pub in 1682, where William Penn first arrived in Philadelphia.{47}

Architecture should include beauty, functionality, and stability. It's categorized by various styles from the past, which have necessarily evolved through modern characteristics. Periods of significant national energy are always expressed architecturally on a grand scale. For instance, the Pyramids at Giza and the great temple at Karnak represent the peak of Egyptian civilization; the Parthenon reflects the golden days of Greece; Imperial Rome was proud of the Baths of Caracalla and the Colosseum; the magnificent Renaissance in Italy reached its height with the grandeur of St. Peter’s Church; and the dedication and skill of Gothic builders culminated in the soaring vaults of Beauvais. Additionally, if we look at the buildings of our time in chronological order, they serve as a silent record of the nation's growing strength; in the intricate tower of the Woolworth Building, soaring into the blue sky for a thousand feet, we see the remarkable progress and endless possibilities of a country where dreams turn into reality. Among the early Colonial or Georgian language buildings are Carpenters' Hall on Chestnut Street below Fourth; Christ Church on Second Street above Market; Hamilton House in Woodlands Cemetery at Thirty-ninth Street and Woodland Avenue; Independence Hall, located on Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth; Old Swedes' Church (Gloria Dei) on Swanson Street near Front and Christian Streets; Pennsylvania Hospital at Eighth and Pine Streets; St. Peter's Church on Third and Pine Streets.{48}

Egyptian. Adath Jeshurun Synagogue, Broad and Diamond Streets; Indiana limestone; architects, Thomas, Churchman, and Molitor.

Classic. Music Academy, Broad and Locust Streets. Interior classic; brick; built in 1850; architects, LeBrun & Runge; the audience room is very large, modeled after famous opera houses in Europe; the balcony layout is now considered outdated, but the overall effect is undeniably impressive and has a touch of the Second Empire style. Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Logan Square; brownstone, built around 1860; architects, Napoleon LeBrun for the building and John Notman for the façade; it is striking and dignified. U.S. Customs House, Chestnut Street below Fifth; architect, John Haviland. Girard College, Corinthian and Girard Avenues; architect, Thomas U. Walters; modeled after the Parthenon. Girard National Bank, 116 South Third Street; the portico on the Third Street front is Corinthian, inspired by the Parthenon and the Temple of Saturnus; it stands on a stylobate, elevated above the pavement by steps on three sides, which gives it emphasis and dignity, and marks it as the main feature of approach to the building; this portico is flanked on either side by pavilions with pilasters, matching the columns of the portico, and the space between the pilasters is filled with windows decorated with architraves and cornices supported by carved brackets; the pilasters and columns are topped with an elegantly detailed cornice pediment and balustrade, modeled after high-quality Roman antique work; the tympanum of the pediment features{49} the date of construction, 1795, along with an American eagle in bas-relief carving, well modeled; from the pavement to the top of the portico is fifty-six feet; the entire front is made of Pennsylvania blue marble; the building was constructed for the Bank of the United States in 1797 and closely followed the design of the Dublin Exchange; architect, Samuel Blodgett; marble work was done by Claudius LeGrand at his workshop at Tenth and Market Streets; this was the first building in Philadelphia to feature a portico and pillars; in 1901, it was carefully renovated by James H. Windrim. Girard Trust Co., northwest corner of Broad and Chestnut Streets, built in 1908; architects, McKim, Mead & White from New York; Furness & Evans from Philadelphia; it has a steel frame and a Gustavino dome covered with white marble; while the shape of this building was likely inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, the details are somewhat Greek, and the colonettes that form the window mullions resemble those found at the Certosa di Pavia. Ridgway Library, South Broad and Christian Streets, Doric; built in 1880; granite; architect, Addison Hutton. Old Stock Exchange, Second, Walnut and Dock Streets, white marble; features a semicircular Corinthian colonnade and a lantern modeled after the Temple of Lysicrates; architect, William Strickland. St. Patrick's Church, Twenty-first and Locust Streets, Roman; classic; brick and granite; built in 1913; architects, LaFarge & Morris from New York; the church’s façade is grand in design, full of dignity and tranquility, and successfully completes the vista when viewed from Rittenhouse Street. U.S. Mint, Seventeenth and Spring Garden Streets, built in 1898; light gray granite; architect, James Knox Taylor.

Moorish. Horticulture Hall, Fairmount Park; built in 1876; architect, Herman J. Schwarzmann. Rodeph Shalom Congregation, at Mt. Vernon and North Broad Streets.

Byzantine. First Baptist Church, located on Seventeenth Street above Chestnut, made of stone; designed by architect Edgar V. Seeler. Jacob Reed's Sons, store at 1424 Chestnut Street, constructed from brick, marble, and tile; built in 1904; architects Price & McLanahan; its façade is one of the most fascinating in the city; the caps of the columns symbolize the business carried out inside, and the tile work on the intrados of the arch illustrates the shearing and manufacturing of wool, resembling the richness of an Oriental rug.

Gothic. School of Fine Arts, on Broad and Cherry Streets, features Venetian polychrome Gothic architecture using brick, limestone, and tile. Designed by architects Furness & Hewitt, the façade stands out as the most notable example of Venetian Gothic style in Philadelphia from the late nineteenth century. Broad and Arch Streets Methodist Episcopal Church is made of white marble. St. Clement’s Episcopal Church, located at Twentieth and Cherry Streets, is in the Norman style; built in 1857, it is made of brownstone and designed by architect John Notman, who also oversaw later improvements, including a new roof, apse, lady chapel, and parish buildings, which were developed by Horace Wells Sellers. St. James' Episcopal Church, at Twenty-second and Walnut Streets, showcases English decorated Gothic with a sculptured band around the tower, built from Ohio green sandstone and granite, designed by architect G. W. Hewitt. St. Luke's Episcopal Church, situated at Germantown Avenue and Coulter Street, is crafted from granite and limestone. Architect Richard Upjohn from New York, known for first introducing Gothic architecture principles in America, designed it; the rectory, St. Margaret’s Home, parish house, and rood screen in the church are by Cope & Stewardson, while the organ screen was created by Pierson. St. Mark's Episcopal Church, located on Locust Street below Seventeenth, is early decorated Gothic and made of brownstone, with John Notman as the architect. Later enhancements include the lady chapel, designed by architects Cope & Stewardson. Second Presbyterian Church, at Twenty-first and Walnut Streets, exhibits French styling with early English details, resembling the Parish Church in Norfolk, England; architect Henry Sims designed it. St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, on Tenth Street above Chestnut, showcases early Gothic architecture with two octagonal towers; made of stone, its interior was decorated by Frank Furness, featuring rich and unusual colors. South Memorial Church of the Advocate, located at Eighteenth and Diamond Streets, is designed in French style by architect C. M. Burns; built in 1897, its interior is lavishly adorned with carvings, and the windows were created by Clayton & Bell.

Romanesque. Church of St. Francis de Sales, Roman Catholic, at Forty-seventh Street and Springfield Avenue, made of brick and terra cotta; features a Gustavino dome and mosaic, a stunning example of the style; built in 1912; designed by architect Henry D. Daggit. Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, located at Nineteenth and Walnut Streets, made of Norman brownstone; designed by architect John Notman. Freemason Lodge, at Broad and Filbert Streets, features Norman architecture with an intricately carved porch; made of gray granite; built around 1870; designed by architect James H. Wind{52}rim. Church of the Savior, Protestant Episcopal, at Thirty-eighth Street, north of Chestnut Street, in the Norman style; designed by architect Charles M. Burns; the half dome and apse are decorated by Edwin H. Blashfield; considered one of the finest examples of mosaic work in the country; alms boxes and reredos designed by the late James Warner are also of significant interest.

Renaissance. Art Club, at the southwest corner of Broad and Chancellor Streets, showcases Italian and French influences; constructed with brick and Indiana limestone; designed by architect Frank Miles Day. City Hall is open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M., located at Broad and Market Streets, on the site of Penn Square, which was previously Centre Square, home to a Friends’ meeting house in 1685; Rochambeau’s Encampment in 1781; Wayne’s Encampment in 1794; and the first city waterworks in 1801. This is the largest single building in America; it covers four and a half acres, was started in 1871, constructed of white marble with a granite base; designed in the shape of a hollow square, with passageways linking both Market and Broad Streets; it contains 662 rooms. The tower, located in the center north, is about 550 feet high and features a massive bronze statue of William Penn on top. The center and corner pavilions have attic stories and polished granite stairs. Designed by architect John McArthur, Jr., the main attractions include the council chambers, the mayor’s reception room adorned with portraits of Philadelphia mayors, and state courtrooms. From the roof, there is a stunning view of the city. Alexander Milne Calder contributed the applied sculpture, which is the building's artistic highlight, featuring many figures that symbolize the nation's history.

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and the world, various types of Native Americans, and other ethnic groups; the heads of African Americans are recognized by artists as the finest of their type; decoration that symbolizes music, art, science, and commerce is used as a fundamental part of this grand public building, an essential element in genuine decoration, where it flourishes, as well as in gardens, parks, boulevards, and plazas. Statues outside, on the City Hall pavement, include General John F. Reynolds by Rogers; General McClellan; the Pilgrim by Saint Gaudens; the Quaker by Giuseppe Donato; Stephen Girard and John Wanamaker by J. Massey Rhind; Joseph Leidy, M.D.; President McKinley, and John C. Bullitt. Medical College, Twenty-second Street, above Chestnut, English; built in 1910; architects, Cope & Stewardson. Dropsie College, Broad Street below York, French; architects, Pitcher & Tachau. Hamilton Court, Thirty-ninth and Chestnut Streets, Italian; steel frame covered with brick and limestone; an apartment building built around an open courtyard, strongly reminiscent, both in color and detail, of earlier Venetian palaces. Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, German, granite; built in 1876; architect, Herman J. Schwarzmann; one of the best-designed monumental buildings in the city. Union League addition, Fifteenth and Sansom Streets, Italian; steel frame, covered with limestone; built in 1912; architect, Horace Trumbauer: a very dignified and restrained facade, suggestive of a Roman palace.

Spanish. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, Walnut Street above Fortieth; architects, Carrere & Hastings. Pennsylvania Institute for the Guide for the Blind, Overbrook; Spanish mission; architects, Cope & Stewardson.

English. Mellor, Meigs & Howe Office, 205 South Juniper Street, rough brick; architects, Mellor & Meigs.

The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 219 South Sixth Street; architect, John Notman; showcases the best features of work completed in 1850, reflecting past traditions while incorporating its own unique developments and characteristics; the interior features a stunning reading room. University Facilities, located from Thirty-fourth to Fortieth Streets, Walnut Street to Woodland Avenue, greatly enhance the architectural appeal of West Philadelphia; the entrances to the campus, near the dormitories, are impressive Tudor gateways made of wrought iron with brick and stone piers. (See University of Pennsylvania.) Hon. James Arthur Balfour remarked in 1917, “Americans build gigantic cathedrals and use them as office buildings.” The Towers. Adelphia Hotel, at Thirteenth and Chestnut Streets, is designed in Italian Renaissance style, using brick and terra cotta; built in 1914; architect, Horace Trumbauer; the arabesque details on the lower stories of the façade and the pattern created by projecting bricks on the upper stories deserve attention; the interiors are aesthetically pleasing and architecturally sound. Bell Phone, a building on the Parkway at the corner of Seventeenth and Arch Streets, rises 273 feet; made of stone, featuring an interesting façade; architect, John T. Windrim. Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, located at the southwest corner of Broad and Walnut Streets, in French Renaissance style; a steel frame faced with terra cotta; architects, Hewitt Bros. It is the most beautifully proportioned and artistic business building in Philadelphia. Stock exchange, situated between Fourth and Fifth Streets, below Market; an adaptation of François Premier; with a strong sense of dignity in its broad pavement; architects, Hewitt Bros. News Building, located at Juniper and Filbert Streets, designed in French style; a steel frame faced with terra cotta; architect, Edgar V. Seeler. Curtis Publishing Co., at Sixth and Walnut Streets, a modern adaptation of Georgian style; a steel frame faced with white marble and brick; built in 1910; architect, Edgar V. Seeler; it faces Independence Square and, despite being thoroughly modern, harmonizes perfectly in both color and design with the historic Georgian group centered around Independence Hall, adding to the quiet colonial atmosphere of the Square; the interior is excellently designed, with particular interest in the entrance, lobby, editorial offices, and the staff dining room. The mechanical equipment is the finest of its kind globally, producing an average of 5,558,600 complete paid publications per issue of the Ladies’ Home Journal, Saturday Evening Post, and The Country Gentleman for the six months ending June 30, 1924. Twenty original paintings and the mosaic “The Dream Garden,” by Maxfield Parrish, a mural made from Tiffany favrile glass, took a full year to create at the Tiffany Studios, where each piece of glass was fired under the personal supervision of Mr. Tiffany and Mr. Briggs; its freshness, color, and luminosity will never fade. Visitors can tour the entire plant daily, except Saturdays and Sundays, between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. Farm Journal, located at Seventh Street and Washington{56} Square, in Georgian style; made of colonial brick and Indiana limestone; architects, Bunting & Shrigley. Harrison Building, at Fifteenth and Market Streets, in François Premier style; built in 1895; architects, Cope & Stewardson; an impressive example of well-studied, though intricate Renaissance detail; notice the elegant roof that echoes the beautiful chateaux along the Loire. Land Title Office, located at the southwest corner of Broad and Chestnut Streets, is a modern adaptation of classic style; a steel frame faced with gray granite and brick; architects, D. H. Burnham & Co., Chicago; compare the scale of the order in the newer section of the building at the Broad Street entrance with the minor scale in the old building. Manufacturers' Association, at Broad and Walnut Streets, in Italian Renaissance style; built in 1914; a steel frame faced with limestone; architects, Simon & Bassett; it features a handsome façade topped by a striking Florentine cornice; the interior is particularly interesting in detail. Racket Club, located on Sixteenth Street below Walnut, in Georgian style; made of colonial brick with marble trimmings; architect, Horace Trumbauer. Real Estate Trust HQ, at the southeast corner of Broad and Chestnut Streets, in Renaissance style; architect, Edgar V. Seeler. Ritz-Carlton Hotel, at Broad and Walnut Streets, modern adaptation in the style of the Adam Brothers; built in 1912; a steel frame faced with colonial brick and Indiana limestone; architects, Warren & Wetmore, New York, and Horace Trumbauer, Philadelphia, associate. This structure emphasizes refinement and good taste, acknowledging that commercialism and good architecture can coexist. Girard Building,{57} located at Twelfth and Girard Streets, modern adaptation of Greek classic style; built around 1894; a steel frame faced with brick and marble; architect, John T. Windrim; its details are intriguing; note the bronze caryatid figures supporting the heads of the second story windows; the wrought iron gates to the court on Girard Street are among the best modern wrought ironwork in the city. Wanamaker's, between Chestnut, Market, Juniper, and Thirteenth Streets, modern adaptation of Italian Renaissance, built in 1910; a steel frame with light gray granite; architects, D. H. Burnham & Co., Chicago; the store's exterior is one of the finest in the city, being simple, dignified, and impressive without being dull; the large scale of the Doric order at the base, the strong wall treatment, and the magnificent cornice combine to convey a purity and grandeur rarely matched in commercial buildings; a guide is available upon request to conduct visitors through the entire building, including the kitchens. West Philly High School, located at Forty-sixth and Walnut Streets, in Tudor Gothic style; made of rough brick and Indiana limestone; built in 1913 by the City Architect. Widener Memorial Home for disabled children, located at Broad Street and Olney Avenue, in Georgian style, built in 1906; constructed of Harvard brick with marble trimmings; architect, Horace Trumbauer; it features a beautifully designed wrought iron gateway.

To create a "City Beautiful," you need to have wide streets lined with attractive buildings and homes, plenty of parks and boulevards, and to eliminate rows of rundown, poorly maintained, and unappealing structures. Every new building constructed within the city limits{58} should enhance the attractiveness of its surroundings with its design and architecture. This concept has been realized in the Carnegie Public Library buildings scattered throughout the municipality, as their diverse exteriors are quite impressive architecturally. The interiors are designed to minimize long hallways, and the main rooms for reading, along with the art and reference rooms, are grand and elegant.

An interesting Gateway is the entrance to the Manheim Cricket Club, Germantown, Georgia; it features large brick pillars topped with stone caps, joined at the top by a wrought iron lantern, below which are the sturdy wrought iron main gates; this, along with smaller entrances and a very appealing brick wall, creates the perimeter for the grounds; designed by architects, McKim, Mead & White.

Philadelphia, once the center of government during colonial times, is full of historic portraits. You can find them in The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Independence Hall, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Carpenters’ Hall, the American Philosophical Society, Pennsylvania Hospital, the Academy of Natural Science, The Library Company of Philadelphia, the Mercantile Library, the College of Physicians, the United States Mint, the University of Pennsylvania, and various banks and insurance companies.

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Broad Street above Arch; open free daily, 9:00 A.M. to 5:00

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P.M., Sundays, 1:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M.; admission fee for special exhibitions; was the first art institute in America, founded in 1805; its history closely aligns with the history of American art itself, dating back to 1791, when Charles Willson Peale tried to set up an art school in Philadelphia; this led to the creation of the Columbianum in 1794, which hosted the first exhibition of paintings in 1795 at Independence Hall. The current collection of paintings and sculpture includes the Gallery of National Portraiture, featuring the largest collection of portraits by Gilbert Stuart in any museum; it also showcases notable works by other early American artists like Benjamin West, Washington Allston, Matthew Pratt, the Peales, Sully, Neagle, Inman, Eichholz, Trumbull, and Bass Otis; the Gibson Collection, primarily consisting of works from Continental schools; the Temple collection of modern American paintings; important pieces by many of the world’s greatest artists; and the Phillips collection with about forty thousand etchings and engravings. Annual exhibitions include miniatures, watercolors, illustrations, and etchings in November and December; oil paintings and sculpture in February and March, regarded as the salon of contemporary American artists; along with special exhibitions and lectures on art. The Academy collaborates with the International Catalogue Exchange system.

Since the Academy started, many men and women who have become famous in American art have been students here. The schools are fully equipped to teach painting and sculpture techniques, and the faculty consists of prominent artists of the time; collections, galleries, classrooms, models, and casts are excellently set up to provide instruction that matches what you'd find in Europe. Each year, several significant prizes are awarded to students based on their work. The William Emlen Cresson Traveling Scholarships send about sixteen students abroad each year for four months and allow them to return to the Academy to continue their studies without paying tuition. The Fellowship of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, established in 1897, conducts two exhibitions annually featuring original oil paintings by notable artists; one travels to other cities, and the other goes to Philadelphia public schools, where the paintings are displayed for a month at each school. During this time, a member of the Fellowship explains the artwork to school children, helping them develop a genuine appreciation for art. A Picture Purchase Fund was created in 1912 to buy paintings from Fellowship Exhibitions and place them in Philadelphia libraries and public schools.

John Graver Johnson Museum of Paintings, 510 South Broad Street, was bequeathed in April 1917 to the City of Philadelphia and is open to the public. This extensive collection of old and modern masters is renowned throughout Europe and America for its size and quality. “No other American collection has such a wide range and consistent quality,” says F. Mason Perkins; it includes countless pieces that couldn’t be replicated at any cost. It is especially recognized for its comprehensive representation of various painting schools.

Philadelphia School of Design for Women, located at the southwest corner of Broad and Master Streets; the first{61} industrial art school in the U.S.; similar to the “Ecoles Professionelles des Femmes” in Paris; was founded in 1844 by Mrs. Sarah Peters, the American wife of the British Consul in Philadelphia, in her own home; later, the Franklin Institute took over the classes until 1853, when it was incorporated and a Board of Directors was elected. Its goal is to connect art students with business needs while also enhancing their artistic skills to the fullest. The Normal Art Course includes all the specific studies needed by modern educators for art and design teachers, along with courses in fine arts, illustration, and costume illustration; it has trained many women who are now earning good salaries and gaining recognition. The residence on Broad Street, which serves as the school's entrance, used to be the home of Edwin Forrest, a famous actor; the gallery he built for his painting collection, now at the Forrest Home for Actors in Holmesburg, is used for the school’s annual exhibitions of painting classes. Edwin Forrest passed away here in 1872 and John Sartain in 1897; John Sartain was renowned as a mezzotint engraver and lived here with his daughter, Miss Emily Sartain, who was then the principal of the school and a talented painter and mezzotint engraver herself; along with her carefully selected faculty of distinguished artists, she successfully carried on Mrs. Peters’ pioneering effort.

Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art was founded in 1876, as a direct result of the lessons learned from the Centennial Exhibition, and has developed forms of artistic craftsmanship{62} that were largely unknown in America. The Museum is located in Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, which commemorates the Centennial; designed by architect Herman J. Schwarzmann. Admission is free on Mondays at 12:00 M., and on other days from 9:30 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., with Sunday hours from 1:00 P.M. to 6:00 P.M.. It was established as a museum of art in all its forms and technical applications, with a particular emphasis on developing the art industries of the state. Among its key collections are the W. P. Wilstach paintings, around five hundred old masters and their schools; alongside contemporary international paintings owned by the City of Philadelphia; supported by a $700,000 endowment, with interest designated for their care and enhancement by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. Featured artists include Whistler, Munkácsy, Sorolla, Zuloaga, Velasquez, and representatives from the Barbizon, Italian, and Dutch Schools of Landscape. The museum also houses the renowned Bayeux tapestry, laces, vestments, porcelain, enamels, carved ivories, period furniture, a selection from the Edwin Atlee Barber collection of American pottery and porcelain, the Lewis collection of sixteenth and seventeenth-century Swiss stained glass, and the Frishmuth collection of colonial antiques. A Bureau of Identification is available, where art objects can be classified.

The school is located at the northwest corner of Broad and Pine Streets; the porch of this building, facing Broad Street, is a great example of Tuscan architecture, built in 1828. The school has forty instructors. Free scholarships are offered in each county of this state. This is the top school in America for combining art studies with hands-on training; through its facilities{63}, students not only design but also create; it includes a full textile plant with looms, a dye house, and all the tools needed for producing most artistic fabrics; other courses include casting and wrought metalwork; furniture making; leatherwork; pottery; garden furniture made of cement; mosaic; as well as Normal Art Courses, illustration; architectural drawing; modeling; interior decoration; and bookbinding. Classes are attended by both men and women, who study the same subjects. Graduates are in demand for well-paying positions as designers, artistic craftsmen, and art teachers.

Drexel University, at the corner of Thirty-second and Chestnut Streets, offers both day and evening technical programs in Art, Science, and Industry for men and women. It was founded by Anthony J. Drexel in 1891. The building features a Renaissance brick design by the Wilson Brothers. The library holds leading American and European periodicals related to art, science, and technology. The Art Gallery showcases collections owned by John D. Lankenau, alongside works by modern German masters and pieces from international contemporary and modern painters, including those by Anthony J. Drexel. The Museum is open for free from 10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. daily, except on Sundays, and features examples of Industrial Art and the Decorative Arts from India, Egypt, China, Japan, and Europe.

Graphic Design Club, 719 Catharine Street, was founded by Samuel S. Fleisher in 1899 to offer a free art center that provides the cultural experiences many bright young people were missing due to their circumstances. The Club House is open only in the evenings, Saturday afternoons, and all day Sundays{64}. This is effectively an Art Club as well as a community; the rooms are stylishly decorated in beautiful color schemes, adorned with selected bronzes purchased at our Academy exhibitions, and fine porcelain pieces. Students learn art for the practical benefits it offers and for personal growth; all members work during the day. The faculty consists of well-known artists; classes cover portrait and still life painting, illustration, and sculpture. Some of the most original artists at the Academy of the Fine Arts have emerged from this school. Landscape classes are held during the summer. Lectures on art or music topics are also offered. Membership in the Club is achieved by attending the classes for three years.

Art School for the Public, located at Park Avenue and Master Street, was established by Charles G. Leland and is currently managed by the Board of Public Education. It is open to students in the grammar grades of public schools. The curriculum includes drawing, clay modeling, and wood carving, designed to teach students to create their own designs and engage in the hands-on work, ensuring that the designer is also the craftsperson.

Art Club, 220 South Broad Street. Yearly exhibition of paintings and sculptures, gold medal awarded; and special exhibits by individual artists.

Art Panel, City Hall, Philadelphia, established by a legislative act in 1907, states, “In every first-class city, there shall be an Art Jury made up of the Mayor and eight additional members, including one painter, one sculptor, one architect, and the Park Commissioner, responsible for evaluating the design and location of all buildings, bridges, arches, fountains, and fixtures to be constructed in the city.{65}”

City Parks Association, City Hall.

Darby Painting School, Fort Washington, Montgomery County. Outdoor classes. Hugh H. Breckenridge, 10 South 18th Street, Philadelphia.

Fairmount Park Art Organization, established in 1871. 320 S. Broad Street.

Pennsylvania Miniature Painters Society, established in 1901. Annual fall exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Philadelphia Chapter, American Institute of Architects, 1301 Stephen Girard Building; established, 1869.

The Philadelphia Sketch Club (men), 235 South Camac Street, established in 1860. Annual fall exhibitions showcasing members’ work; also features special exhibitions.

Philly Watercolor Club, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, annual international exhibitions; also traveling exhibitions of members’ work.

Plastic Club, women, 247 South Camac Street; established in 1897. Annual and special exhibitions; lectures and sketch classes.

T-Square Club, 204 South Quince Street, established in 1881. Annual architecture exhibition; drafting; decorative painting; modeling; and architecture in collaboration with the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects, New York City.

The D’Ascenzo Studios, for Stained Glass, located at 1604 Summer Street, was established twenty years ago. They offer services in designing, painting, firing, and glazing. Their work is both modern and vintage, with a preference for antique styles that fit well with architectural designs and traditions. They also create glass mosaics and{66} mural decorations. D’Ascenzo's work can be found in many notable churches and buildings across the country, including the Chapel at Valley Forge. In Philadelphia, you can see their art at St. Mark’s Protestant Episcopal Church in Frankford, St. James’ Protestant Episcopal Church at Twenty-second and Walnut Streets, St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church at Twentieth and Locust Streets, and the Rodeph Shalom Synagogue.

William Willet and Annie Lee Willet Studios, for Stained Glass, 226 South Eleventh Street, previously from Pittsburgh. While everyone around the world mourns the loss of the stunning old glass in Europe’s cathedrals, here the art of fused glass has reached such perfection that their impressive windows showcase all the depth, glow, and shadow of the traditional work, now with modern stability. Among their notable windows are the Sanctuary Window at West Point Military Chapel in New York, the great west window at Proctor Hall in the Graduate School at Princeton, New Jersey, and many in churches and public buildings in Pittsburgh, Chicago, and beyond. In and around Philadelphia, you’ll find them in Summit Presbyterian Church on Carpenter and West View Streets in Germantown, St. Michael’s Sanctuary window on High Street in Germantown, John Chambers Memorial Church, The Buchanan Memorial at St. Nathaniel’s Church in Kensington, the Harrison Memorial, Holy Trinity Church at Nineteenth and Walnut, and the Leta Sullivan in the Assumption in Strafford.

Notable private art collections in Philadelphia, which can sometimes be viewed by requesting a permit, are rare in their variety and value, having few equals.

P.A.B. Widener's, several hundred select and rare paintings, mostly masterpieces by famous artists from the Renaissance and modern times.

The W. L. Elkins; numerous great examples of medieval and contemporary portraiture, landscape, and genre painting.

The John McFadden has the best collection of only eighteenth-century English paintings in the country.

The Edward T. Stotesbury, masterpieces of English School and international contemporary art.

Should these collections accompany the Wilstach, now in Memorial Hall, to the Municipal Art Museum in Fairmount Park, which is currently being built, it would start its journey with an impressive array of paintings, more extensive and valuable than any that ever opened a similar institution, including the Louvre, Pitti, Dresden, National in London, and Metropolitan, New York, all of which began from humble origins, thus making the finest art accessible to everyone. This Museum will be the focal point of a comprehensive plan underway at the head of the Parkway, aiming to create a true art center that is larger in scale and more striking in its overall impact than any similar art center in any American city. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts has been given a site facing Fairmount Plaza, alongside the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art.

The First City Unit, Armory, Twenty-third Street, above Chestnut; founded in 1778. An exclusive social organization. It is the oldest military command in{68} the United States that has been continuously active; its traditions of service are as faithfully maintained as its role in escorting the President and other distinguished individuals. During the Spanish-American War in 1898, “The Troop” was the first cavalry unit to land in Puerto Rico. The “Gentlemen of Philadelphia” gathered at Independence Hall on November 17, 1774, to form a cavalry company called “The Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia”; they were disbanded by Washington after the Revolution in 1778 and quickly reorganized as the First City Troop. The Troop decided to give the certificate of dismissal, signed by Washington, to their captain, Samuel Morris; the document is currently in the possession of the descendants of Elliston P. Morris, from Germantown. Frankford Arsenal, Bridge and Tacony Streets; local station, Bridesburg; open, free, daily from 7:45 A.M. to sunset. Established in 1814; President Madison was present at the opening ceremonies. Lafayette visited the Arsenal in 1824. The Arsenal has complete equipment for small arms cartridges; artillery cartridge factory equipment; and machinery for making inspection instruments, sights for cannons, range finders, and other fire control tools for fortifications, etc. Philadelphia Naval Yard, League Island, about 1000 acres; at the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers; transferred to the National Government by the City of Philadelphia in 1868. Open to the public daily from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. Established around 1794 on the Delaware River front at Prime Street. A significant number of the old wooden Navy ships were built here, such as the ships of the line, Franklin, Pennsylvania, and North{69} Carolina; frigates United States, Raritan, and Guerriere; sloops of war Vandalia, Germantown, and Dale; screw steamers Princeton, Wabash, and Lancaster; side-wheel steamers Mississippi and Susquehanna. Currently, there are two dry docks; the shops employ 2000 workers; three large barrack buildings for marines stationed at the Yard can house 1400 men. Admiral Benson, the former Commandant, considers this to be the best Navy Yard in the Government’s possession, as it is centrally located near coal and iron industries, making it easy to transport all materials required for a large navy yard by both rail and water. Its proximity to major private shipyards on the Delaware provides skilled mechanics in ship-building, and the unique fresh water feature is very important; barnacles that accumulate in salt water drop off when ships are docked here for short periods in fresh water. There’s also a large Reserve Basin called the Back Channel, where decommissioned ships can be stored until needed. The berthing facilities can be expanded indefinitely by building more sea walls and piers. Fort Mifflin, located below the mouth of the Schuylkill, has casemate dungeons and earthen banks from early warfare and played a significant role in the Revolutionary War; designed and built by Major Louis de Tousard in 1798. Now, the magazines store ammunition from government battleships before they enter the Navy Yard; the magazines are surrounded by poles, each with a lightning rod. US Naval Asylum, Gray’s Ferry Avenue below Bainbridge Street, classic marble; includes a Museum of Uniforms.{70}

The earliest ones were linked to churches; some date back to nearly the founding of the city.

Baptist. Blockley Cemetery, Meeting-House Lane, between Lancaster Avenue and Haverford Street; land donated in 1804. The church is located at Fifty-third Street and Wyalusing Avenue. Dunking, Germantown, on Germantown Avenue above Sharpnack Street; this is the oldest meeting house of the German Baptists, or Dunkers, in America, built in 1770. The burial ground opened in 1793 and contains the graves of Alexander Mack, the founder of the sect, and Harriet Livermore, the “Pilgrim Stranger” from Whittier’s “Snow Bound.” Mennonite, Germantown Avenue above Herman Street; the church was constructed in 1770, and many early Germantown settlers are buried in the cemetery. Pennypack, or Lower Dublin, Krewston Road near Pennypack Creek, one mile from Bustleton; this is home to the oldest Baptist church building in Pennsylvania, built around 1707; the old graveyard features many interesting moss-covered tombstones.

Friends. When graves are marked, the stones are usually small and easy to overlook. Fairhill Gathering, located at Germantown Avenue and Cambria Street; land given by William Penn; a large and beautiful old cemetery close to “Fairhill,” the grand Norris estate. The Gathering Place, at Fourth and Arch Streets, was constructed in 1804, but the area had been used for burials many years earlier; it is one of the oldest cemeteries in Philadelphia. Some of the most notable citizens from the early days rest here with nothing to identify their graves; it’s estimated that twenty thousand people are buried here.{71}

Jewish. Mikveh Israel, located on Spruce Street, close to Ninth; land was given to Nathan Levy by John Penn in 1738; here rests the beautiful Rebecca Gratz, the inspiration for Rebecca in Scott’s “Ivanhoe.” In August 1913, the small cemetery was opened for the burial of her grandniece, the first burial in thirty years. Mount Sinai, on Frankford Avenue, near Bridge Street, features an impressive entrance built in 1854.

Lutheran. St. Mike's, located at Germantown Avenue and Phil-Ellena Street, is connected to the church that was built around 1730. A prominent grave has a flat marble stone supported by four columns, which belongs to Christopher Ludwig, the “baker general” for the American army during the Revolution.

Methodist. St. Paul's, Catharine Street near Sixth. The church is now serving as an Italian mission and has a small graveyard.

Presbyterian. Of First and Third Churches, at the southwest corner of Fourth and Pine Streets, First Church, on Seventh and Locust Streets, is part of the eastern section. When the First Church moved from its old Market Street location to the current site, the remains were relocated whenever possible, and many of the old headstones were placed in the south wall of the new cemetery. The Third Church, known as “Old Pine,” occupies the western section of the grounds; both locations are quite interesting, as they contain the graves of many notable individuals, including David Rittenhouse, William Hurry, who is believed to have rung the Liberty Bell when declaring independence; Dr. William Shippen, the Director General of Hospitals during the war for Independence; numerous Revolutionary soldiers; and Captain Charles Ross of the First City Troop.{72}

Protestant Episcopal. All Saints' Day, Bristol Turnpike, Torresdale. Established in 1772-73, when the first church building was constructed. Christ Church has two cemeteries: one attached to the church on Second Street, north of Market, dating back to the early days of the church, and the other at the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch Streets, where the first burial took place in 1730. The graves of Benjamin Franklin and his wife, Deborah, are located in the northwest corner and can be viewed from Arch Street through an iron railing set in the brick wall. Many distinguished Americans are buried in these graveyards, including Peyton Randolph, the first President of the Continental Congress; Commodores Truxton, Biddle, Bainbridge, and Dale; Robert Morris; several signers of the Declaration of Independence; Dr. Benjamin Rush, Dr. Philip Syng Physick, Bishop White, and Dr. William Augustus Muhlenberg. Glory to God (Old Swedes’), located at Front and Swanson Streets, south of Christian; the church was built in 1700, making it the oldest church building in Philadelphia; it features a fascinating graveyard where the celebrated ornithologist, Alexander Wilson, is buried. St. James, Kingsessing, at Sixty-eighth Street and Paschall Avenue; the church was erected in 1762; General Josiah Harmer, a Revolutionary War figure, is buried in the graveyard. St. James the Lesser, at Hunting Park Avenue and Clearfield Street; this charming little Gothic church, made of brownstone and built in 1847, has several impressive monuments in its burial ground; John Wanamaker is interred here. St. Luke's, at Germantown Avenue and Coulter Street, with a church that dates back to 1818; the renowned Philadelphia annalist, John Fanning Watson, is buried in the churchyard. St.{73} Peter's, at the southwest corner of Third and Pine Streets; the graveyard is the resting place of Commodore Stephen Decatur, whose grave is marked by an Ionic column supporting an American eagle. Other notable names found here include Chew, Cadwalader, Mifflin, Binney, Biddle, Peale, Waln, Meade, McCall, Duché, Norris, Kuhn, and Montgomery. Trinity, located in Oxford, near Fox Chase, east of old Second Street Pike; the present church dates back to 1711, having started as a log meeting house in 1698; tombstones here date as early as 1708, with some inscriptions that are quaint and unique.

Roman Catholic. Holy Trinity, at the northwest corner of Sixth and Spruce Streets, was established in 1789; you can find the names of many of the early German and French residents of Philadelphia on the old tombstones. Stephen Girard was buried here until 1851, when his remains were moved to Girard College. Most Holy Redeemer, located on Richmond Street across from Hedley Street in Bridesburg; many of the Redemptorist Fathers are buried here.

North Cedar Hill, at the corner of Frankford Avenue and Foust Street, was established in 1857; there is a soldiers' monument dedicated to the Civil War soldiers from Frankford in the older section. Crispin, located in Holmesburg, has the grave of Thomas Holme, who planned the city of Philadelphia; the plot is maintained by the Crispin Association, made up of Holme's descendants. Glenwood, at Ridge Avenue and Twenty-seventh Street, opened in 1850, features a notable monument for the Scott Legion Association, formed by the surviving soldiers of the Mexican War.{74} Greenwood, at Asylum Pike and Arrott Street in Frankford, was established in 1869 by the benevolent order of the Knights of Pythias as a burial place for members and their families; it is located on the “Mount Airy” estate, once the home of Commodore Stephen Decatur. Hood, also known as “The Lower Burial Ground,” is on Germantown Avenue at Logan Street, opened in 1693, having been gifted to the borough of Germantown by Jan Streepers. Many of Germantown's early settlers are buried here, including Frederic William Post, the Moravian missionary to the Indians, and Condy Raguet, who founded the Saving Fund in Philadelphia; in 1847, William Hood built the front entrance, wall, and railing made of Pennsylvania marble. Ivy Hill, located on East Mount Airy Avenue above Stenton Avenue, was chartered in 1867 and spans about 80 acres; the Second Baptist Church moved about 300 graves from its old location on New Market Street to Ivy Hill; an impressive monument exists here in memory of David Lyle, Chief Engineer of the Volunteer Fire Department from 1859 to 67. North Laurel Hill, located on the east bank of the Schuylkill River and Ridge Avenue, was established in 1835; it was formerly known as “Laurel,” the country estate of Joseph Sims. “Fairy Hill,” the estate of the Pepper family, is now Central Laurel Hill, while “Harleigh,” William Rawle’s estate, is now South Laurel Hill; both cemeteries are filled with historic figures and artistic monuments; the graves of Commodores Murray and Hull, General George Gordon Meade, and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, known as “Peggy Shippen” from the Ledger, are located here; the Lea Memorial, sculpted by A. Sterling Calder, is very beautiful, and the chapel has an early English design. Just across the Schuylkill River, on Belmont Avenue at Pencoyd{75} Station, is West Laurel Hill Cemetery, which opened in 1869. General Herman Haupt is among the notable individuals buried here. Monument, located at Broad Street and Montgomery Avenue, was created by Dr. John A. Elkinton in 1836; an obelisk monument on a pedestal was erected in 1859 to honor Washington and Lafayette, designed by artist John Sartain, who is buried near the base. Mount Moriah, located at Sixty-second Street and Kingsessing Avenue, opened in 1855 and has the grave of Betsy Ross, where a flag constantly flies. Mount Peace, located at Lehigh Avenue and Thirty-first Street, was originally the country seat of the Ralston family, known as the Mount Peace estate. Mount Vernon, located at Ridge and Lehigh Avenues, opposite Laurel Hill, was chartered in 1856; the Gardel monument was long considered the prettiest in the country. National Cemetery, situated at Haines Street and Limekiln Pike, had land acquired by the United States Government in 1885; it is well wooded, with grounds landscaped with flowering plants; approximately 2,700 Union soldiers are buried here, their graves marked by long rows of small granite stones bearing their names and the states they hailed from. Soldiers from three wars rest here; a granite monument erected by the United States marks the burial site of 184 Confederate soldiers and sailors. Palmer, located at the intersection of Palmer, Belgrade, and Memphis Streets, owes its creation to Anthony Palmer; in 1730, he acquired a large tract of land in “The Northern Liberties” and laid out a town called Kensington; his daughter fulfilled his wishes and set aside land for a burial ground for the residents of Kensington. Ronaldson’s, located at Tenth and Fitzwater Streets, now fallen into neglect, was{76} founded by James Ronaldson in 1826 as a burial site where people of moderate means could find graves without the restrictions present in churchyards; he dedicated the land, nearly a city block, and adorned it with trees and shrubs; it was so beautifully maintained that it was regarded as “the model burial place in the City” until the opening of Laurel Hill. Upper Cemetery, or Ax's, is located on Germantown Avenue near Washington Lane. John Frederick Ax was caretaker from 1724 to 1756; many early settlers are buried here, with the oldest known grave belonging to Cornelius Tyson, who died in 1716; there are also the graves of some American soldiers and officers who died in the Battle of Germantown; John Fanning Watson placed a marble headstone over their graves. Forests, located at Thirty-ninth Street and Woodland Avenue, was originally the country home of William Hamilton, known as “The Woodlands”; it was acquired by the Woodlands Cemetery Company in 1840. Many notable figures are buried here, including Commodore Thomas Stewart, who commanded the Constitution in 1812; General John Stewart, Major Generals D. B. Birney and Abercrombie from the Civil War; artists Rembrandt Peale, William K. Hewitt, and P. F. Rothermel; actor John Davenport; Colonel Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson; writers Frank and Louise Stockton; and Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and Anthony J. Drexel.

Among the 805 churches in Philadelphia are:

The Philadelphia Baptist Association celebrated its 210th anniversary in 1917. First Church, located on Seventeenth Street below Chestnut, is open daily and is a notable example of Byzantine architecture with American adaptations; made of stone, designed by architect Edgar V. Seeler. The windows, created by Heinecke & Bowen, replicate Byzantine leaded glass; the lights and shadows in the drapery are all crafted with leaded strips of glass, not painted. Temple, at Broad and Berks Streets, is well-known because of its pastor, Rev. Russell H. Conwell, and was dedicated in 1901; at that time, it was the largest church building in the United States, except for the Mormon Temple in Salt Lake City; the auditorium seats 3,135 people and features Romanesque style with two low towers at the front topped with large copper domes, adding an Oriental flair; designed by architect Thomas Lonsdale. It has a beautiful rose window in front, said to be made by John LaFarge; other windows are by J. & R. Lamb and R. S. Groves; the Hope-Jones organ, built by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, is one of the largest in the country and includes all orchestral accompaniments. Tent of meeting, located at Chestnut and Fortieth Streets, is Gothic and made of stone, featuring a window by William Willet. There are about one hundred Baptist churches in Philadelphia.

Christian Science. First Church of Christ, Scientist, Walnut Street near Fortieth; Spanish-style architecture.

Congregational. Central, Eighteenth and Green Streets, Gothic, stone, built in 1872; architect, D. Supplee; organized in 1864; the first services were held in the old Concert Hall at 1217 Chestnut Street, which was later used as the first Free Library Building; the sermon “Recognition” was preached by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher; other{78} sermons in the early days were given by Richard S. Storrs, D.D. There are about nine or ten churches of this denomination in Philadelphia.

Friends or Quaker meeting houses.

For over a hundred years, the general style of architecture hasn't changed. Before that, the first meeting house in Philadelphia, located at Second and Market Streets, was built with a central lantern or cupola, likely inspired by a similar meeting house in Burlington, New Jersey, built in 1682, where the yearly meeting for New Jersey and Pennsylvania was first held. Later, the meetings took place alternately in Philadelphia and Burlington, but since 1750, they've been held in Philadelphia at Fourth and Arch Streets. One of the most interesting old meeting houses, built in 1696, is in Merion, near Narberth Station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, where William Penn preached. Another he attended is the old Haverford, built in the early eighteenth century near Cobb’s Creek, across from St. Dennis Roman Catholic Church. Radnor and Plymouth are also notable old meeting houses; all of these are currently owned by the Hicksite Branch of Quakers, who own over seventy other meeting houses throughout the state. Among those owned by the Orthodox Branch in Philadelphia are the Fourth and Arch Streets meeting house, which is not only the most important but also quite charming architecturally. It is large and stands on land originally given by William Penn to George Fox, who then passed it on to Friends in America; this house is typical of the later, better Quaker architecture. Built in 1804, it follows the style of the pre-Revolutionary houses mentioned earlier but is adapted in material and size to accommodate the growing congregation. Made of brick, it is set in spacious grounds with plenty of shade; the area around it, and much of it now covered by the building and by Arch Street, is an ancient burial ground that has been filled over several times. James Logan is buried beneath the pavement of Arch Street. The Twelfth Street Meeting House, also made of brick and built in 1812, is the second most important and one of the most beautiful buildings in old Philadelphia. The oak beams in its roof are said to have come from the "Great Meeting House," which replaced the one with the cupola at Second and Market Streets. Oak beams are also showcased nicely in the upper room of the Arch Street house. The two houses share a similar style and are simply elegant but, along with the meeting house at Sixth and Noble Streets, create a dignified trio of worship places. Known for their true proportions and dignified outlines, they exemplify the wealth and stability of the Friends during their most prosperous period. The Meeting House at Sixth and Noble Streets, known as "North Meeting," once housed a large congregation, but its membership has declined due to relocations. Therefore, the Yearly Meeting has taken it over for use as an extension of the settlement work carried out by Friends at "Noble House."

Jewish. Rosh Hashana, or the Jewish New Year’s Day, is the oldest festival celebrated in the civilized world. In 1917, it will mark the beginning of the year 5678. This event kicks off a series of significant fall holidays: ten days later is “Yom Kippur,” the Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the year, when Jews fast from sunset to sunset and attend synagogues. A week later is “Succoth,” which corresponds to our Thanksgiving Day and lasts a week. The main synagogues are Adath Jeshurun, located on Broad Street above Diamond, made of Egyptian limestone and brick; architects Churchman, Thomas & Molitar, with leaded glass windows by Nicolo D’Ascenzo. Keneseth Israel, located on Broad Street above Columbia Avenue, is in the Italian Renaissance style, brick with limestone trimmings; architect, Hickman. Mikveh Israel, at Broad and York Streets, was established in 1747 and moved from Seventh Street near Arch; it features French Renaissance architecture in limestone, designed by Pitcher & Tachau. Rodeph Shalom, on the southeast corner of Broad and Mt. Vernon Streets, is designed in a Moorish style with sandstone; built in 1869; architects, Furness & Evans; it also has leaded glass windows by Nicolo D’Ascenzo.

Lutheran. The Theology School of Philadelphia, located at 7301 Germantown Avenue, was established in 1864 and moved to its current site in 1889. The location was originally the residence of Chief Justice Allen and later became a notable military school known as “Mount Airy College.” The administration building, constructed by James Gowen as a residence in 1848, was adapted for the Seminary's needs. The grounds feature twelve buildings, including the Krauth Memorial Library, which is a stone structure in perpendicular Gothic style built in 1908 and houses portraits. The Refectory, originally the Miller family residence built in 1792, is in colonial style; and the Ashmead-Schaeffer Memorial Chapel is a Gothic stone chapel. St. Michael's, at the corner of Germantown Avenue and Phil-Ellena Street, is the first church built in 1730. During the Battle of Germantown, British soldiers took refuge inside and destroyed the organ. The cornerstone for the current church was laid in 1896. Old St. John's, located on Race Street between Fifth and Sixth, is the first English Lutheran Church in America, built of colonial brick; it was organized in 1806, largely thanks to the efforts of General Peter Muhlenberg. The church features a fine oil portrait by John Neagle, painted in 1853, of Dr. Philip F. Mayer, its first pastor from 1806 to 1858, and includes woodcarvings by William Rush in front of the gallery. Zion (German) is located on Franklin Street above Race; this Romanesque brownstone church was built in 1870, having moved from the southeast corner of Fourth and Cherry and founded in 1766. A memorial service for Washington was held here in 1799 by General Charles Lee. The Mary J. Drexel Home and the Philadelphia Motherhouse of Deaconesses, situated at Twenty-first Street and South College Avenue, is a modified Gothic building with several towers, made of brick trimmed with sandstone and built in 1888. It serves as a training school for Deaconesses of the Lutheran Church, as well as a home for the elderly and a children's hospital. A Gothic chapel on the second floor features altar cloths from Neuendettelsau, Bavaria, and stained glass from Meyer in Munich. Portraits of the {82} Lankenau and Drexel families are displayed here, along with an Italian marble bust of Mr. Lankenau created by Moses Ezekiel from Rome.

Methodist. St. George's, 229 North Fourth Street, is the oldest continuously used Methodist church in the world; it was dedicated in 1769. Bishop Francis Asbury preached his first sermon in America here. Three memorial tablets are at the front: one for John Dickens, the founder of the Methodist Book Concern, who is buried at the back of the church, in 1798; another for Ezekiel Cooper, his successor, who is buried at the front; and one commemorating the first Methodist Conference in America, which was held in this church on July 14, 1773. Good Friday, located at Forty-eighth Street and Baltimore Avenue, features Gothic stone architecture and a mural titled “Sermon on the Mount” by H. Hanley Parker, along with two Tiffany windows. Other well-constructed Methodist Episcopal churches include Arch St, at Broad and Arch Streets, which is Gothic and made of white marble, and Grace, at Broad and Master Streets, which showcases Renaissance style.

Presbyterian. First Church, Seventh and Locust Streets, facing Washington Square; the oldest Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, established in 1699; the current building was built in 1820, featuring classic brick and rough-cast architecture; has an Ionic porch; designed by Theophilus P. Chandler. It also includes the Paxton memorial window by Frederick Wilson, interesting old tablets, and a copy of Calvin’s “Institutes.” Second Church, Twenty-first and Walnut Streets, in French Gothic style with early English details; constructed in 1872; designed by Henry Sims; the base is made of Richmond granite, while the walls are of Trenton stone, Cleveland sandstone for the tracery of windows and moldings of doors, with red sandstone, blue sandstone,{83} and green serpentine for special areas, creating contrasts of color and decorative effects. The interior is faced with buff-colored brick imported from Raubon, Wales, and the richly ornamented pulpit is made of Caen stone. The windows include a double one by John LaFarge, seven representing Old Testament subjects by Tiffany, and five apse windows from England. Scotts, Broad Street below Morris, founded in 1766, is the third oldest organization in the Philadelphia Presbytery and still operates under its original charter; the original church was located at Fourth and Bainbridge Streets, later at Spruce Street above Third; Louis Philippe lived in the parsonage during his time in Philadelphia in 1796; John Purdon, the father of Purdon’s Digest, was its first elder, and President John Adams attended this church. Old Pine St. Church, Fourth and Pine Streets, features classic brick and rough-cast construction with a Corinthian porch; built in 1857, with one wall being part of the original church built in 1768; the first pastor, George Duffield, was the chaplain of all the Pennsylvania militia and also served as chaplain of the First Continental Congress after Jacob Duché. He accompanied Washington during the retreat through New Jersey and fought in the battles of Princeton and Trenton, with the British offering a reward of 50 pounds sterling for his capture. He is buried under the central aisle of the lecture room, and his portrait hangs in Independence Hall. John Adams was a communicant here during his presidency; when the British occupied the city, they used this church as a hospital, and pews and other wooden fixtures were burned for fuel; later, the church was used by soldiers to stable their horses. Holland Memorial, Broad and Federal Streets, is designed in Romanesque style; made of buff{84} Massillon stone with red sandstone trimmings, sourced from the Ballaclunyle quarries in Scotland; designed by David S. Grendell; windows by Tiffany in the south arcade are based on originals by Frederick Wilson; other windows are from Alfred Godwin and Maitland & Armstrong; there are four large rose windows, one featuring the patriarch Joshua standing in full armor at the center; the color scheme is inspired by the rose window at Saint Chapelle in Paris, crafted by William and Annie Lee Willet. Under each window is a set of five arcade windows, some of which are copies of originals by Sir Edwin Burne-Jones for windows in Brighton and Salisbury Cathedrals. Tent of meeting, located at Thirty-seventh and Chestnut Streets, is considered one of the finest Gothic church buildings in Philadelphia, designed in decorative English style, with a 130-foot high tower, built in 1886; it is made of granite with Indiana limestone used for the tracery of windows and doors; no wood was used in its construction, making it resemble the cathedrals of the old world; the chapel is connected to the manse by a cloistered porch. West Arch St., located at Eighteenth and Arch Streets, features Roman classic architecture with a dome standing 170 feet above ground, made of stone and plaster; it has an elegant Corinthian porch. Market Square, Germantown, established in 1738: President Washington worshiped here while living across the street in the old Morris house during the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia in 1793; during the battle of Germantown, a battalion of Virginia soldiers, who were prisoners of the British, were housed in this church; the old bell, cast in 1725, which once hung in the steeple of the original church, remains intact and is preserved as a relic; it also includes the “Trumpet angels in their gold array,” part of the original organ from Holland:{85} the current building, made of stone in French Gothic style, was completed in 1886.

The Witherspoon Building, located on Walnut Street below Broad, features sculptures by A. Stirling Calder and Samuel Murray.

Protestant Episcopal. St. Alban's, Olney, consecrated in 1915; decorated in French Gothic style; the buttresses extend above the cornice line, finishing in gables with crockets and finials; there’s a belfry tower and porch; the interior lines are very beautiful; the high arches and tall piers create a sense of dignity and simplicity, well-suited for conducting services, with all the elements of modern church practices; architect, George T. Pearson. Christ Church, Second Street north of Market; the first Protestant Episcopal Church in the province; service hours from September to July are Sundays at 10:00 A.M., 11:00 A.M., and 3:30 P.M., open daily from 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.; founded in 1695, under a provision in the original charter of King Charles II to William Penn. John Penn, the last male member of this lineage, is buried near the steps of the pulpit. The current building, in Georgian style, was erected in 1747; Dr. John Kearsley was the Building Director; the old roof, its wooden balustrade with carved spindles, and the steeple continue to captivate architects and historians.

Here, the colonial governors had their designated pew, marked by a coat of arms featuring the initials of William and Mary; the parish was funded by King William III, also known as William of Orange. The Communion silver was gifted in 1709 by Queen Anne; the baptismal font dates back to 1695 and was used for Bishop White's baptism as an infant. The bells rang out the Declaration of Independence, echoing the Liberty Bell on July 8, 1776. They were made in England and arrived on the same ship as the Liberty Bell, were taken to Allentown with it, and were later rehung; Longfellow mentions them in “Evangeline.” George and Martha Washington regularly sat in pew 58 from 1790 to 1797; it was also the official pew of John Adams while he was President, and Lafayette used it in 1824. Franklin occupied pew 70, which is still used by his descendants, while Robert Morris had pew 52, and Francis Hopkinson had pew 65. General Charles Lee from the Continental Army is buried near the southwest door, close to General Hugh Mercer; Rt. Rev. William White, D.D., the first Bishop of Pennsylvania and long-time Presiding Bishop of the United States, is buried in front of the chancel rail, and his Episcopal chair is next to the altar. The church was organized, its constitution was established, and the revised Prayer Book was adopted here in 1785. Bishop White and Provost William Smith, D.D., were the committee responsible for revising and modifying the liturgy of the English Prayer Book for use in America. Rev. Jacob Duché served as rector for many years. The windows depict the history of the Christian Church; they were created by Heaton, Butler, and Bains. St. Clement’s, located at Twentieth and Cherry Streets, is a Norman Gothic brownstone built in 1857; the architect was John Notman. It features a new roof for the nave, apse, and high altar, as well as a choir and lady chapel, designed by architect Horace Wells Sellers. The sanctuary is beautifully designed, enhanced by a magnificent reredos; the artist is Frederick Wilson from Briarcliff, New York, with the leaded glass of the apse and lady chapel made by Alfred Godwin.

{87}

Philadelphia. St. Elizabeth's, at the corner of Sixteenth and Mifflin Streets, features early Italian architecture with a tall Campanile; its medieval exterior and interior evoke the essence of old Italian churches; made of brick; designed by architects Bailey and Bassett; the choir is elevated eight steps above the nave, offering a view of the crypt and a dignified elevation of the high altar; above the altar hangs a copy of Correggio’s “Marriage of St. Catharine”; the altar has a beautifully jeweled door for the Pyx; the Lady chapel has an altar made of richly carved and gilded wood, finished with a high reredos, a replica of one in Santo Spirito, Florence; the paintings incorporated are copies of works by Fra Filipo Lippi. Evangelist Church, now part of the Graphic Sketch Club, located on Catharine Street above Seventh, is a stunning gem of medieval architecture; it follows the Italian Basilican style, built of red brick and accented with stone trim; the pillars of the portico rest on the backs of lions; designed by architects Furness & Evans; frescoes by Nicolo d’Ascenzo and Robert Henri; features original compositions and adaptations of great Italian paintings; the font is late English Gothic, crafted from richly carved stone; above it is the Strasbourg window, which includes a figure of the prophet Jonas; this piece of glass was housed in the Cathedral of Strasbourg before the Franco-Prussian War and was salvaged after the Germans targeted the church and shattered the glass: paving in the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre is made of Mercer tiles; the Rood screen of polished marble is modeled after that at St. Marco in Venice; the altar rail is modeled after one in a chapel in Monreale, Sicily; the reredos of the high altar is a copy of a famous altarpiece by Carlo Crivelli; the original is now in the National Gallery in London. Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’), situated on land donated by Swan Swanson, at the corner of Front and Swanson Streets, near Christian Street; previously known as Wecacoa (an Indian name meaning pleasant place); dedicated in 1700. Its Georgian architecture features a steeply pitched roof; the walls are made of brick, laid in Flemish bond, with headers coated in a vitreous, blue-black glaze, likely made by arch bricks in the kiln; it has large square windows. Erected by the Swedish Lutherans; after the Revolution, the responsibility for the Swedish churches was transferred to the American Church, becoming part of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. This congregation first worshiped in a block house that also served as a fortress from 1677; the font used then is still present in the current church. Holy Trinity, located at Nineteenth and Walnut Streets; features Norman Romanesque design; architect John Notman; includes fine memorial windows. St. James, at Twenty-second and Walnut Streets, founded in 1807; the current building is styled in English decorated Gothic, highlighted by a sculptured band around the tower, from which rises a graceful memorial spire; constructed of Ohio green sandstone and granite in 1870; designed by architect G. W. Hewitt: the pulpit, altar, and reredos exhibit fine perpendicular work in Caen stone, rich in ornamentation and sculpture that extend around the chancel, featuring two marble pilasters with delicately carved capitals; all are designed by Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson; the mosaics of the twelve apostles on the walls of the nave suggest those found in the Church of St. Paul, outside the walls, in Rome; leaded glass windows created by Nicolo d’Ascenzo; the font features a bas-relief in white marble, depicting an angel scattering flowers, made in Florence, Italy. St. James the Lesser, located near the main entrance to Laurel Hill Cemetery; features thirteenth-century{89} Gothic architecture; constructed from brownstone; once regarded as one of the finest examples of church architecture in the United States. St. John Chrysostom, at the corner of Twenty-eighth Street and Susquehanna Avenue, is nearly an exact replica of St. Stephen’s Church in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren; showcases Renaissance design in granite; architects Bailey & Bassett adapted it for a square lot; the interior displays the form of a Greek cross with an inner octagon; the shapes and decorations of the dome are graceful and beautiful; columns placed on high pedestals are made of Vermont marble, noted for its beautiful veining, topped by Corinthian capitals; the church is mostly white, lacking stained glass, creating a feeling of complete harmony. St. Mark's, located on Locust Street above Sixteenth, built in 1849; a fine example of fourteenth-century decorated Gothic in brownstone; plans were provided by the Ecclesiological Society of Cambridge, England; modified by John Notman; the altar and reredos are richly carved from stone; the pulpit and choir screen are also elaborately designed; notable features include the rood beam with cross and figures; a carved sanctuary door; choir and clergy stalls; the alabaster altar at the head of the north aisle. The Lady chapel, built in 1900, features a silver altar of incredible magnificence, possibly the finest in the world, styled similarly to one in Florence, Italy, by Pallajnoli, but even richer, depicting twelve scenes from the life of the Virgin and showcasing precious stones, including around four hundred emeralds, sapphires, and opals, making it a monumental display of twentieth-century English ecclesiastical art; the altar rail is made of silver and bronze; stained glass windows in the church are noteworthy; the sacred vessels and{90} vestments surpass those in the Anglican Communion in their extraordinary richness; the silver processional cross is believed to be that of the Palermo Cathedral from 1520; among the old vestments are coronation robes of Louis XV from Rheims Cathedral, made of light blue velvet and heavily embroidered with twenty-two karat gold bullion. The first curate was the Rev. Morgan Dix, ordained a priest in this church, who later became the famous rector of Trinity Church, New York. St. Mary's, at 3916 Locust Street, built on land donated by William Hamilton of Woodlands; it was the first Protestant Episcopal Church in West Philadelphia, organized in 1820; frame church constructed in 1824; Bishop White laid the cornerstone; the current building, styled in Gothic, was consecrated in 1890. Its memorial Gothic altar, retable, and reredos come from famous studios in Rome, Italy, regarded as the finest example of ecclesiastical mosaic work in this country; windows come from London, Paris, Munich, and Philadelphia. Rev. Thomas C. Yarnall celebrated his fiftieth anniversary as rector of St. Mary’s in 1894. St. Paul’s, located on the east side of Third Street, below Walnut; classic architecture; built in 1761; it is the third Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia and the largest in the province; currently serves as the headquarters of the City Mission. The General Convention convened here in 1814, when Bishop Moore of Virginia was consecrated; Bishop Hobart preached the sermon. St. Paul’s Club, located at 411 Spruce Street, specializes in assisting down-and-out individuals by helping them sober up, preparing them for job readiness, and securing employment; in the five years until 1917, it registered 45,000 transient visitors and temporary guests. St. Peter's, located at the corner of Third and{91} Pine Streets, was the second church built in Philadelphia, showcasing a fine example of Georgian architecture in lines of beauty; built of brick in 1761; the tower and spire, reaching 218 feet high, were added in 1842; the stone finials of the gateposts were crafted in England; the current wall was erected in 1784 after the original wooden fence was removed by the British for firewood. The interior still features the high-backed box pews, including that of President Washington, pew 41; the pulpit, positioned above the clerk’s desk, rises at the far end opposite the altar; Provost William Smith delivered the sermon for the consecration; very beautiful stained glass by Myeres from London; notable for its richness in color and design; many intriguing relics are found in the church’s history within the sacristy. Church of the Savior, located on Thirty-eighth Street above Chestnut, designed by architect C. M. Burns, has a strikingly impressive chancel; the decoration was done by Edwin Howland Blashfield, and the furnishings are memorials to Anthony J. Drexel. A memorial window by William and Annie Lee Willet, titled “Christ and Nicodemus,” showcases strong decorative qualities and rich colors. South Memorial, Church of the Advocate, at Eighteenth and Diamond Streets, features French Gothic design, inspired by Amiens Cathedral; built in 1897; constructed of stone; architect Charles M. Burns; the interior is adorned with extensive carvings and sixty-five stained glass windows designed by Clayton and Bell, London. St. Stephen's, located on Tenth Street above Chestnut; founded in 1823; showcases early Gothic with two octagonal towers; constructed from stone; designed by William Strickland; contains notable sculptures, including the Burd Memorial, titled “Angel of the Resurrection,” crafted from the finest Italian marble by Carl Steinhauser, a native of Bremen who studied in Rome under Thorvaldsen; it also features a recumbent effigy of Colonel Burd; the font by Steinhauser shows three cherubs supporting a large marble bowl on their wings, with relief sculpture; the church, decorated by Frank Furness, features rich and unusual colors that enhance the beauty of the memorial marbles; the stately reredos, showcasing a brilliant Venetian mosaic of “The Last Supper,” was created in 1889 by Salviati from Venice, based on cartoons by Henry Holiday from London, under his own supervision; a large double window in the transept was also designed by Holiday; a Tiffany window shows “Christ Among the Lilies,” the only flower mentioned in the Gospels, accepted as a symbol of resurrection; this window depicts an angel sitting on the edge of the tomb with partly unfolded wings, inspired by a painting by Axel Ender, from an altar in a church in Molde, Northern Norway; nearby, the reredos features “The Angel of Purity,” sculpted by Augustus Saint Gaudens, reminiscent of his piece “Amor, Caritas,” owned by the French Government and now in the Luxembourg; also present is a bas-relief by Charles Grafley of Dr. David D. Wood, who served as organist at St. Stephen’s for forty-six years; the great organ was built by C. T. Haskell from Philadelphia in consultation with Dr. Wood; the pipes were voiced in the church, resulting in a sweet and balanced tone; its echo organ, located about two hundred feet away, rests in the loft above the chancel. The parish house is situated on the site of the old graveyard, with tombstones incorporated into the pavement of the cloister; architect George C. Mason, Jr. Trinity, located in Oxford, at Oxford Road and Second Street Pike; colonial style; founded in 1698. The current brick church was built between 1711 and 1712; the transepts and tower were added later; it was the first place of worship in Pennsylvania, owned and occupied by Quakers, and later presented to the Church of England for Episcopal use and worship. A chalice and paten sent by Queen Anne, engraved with “Anne Regina,” arrived in 1713; she died in 1714, making it likely the last one she sent to America, which has been used in every Holy Communion for over two centuries. The Tiffany altar window is titled “The Baptism of Christ.” The altar, made of walnut and oak, is beautifully carved. This church has given rise to many thriving missions, including St. Luke’s in Germantown; Our Saviour in Jenkintown; St. Mark’s in Frankford; Emmanuel in Holmesburg; Holy Trinity in Rockledge; and Trinity Chapel in Crescentville; today it stands vigorous and full of life in its old age, having been greatly expanded and carefully restored; the utmost care has been taken to preserve the old walls and maintain the historic features; the glass in the church body is an opaque yellow that harmonizes with the colonial buff of the walls and barrel ceiling. The churchyard is of particular interest, with one stone dated 1686, reputed to mark the grave of an Indian.

The Reformed Church in the United States, which brought its beautiful and meaningful symbol, “The lily among thorns,” from the homeland, is rooted in the Reformed Churches of Switzerland and Germany; these churches are mainly located in the counties east of the Susquehanna River. William Penn’s mother, Margaret Jasper, was raised in this faith; notable members who came here included Michael Schlatter, who arrived in 1746 from St. Gall, Switzerland, to establish an ecclesiastical organization; he was essentially the first superintendent of public instruction in {94} Pennsylvania; he died in 1790 and was buried in the Reformed cemetery in Philadelphia, now known as Franklin Square; Colonel Henry Bouquet, also from Switzerland, was a savior for the early settlers during Pontiac’s War and secured the return of all captives to their homes; three hundred and seventy were brought back; and Baron von Steuben, who had served on the staff of Frederick the Great during the siege of Prague, trained our troops to effectively face the British regulars; later he commanded at the Siege of Yorktown, pressing so hard that Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Zion Reformed Church in Allentown sheltered our Liberty Bell and the Christ Church bells during the Revolution; among their thirty churches in Philadelphia and the surrounding area, built in Gothic architecture and stone, are the First Church, at Fiftieth and Locust Streets; the oldest of this denomination in Philadelphia, moved from Tenth and Wallace Streets; Palatinate, at Fifty-sixth Street and Girard Avenue; St. John's, at Fortieth and Spring Garden Streets; and Trinity, at the northeast corner of Broad and Venango Streets. There are also five churches of the Dutch Reformed.

Roman Catholic. The churches of this denomination are all known for their impressive architecture and lavish interior decorations. Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, beautifully located on Logan Square and the Parkway; Classic Renaissance, made of brownstone; built 1846-64; architect, Napoleon LeBrun; “The Crucifixion,” behind the high altar, a genuine fresco painting, is by Constantine Brumidi, who, around the same time, created significant decorations in the same{95} medium in the dome of the Capitol at Washington; upon entering the church, in chapels on both sides of the door, are mural decorations by Henry J. Thouron, considered by many to be the best mural paintings in the United States; the first was added in 1911 as a fitting backdrop for a statue of the Virgin and Child by Louis Madrazzi, which Mr. Thouron brought from Paris as a gift to the Cathedral; in the north transept is a painting, “The Dead Christ,” attributed to Titian; an exceptional piece of art is a large ivory crucifix, the masterpiece of Carlo Pazenti, an Augustinian lay brother, created around 1840; it was acquired for the church, with much difficulty, by the esteemed John N. Neumann, the fourth Bishop of Philadelphia; when the Civil War Sanitary Fair was held in Logan Square, Archbishop Wood, then Bishop Wood, displayed this beautiful piece daily for the benefit of the cause; it was returned each evening to its place in the Cathedral. St. John the Evangelist, located on Thirteenth Street above Chestnut, served as the cathedral for a short time; in an early English Gothic style, with a perpendicular Gothic interior; the cornerstone was laid by Bishop Kenrick, the third Bishop of Philadelphia; the church opened on April 8, 1832: a darkened flagellation of Christ by Garacci was given to the church by Joseph Bonaparte soon after it was completed; Mozart’s “Requiem Mass” was performed for the first time in America at St. John’s Church, and the music there today is said to be the best church music in Philadelphia. St. Paddy's, on Twentieth Street below Locust, started as a frame church in 1839, on the east side of Nineteenth Street near Spruce; the seventy-fifth anniversary was celebrated{96} in 1916, attended by many notable church dignitaries. Windows by d’Ascenzo. St. Francis de Sales, at Forty-seventh Street and Springfield Avenue, is Romanesque with Byzantine details; built from 1907 to 1910; architect, Henry D. Dagit, Philadelphia; the leaded glass is particularly stunning; the windows are from the antique style and very rich in color, including four rose windows designed and made by Nicolo d’Ascenzo from Philadelphia. Four historic churches are located close together: St. Joe's, on Willing’s Alley, south of Walnut, below Fourth Street; built on the site of the first Roman Catholic Church in Pennsylvania, established by a member of the “Society of Jesus” from Maryland in 1731; St. Mary's, on Fourth Street above Spruce; St. Augustine's, on Fourth Street above Race; and Holy Trinity, at the northwest corner of Sixth and Spruce Streets, all trace their origins back to the eighteenth century, the first two existing well before the Revolution. St. Augustine’s is on the site of a building erected in 1801 by the hermits of the Order of St. Augustine; it used to house William Rush’s wooden sculpture “The Crucifixion,” which was destroyed by fire in 1847. Holy Trinity, of German origin, is somewhat older; any traveler who now looks in on any of them can easily imagine how they appeared over a hundred years ago. In St. Mary’s Church, there is a beautiful pieta by Boucher, a modern French sculptor.

Swedenborgian, or The New Church, originated from the teachings of Emmanuel Swedenborg, who was a scholar, traveler, scientist, and religious author, born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1688. A New Church school was established in Philadelphia in 1854. The first “New “Jerusalem” Church, located at Twenty-second and Chestnut Streets, is a Gothic brownstone building that was constructed in 1884; the architect was Theophilus P. Chandler. It includes a free library and reading room.

Unitarian. First Church, Chestnut Street near Twenty-second, built in 1885; was established in 1796 in a room at the University of Pennsylvania; in 1797, Dr. Joseph Priestley gave a speech to this Society and became a member. William Henry Furness was ordained as pastor in 1825 at the church at the corner of Tenth and Locust Streets; the current church features some notable memorials, including a bust of Dr. Furness by M. Launt Thompson, New York; a circular window dedicated to Dr. Priestley by John LaFarge; other windows are English; and some are by Tiffany, New York. Girard Avenue Unitarian Church, located on Girard Avenue above Fifteenth Street, was organized by Rev. Charles G. Ames in the late 1870s; it is Gothic and made of granite. Germantown Unitarian Universalist, at the corner of Chelten Avenue and Greene Street, was built in 1866; it is Gothic and the architect was Frank Furness; it has beautiful stained glass windows made by Heaton, Butler and Bayne, London. Rev. Samuel Longfellow, brother of the poet, was the pastor for several years, along with Rev. Charles G. Ames.

On the east and west sides of the Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek is the second largest municipal park in the world, covering 3,597 acres, with only Blue Hills Park in Boston, which has 4,906 acres, being larger. The ravines are “unkempt and wild,” featuring springs of clear, cold water. The main entrance at Green Street also leads to the proposed Philadelphia Art Museum, which is designed like a Greek Temple on a raised terrace facing the Parkway. The architects are Horace Trumbauer, C. C. Zantzinger, and Charles L. Borie, Jr. This is part of a development plan for Philadelphia within a thirty-mile radius. The park also includes the "Washington Monument," sculpted by Professor Siemering of Berlin and erected by the "Society of the Cincinnati." Continuing the drive leads to the Schuylkill River, where the proposed Ericsson Memorial is located. Architect Paul B. Cret was commissioned to design the entire basin, which includes boat houses extending to Spring Garden Street, as well as the Fish tank, created in 1911 using the classic marble buildings of the old waterworks. It's said to be the best-equipped aquarium in the world, with exhibition tanks covered in calcareous tufa—a rock shell formation from the Ohio River Valley, full of holes for deep water vegetation, simulating a sea bottom. Arctic and tropical life are maintained in separate temperature-controlled environments, along with hatching rooms. This area and Rocky Hill of the old waterworks, which spans five acres between Green and Callowhill Streets, was named Fairmount by William Penn. It served as a terminal pillar of the British defenses stretching across the city from the Schuylkill to the Delaware during 1777-78. The city acquired it in 1812 as a site for the waterworks, moving it from Centre Square for park purposes. This marked the beginning of Fairmount Park, where walks were established leading up to the reservoir, and the rock was adorned with sculptures, mainly wood carvings by William Rush, including the groups “The Schuylkill in an Improved State” and “The Schuylkill in Chains,” which are still displayed above the entrances{99} to the wheel houses. The statues “Justice” and “Wisdom” were created for the decoration of the triumphal arch in front of the State House at Lafayette’s reception in 1824 and are now located in the hatching room. “Leda and the Swan,” modeled in 1812 from Miss Vanuxen, a Philadelphia socialite, has a bronze reproduction here now. The boat houses feature decorative architecture. The Schuylkill Navy is said to be the most comprehensive rowing association in the world and serves as a center for skill and endurance trials of national interest; it’s referred to as the American Henley. The course above the Columbia Avenue bridge is ideal for rowers, with the banks rising like the seats of an auditorium. Along the main drive from the Aquarium, you can find the Lincoln Memorial, a bronze sculpture by Randolph Rogers, created in Rome and cast in Munich; Iron Spring; and a bronze group titled “Lioness Carrying to Her Young a Wild Boar,” sculpted by August Cain. Near the Brown Street entrance is a bronze group called “Silenus and the Infant Bacchus,” which is originally from the Louvre and attributed to Praxiteles. Additionally, there is the bronze group “The Wrestlers,” a reproduction of an original antique housed in the Royal Gallery in Florence, also reproduced by Barbedienne in Paris.

Lemon Hill House, built by Henry Pratt around 1800, is near the site of Robert Morris's favorite home. “The Hills,” which was designed by Major L’Enfant, was constructed in 1773; the city purchased the property in 1844 and dedicated it as a Public Park in 1855. Further northwest on the main drive is Grant's Cabin, the headquarters of General U. S. Grant during the siege of Richmond from 1864 to 1865. It was brought to the Park from City Point, Virginia, at the end of the Civil War. Opposite is Sedgeley Guardhouse, which used to be the{100} porter’s lodge of the Sedgeley Park Estate, the location of a Gothic mansion built in 1800 by William Crammond. It was acquired for the Park by public-minded citizens. On the same drive, near the east end of the Girard Avenue bridge, is the replica bronze equestrian statue of “Joan of Arc,” sculpted by Fremiet in Paris; it is considered one of the best examples of modern French equestrian sculpture. The original statue is located in “La Place des Pyramids,” Paris.

River Drive near the boathouses, “Tam O’Shanter,” features four figures made of red sandstone, sculpted by Thom. From the last boathouse, or the Beacon Light, to the Girard Avenue bridge will be the Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial, for which she donated $500,000 in 1913; the Fairmount Park Art Association is the recipient. “On top of a stone bulkhead, I will have erected, 100 feet apart, on high granite pedestals, uniform in size and style, the History of America, symbolized in a series of statues”; the model was created by Edgar V. Seeler. Nearby is the heroic bronze bust of James A. Garfield, alongside an allegorical figure, sculpted by Augustus Saint Gaudens; the colossal bronze equestrian piece, “Lion Fighter,” is set on a natural rock and was sculpted by Professor Albert Wolff, cast in 1893. Scattered along the way are five bronze iron fountains, replicas of those at Rond Point, Champs Elysees, cast in Paris at the Val D’Osne foundry.

North of the tunnel, above the Girard Avenue bridge, on River Drive, there's a bronze equestrian statue called “Cowboy,” created by sculptor Frederick Remington. A group of cowboys and Indians took part in the unveiling. At River and Fountain Green Drive stands the heroic bronze equestrian statue of “General U. S. Grant,” sculpted by Daniel Chester French for Grant and Edward C. Potter for the horse, modeled{101} after the nineteen-year-old gelding “General Grant,” which was sired by an Arabian stallion named Leopold and given to the General in 1878 by the Sultan of Turkey. It was cast by Bureau Bros. in Philadelphia and is mounted on a Jonesboro granite pedestal designed by Frank Miles Day and Brother. At the Columbia Avenue entrance, there's a fountain featuring the bronze group “Orestes and Pylades,” set on a Richmond granite pedestal adorned with bronze masks. The sculptor, Carl Steinhauser, is from Karlsruhe, Germany, and the statue was cast in Philadelphia. Nearby is the Children’s Playground building, built by Richard and Sarah Smith in 1898, and a park mansion called Mt. Pleasant, land purchased from Phineas Bond by John MacPherson, who constructed the house in 1761 following the style of a home in Scotland belonging to the chief of his clan, the MacPhersons of Clunie. In 1779, it was bought by Benedict Arnold; after his conviction for treason, the property was confiscated by the state. Between 1781 and 1782, Baron von Steuben lived there and wrote the army regulations that established the American Army. In 1868, it became city property and was added to Fairmount Park.

Rockland is next, located on the west side of Dairy Ball Field, occupied from 1750 to 1765 by John Lawrence, a prominent mayor of Philadelphia. Close to Rockland is Ormiston, a colonial home owned by Edward Burd, prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. It was named after the Scottish home of Mrs. Burd, who is the daughter of Lord Haliburton of Ormiston, and he founded the Burd Orphan Asylum. Near the Dauphin Street entrance, there’s the Grand Fountain, made of bronze and iron, along with a park trolley station.

Northwest is Woodford mansion; the land was granted by Penn to Dennis Rockford in 1693; the house was built in 1742,{102} by William Coleman, an original member of the Junto Club; he was a friend of Franklin and served as a Judge on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The house is made of colonial brick; the original oak floor is still in great shape; the boards are doweled together; the laths are hand-cut, and the craftsmanship on the cornices and wainscoting is stunning. The fireplace and mantel in the main room deserve attention, even though they are now covered in paint. Later, it became the home of the Franks family; Edgeley ball field is the location of a residence built by Philip Syng Physick from 1828 to 1836; he was a Professor of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania and the first American elected as a member of the Royal Academy of France. The Randolph House is located west of Edgeley; it's an interesting colonial house with beautiful craftsmanship in its cornices.

Strawberry Mansion, located near the Dauphin Street entrance, was the home of William Lewis. It was once called Summerville and is now a restaurant. The name was given when it was incorporated into the park. It features stunning colonial architecture; the main hall still reflects its former beauty, with intricate craftsmanship on the cornices, wainscoting, and niches in the hall that are decorated with delicate hand tracery.

Along the river drive, we pass other country homes called Harleigh, Fairy Hill, and the Laurels, now known as South, Central, and North Laurel Hill. Near the Falls on the east side of Ridge Road stood the home of Governor Thomas Mifflin, the fighting Quaker. From the Falls bridge, you get a great view of the Schuylkill Navy’s race course.

Further along is the Wissahickon Creek, Wisamickan (Catfish Creek), or Wisaucksickan (yellow colored stream); we enter the deep recesses of this ravine,{103} where the waters flow into the Schuylkill River. Legend has it that on the northwest bank there used to be a flour mill; during the Revolutionary War, the owner ground glass or plaster along with wheat for the patriot army. For this crime, some of Washington’s soldiers hanged him on a tree in front of his mill. Here, General Armstrong’s troops attacked the Hessian and British soldiers on October 4, 1777, while the Battle of Germantown was happening. Up the Wissahickon drive is Maple Spring Hotel, adorned with grotesque figures of animals and birds carved from local laurel. Beyond this, across the stream, are steep bluffs; from one, the most notable called Lover’s Leap, legend says a young Indian and the girl he loved, forbidden to marry, jumped into the waters below and drowned. A steep path leads to the six-mile stone; here, Paper Mill Run flows into the Wissahickon, and here Nicholas Rittenhouse operated his grist mill. Just beyond, near an old bridge, is a charming old house, with a stone tablet inside marked “C. W. R. 1707.” This is the birthplace of David Rittenhouse, the famous astronomer. The first paper mill in this country was built on Paper Mill Run around 1690 by William Rittenhouse. A portion of this land near Tulpehocken Street, within park limits, once belonged to the Queen of Spain. Further along is the Blue Stone Bridge, and just beyond it is Lotus Inn.

Northward, the east shore becomes steeper, leading to Mom Rinker’s Rock, where she's rumored to have been a witch. At the top, there’s a statue of William Penn, with the word “Toleration” carved into the pedestal. The statue and the land were donated to the city for park purposes by Hon. John Welsh, a former minister to England.{104}

One quarter mile further is Kitchen Lane and the Hermit's Well, dug by Johannes Kelpius, a scholar and mystic who came from Germany with his followers, forty men, the perfect number, in 1694, “to the new world, to witness the dawn of the millennium; the pathway to the Light Illuminable, in the glory of religious liberty in Pennsylvania.” They were followers of the Essenes who lived in the secluded areas of the Dead Sea, of which St. John the Baptist is said to have been a member. The Ridge and Valley of the Wissahickon gave them a temple of sacred grandeur; places there are now known as Hermit’s Land and Hermit’s Glen. Kelpius’s piety and humility made him famous; John Rogers from Connecticut and leaders of other colonies traveled long distances to consult this great teacher. He was completely devoted to serving God and helping his fellow men. The Baptistry, a spot in the creek, is where the monks baptized their converts. After Kelpius’s death, around 1710, his followers built the monastery, which was replaced in 1752 by a stone house built by Joseph Gorgas, also referred to as the monastery; ruins still remain: the remains of these faithful men are buried under the floor in the chancel of St. Michael’s Protestant Episcopal Church on High Street, Germantown; some of their original headstones are also there. Their books were donated in 1728 to Christ Church in Philadelphia, where they can still be seen today. The group is now found around Ephrata, among the Seventh Day Baptists.

Beyond the monastery, near Livezey’s Lane, there are caves that are said to have been home to hermits. Half a mile further is Livezey’s mansion, built in 1698, which was said to have been neutral ground where British and American{105} officers met during 1777-78; it now serves as the headquarters of the Valley Green Canoe Club. Above is Cresheim Creek, a small stream that flows into the Wissahickon Creek, surrounded by large boulders and tall pines, creating a dark pool called the Devil’s Pool, which is said to be bottomless. This spot was the site of a confrontation during the Battle of Germantown. Just beyond is Valley Green, a charming old inn along the roadside; here you’ll find a stone bridge with sturdy buttresses and a single arch; its reflection forms a clear oval. Further down is the first drinking fountain installed in Philadelphia, “Pro Bono Publico,” which was placed in 1854; it’s made of white marble. Half a mile farther, at the east end of the Rex Avenue Bridge, is Indian Rock, topped by a heroic statue of Tedyuscung, the last of the Indian chiefs to leave the shores of the Delaware. To the northwest, the ravine is deep and the hills steep, winding towards Chestnut Hill. The city plans to expand Fairmount Park on both sides of the Wissahickon to Fort Washington, including Militia Hill at Whitemarsh, which is famous from the Revolution, making the park one thousand acres larger.

West Park, at the west end of the Girard Avenue Bridge, Zoo Gardens, open daily, including Sundays; out front is the bronze group, “The Dying Lioness”; sculptor: Professor Wilhelm Wolff, Berlin, cast in Munich. The area includes Alone time, a mansion built in 1785 by John Penn, the poet, grandson of the founder and cousin of John Penn of Lansdowne; it was the last property owned in America by the Penn family; notable decorations can be found in the ground floor room; the ceiling is a fine example of French stucco from the Louis XV period. The Zoölogical Gardens were incorporated in 1859; the oldest {106} incorporated body of its kind in America; it covers an area of forty-one acres, arranged by H. Schwarzmann in 1873 and opened in 1874, featuring large and attractive buildings that showcase representative species of living animals; it is a private organization; the Pathological Laboratory focuses on assisting in the hygienic control of the Garden, collecting statistics on diseases in wild animals, and conducting research: many species of waterfowl and other birds can be found on the large lake and in enclosures scattered throughout the Garden.

Opposite, on Girard Avenue, is William Penn's Home, originally located on Letitia Street, near Second and Market; it was the first brick house in Philadelphia, built in 1683 and removed in 1883; the Landsdowne Entrance to the Park, beneath two large elliptical arches of the Pennsylvania Railroad viaduct, which carries the railroad over Girard Avenue, is a dignified and attractive structure. Nearby is a bronze sculpture group, “Hudson Bay Wolves,” created by sculptor Edward Kemeys and cast in Philadelphia.

In 1732, “The State in Schuylkill,” the first social club in Philadelphia, rented an acre of land nearby and built a hut. The annual rent was three sun perch served on a pewter plate. They were here for ninety years; now it's in New Jersey. The members supported the Revolutionary cause and, in 1774, formed a company called “The Light Horse,” which later became the First City Troop in 1778.

On Lansdowne Drive is Sweet Briar Mansion, built by Samuel Breck around 1810; it has a colonial style, and there’s an interesting wrought iron grill in the hall; in front is a bronze Indian group, The Stone Age, sculpted by John J. Boyle; cast in France. The Smith Memorial Gate, honoring Pennsylvania men distinguished in the Civil War, is at the entrance to the Esplanade; architects James and John T. Windrim built it, with statuary, from 1897 to 1912; all the sculptures are colossal; the equestrian statue of Major General Hancock was sculpted by J. Q. A. Ward, and Major General McClellan was sculpted by Edward C. Potter; the statues of Major General Meade was sculpted by Daniel Chester French; Major General Reynolds was sculpted by Charles Grafly; Richard Smith was sculpted by Herbert Adams; the busts of Admiral Porter was sculpted by Charles Grafly; Major General Hartranft was sculpted by A. Stirling Calder; Admiral Dahlgren was sculpted by George E. Bissel; James H. Windrim was sculpted by Samuel Murray; Major General S. W. Crawford was sculpted by Bessie O. Potter Vonnoh; Governor Curtin was sculpted by Moses Ezekiel; General James A. Beaver was sculpted by Katharine M. Cohen; John B. Gest was sculpted by Charles Grafly; and there are two eagles and globes, sculpted by J. Massey Rhind.

The John Welsh Memorial Service, President of the Centennial Exposition, features a formal garden with a fountain, located at the site of the Centennial main building, with the Parkside Avenue entrance leading to Memorial Hall. It includes "Florentine Lions," cast by Harrison, Winans, and Eastwick at Alexandroffsky, Russia, in 1849, taken from a pair at the entrance of the Imperial Mechanical Works, with the originals at the entrance to the Loggia di Lanzi in Florence. The Memorial Hall has a front terrace featuring bronze Spanish cannons, Miltiades from 1743, and Semiramis from 1737, as well as a bronze mortar from 1731, all sourced from fortifications in Cuba. It also displays carved decorations featuring the Spanish royal arms of Philip and Elizabeth Farnese. There are two bronze groups: “Winged Horses,” led by the muses of epic and lyric poetry, Calliope{108} and Clio; created by sculptor Pilz for the Vienna Opera House in Austria. Memorial Hall is designed in the German Renaissance style by architect Hermann J. Schwarzmann and contains a complete scale model of the Centennial buildings created by John Baird. This was the first International Exposition held in America, a time when our national art was invigorated through competition with masterpieces from other countries and now stands up to the best: it also features a Pompeian collection of paintings that illustrate Pompeian life and a bronze face and hands of Abraham Lincoln, cast from the first replicas of original life casts made in 1860 by sculptor Leonard W. Volk in Chicago. For collections, see Art. North of Memorial Hall is a heroic bronze equestrian statue of Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, sculpted by Alexander Milne Calder.

Garden Hall, built in 1876 on the site of Lansdowne House, which was constructed by Governor John Penn in 1773, is made of stone and features an Italian design. In 1816, it was leased by Joseph Bonaparte for two years and was accidentally destroyed by fire in 1854. In 1866, the land was purchased from the Barney family for the park. The building has a Moorish style, designed by architect Hermann J. Schwarzmann, who also created the plan for the adjacent sunken garden. No other building in this country for similar purposes matches its dignity of design. It houses the marble statue “Il Penseroso,” sculpted by Mosier, which was acquired in 1874. Notable plants in this building include a massive specimen of Attalea Cohiene, the bay oil palm from Central America, which might be the most impressive palm found under glass anywhere; Phœnix Canariensis from the Canary Islands; Seaforthias from Australia; Howeas from Lord Howe’s Island; Cocoa{109} palms; and Ceroxylon, the wax palms, which soar sixty or seventy feet high. Other plants include giant Rubber trees, Araucarias from Australia, Bamboos from the East, and towering Tree Ferns from New Zealand, creating a stunning scene reminiscent of a glorified tropical forest, enhanced by creepers climbing the tall stems, ferns and orchids growing in the branches, and the unusual aerial roots seeking nourishment in the soil below, just like in a tropical jungle. The Cactus house is designed to mimic arid regions with plants grown in sterile soil. The Fern houses contain stunning collections of Tree Ferns and smaller Adiantums, Nephrolepis, and Acrostichums, evoking the feel of mountain ravines. A special house is dedicated to the Cycads or Sago palms, which are remnants of ancient vegetation, with this collection being unique in the country. Another tropical house showcases the Bromeliad or pineapple family, featuring a collection that is unique in many ways.

In the gardens, the standout features are the rare trees, golden larch, Pseudo-Larix; the Gordonias, Franklinias; and oaks. The east front showcases bronze busts of Schubert on a granite pedestal with a bronze bas-relief titled “Music,” created by the sculptor Henry Baerer from New York; Hayden, a trophy awarded to the United Singers of Philadelphia at the National Saengerfest; Verdi, standing on an artistic sandstone pedestal with a carved figure; “Religious Liberty,” a marble piece by sculptor Moses Ezekiel, presented by the Hebrew Society B’nai B’rith. A short walk to the east, near the Columbia Avenue bridge, is said to be Tom Moore’s cottage; the poet was a regular guest at both Belmont and Ormiston, accessible by boat.{110}

The Sunken Garden, located to the west and redesigned to align with Moorish garden aesthetics, is now a pool measuring about eight hundred feet long, similar to the one in front of the Taj Mahal, bordered on both sides by sprawling Oriental plane trees. Beyond this central feature are flower gardens arranged in an Oriental color scheme, creating a grand effect. A bronze Sundial indicates the variations for each month of the year, as well as the time at twelve o'clock in twelve major cities across the globe. It is set on a Tennessee marble pedestal, supported by four female figures representing the four seasons; sculptor: A. Sterling Calder. There are also bronze statues of Schiller, created in 1886, on a granite pedestal featuring bronze panels in bas-relief depicting poetry, history, and drama; and of his friend Goethe, made in 1890, on a granite pedestal adorned with bronze laurel wreaths.

Roman Catholic Centennial Fountain, built by the Total Abstinence Societies, sculptor Herman Kern. The Japanese Temple Entrance and lotus pond, located near Belmont Avenue, were part of the Japanese exhibition in St. Louis in 1904, showcasing the finest Japanese work from three hundred years ago. Also on the way to George’s Hill are the Ohio, English, and Rhode Island Centennial buildings. George's Hill, eighty-three acres, was bequeathed to the City of Philadelphia in 1868 through the Fairmount Park Commission for the health and enjoyment of the people forever.

Belmont House, built in 1743 by William Peters, is made of stone and sits on a two-hundred-acre estate, approached by an avenue of tall hemlocks that are ninety feet high. Both Washington and Lafayette planted trees here; the view down the Schuylkill River resembles the Rhine; the City Hall Tower draws your gaze in the distance; Richard Peters, his son, a witty scholar born here, was appointed by Washington to be the Judge of the United States District Court of Pennsylvania. Washington was hosted here, as well as Hancock, the Adamses, Jefferson, Steuben, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe.

North of Belmont is Ridgeland, which used to be a private home; continue northeast near Park Trolley Station to find the Chamounix mansion, previously called Mount Prospect because of its great location; it was built in 1802 by George Plumstead, a merchant from Philadelphia.

William Penn, in his city plan, laid out five squares. Penn Square, Broad and Market Streets, where the early waterworks were located; now the site of City Hall; Washington, D.C., at Sixth and Walnut Streets; the first Potter’s Field; Rittenhouse, at Eighteenth and Walnut Streets, redesigned to look like a French park; a playground for children of the city's social center; Lion and Snake, a bronze sculpture by Barye; a replica of one in the Tuileries Garden, Paris; The Duck Girl, a bronze sculpture by Paul Manship; Billy, sculpted by Albert Laessle. Logan, on the Parkway; the Swan Memorial Fountain is to be in the center, sculpted by A. Sterling Calder. This was the second Potter’s Field and the site of public executions; it hosted the Sanitary Fair in 1864 for the Civil War, visited by President and Mrs. Lincoln, and was considered the most brilliant event ever held in America. Franklin, at Sixth and Race Streets, was formerly a burial ground.

Broad Street, running north and south, is 113 feet wide and 12 miles long from League Island to City Line. Burholme, near Fox Chase, is a museum and library{112} established and maintained through the will of Robert W. Ryerss; it covers over forty-eight acres and opened to the public in 1910. Clark's, located at Forty-third Street and Chester Avenue, features an artistic bronze sculpture group, Dickens and Little Nell, created in 1890 by sculptor Frank Edwin Elwell; it won gold medals in Philadelphia in 1891 and Chicago in 1893. Cobb's Creek, spanning 338 acres, was formed in 1904; it follows Cobb’s Creek along the east bank and has primarily steep, tree-covered slopes for 107 acres, crossing at Mount Moriah Cemetery; it widens north of Market Street into a rolling landscape and includes public golf links. Fernhill, which covers ten acres, is bordered by Wissahickon Avenue, Roberts Avenue, Schuyler Street, and Abbottsford Avenue in Germantown; it serves as a memorial to Mr. and Mrs. Thomas McKean, part of their former homestead, which was given by their children to the Park Commissioners with an endowment. Fisherman, encompassing twenty acres, is located near the North Penn branch of the Reading Railway and was acquired by gift in 1909. Hunting Park, featuring a lake, covers eighty-seven acres and crosses Northeast Boulevard at Nicetown Lane. League Island and the United States Navy Yard are part of Southern Boulevard. Morris, covering twenty acres, is an extension of Cobb’s Creek Park; it includes a beautiful forest watered by Indian Run Creek, acquired by gift in 1912. Pennypack, stretching from the mouth of Pennypack Creek to Rhawn Street, spans 532 acres and was acquired in 1905; it features a stunning fertile valley with a stream that widens in places, showcasing half-ruined mill dams and their waterfalls, along with charming masonry bridges, either single-arch or a series of spans. Reynolds, located at Snyder Avenue and Seventeenth Street, includes a memorial to General John F. Reynolds, a hero of Gettysburg; it features a six-foot-high granite shaft topped with a bronze medallion of General Reynolds, created by sculptor H. K. Bush-Brown;

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unveiled, 1915. Wister's Woods, features beautiful trees and an abundance of dogwood; forty-four acres; East Germantown; bird sanctuary.

Total amount of space dedicated to parks, squares, and boulevards within city limits is 8,037.32 acres.

The Fairmount Park Art Group was established in 1871 to promote high civic ideals through beauty and dignity, which are closely linked to art. They have installed large mounted photographs of the sculpture in Fairmount Park in public schools throughout Philadelphia.

Natural Sciences Academy, located on the Parkway at Logan Circle, was founded in 1812 in the home of Thomas Say, Esq., at the northwest corner of Second and Market Streets. The Museum, renowned for its historical significance and extensive collection, is one of the most important in the world, featuring two main sections: one for public exhibitions and another for specialists’ reference. The library holds around 60,000 volumes, nearly all focused on natural sciences; the Academy also publishes several important works and hosts numerous lectures on natural history each year. It displays portraits of its founders: Thomas Say, Gerard Troost, William Maclure, Charles Lesueur, Sir Joseph Banks, and Samuel L. Mitchell, all painted by Charles Willson Peale and displayed in Peale’s Museum. Other notable portraits include those of Robert Bridges, Isaac Lea, and Joseph Leidy by Bernard Uhle; Jacob Gilliams by P. F. Rothermel; William Hempbell and George Ord by John Neagle; Samuel G. Morton by Paul Weber; W. S. W. Ruschenberger by William K. Hewitt; Isaac Wistar by Robert Vonnoh; as well as a{114} fine study model of ornithologist Alexander Wilson by Charles Grafly, and a statuette of him by Alexander Calder.

American Philosophical Society, 103 South Fifth Street, situated on a property in the State House yard, was given to the Society by the state in 1785; it is a colonial brick building completed in 1789. It originated from “The Junto,” which Benjamin Franklin formed in 1727 for mutual improvement. The Society received its name in 1769, “The American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge.” Benjamin Franklin, who was in Europe at the time and was the sole American plenipotentiary to France from the thirteen colonies, was elected as the first president and held the position until his death in 1790. David Rittenhouse, the second president, served until his death in 1796; he, along with other members, successfully observed the Transit of Venus on June 3, 1769, providing the first approximately accurate measurements of the celestial spheres. He also built an orrery for tracking heavenly bodies. Thomas Jefferson, the third president, served for eighteen years while also being Vice-President and President of the United States, and he established the Society’s library and cabinet. The current president is Dr. W. W. Keen. The membership spans the globe. At the regularly held meetings, cutting-edge ideas in scientific research are shared. The Society now possesses most of the existing Franklin papers, recently organized into five volumes by Dr. I. Minis Hays; it also has the field notes from the Lewis and Clark expedition, the original copy of Penn’s Charter of Privileges from 1701, a manuscript volume of the Laws of Pennsylvania before 1700, and the original broadside of the Declaration of Independence. Oil portraits of all its presidents and many prominent members are displayed here, including George Washington by Gilbert Stuart; President Jefferson, Benjamin Rush, John Vaughn, and Caspar Wistar, all by Thomas Sully; David Rittenhouse and Samuel Vaughn by C. W. Peale; Joseph Priestly and Chief Justice William Tilghman by Rembrandt Peale; Daniel G. Brinton by Thomas Aikens; Professor Alexander Dallas Bache by Huntington; General Isaac Wistar and Joseph Henry by Bernard Uhle; several notable busts of Jefferson, Turgot, and Condorcet by Houdon; Benjamin Franklin by Caffieri; and portraits of Lafayette, Alexander Hamilton, and Nicholas Biddle.

The Franklin Institute, located on Seventh Street above Chestnut; established in 1824; open to the public daily for free; classic marble building, constructed in 1825; designed by architect John Haviland. It was the first organization in the United States to blend science with practical application; the lecture series offers free presentations to the public on the latest advancements in useful arts and sciences by notable technologists; it also features engaging illustrated talks on current topics. The Mechanical Arts school provides thorough and practical instruction in mechanical and architectural drawing, touted as one of the best in the United States. The library is unmatched in size and completeness for scientific literature; The Franklin Journal, published monthly since 1825, is the only existing record of numerous early U.S. patents. They hosted the first exhibition of American-made products in 1824 at Carpenters’ Hall and the first electrical exhibition in the country. Portraits include Dr. Benjamin Franklin and Matthias W. Baldwin by Sully, Daguerre by Abraham Whiteside, and a wooden bust of Henry Clay by William Rush. Among the artifacts are typesetting and electrical machines used by Benjamin Franklin, as well as early models of machinery. The institute will be relocated to Parkway, Race Street, east of Nineteenth Street.

The History Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, located in the mansion of General Robert Patterson, has been expanded and made fireproof; established in 1824. Open from 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M.; during July and August, it closes at 4:00 P.M.; publishes the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography; likely houses the largest collection of American history sources found in one location; includes over 100,000 bound books, 250,000 pamphlets, 7,000 volumes of manuscripts, and about 3,500 volumes of newspapers, which are invaluable for studying colonial and Revolutionary history; an Index of Marriages and Deaths from Dunlap, Claypoole, and Poulson’s American Daily News creates a consistent demand for that newspaper's files for genealogical research; Tom Paine’s American Crisis, 1776, and many other rare American imprints. The Society also has a large and very rich collection of oil paintings; nearly all the governors of the state are represented by portraits on its walls, along with some mayors of Philadelphia and portraits of many Revolutionary officers; a portrait of Johannes Kelpius, the “Hermit of the Wissahickon,” by Christopher Wick from 1704, is considered the earliest oil portrait painted in America; portraits of Gustavus Hesselius, his wife, and Robert Morris, Sr., the financier's father, painted by Gustavus Hesselius, are of historic interest; a fine collection of original

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portraits, drawings, studies, and manuscripts by Benjamin West include the full-length portrait of William Hamilton of the Woodlands and his niece, Mrs. Ann Hamilton Lyle, probably the most beautiful of West’s portraits in this city. Other artists represented are Charles Willson Peale, Jacob Eicholtz, Thomas Sully, Rembrandt Peale, John Neagle, Charles Gilbert Stuart, Robert Edge Pine, John Singleton Copley, Walter G. Gould, Henry Inman, Paul Weber, and William E. Winner. Among the miniatures are those by John Trumbull, James Peale, and Robert Fulton. Marble busts depict Washington, Franklin, Milton, Henry Clay, Major General Robert Patterson, T. Buchanan Read, and Dr. Joseph Parrish. Relics of significant historical interest include the Ephrata Printing Press, the Charter of the City of Philadelphia, and the “Great Belt of Wampum,” which represents the famous Shackamaxon Treaty between William Penn and the Indians, “never signed and never broken.”

Masonic Lodge, located at Broad and Filbert Streets, features Norman architecture and was built in 1870 by architect John T. Windrim. The rooms have notable decorations, including the Egyptian, Oriental in Moorish style based on sketches made at the Alhambra by John Sartain, and Corinthian, adapted from well-known architectural standards, ornaments, and familiar figure compositions. The museum is said to house the greatest existing collection of Masonic artifacts, including aprons worn by Past Grand Masters of the three oldest Lodges in the world, as well as George Washington’s apron, made by Madame Lafayette and presented to him by the Marquis. This apron was worn by Washington when he laid the corner-stone of the Capitol in Washington. It also contains an ancient{118} Templar Cross, an original Crusader’s Cross found in a grave in Tyre, Syria, dating back to A.D. 1250; noteworthy jewelry from England, Denmark, Germany, France, and Great Britain in the form of badges, including one once owned by Napoleon I; a tablet from the Temple of Herod; and a Sephar Torah, an ancient scroll of law found in Germany, over eighteen feet long and between three hundred to five hundred years old. The library, with Byzantine decorations, features coats of arms from various Guilds and Grand Lodges in the ceiling. The Great Hall, or front entrance, showcases portraits and paintings, including "The Puritans" by F. J. Waugh and "A Marine Scene" by Richards, along with seals of the states of the Union and paintings representing the Pan Athenia, a Greek festival. On the second floor, you'll find the Grand Lodge Room, designed to look like a roofless Corinthian temple; the columns are reproductions of the Lysicrates in Athens. The mural paintings depict Greek mythology, including "Weighing of the Soul," "Ulysses Passing the Island of the Sirens," "Birth of Athena," "Judgment of Paris," and "The Golden Fleece." The Renaissance Hall, known as the Tabernacle, contains the Veils of the Temple, and two paintings at either end represent a High Priest and a Scribe. Ionic Hall and Norman Hall exhibit characteristic ornamentation, while the Egyptian Hall features decorations inspired by the Temples of Karnak, Elephanta, Philae, and Rameses, as well as the Cataracts and Tombs; the ceiling originates from the Temple of Denderah. The Egyptian Hall also includes the scene "Weighing the Soul," which connects Egyptian mythology with Greek themes.

U.S. Mint in Philadelphia, at the corner of Sixteenth and Spring Garden Streets, open daily except Sundays and holidays, from 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.. The building features classic Ionic architecture,{119} made of granite, constructed in 1901 by the Supervising Architect of Washington, D.C. The main lobby is finished in Italian marble with a mosaic ceiling; the panels showcase ancient methods and processes of coin making, created by artist W. B. Van Ingen. It is the largest and most fully equipped mint in the world. The numismatic room, open to the public, has a vast collection of coins and medals, including the widow’s mite discovered in the ruins of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Pennsylvania Bible Society, 701 Walnut Street, was established in Philadelphia in 1808. It was the first Bible Society on the American continent; the current building was completed in 1853. The first President was Right Rev. William White, D.D.; the first meeting was called by Robert Ralston at his home, with the goal of promoting our country's welfare through the Bible, a book that teaches love, unity, and patience. This made it well-suited to bring people together and promote national improvement. The establishment of such an organization in our country was acknowledged with a donation of £200 from the British and Foreign Bible Society in London. All denominations have been represented among the Presidents; during Bishop Whitaker’s tenure, the Pennsylvania Bible Society was affiliated with the American Bible Society in New York, which is now the national organization. In 1824, General Lafayette received a specially prepared copy of the Scriptures from this Society. At the centennial celebration of the Society in 1908, held at the Academy of Music, Bishop Ozi W. Whitaker, D.D., presided. Right Hon. James Bryce, the British Ambassador, gave a speech and presented Bishop Whitaker with a beautifully embossed Bible, sent by the British and {120} Foreign Bible Society, featuring designs on the cover inspired by early Christian examples, similar to those on the Coronation Bible given to King Edward VII. Ambassador Bryce was presented with an elegantly made copy of the Scriptures by the Pennsylvania Society. Greetings were received from President Theodore Roosevelt and Governor Edwin S. Stuart of Pennsylvania, as well as from other Bible societies. During the Tercentenary celebration of the King James version of the English Bible at the Academy of Music in 1911, James A. MacDonald, LL.D., from Toronto, spoke about “The Influence of the Bible Upon the Commonwealth.” Letters were read from King George V of England and President William H. Taft. This Society currently circulates between two and three hundred thousand Bibles each year, printed in over fifty languages and dialects, serving Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, for which this organization has special jurisdiction. Any individual book of the Bible can be obtained for two cents.

Philadelphia Commerce Museum, located on Thirty-fourth Street below Spruce, was established in 1894 and is the only Commercial Museum in the United States. It has received vast collections from the Chicago “Columbian Exposition,” with contributions from over forty governments; it also holds many subsequent collections from other international expositions and special exhibits that showcase the people and products of the world. There is a free reference library here that focuses on Foreign and American Commerce and Travel, which can't be found anywhere else. Free lecture courses are offered covering topics related to geography, commerce, and industry, illustrated with colored lantern slides and motion{121} pictures. Additionally, colored slides, along with lantern screens and typewritten lectures on the same fields of geography, commerce, and industry, are available for free loan to public school teachers across Pennsylvania, impacting tens of thousands. Collections of specimens to assist teachers are also sent at no cost as gifts to Pennsylvania public schools, arranged to highlight important raw materials and manufacturing processes. Manufacturers receive information on all aspects of foreign trade; the Foreign Trade Bureau is recognized as the leading organization of its kind in the world.

The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1600 Walnut Street; the first in America, was organized at a meeting in the Franklin Institute in 1827 to promote horticulture and foster a love for flowers, fruits, and vegetables through their cultivation. Minutes of the Society and a complete membership list have been maintained from its inception to the present time. Expert-led lectures on various aspects of horticulture are held at each monthly meeting from November to May. Annual exhibitions include the Spring Flower Show before Easter, lasting three days; the Peony, outdoor-grown Rose, and Sweet Pea Show in the suburbs of Philadelphia, running from May to July depending on the season; the Dahlia Exhibition in September; and the Chrysanthemum Show in early November. The Society also boasts a library with several thousand books on agriculture and horticulture, some of which are quite rare and valuable, along with all recommended recent publications from Europe and America. “Great gardens educate people in both refinement and horticulture.”

Wagner Institute, located at the southwest corner of Seventeenth{122} Street and Montgomery Avenue; established by Professor William Wagner in 1847. The circulating and reference library is open daily except Sundays, from 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. Museum collections, mainly focused on geology and mineralogy, are available on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Lectures are held throughout the academic year.

The Library Company of Philadelphia, Locust Street, east of Broad; the first circulating library in the United States; founded by subscription in 1731, by Benjamin Franklin and his friends from the Junto Club; charter granted by John, Thomas, and Richard Penn in 1781; original building at Fifth and Library Streets, designed by Dr. Thornton, now the Drexel Building; current building, designed by architect Frank Furness in 1889; a haven for scholars interested in historical research; also has important collections of books on costume, foreign literature, and a complete set of Punch, started in 1840; among historic relics are original sketches made for Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia; William Penn’s desk from Pennsburg; John Dickinson’s reading desk, and Heraldic Hatchment used at his funeral; and the André collection. The Ridgeway Line, Broad and Christian Streets, founded by the bequest of Dr. James Rush; architect, Addison Hutton; built in 1878, in Doric style with granite; contains a heroic-sized terra cotta bust of Minerva, probably French work; formerly located behind the Speaker’s chair in the Continental Congress at Sixth and Chestnut Streets, given to the Philadelphia Library in 1783, along with some Boule items and illuminated manuscripts.{123}

Business Library, Tenth Street above Chestnut, was established in 1821 at 100 Chestnut Street. The current building, which was originally a market house, features a space that is seventy-four by two hundred feet with a high arched ceiling, creating an ideal environment for library work all on one floor. This is a circulating library of general literature for stockholders and members, who are the only ones allowed into the reading room, where they have unrestricted access to books.

Philadelphia City Library, 218 South Nineteenth Street, was founded in 1852 by community-minded citizens to benefit young men by creating a free library and night school; the library is open to the public at no cost.

The Free Library of Philly, located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust Streets, was chartered in 1891 from an endowment fund left in the will of William Pepper, M.D., LL.D., for a free library in the city of Philadelphia. It initially opened temporarily in City Hall before moving to the old Concert Hall at 1217-21 Chestnut Street, which is now part of the old building of the College of Physicians. It features a bust of Dr. Pepper by Carl Bitter and various portraits. A large new library building is currently under construction on the Parkway at Nineteenth and Vine Streets. The library's growth and usefulness since its inception can be attributed to the management of the late Dr. John Thomson, Librarian. It now includes a main building, 26 branches, in addition to deposit stations and traveling libraries, with a total circulation for home use in 1916 reaching 2,767,310. There is strong cooperation between the public schools and the Free Library; school extension lectures are provided for grammar school children, and "story hours" are held weekly for younger children in the branch libraries. The reference and periodical departments house works on art, architecture, and archaeology that are extremely valuable to practical students and designers, including facsimiles of many renowned early printed books and manuscripts, Bible codices, etc. The “open shelf” system is utilized in all departments. The branch libraries feature impressive buildings characterized by architectural proportions and decorations influenced by French and English Renaissance traditions, or the local expression of Georgian style, consistently incorporating top lighting, which is considered extremely important. In the basement of the branch at Seventeenth and Spring Garden Streets, there is a large and valuable collection of government documents. The Josephine Widener Memorial Branch at Broad Street and Girard Avenue contains priceless reference books and rare prints published before A.D. 1500.

Christ Church Hospital, Wynnefield Station, Park Trolley and P. R. R.; Gothic stone building; established in 1772 by Dr. John Kearsley; funded by Jacob Dobson in 1804; serves as a residence for gentlewomen who are members of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Pennsylvania; covers 150 acres; the Board of Managers includes three members from the vestry of both Christ Church and St. Peter’s Church.

College of Physicians of Philly, Twenty-second Street, above Chestnut; founded around 1787, and inspired by The Royal College of Physicians in London. A scientific paper was presented by Dr. Benjamin Rush at the first meeting. The building features English Renaissance architecture, with brick in Flemish bond, a basement, cornices, pilasters, and other details made from Indiana limestone; it is the finest building of a medical society in the world, housing the largest medical library, except for one, in the United States, along with an impressive collection of portraits of the Society's presidents, painted by well-known artists. This is not a teaching institution, but a Medical Society, made up of individuals of professional distinction.

Hahnemann University Hospital, 226 North Broad Street. The oldest homeopathic college in the world; founded in 1848; initially located at 229 Arch Street. Merged with the Homeopathic Medical College in 1869; moved to its current location in 1901. Its collections include the world-famous dissection of the entire cerebro-spinal nervous system by Dr. Rufus B. Weaver; Dr. Hering’s complete writings of Paracelsus; Dr. A. R. Thomas’s library of old and rare anatomical books; Hahnemann’s works in the original; it possesses the most comprehensive library of homeopathic literature in existence. Portrait of Dr. W. B. VanLennep; artist, Henry Rittenberg.

Home of the Kind Savior, 4400 Baltimore Avenue, located next to Clarence Clark Park; established in 1882; includes eight houses and a chapel, all dedicated as memorials, with a summer home at Avon-by-the-Sea. A residence for disabled, homeless, and vulnerable children. The first of its kind in America to provide vocational training.

Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Front Street and Lehigh Avenue. Main group of{126} buildings, pure Norman. Founded by the Right Rev. Alonzo Potter, Bishop of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Caspar Morris, in the ancestral home of two parishioners on the current site. Jenny Lind made the first cash donation.

Jefferson Medical College, at Tenth and Sansom Streets; established with the help of Dr. George B. McClellan; opened in 1825. Current building constructed in 1904.

Jefferson Hospital, Tenth and Sansom Streets; the latest in hospital construction and equipment; originated from the Infirmary established at Jefferson College in 1825; the current location was purchased in 1875, and the building opened in 1877. The amphitheater is one of the largest in the world. The museum features casts and wax models of interesting cases. Notable portraits in the building include Dr. Forbes, painted by Aikens; Dr. DaCosta, by Vonnoh; Dr. Keen, by Chase; Mr. William Potter, by Breckenridge; Dr. William Pancoast, by Uhle; a bronze bust of Dr. Marion Sims, by C. Duboi, Paris, 1876; a marble bust of Dr. George McClellan; and bronze busts of Daniel Webster and Thomas Jefferson.

Jewish Hospital, Logan Station; Old York Road and Olney Avenue, the entrance is marked by six granite columns from the old United States Mint, which used to be on Chestnut Street. It includes twenty buildings spread over twenty-two acres, equipped with modern scientific tools for treating the sick and caring for the elderly and incurable. There are several art pieces here that are said to be quite valuable.

City Hospital, Luzerne, close to Front Street,{127} 4000 north; located on large grounds that are divided by a wooded ravine. Founded in 1774 on State Island for isolating and treating contagious diseases; likely the most comprehensive facility of its kind in the world.

Pennsylvania Hospital, located between Spruce and Pine Streets, Eighth and Ninth Streets; it's a colonial brick building surrounded by large trees and lovely open spaces in the grounds. This was the first hospital in the United States, founded in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin. The cornerstone at the current location, laid in 1755, can still be seen; part of this land was donated by William Penn. In 1756, it hosted the first clinical amphitheater in America. Noah Webster gave a lecture to benefit the hospital in 1786; around the same time, other contributions included a charity sermon by Rev. George Whitefield at St. Paul’s Protestant Episcopal Church and a painting by Benjamin West called “Christ Healing the Sick,” which he created while in London; the original was not allowed to come to America and was used to start the National Gallery, so a replica was made that now hangs in the hall; for years, the hospital earned money by charging a fee to see it. At the Pine Street entrance, there’s a lead statue of William Penn, given by his grandson, John Penn, from Wycombe Park, Bucks, England, the estate of Lord le Dispenser. Benjamin Franklin was the first Secretary and the second President; his minute books, with clear, fine handwriting, are still on display there, along with interesting letters and documents from colonial and Revolutionary times.

Philadelphia Shelter and General Hospital, located at the intersection of Thirty-fourth and Pine Streets in Blockley; the first almshouse was opened in 1713 by the Quakers; it wasn’t city-run and was only available to their community; it was situated on Walnut Street, between Third and Fourth Streets. The first city almshouse was established in 1732, and the second followed in 1767; by 1772, it had become the largest hospital on the continent. During the Revolutionary War, it provided care for the wounded. In Longfellow’s poem, Evangeline becomes a Sister of Mercy and helps the yellow fever victims here in Philadelphia. The current facility was built in 1834, featuring Corinthian marble architecture for the administration building. The Medical Department predates the establishment of the Pennsylvania Hospital.

Philly College of Pharmacy, 145 North Tenth Street; established in 1821 during a meeting at Carpenters’ Hall: consists of five large buildings linked by a central structure, featuring Romanesque architecture made of Pompeian brick and Seneca red stone; it is the largest and first institution in the United States dedicated to pharmaceutical and chemical education. The laboratories and equipment are unparalleled, providing advanced training for both men and women as pharmacists and chemists. The museum houses a significant collection of paintings of famous scientists, as well as the Martindale Herbarium, which contains over 200,000 plant specimens. The library has about 14,000 volumes; portraits of individuals who have significantly contributed their time and resources to the development of the College and the improvement of the city hang around the gallery, including works by artists Charles Willson Peale, Hugh H. Breckenridge, and Henry R. Rittenberg. There is also a collection of photographs related to pharmaceutical subjects, many of which are rare and highly valuable.

Preston Retreat, Twentieth and Hamilton Streets,{129} located where William Penn’s home once stood; classic, marble: established by Dr. James Preston in 1837, for married women of good character and financial hardship who are about to give birth. It’s one of the best-equipped facilities in the world.

St. Joe's Hospital, Girard Avenue and Sixteenth Street; colonial, brick. Originally established in the parish of St. Joseph’s Church, near Fourth and Walnut Streets, for Irish famine refugees who became sick on overcrowded and poorly ventilated ships. Incorporated in 1849. It was the third general hospital in Philadelphia.

Wills Hospital, Eighteenth and Race Streets, overlooking Logan Circle; classic, marble; established in 1832 by James Wills, Jr., for the impoverished blind and disabled. Now recognized as one of the best institutions globally for the study and practice of ophthalmology.

Philadelphia Women's Hospital, North College Avenue. The oldest and largest hospital in the world dedicated to women and children: established in 1861. Its motto is, “Woman’s work for woman by women.”

Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia, located at Twenty-first Street and North College Avenue, was the first college in the world created to educate women for the medical profession. It was established in 1850. Dr. Ann Preston, who graduated in the first class, founded the Women’s Hospital. The college features a bas-relief tablet titled “The Woman Physician,” sculpted by Miss Clara Hill.

Music Academy, located at Broad and Locust Streets. Seats 3,000; established in 1857 for the performance of{130} operas in English and other distinguished entertainment; opened with a fantastic ball, unlike anything seen before in Philadelphia; now the home of the Philadelphia Orchestra, which has had three conductors since it was formed in 1900: Fritz Scheel, Carl Pohlig, and Leopold Stokowski; all of whom have raised the exceptional group of musicians to a high standard of musical excellence. Dr. Stokowski has remarked about the Academy: “The architect must have had a deep understanding of the principles of sound, as the acoustics are wonderfully designed.”

The Mahler Symphony was performed here in 1916, the first time in America, under the direction of Stokowski, with a chorus of 1,000 voices. A memorial to Siegfried Behrens will be on the lobby wall, featuring a portrait figure in relief, with the Muse of Music holding a laurel wreath, made of Carrara marble, seven feet tall, on a dark marble base; sculpted by Giuseppe Donato.

The Men’s Choir Society, 1643 North Broad Street. A men’s chorus with active and associate members, founded in 1835 by Philip Mathias Wolsieffer, who directed it for eighteen years. The Maennerchor was the first men’s chorus in America; they have performed for twenty-eight years at the opening of the German-American Charity Ball in the Academy of Music. They sang alongside the Vocal Union, performing the choral movements of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony in 1874, which was the first time it had been performed in America, conducted by William W. Wolsieffer. They won three prizes at the National Saengerfest in Brooklyn, Baltimore, and Newark.

Music Fund Hall, Locust Street, west of Eighth Street, built in 1824. Its acoustic qualities are unmatched.{131} Jenny Lind performed here. It's currently used by a Labor Organization.

Philadelphia has more than two hundred singing groups and a lengthy list of well-known music organizations.

The Presser Foundation, Philadelphia, founded in 1916, is the first organization of its kind in America. All of its resources have been donated by Mr. Theodore Presser. It includes a home for retired music teachers, inspired by the founder's visit to the Verdi “Casa di Riposo per Musicisti” in Milan in 1899. The foundation also offers scholarships to educational institutions, with students chosen by the President and Directors of the Musical Departments, as well as emergency aid for musicians.

UPenn, located at Thirty-fourth Street and Woodland Avenue, spans 117 acres along the west bank of the Schuylkill River and consists of 70 buildings. It started as the Charity School, which was established in 1740 at Fourth and Arch Streets; it became an academy due to the efforts of Benjamin Franklin in 1749; it was chartered as “The College of Philadelphia,” given the authority to award honorary and collegiate degrees, making it the third oldest college in the United States. In 1799, it was organized and chartered as “The University of the State of Pennsylvania,” making it the first institution in the United States to be designated a university; it was also the first to create professional schools separate from the college. The School of Medicine was added in 1765,{132} and it has always upheld the most rigorous requirements and highest standards for graduation; it was founded by Dr. John Morgan, who was the first medical professor in America and served as the physician in chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1777. The first American University Professorship in Law was established here in 1790, held by James Wilson; President Washington attended his lectures. In 1799, the University awarded Washington an LL.D. degree, and later, in 1826, designated his birthday as University Day, during which honorary degrees are conferred with appropriate ceremonies. Nine alumni of this University signed the Declaration of Independence; seven signed the Constitution of the United States; twenty-one were members of the Continental Congress; nine served in the United States Senate; eight were Attorneys General for either states or the United States; six were Justices of the Supreme Court; seven were Governors of states; and many others were military officers and public figures who received their education in the old building at Fourth and Arch Streets before 1800.

In 1802, the University relocated to Ninth and Chestnut Streets, taking over the presidential mansion, which is now the site of the Post Office. In 1872, it moved to its current location in West Philadelphia. In 1912, under Provost Edgar Fahs Smith, the University Extension Courses were established, and the college was divided into three departments, each with its own dean. The University, founded in 1740, includes the School of Arts, the Summer School, College Courses for Teachers, and Courses in Biology and Music. The Town Scientific School, founded in 1875, includes Architecture, Chemistry, Science, Technology, Mechanical, Electrical, and Civil Engineering. The Wharton School of Business, founded in 1881, includes the School of Accounts and Finance in Philadelphia, as well as the Extension Schools of Finance and Accounts in Scranton and Wilkes-Barre.

Music Department, under the constant and insightful guidance of Dr. Hugh A. Clarke, has graduated hundreds of music students after a four-year program in Harmony, Counterpoint, Composition, and Orchestration. The Bachelor of Music degree has been awarded to many who met the requirements. Graduate School was established in 1882; courses lead to degrees in Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy.

Other Departments include the Law School, located at Thirty-fourth and Chestnut Streets; this building was dedicated on University Day, 1900, designed by architects Cope & Stewardson, showcasing a style similar to the English Renaissance as developed by Sir Christopher Wren; it features Indiana limestone and dull red brick; it houses the Biddle Law Library, with 55,000 volumes; The Black Memorial Collection of English Legal Engravings, the most complete in America; several original documents by Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and other colonial figures; numerous historical objects of interest to members of the bar; a fine collection of portraits that includes those of Algernon Sydney Biddle, by Cecilia Beaux; Charles Chauncey, by Henry Inman; Thomas McKean, LL.D., by Robert W. Vonnoh; Richard Coxe McMurtrie, LL.D., by William M. Chase; James Wilson,{134} LL.D., by Albert Rosenthal, based on a miniature; marble busts of Daniel Webster and Jeremiah Sullivan; along with various tablets and memorials.

Chemistry Lab, at the corner of Thirty-fourth and Spruce Streets; opened in 1894; features the wide, overhanging eaves of brick architecture influenced by the Italian Renaissance; designed by Cope & Stewardson; it is one of the top-equipped chemistry labs in the U.S. The Engineering building, located at Thirty-third and Locust Streets; opened in 1906; designed in a Georgian style with dark brick and limestone accents, by Cope & Stewardson; it accommodates the civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering departments and is the best of its kind. Among its portrait collection is one of John Henry Towne, created by William M. Hunt.

Hygiene Lab includes the Psychological Clinic, the Department of Physical Education, and Franklin Field, located at Thirty-third and Spruce Streets. Dedicated in 1895, the stadium has a seating capacity of about 62,000 and was for many years the site of the annual football game between the United States Military and Naval Academies. The gymnasium, facing Thirty-third Street, was built in 1903 in English Collegiate Gothic style, using dark red brick with black headers in Flemish bond, along with terra cotta and Indiana limestone trimmings. The floors and columns are made of concrete. It includes Weightman Hall, exercise rooms, and a large swimming pool. The architects were Frank Miles Day & Brother. At the front on the terrace is a statue of Benjamin Franklin at seventeen, depicting his arrival in Philadelphia in 1732; the sculptor is Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, and the pedestal was designed by Professor Paul P. Cret. In the entrance, there is a bronze tablet in relief featuring a full-figure portrait of {135} Charles S. Bayne in a baseball uniform, labeled “1895 College,” sculpted by R. Tait McKenzie, along with other memorials.

Archaeology Department, established in 1889 by the late Provost William Pepper, M.D., LL.D., is located at the museum on Spruce Street, near Thirty-fourth Street. It is open to the public for free every day from 10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.; on Sundays from 2:00 to 6:00 P.M.. The renovation of this building and the courtyard, which began in 1897, is considered one of the most successful architectural projects in the country; it drew inspiration from the round, arched brick architecture of Northern Italy from around the twelfth century, particularly resembling the old Church of San Stefano in Bologna. The Spanish-tiled roof adds to its charm. The architects involved were Wilson Eyre, Jr., Cope & Stewardson, and Frank Miles Day & Brother. The museum holds significant collections that showcase human history, including Egyptian, Cretan, Etruscan, and Babylonian artifacts, as well as famous tablets from Nippur, and the Dillwyn-Parish collection of Greco-Roman papyri, which contains the oldest known fragments of the Gospel of St. Matthew. In 1916, the museum sponsored four field expeditions in Egypt, China, Siberia, and the Amazon, which are set to return with the collections they have gathered. Among the portraits in the museum are Mrs. William D. Frismuth, who donated a collection of musical instruments, and Franklin Hamilton Cushing, an ethnologist, both painted by Thomas Eakins. A bronze statue of Dr. William Pepper by Carl Bitter is located in the Italian garden. Free public illustrated lectures are held on Saturdays at 3:30 P.M. from November to March.

Library, established in 1749, has volumes with accession dates from 1749, donated by Benjamin Franklin; the first provost, William Smith; Louis XVI of France; and others. It now holds around 450,000 volumes and many special collections. The current building, dedicated in 1891, is located at Thirty-fourth and Locust Streets and features red brick, sandstone, and terra cotta, designed by Furness, Evans & Company, architects. Among the portraits displayed here are a replica of Benjamin Franklin, LL.D., by Thomas Gainsborough, R.A.; William Wordsworth, captured by Henry Inman in 1844; Joseph G. Rosengarten, LL.D., by B. A. Osnis; and the entire class of 1811, minus one, in silhouette, cut at Peale’s Museum. This library also houses the famous orrery and a large clock made by David Rittenhouse for this university.

Houston Hall, dedicated to Henry Howard Houston, Jr., class of ’78, located on Spruce Street above Thirty-fourth. Built from North Conshohocken and Indiana limestone; designed by two students from the School of Architecture, developed by Frank Miles Day; planned by Provost C. C. Harrison to unite the diverse student body into one democratic brotherhood, which has now evolved into a global movement in college life; features trophy rooms, pool tables, and the publication office of “Old Penn,” which was the official weekly until 1918; offers Free Public Lectures presented by faculty members and guest speakers from other American and international universities; holds services conducted by notable ministers every Sunday morning. Among the many portraits in Houston Hall are Henry Howard Houston, Jr., by Cecilia Beaux; David Rittenhouse, by Charles Willson Peale; and Henry Reed and Henry Vethake, both by Sully.{137}

The University Hospital, located at Thirty-fourth and Spruce Streets, was established by the late Provost Dr. William Pepper in 1874 and spans two city blocks. The medical staff includes over one hundred fifty doctors and one hundred nurses. The Surgical Building, built in 1914, is in the Jacobean style, made of brick and limestone, designed by Brockie & Hastings, and features a marble bust of Dr. William Pepper, Provost from 1881-94. It also includes a bronze mural tablet with a portrait of the late Dr. John H. Musser, sculpted by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, along with many bronze memorials. The Medical Lab, dedicated in 1904 on Hamilton Walk, has an English Collegiate style, featuring hard burnt brick and buff Indiana limestone, designed by Cope & Stewardson. The interior is finished in white Italian marble and is one of the largest and best-equipped laboratories in America. It houses a nearly complete collection of oil portraits of staff physicians dating back to 1765, including a painting of David Hayes Agnew, M.D., LL.D., at the end of a clinic in Medical Hall, with all the figures in the group being likenesses, such as Dr. J. William White, Dr. Joseph Leidy, Jr., and the artist, Thomas Eakins; Professor John Morgan, founder of the Medical School, depicted after the original by Angelica Kauffman; Professor William Osler, LL.D., and De Forest Willard by W. M. Chase; Professor Philip Syng Physick, the first American elected to the Royal Academy in France, painted by Henry Inman from life in 1836; Professor Benjamin Rush by John Neagle; Dr. J. William White by John S. Sargent; and a bronze bust of Dr. Joseph Leidy on a pedestal.

The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology,{138} located at Thirty-sixth Street and Woodland Avenue, was established in 1892 to expand the Wistar and Homer Museums. It is the first university institute dedicated solely to research in anatomy and biology, designed with buff brick and light terra cotta, and is fireproof, built in 1808 by architects George W. and W. D. Hewitt. In 1905, this institute became the hub for anatomy research in America, and in 1906, it was designated the Central United States Institute for Brain Investigation. The five main independent anatomical journals in the United States are published here. The institute is open to the public daily, except Sundays and holidays, from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., and on Saturdays from 9:00 A.M. to 12:00 M. It features a bronze bust by sculptor Samuel Murray, created in 1890, of General Isaac J. Wistar, Sc.D., who donated the building and its endowment; his ashes are in a bronze vase, along with those of Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D., John Adams Ryder, Ph.D., and Professor Edward Drinker Cope in three other bronze vases. Across from it is The Architecture School, also located at Thirty-sixth Street and Woodland Avenue, which ranks just below the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris in terms of significance and student numbers. The camaraderie among faculty and students is very strong; in recent years, students and graduates have won more competitive prizes and scholarships than all other American schools combined. The program spans four years leading to a degree, and there is also a special two-year course and a six-week summer course.

The Botanical Gardens, established in 1894, face Hamilton Walk and are open to visitors from sunrise to sunset. The greenhouses are filled with rare plants from around the world, and the lily and lotus ponds are an attractive feature of the campus. Open-air plays are performed here. The Viva{139}rium, established in 1898, has both fresh and saltwater aquariums, making it the first vivarium ever associated with an educational institution. The Zoological Lab, located at Hamilton Walk and Thirty-ninth Street, was built in 1910 by architects Cope & Stewardson, using hard burnt brick and Indiana limestone in an English Collegiate style from the mid-seventeenth century. It is considered the best working laboratory for its purpose in the country and houses many famous collections.

Vet Hospital and Clinic, located at Thirty-ninth Street and Woodland Avenue, was built around a square courtyard; it’s one of the best-equipped facilities of its kind. The architects, Cope & Stewardson, designed it in an English Collegiate style reminiscent of the seventeenth century, using hard-burnt yellow brick and limestone trimmings, with a green slate roof. The building was completed in 1906-07.

Dental School, “Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute,” Fortieth and Spruce Streets, Collegiate Gothic style, from the time of Henry VIII, featuring hard burnt red and black bricks along with Indiana limestone, built in 1914, designed by architect John T. Windrim; the grotesques decorating the band courses, while reflecting the spirit of the Middle Ages, showcase modern subjects and caricatures; it is the most complete building in the world dedicated to the science of dentistry. The museum houses the priceless Evans collection, gifts from European nobility, along with portraits and busts of Dr. Evans.

Henry Phipps Institute for studying, preventing, and treating tuberculosis, established in 1903 at the northeast corner of Seventh and Lombard Streets; overlooking Starr Garden Park, a community hub of the Playgrounds Commission; features a colonial style designed by Grosvenor Atterbury of New York, with brick accented by white marble.{140}

Flower Astronomy Observatory at Llanerch on West Chester Pike, architect, Edgar V. Seeler, 1895. Open to visitors every Thursday evening during the academic year, 7:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M.; equipped with an 18-inch equatorial telescope and other state-of-the-art instruments.

Dorm Housing, built in 1895 and comprising thirty structures, are inspired by the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. The carved grotesque bosses on the main cornices harken back to the Gothic period; they are whimsical and showcase a unique imagination. The materials used are hard-burnt yellow brick and Indiana limestone. The architects were Cope & Stewardson. The entrance is through two gateways known as the Memorial Tower, a gift from the alumni and dedicated in 1901 to honor University of Pennsylvania individuals who served in the Spanish-American War. The cornerstone was laid by General Miles in 1900. The Provosts’ Tower is a memorial to the Provosts of the University of Pennsylvania, with the names of twelve leaders carved on medallions, from William Smith to Charles Custis Harrison.

Penn Charter School, located at 8 to 10 South Twelfth Street, was established in 1684 during a meeting of the Provincial Council, with Governor Penn leading the session. In 1689, William Penn, writing from England to Thomas Lloyd, President of Council, ordered him to create a “Public Grammar School in Philadelphia.” The school was officially incorporated in 1698, and George Keith was appointed as the headmaster in 1699. In 1701, during a visit to America, William Penn personally granted the school its charter; on the same day, he granted a charter to the city itself. This school is the oldest existing chartered school in America. A second, more flexible charter was granted in 1708, followed by a third charter in 1711, under which the school still operates today. The originals of all three charters are held by the school. The school will be relocated to Pinehurst, the Waln estate, which includes twenty-two acres on School Lane near Wissahickon Avenue in Germantown, acquired as a gift. The fields are currently used for their athletic activities, with the surface adapted for this purpose by Newhall Engineering Company of Philadelphia, which created a football oval, an eighteen-foot quarter-mile track, and an eighteen-foot 220-yard straightaway. The drainage for these tracks and the oval is designed so that in eight years, not a single scheduled event has been postponed due to ground conditions.

Central High School, at Broad and Green Streets; established in 1836. Due to the country’s growing income and decreasing debt, the United States Congress passed a law in 1836 that allowed for the distribution of surplus revenue among the states, which they could use as their legislatures decided. Pennsylvania used its share, over $70,000, for public education, leading to the construction of a high school in Philadelphia, completed in 1838, on the east side of Juniper Street, below Market Street. The original building was sold in 1853; the current structure was occupied in 1900. The conferral of academic degrees began in 1849. There is a memorial window for Edward T. Steel in the assembly room.

Girard College, located at College and Corinthian Avenues, is dedicated to the care and education of orphan boys. It was founded by Stephen Girard, a native of France, who, at his death in 1831, left his estate for this purpose. The main building, designed by architect Thomas Ustick Walter, who also designed the Capitol in Washington, is likely the most impressive architectural example in Philadelphia. It is modeled after a Greek temple and built from white marble, covering an area of 34,344 square feet, not including the eleven marble steps leading up to it on all sides. A colonnade of 34 Corinthian columns supports the marble roof; each column is 6 feet in diameter and 55 feet tall. The diameter of the corner columns is increased by 1½ inches to counteract the optical illusion of decreased size due to their isolated position. The bases are 9 feet 3 inches in diameter and 3 feet 2 inches high, while the capitals stand 8 feet 6 inches high and are 9 feet 4 inches wide. Each column shaft, along with the bases, is made from a single piece of stone without vertical joints. Each end of the three-story building features a vestibule, with ceilings supported by eight columns, each made from a single stone. The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1834, and the completed building was handed over to the Board of Directors in 1847. In the first vestibule, there is a white marble sarcophagus containing the body of Stephen Girard, along with his statue by Gevelot. The memorial room holds a portrait of Girard by J. R. Lambdin, a copy of the posthumous portrait by Bass Otis in the Masonic Temple, as well as an interesting collection of furniture, pictures, china, silverware, and a fine marble bust of Napoleon I by Canova, which was given to Girard by Joseph Bonaparte.

Present capacity is 1,520 boys, admitted between the ages of six and ten and graduating between fourteen and sixteen. Preference for admission is given first to those born within the old Philadelphia city limits, then to those born in Pennsylvania, and third to boys born in the cities of New York and New Orleans. There are several hundred on the waiting list.

Equipment includes ten white marble buildings for educational and residential purposes, a chapel seating 1,600, and other facilities, along with systems for heating, lighting, and power, all enclosed within a ten-foot high stone wall on forty acres. The endowment is currently about $29,000,000. There is a soldiers' and sailors' monument on campus, honoring graduates who served in the Civil War; the sculptor is J. Massey Rhind. Clergymen are excluded by Girard’s will “so that the boys might be kept free from denominational controversies.” The Bible has always held a prominent place in the college’s teaching; chapel speakers are laypeople who are well-known in their professional and business fields.

Home of John Fitch in 1791, 462 North Second Street; in 1790 John Fitch’s steamboats made regular trips; Petty’s Island served as a port for the Perseverance, one of the five steamboats that Fitch built for use on the Delaware, before Robert Fulton launched his Clermont on the Hudson; it was blown up while moored on this island. Edgar Allan Poe's residence from 1843-44 on the west side of Seventh Street, above Spring Garden (old number 234). Bush Hill Mansion, on the west side of Seventeenth Street below Spring Garden, was built by Andrew Hamilton in 1740; the front lawn sloped down to Vine Street and was the site of a Fourth of July celebration in 1788, after the last of the nine states ratified the Constitution; the procession ended here at “Union Green,{144}” where James Wilson, a signer of the Constitution, delivered a speech, along with other ceremonies. Springettsbury, built between 1736-39, named after William Penn’s first wife, was the manor house of the Penns; it burned down in 1808; part of the site is now occupied by the Preston Retreat, Eighteenth Street below Spring Garden. The northeast corner of Broad and Walnut Streets is the site of Vauxhall Gardens; a ball was held here in honor of General Andrew Jackson after his victory at New Orleans on January 8, 1814. Penn Treaty Park, located at Beach Street and East Columbia Avenue. Knight’s Wharf at the edge of Green Street in Northern Liberties; nearby Poole’s Bridge crossed Pegg’s Run at Front Street, named after a Friend named Poole, whose mansion was here, recalls the Mischianza invitation: “The favor of your meeting the subscribers to the Mischianza at Knight’s Wharf, near Poole’s Bridge, tomorrow at half past three, is desired. (Signed) Henry Calder. Sunday, 17th May, 1778. For river parade to the Garden.” Preparations for this grand event, including numerous large pavilions built around the Wharton mansion and decorated by André, Delancey, and other dashing officers, were the talk of the town for weeks. The Wharton mansion, Walnut Grove, was used by the family in the summer, located where Fifth Street, near Washington Avenue, is now; the British occupied it in the spring of 1778; Major André sketched Miss Peggy Shippen’s portrait while she wore her Mischianza costume. At that time, Philadelphia was larger, more cultured, and more significant than any other colonial city. Southwark Shooting Tower, built in 1809, is located on Carpenter Street between Front{145} and Second, and was the first plant in the United States to produce bullets. Hill's Shipyard Site, at Queen Street wharf below Cathrine Street. Original Swedish houses lined both sides of Queen Street below Front. Site of the United States' first navy yard at 1201 South Front Street.

Obelisk at the northeast corner of Twenty-third and Market Streets provides a history of the old Market Street bridge, constructed between 1801 and 1805; the inscriptions need to be recut.

Colonial and Revolutionary suburb, six miles from Philadelphia; founded in 1683 by Francis Daniel Pastorius from Sommerhausen, Germany, one of the most educated men in the Colonies; he earned a Doctor of Laws degree in Nuremberg and served in the Assembly from 1687-91. The earliest settlers were Quakers and German Religious groups, highly educated and skilled in weaving, paper-making, printing, and other trades. The first railroad in America to use steam was the Philadelphia and Reading to Germantown in 1832. The first successful locomotive made in America was Matthias Baldwin’s “Old Ironsides,” which was used on this line and only operated in fair weather. Germantown Ave follows an old Indian trail, turned into a turnpike in 1800, which still features many historic houses with charming colonial architecture; rough native stone with overhanging hipped roofs and a projecting pent over the doorstep. Stenton, built in 1728, brick, colonial, near Wayne Junction, was the residence of James Logan, Secretary to William Penn, 1727-34;{146}

{147}

President of Council, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; his guests included Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Lafayette, and John Randolph; occupied by General Washington in August 1777 as he headed to the Battle of Brandywine; by General Howe during the Battle of Germantown; Washington dined here with Dr. Logan in July 1787 while the Constitutional Convention was happening. There's an interesting underground passage from the cellar to the stable; the stream on the property was named "Wingohocking" after an Indian chief who took the name Logan; currently managed by the Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Dames, who have restored it with original pieces and relics from the Logan family; open daily from 1:00 P.M. to 6:00 P.M., except on Sundays and Thursdays. Admission fee is fifteen cents. Located at the northwest corner of Apsley Street and Germantown Avenue, Loudoun, built in 1801, was the home of Thomas Armat and is now occupied by descendants of Armat and Logan; many wounded Americans died and were buried here during the Battle of Germantown. At 4825 Germantown Avenue, a house built by Christopher Ottinger in 1781 features walls two feet thick and rafters made of unhewn trees; his son, born here in 1804, was Captain Douglas Ottinger in the United States Revenue Marine; he invented the Ottinger life car which, in 1849, outfitted eight life-saving stations on the New Jersey coast. At 4810 Germantown Avenue is the site of the Wagner house, built in 1747; it was used as a hospital after the Battle of Germantown, with stable doors repurposed as operating tables; many died and were buried in a trench in the back. The property at 4908 Germantown Avenue, built in 1760, was purchased in 1828 by John S. Henry, whose son, Alexander Henry, was{148} the mayor of Philadelphia three times and a congressman.

Northeast corner of East Logan and Germantown Avenue, Lower or Hood’s Burial Ground, given to the borough in 1693 by Jan Streepers; John F. Watson placed stones over the graves of General Agnew and Colonel Bird, British officers who were killed in the Battle of Germantown; see Burial Grounds. 5109 Germantown Avenue, the site of Thones Kunder’s home, with part of the original north wall still standing; the first meetings of the Society of Friends in Germantown were held here, and a public protest against slavery took place in 1688; the document, written and signed by Pastorius and three others, was sent to the Yearly Meeting in Burlington; Thones Kunder, a dyer by trade, was the ancestor of the Conard and Conrad families, and also of Sir Samuel Cunard, the founder of the Cunard Steamship Line; he died in 1729.

South side of Manheim Street, west of Germantown Avenue, the home of Jacques Marie Roset, who came to America in 1792 and was the first to introduce the tomato plant to Germantown; his granddaughter was married to Anthony J. Drexel, Esq.; across from there, at 153 Manheim Street, was Taggert’s field where British infantry set up camp. At the corner of Manheim Street and Morris Street is the Germantown Cricket Club, which was founded in 1854; William Rotch Wister was the first American to study the science and techniques of the game and to teach it; he is known as “The father of American cricket.” The first American cricket field, the “Belfield Cricket Club,” located at Stenton and Olney Avenues, was originally the Wister pasture and orchard; the second club, “Young America,” had a field behind the residence of Thomas A. Newhall, Esq., at Manheim and Hansberry Streets; they merged in 1889. Queen Lane, west of Pulaski Avenue, was the site of Potter’s Field in 1765, a burial ground for “all strangers, negroes, and mulattoes who die in any part of Germantown.”

5106 Germantown Avenue, home of Commodore James Barron, Commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1842; he was the Captain of the Chesapeake when it was captured by the British ship Leopard; in 1807 he killed Commodore Stephen Decatur in a duel at Bladensburg, Maryland. 5157 Germantown Avenue, the residence and printing office, now modified, of Philip R. Freas; he was the publisher of The Village Telegraph in 1830; later he published The Germantown Telegraph. St. Stephen's Methodist Church, opened in 1856; it was the site of Frederick Fraley’s carpenter shop; gun carriages were made here for the American Army; Washington frequently visited. 5140 Germantown Avenue, the residence of Gilbert Stuart, 1794-95; the barn served as his studio; he painted the portrait of Washington, which is now in the Athenaeum of Boston, and also a full-length portrait of “Cornplanter,” the Indian chief. 5253-55 Germantown Avenue, once a single dwelling, Owen Wister, the novelist, was born here on July 14, 1860, the son of Dr. Owen J. and Sarah Butler Wister; his mother was the daughter of Pierce and Fanny Kemble Butler. 5219 Germantown Avenue, home of John Bringhurst, carriage maker, from 1775 to 1795; he co-founded the Germantown Academy; in 1780 he created a “chariot” for General Washington, adorned with his arms and crest; it cost £210 in gold; Martha Washington rode to Mount Vernon in it. Colonel Bird, a British officer, {150} died here. 5249 Germantown Avenue, built by Dr. Owen Wister, was his residence from 1860 to 1870, before he moved to Butler Place on York Road; 5253 Germantown Avenue is the site of Christopher Saur's home and printing office; he arrived in Germantown in 1724; acquired a printing press from Germany in 1738; published the first German newspaper in America, in 1739; printed the first Bible in a European language in America, in 1743; Christopher Saur, Jr., was the Bishop of the Dunkard Church in 1753. 5242-44 Germantown Avenue, site of Indian Queen Tavern, which gave its name to Queen Street. 5261 Germantown Avenue, built by John Wister in 1744; the stones were quarried from a hill behind; joists were made from oak from Wister’s woods; the family fled to Penllyn during British occupation, where Sally Wister, a daughter, wrote her charming “Diary.” British General James Agnew lived here at the time of the Battle of Germantown; he was brought back wounded and died here; it is now owned and occupied by descendants of Wister. 5300 Germantown Avenue, on the corner of Queen Street, was the parsonage of Trinity Lutheran Church; it was one of the Saur properties; the first type cast in America was made in the cellar of this house in 1772; the church was built in 1837; many notable Germant owners are buried in the graveyard. 5275-77 Germantown Avenue, the Germantown National Bank, 1825-68; John Fanning Watson was the cashier, and he lived at 5277; this building was occupied by Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, and Edmund Randolph, Attorney General of the United States, in 1793 during the yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia.

Northeast corner of Germantown Avenue and Coul{151}ter Street, St. Luke's Episcopal Church, the first Episcopal Church in Germantown, built in 1811; land donated by Thomas Armat, Esq.; John Fanning Watson, the historian, is buried in the churchyard. Northwest corner of Germantown Avenue and Coulter Street, Friend Gathering, land given by Jacob Shoemaker, fifty acres, in 1693; in the library is a photograph of the first protest against slavery. 5425 Germantown Avenue, Masonic Lodge room; site of the residence of A. Bronson Alcott, where Louisa May Alcott, the author, was born. 5430 Germantown Avenue, residence of Captain Albert Ashmead, of the Philadelphia County Troop, who commanded a cavalry troop and escorted General Lafayette from Bristol to Philadelphia in 1824; French Embassy in 1793. 5434 Germantown Avenue, residence of John Ashmead, father of Captain Albert Ashmead; he designed and created the first carriages known as Germantown wagons in 1824, in the shop at the back of the house; also the first plows with wrought iron mold boards; Lafayette purchased four for his La Grange farm in France.

Town Square, the Battle of Germantown took place here on September 25, 1777; this location was home to the market house, prison, stocks, and public scales. In February 1764, several hundred Paxtang boys, from the banks of the Conestoga and Susquehanna Rivers, camped here; they traveled east with the intent to kill the peaceful Moravian Indians sheltered in Philadelphia and were confronted by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Willing, Benjamin Chew, and others, who convinced them to turn back. A monument was erected in 1883 to honor Civil War soldiers and sailors, {152} featuring a pedestal with tablets listing the names of Germantown soldiers and sailors. At the base are two coast defense mortars from the Civil War and two bronze cannons on wheels from the United States Arsenal; the enclosure is made of musket barrels and bayonets used during the Civil War, along with broken cannons from the British frigate Augusta, which was sunk by American batteries during the Revolutionary War. Market Square Presbyterian Church, originally German Reformed, was built in 1733; Count Zinzendorf preached his first sermon in America here in December 1741 and his last before leaving in June 1742; Washington attended services here while living in the Morris house across the street; a battalion of the Ninth Virginia, captured by the British, was held here.

5442 Germantown Avenue, Morris House, Washington’s summer home, in 1793-94, built by David Deshler, 1772-73; Sir William Howe lived there after the battle in 1777; in 1804, Mr. Perot bought it as a country residence, and it became the property of his son-in-law, Mr. Morris; the yard is maintained in the simple elegance of colonial times. 5450 Germantown Avenue, the home of Thomas Armat in 1790, who later lived at “Loudoun.” 5452 Germantown Avenue, built in 1711 by John Ashmead, the great grandfather of Captain Albert Ashmead; the front was rebuilt in 1790. 5454 Germantown Avenue, occupied in 1742 by Count Zinzendorf; the start of the Moravian Seminary, now in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Saving Fund Building, site of the residence of Jacob Tellner, the first stone house built in Germantown; William Penn was present at the roof raising; he once preached here.{153}

School House Lane and Greene Street, Germantown Academy, built in 1759; colonial, made of native stone; founded by Christopher Saur and others of German descent to provide education in “English, High Dutch, and the German language.” It has always been highly regarded as a school; the bell was brought to Philadelphia in 1774 on the tea ship Polly, but the cargo wasn't allowed to land, so it was sent back to England and returned here after the war ended; the telescope used by Washington during battle, when the building served as a hospital, is here; several British soldiers were buried in the yard; cricket was first played in America here by British officers; the Bank of Pennsylvania was brought here, escorted by McPherson’s Blues in 1798, during the second yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia; the gymnasium on Green Street is modern. Further west on School House Lane is the Cricket Field of the William Penn Charter School.

Northeast corner of School House Lane and Germantown Avenue, Mutual Fire Insurance Company, in the office is “Shag Rag,” an old hand engine, imported from England, 1764; site, De la Plaine house, Whitefield preached from the balcony to about 500 people in the Square. Northwest corner of Germantown Avenue and School House Lane, Germantown Bank, chartered, 1813; site of Germantown Library in 1806; used by United States Bank in 1798, escorted from Philadelphia by a group of Light Horse. 5516-18-20 Germantown Avenue, site, King of Prussia Pub in 1757, the sign was painted by Gilbert Stuart; a stagecoach, with awning, ran from King of Prussia to the “George Inn,” Second and Arch Streets, three{154} times a week. Germantown Avenue north of Chelten Avenue, Vernon Park, residence of John Wister, member of Congress until 1883; now belongs to the city; mansion, built in 1803, is used as a museum by the Site Relic Society; marble statue of John Wister, near the door, made in Italy, given by his son, Jones Wister, who posed for the figure. Free library building in the Park. South side of Haines Street, east of Chew, still stands a farmhouse; residence of Christopher Ludwig in 1777; appointed “Baker General” to the American Army; said to be the original of Harvey Birch in Cooper’s novel, “The Spy.”

Southeast corner of Germantown Avenue and High Street, the location of the Morris-Littell house, was the home of Dr. Chris Witt, who was a physician, botanist, musician, artist, astronomer, and poet; he was originally one of the hermits of the Wissahickon and a friend of John Bartram and Francis Daniel Pastorius. An oil portrait of Johannes Kelpius, created by Dr. Witt in 1705, is believed to be the first oil portrait painted in America and is now housed at the Pennsylvania Historical Society. He started the first botanical garden in America, twenty years before Bartram's. Now it's the yard of a high school building. On the south side of High Street, two blocks east of Germantown Avenue, is St. Michael's Episcopal Church; it features a window of St. Michael after Guido Reni by William and Annie Lee Willet. Dr. Christopher Witt is buried here; he died in 1765 at the age of 90. This site was an old Warner burial ground where both British and American soldiers were interred.

Methodist Church, 6019 Germantown Avenue, was located at the site of the Green Tree Tavern, established in 1748 and run by Francis Daniel{155} Pastorius until 1754; General Anthony Wayne came through here during the battle; Pastorius is portrayed as a hero in Whittier’s “Pennsylvania Pilgrim.” He died in 1719 and was likely buried in the Friends’ graveyard on Germantown Avenue above Coulter Street. At the southwest corner of Walnut Lane and Germantown Avenue is “Wyck,” built in 1690; it’s believed to be the oldest house still standing in Germantown. It served as a hospital and operating room after the battle, and Lafayette was hosted here in July 1825. At 6043 Germantown Avenue, on the southeast corner of Walnut Lane, Dr. William Shippen purchased this property in 1775 as a summer home; it was the site of fierce skirmishes during the battle. The Pennsylvania manual training school operated here under Dr. George Junkin, who later became President of Washington and Lee University; his daughter married General Stonewall Jackson. In 1832, Dr. Junkin was President of Lafayette College in Easton; in 1851, this property was bought by the actress Charlotte Cushman.

Germantown Avenue above Herman Street, Mennonite Gathering Space, founded in 1708; the current building was constructed in 1770; William Rittenhouse was the first pastor; Brigadier General Agnew was mortally wounded nearby. At 6205 Germantown Avenue is the site of a house built in 1738 by Dirck Keyser, a silk merchant who immigrated from Amsterdam in 1688. 6239 Germantown Avenue was known as Washington Tavern in 1793. 6306 Germantown Avenue, Johnson House, was right in the middle of the fight; during the battle, the British swarmed through and took everything edible; the family hid in the cellar. Germantown Avenue, north of Washington Lane, has the Concord School House built in 1775; now{156} it’s the Charter Oak Library. North of the library is the Upper Burial Ground, which likely holds the oldest existing stone for a German in Pennsylvania, Cornelius Tyson, buried in 1716; the graves of the Lippard family are located here, ancestors of George Lippard, the author; an American soldiers’ memorial stone was placed by John Fanning Watson. At the southeast corner of Germantown Avenue and Duval Street is the site of “Pomona,” the residence of Colonel Thomas Forrest, an artillery officer and later a member of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congress. At 6338 Germantown Avenue is the site of the Ship House, built in 1760; it featured a ship design on the south gable; behind it is the site of the first public hall in Germantown.

Northeast corner of Germantown Avenue and Johnson Street, Chew House, “Cliveden,” known as the “Germantown Battlefield,” built in 1760 by Benjamin Chew, who was the Attorney General of the Province, a Council member, and later became Chief Justice; it has colonial, solid, and heavy masonry that forms an impressive fortification; it was the site of the most significant battle in Germantown on October 4, 1777; the family was away, and the partly furnished house was left in the care of servants; the building was hit with bullets, and holes can still be seen in the doors. Northwest corner of Germantown Avenue and Johnson Streets, Uppsala, one of the best examples of colonial architecture; built in 1798 by John Johnson; it is still occupied by his descendants; during the battle, the Americans placed their cannon in the yard to fire at the Chew House across the street. Northeast corner of Germantown Avenue and Upsal Street, the Billmyer house, built in 1727; Washington stood on the horse block with a telescope in hand, trying to see through the smoke of battle and assess the enemy's strength at the {157} Chew House. The woodwork shows signs of bullets and attempts by soldiers to set it on fire; it was purchased by Michael Billmyer in 1788, a famous German painter, who established his business here; a tablet was placed by the Site and Relic Society.

6611 Germantown Avenue, the parsonage of Dunkard Meeting Space, is said to be over two hundred years old. Nearby, during the battle, General Nash was mortally wounded, and Major Witherspoon, son of Rev. John Witherspoon, President of Princeton College, was killed by the same cannonball; they were buried in St. Michael’s Lutheran Churchyard. 6613 Germantown Avenue is the mother church of the Brethren, or Drunkards, in America, who arrived here in 1719. The church was organized by Peter Becker, its first pastor, in 1723. The present building, erected in 1770, has a tablet to Christopher Saur in the meeting house; he published the first American quarto edition of the Bible in 1743. In the graveyard, Alexander Mack, founder of the Dunkard sect in Germany, who came to America in 1729, is buried.

Southeast corner of Germantown Avenue and Phil-Ellena Street, St. Michael’s Lutheran Church, founded in 1737; in 1742, Rev. Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg was in charge here and also at St. John’s in Philadelphia; pews were added in 1750; during the battle, British soldiers destroyed the organ, running through the streets and blowing the pipes; in the graveyard, Christopher Ludwig and other patriots are buried. 6749 Germantown Avenue, home of George Hesser; Elizabeth Drinker’s journal, which she wrote while staying here in 1793 during the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, provides interesting local details about life in Germantown.{158}

7301 Germantown Avenue, across from Allen’s Lane, Lutheran Theological School, the location of “Mount Airy,” the summer home of Chief Justice William Allen; Lafayette was hosted here; later, a school was run by Benjamin C. Constant, called “The American Classical and Military Institute.” General Meade and his brother, as well as General Beauregard, were educated here. At the southeast corner of Germantown and Gowen Avenues, now part of Lutheran Theological Seminary; in 1792, it was the home of Joseph Miller, whose daughter married James Gowen; their son, Franklin B. Gowen, was born and lived here for many years, as did his brother, James E. Gowen.

7406 Germantown Avenue, Mount Airy, Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, semi-deaf, and blind-deaf; founded in 1820 by David G. Seixas, who brought deaf street kids into his home to teach, feed, and clothe them; a school was established with Bishop White in charge; a constitution was adopted, and directors were selected; now it has a well-equipped vocational training department for boys and girls; teaching articulation and lip reading; architecture, Norman.

Queen Lane, two blocks west on Wissahickon Avenue, Carlton, home of Henry Hall; Washington’s headquarters in August 1777, and for two days in September, before and right after the Battle of Brandywine; when the British took over Germantown, the Hessian troops camped out from here to the Schuylkill River: General Kuyphansen’s headquarters. Beyond the house, towards Queen Lane reservoir, is a granite monument put up by the Sons of the Revolution in 1895 to honor the earlier encampment of the American army at this spot. At the corner of Rittenhouse Street and Lincoln Drive is the birthplace of David Rittenhouse, Pennsylvania’s first and greatest astronomer, born April 8, 1732; the house was built in 1707; his grandfather, William Rittenhouse, arrived in America in 1690; he was the first paper maker in America, and his mill was located near the house.

East Logan Street, across Wissahickon Avenue, features the charming Wakefield Mill and the home of Thomas and Sarah Fisher, née Logan, in 1795, who was the granddaughter of James Logan of Stenton; after passing Wakefield, you'll soon reach Old York Road. The Jewish Hospital is on the right. On the left is Old York Road, where Pierce Butler's home stands, purchased in 1812; he was a member of the Constitutional Convention and a Senator from South Carolina; his son, Pierce Butler, Jr., married Fanny Kemble; the current residence of their grandson, Owen Wister, is also here; the British outpost was stationed nearby. Church Lane and Wingohocking Creek mark the location of Roberts Mill, built in 1683, the first in the country; it was constructed by Richard Townsend, a passenger on the Welcome with William Penn; behind the mill, the British had a small redoubt, guarding their encampment in Germantown. At the northeast corner of Church Lane and Dunton Street is the Spencer farmhouse; Thomas Godfrey, the inventor of the quadrant, was born here and died in 1749. At the northwest corner of Haines Street and Limekiln Turnpike is the Philadelphia National Cemetery, which spans thirteen acres and was founded in 1885; soldiers from the War of the Rebellion are buried here. Further along Limekiln Turnpike, the left wing of Washington’s army moved down this road, where a sharp encounter occurred with a British outpost.{161}

AUTOMOBILE ride of historic interest through Washington’s route to New Hope. Return to Philadelphia via Bristol and Frankford.

One of the first three counties established by William Penn in 1682, named after Buckinghamshire (Bucks), England, which is Penn’s ancestral home. From Hatboro in Montgomery County, take the Old York Road to Warminster, where John Fitch created a model of the first successful steamboat in 1785, marked by a monument; he ran a steam-powered boat with side wheels on a pond in 1786, and on the Delaware River during the session of the Federal Constitution at the State House in Philadelphia in 1787—twenty years before Robert Fulton’s trial trip on the Hudson. Before Fitch, the first model of a steamboat in the United States was built by William Henry of Lancaster in 1763. Approaching Hartsville, you'll find the site of Log College, the origin of Princeton University, founded by Rev. William Tennent in 1740, near Christ’s Home, where everything is obtained through prayer. Neshaminy Church, located in a grove of very old oak trees where William Tennent preached, is one of the oldest Presbyterian churches in Pennsylvania. Hartsville, home to Cobe Scout’s shop, sits on Little Neshaminy; the bulk of the American army was at Neshaminy Camp with General Stephen and Lord Sterling when Lafayette joined them and was handed his commission by General Washington in Moreland house, near the bridge; marked by an inscription, {162}

{163}

“Washington’s headquarters, August 1777, Bucks County Historical Society.” First Pike west of Hartsville, wooden covered bridge over Little Neshaminy; inscription, “Bucks County Bridge, 1821, 20 mi. to P.” Continue on York Road past Jamison’s Corner, seven-arch stone bridge over Big Neshaminy at Bridge Valley, built in 1800; beyond the bridge, take the first left road over Crawford’s Hill for a great view of Neshaminy Valley.

Via Pebble Hill to Doylestown, the county seat established in 1778, with a population of 3,857; the courthouse is made of native gray stone; there’s a concrete fountain in front, designed in the Renaissance style, with benches and lamp posts created by William R. Mercer, Jr., which was put up by the borough in 1912 to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the county seat. The Bucks County Historical Society, Library, and Museum, built in 1915 of reinforced concrete, features interior groined arch construction, designed and built by Dr. Henry C. Mercer, who also donated it to the Society; the court, which is surrounded by four galleries, holds collections that showcase the history of the United States through artifacts from American pioneers; it's unique in America and includes Indian relics, decorated stove plates highlighted in a booklet titled “The Bible in Iron,” along with arms and relics from the Rebellion. The former library building, now the Auditorium, is made of brick and was constructed in 1904; it has a colonial style, inspired by “Homewood,” the Baltimore residence of Charles Carroll of Carrollton; it was donated to the Society by William L. Elkins, Esq.

Fountain House, Main Street, across from National Bank, is the oldest operating hotel in upper Bucks County. It was built in 1745 and rebuilt in 1758. This two-story building has porches and served as the old stagehouse to Easton. It holds a large collection of colonial furnishings and old prints. “Aldie,” the home of William R. Mercer, Jr., features an impressive pheasantry with rare birds from eastern Asia, concrete garden ornaments made by Mr. Mercer, and antique sculptures from the pre-Christian era. Font Hill, located outside the borough limits, is the residence of Dr. Henry C. Mercer, featuring beamed and vaulted ceilings, roof terraces, and numerous windows, all made of reinforced concrete. The walls and ceilings are decorated with mosaics and tiles created by Dr. Mercer at the nearby “Moravian Pottery and Tile Works.” In the living room, you'll find Bible pictures in tiles, inspired by Pennsylvania German stove plates; the Columbus room showcases ceiling and pavement tiles depicting the discovery and exploration of America; the Bow room features ceiling tiles with Cortez’ maps of ancient Mexico and pavement tiles showing Aztec pictographs; the Yellow room has tiles that tell the story of Bluebeard. There's also a collection of classical and Renaissance mosaics and ancient tiles from historic buildings, which can be viewed by writing to the owner for admission.

Near Doylestown, National Farm School, spanning four hundred acres, is the first Jewish institution of its kind in America, established in 1898. Two miles southwest of Doylestown lies Castle Valley, also known as Prospect or Spruce Hill, which offers a beautiful view and a grave, according to county tradition, of Lenape Chief Tammany, whose name is associated with Tammany Hall in New York. Continuing along the driving route, on the Buckingham Turnpike near Doylestown, there's a small stone bridge claimed to be 179 years old; its facing masonry is more modern, and it has a date stone from 1814. The Buckingham Palace Tavern served as General Green’s headquarters and now operates as a lunchroom restored in an old style. The Friends Meeting House has unmarked graves of Continental soldiers along the roadside; {165} Buckingham Mountain and Wolf Rocks were the center of a runaway slave settlement, with an old Black church at the summit. To the left of Old York Road, you can find ancient limestone quarries and kilns. Holicong, also referred to as “Conkey Hole,” is a deep funnel-shaped depression with a waterhole in a nearby field. The residence of Colonel H. D. Paxson holds a unique collection of light and fire-making tools, as well as North American Indian artifacts, including the Lenape Stone. Lahaska is Dr. Staveley’s residence, known as “Bleak House.” Aquetong, also called Logan’s or Ingham Spring, is one of the largest limestone springs in the eastern United States and was the home of Samuel Ingham, General Jackson’s Secretary of State. North of York Road is the Solebury Friends Meeting House.

Center Bridge on the Delaware is the house where the poet William G. Whittier lived. It's also the residence of Edward W. Redfield, a landscape painter who created many of his works based on scenes from this area. New Beginnings is a summer art colony, home to W. L. Lathrop and other artists. Parry House, known as “Cintra,” is a stone building with very thick walls, said to have been constructed by William Maris in 1816. It's remarkably similar to the famous Octagon House in Washington, D.C., suggesting they were likely designed from the same model, a wing of the old castle “Cintra” near Lisbon, Portugal. The heavy cherry doors, which are paneled and have silver-plated knobs, on the first floor, are believed to have originally come from Robert Morris’ house, “The Hills,” in Fairmount Park. Mr. Maris is also credited with several buildings in New Hope, including “Spring Dale,” which features an octagonal entrance hall and was once home to Dr. Charles Huffnagle, who served as the United States Consul to Calcutta and later as the United States Consul{166} General to British India. He brought back a notable collection of curios from the Orient, which were displayed at Spring Dale for many years.

In December 1776, four brigades led by Generals Sterling, Mercer, Stephen, and De Fermoy were stationed from Yardley’s to Coryell’s Ferry, now known as New Hope, to protect the fords above Trenton. The farmhouse of William Keith, built in 1763 and located above Brownsburg, is marked with the inscription, “Washington’s headquarters before the Battle of Trenton, December 14-25, 1776.” The Old Eagle Tavern on the right offers a great view of the river, hills, and valley to the south; it's a picturesque valley of Knowles Creek along Jericho Hill, which was the site of the American Army camp. To the north lies the boundary of William Penn’s first land purchase in Bucks County from the Indians, near the site of the Indian town Playwicky; below is “Lurgan,” located near the river, named after James Logan’s birthplace in County Armagh, Ireland. On December 25, Washington and his army crossed the river at McConkey’s Ferry, now Taylorsville, just before midnight; there is now a nine hundred-foot bridge there; twenty-four hundred troops were transported by 3:00 A.M. on December 26; they marched to Trenton in two divisions under Generals Greene and Sullivan, defeated the Hessians, and recrossed the river the same evening with nearly one thousand prisoners, weapons, and several cannons.

At Newtown, the county seat at the time, Washington wrote to the President of Congress about his victory on December 27, 1776, while staying at John Harris’s place; his headquarters until December 29. The Old Brick Hotel, built in 1684 and enlarged in 1764, was known as “The Red Lion.” Hessian prisoners were brought here. In 1829 it became the home of Major{167} Joseph O. V. S. Archambault, born in Fontainebleau, France, who was an aide to Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and part of his household at St. Helena. He was visited here by Prince Murat and Joseph Bonaparte. There’s the Old Friends Meeting House, the old Courthouse, and a bank that was robbed by the Doans after the Revolution. North of Newtown, one mile away, is Wrightstown, where a Lenape monument stands on the site of a chestnut tree, land donated by Miss Martha Chapman. The inscription reads, “To the memory of the Lenni-Lenape Indians, ancient owners of the region, these stones are placed on this spot; the starting point of the ‘Indian Walk,’ September 19, 1735, Bucks County Historical Society, 1890.” There’s a Friends Meeting House nearby and, in the fields, the site of John Chapman’s cave house, the first settler, offering beautiful views beyond Buckmansville towards Wrightstown, with Solebury Mountain in clear sight. On Richboro Pike, at Richboro and Churchville, there are Dutch Reformed churches about 200 years old, and nearby is Southampton Baptist Church, built in 1764. From Wrightstown, it goes through Yardleyville to Morrisville, which has a population of 3,639; it’s directly across from Trenton. The island off the lower part was the first Pennsylvania land occupied by Europeans in 1624, and the first ferry was established in 1640. “Summer Seat,” built by Thomas Barkley in 1773, was conveyed to Robert Morris in 1791 and still stands. It served as Washington’s headquarters from December 8 to 14, 1776; Lincoln Highway enters Pennsylvania here. Fallsington features a Friends Meeting House and charming old buildings.

Return to Philadelphia on the Bristol and Frankford Turnpike; “The King’s Highway,” laid out by the Provincial Council, was the first road cut through Bucks County; early milestones are still standing. Pass the Wheat Sheaf to{168} Pennsbury, the site of William Penn’s country house, with frames and other materials brought from England; he lived here for one year. Edgely is known for the greenhouses where the “Queen of Edgely Rose” originated; Landreth’s seed farms are located above Bristol, which has a population of 10,273, named after Bristol, England, the hometown of William Penn’s wife, Hannah Callowhill. The Keene house, built by Major Lenox in 1816, was owned by the American minister to England, and his niece, Sarah Lukens Keene, inherited it and passed away here, leaving it in trust to the Protestant Episcopal Church of Philadelphia as a home for elderly ladies. St. James’ Protestant Episcopal Church, built in 1712, has a silver communion service presented by Queen Anne; the church was used as a stable by the cavalry during the Revolution. There is an interesting burial ground with the tomb of Captain John Green of the American Navy, said to be the first to carry the American flag on a voyage around the world. The Farmers’ Bank of Bucks County, located on Radcliffe Street, features a Grecian Ionic style and was built by James Craig, the nephew of Nicholas Biddle; it was originally a residence before being purchased for a bank in 1830.

Langhorne, home of Joseph Richardson, Esq., built in 1738 from Edge Hill stone, with white oak beams and rafters sawed by hand using a pit saw, is still occupied by his descendants; it was the headquarters of Lafayette and Dr. Peter Yarnall. “The night after the Battle of Trenton, part of Washington’s army came to Attleboro,” now Langhorne: the old Galloway House in Trevose was the home of Jeremiah Langhorne, part owner of Durham Furnace. One mile east, on Lincoln Highway, stands a stone mansion, one of the oldest in Pennsylvania, maintaining its original exterior. It was the residence of the late A. Haller Gross, Esq., known for its art, architecture, and landscape design; an {169} addition built in 1911, styled like a French chateau, features rooms and floors enhanced with beautiful tiles designed and crafted by Dr. Henry C. Mercer; his artistry can also be seen in the terraces and gardens, in a fountain made of green enameled tiles, and in the concrete balustrade, pavilion dragons, and other motifs found in the sunken Moorish garden, as well as in the Italian garden complete with a pergola, sundial, and fountain. Byberry, the birthplace of Dr. Benjamin Rush in 1745, still has the original house standing, along with a Friends Meeting House that has a large library. Eddington is home to St. Francis Roman Catholic Industrial School, which was built and funded by the Drexel family; Cornwells features the “Castle of State in Schuylkill”; Andalusia, named by John Craig, a Philadelphia merchant, to honor his successful ventures in Spain, houses the Church of the Redeemer and King Free Library. The Old Red Lion Inn, located on the Pike near the three-arched stone bridge over Poquessing Creek, was where Washington’s army camped in 1781 on their march to Yorktown; seven years earlier, Massachusetts delegates to the First Continental Congress stopped here.

Torresdale, Philadelphia County, known for its beautiful homes; Eden Hall is now the Convent of St. Elizabeth. Bustleton, features an old Baptist Church with a notable burial ground. Spanning Pennypack Creek is a two-arched stone bridge built in 1800, its design has been replicated in the Fairmount Park trolley bridges. Holmesburg, home to the Edwin Forrest Home, “Spring Brook,” is situated on one hundred and eleven acres that he left for retired actors, both men and women; it was purchased in 1865 for his estate. The House of Correction can accommodate 1000 people and has well-maintained grounds. Across Pennypack Creek is a stone bridge built in 1697-8, in{170} good condition, it's the oldest in Pennsylvania. About a mile away, near Rowland Station, is the old Crispin Cemetery, which holds a monument with the inscription, “In memory of Thomas Holmes, died 1695, age 71, Surveyor General for William Penn, he drafted the plan and laid out the City of Philadelphia.” Bridesburg, has the United States Arsenal. Frankford, was the site of a Delaware Indian Camp along the banks of Frankford Creek; many arrowheads have been discovered in this area; Indian names persist in Tacony, Tackawanna, and Wissinoming; Tacony also features an interesting Gothic Roman Catholic Church, as well as Louis A. Burk’s Japanese garden and orchid farm. The Swedes settled here in 1667 and were followed by the English. In 1774, Philadelphia delegates to the First Continental Congress met the Massachusetts delegates in Frankford while en route to the city, holding a conference regarding the independence of the colonies, which determined the nation's future. In 1781, General Washington and his army marched through Frankford from New York to Yorktown, making a stop at the “Jolly Post Hotel,” which was built in 1680 on Frankford Avenue north of Orthodox Street.

In 1824, Lafayette traveled through Frankford from Bristol to Philadelphia, riding in an open carriage pulled by six cream-colored horses, with postilions. He was escorted by a group from the City Troop led by Captain Albert Ashmead, Captain of the Philadelphia County Troop, along with the Washington Grays and several other mounted volunteer companies. The Frankford Historical Society's rooms, located on Frankford Avenue north of Sellers Street, house many interesting artifacts that showcase the area's history. The residence of Commodore Stephen Decatur is on Powder Mill Lane. The old Friends’ Meeting House, at the corner of Unity and Waln Streets, was established in 1682; the first log church was built in 1698; and the current building was completed in 1775.

Rehoboth Methodist Church, established in 1830, used the old Academy; the Supreme Court met here in 1800; now located on Paul Street below Unity Street; the current building features Spanish architecture with dark brick, built in 1879. St. Mark’s Protestant Episcopal Church was a mission of Trinity, Oxford; started in 1709; the present church is on Frankford Avenue below Sellers Street, built in 1908; it showcases English, fourteenth-century Gothic style; made of Port Deposit granite with Indiana limestone accents; designed by architects Watson and Huckle; windows created by D’Ascenzo and Tiffany. Frankford Presbyterian Church, at the corner of Frankford Avenue and Church Street, was originally German Reformed; the cornerstone was laid in 1770; for many years, the church had a preacher supplied from Market Square Church in Germantown; the current building was built in 1859; architect: McArthur. St. Joachim’s Roman Catholic Church, at the corner of Church and Franklin Streets, was built in 1874; it features Gothic style with brownstone and sandstone; it has a stunning tower that resembles Magdalen College, Oxford; architect: Edwin Durang; it contains three carved marble altars, a large mosaic, and memorial windows from Munich.

The drive north from Centre Bridge along River Road to Durham offers some of the most stunning views in eastern Pennsylvania. You'll pass through Lumberville and Devil’s Half Acre; take a right at Like Kiln, an important site of an Indian fishing village where many artifacts have been discovered. At Point Pleasant, at the mouth of Tohickon Creek,{172} the Indians quarried argillite rock for making blades; Ridges Island is the site of an Indian village, and you can see the grave of Edward Marshall from the “Indian Walk” in his family graveyard. Tinicum Creek features picturesque gorges, ringing rocks, and cliffs along the narrows, with a great view from Table Rock, where a very rare “ice plant” can be found. The Hill Presbyterian Church, built in 1761, is located on Durham Road near Ottsville.

Kintersville, the remains of Durham Furnace, built in 1727, is a stone structure measuring thirty-five feet square at the base and thirty feet high. Large leather bellows used for the blast were powered by a water wheel, and charcoal fuel was produced in nearby pits. In 1758, Durham was considered the best ironworks in the country. By 1773, a thousand acres had been set aside for the furnace. Fire backs and stove plates were manufactured here until 1794, when production ceased. Eight authentic Durham fire backs are located at “Stenton,” Germantown, the home of James Logan, who was one-fourth owner of the furnace, with three bearing the date 1728. Cannonballs for the Revolutionary War were produced here in large quantities, and examples can be seen at the Bucks County Historical Society. In 1773, Joseph Galloway became the first individual owner, and it then covered over eight thousand acres, leased to George Taylor, who had once worked at the furnace; he later signed the Declaration of Independence. There are scant remains of the once-renowned Durham Cave, which was destroyed for its limestone used as flux for iron ore. The road passes the site of the Indian village of Pechequeolin and jasper quarries worked by Native Americans for arrowheads on the nearby Rattlesnake Hill. Beautiful old stone arch bridges span the Tohickon and Durham{173} Creeks. Riegelsville, home to the old Reformed and Lutheran Churches.

Places of interest in Bucks County, to the north and west of Doylestown, along the Easton and Dublin Turnpikes: Plumsteadville, with beautiful views of Haycock Mountain and the upper county, and Moses Doan’s grave, which has an inscription. West from Dublin to Hilltown, you'll find two Mennonite and Amish meeting houses, plus a stone arch bridge over Deep Run. In Perkasie, check out Trinity Lutheran Church, which features a mural in the chancel titled “Angel with Trinity Symbol,” painted by the late H. Hanley Parker.{174}

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THIRD county formed by William Penn; named after Chester, England. This is a rich agricultural area, with its wide well-maintained farms, large gray barns, and cozy homes made of stone or brick, many still lived in by descendants of the original Quaker settlers. The gently rolling landscape and numerous beautiful streams add to the county's unique character, creating a sense of quiet pastoral charm. The family and place names reflect the nature of the county's original settlement, with Birmingham, Bradford, Marlborough, and Kennett representing English Quaker settlements in the central and southern parts; Tredyffrin and Berwyn indicating Welsh settlements in the east; while Germans settled in the northern areas later on, and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians moved into the southwest.

The Lincoln Highway, Lancaster Pike, enters the county at Strafford; St. Peter’s Protestant Episcopal Church, built in 1823; Eagle schoolhouse, 1772, located on the site of a Lutheran log church from 1767, which was one of the early centers of education in the nation; now houses a historical library and local artifacts; also the site of the “Spread Eagle Inn,” built in 1732, which served as a post and relay station.

Paoli, 535 feet above sea level, Tredyffrin township. “The General Paoli Inn,” built by General Joshua Evans, who was elected to the State Legislature in 1820;{176} recruitment for the War of 1812 was busy here. A road leads southwest to West Chester, nine miles away. One mile south of Paoli is the colonial homestead, “Waynesborough,” the birthplace of General Anthony Wayne, built in 1724 and still in its original condition, now the home of Captain William Wayne; it contains many relics of the General; Lafayette stayed here one night; marked with a bronze tablet; near Paoli is Great Valley Baptist Church, the second oldest in the state, built by Rev. Hugh Davis from Wales in 1722; the current church was built in 1805 and has an interesting burial ground. Duffrynmawr Post Office, “The Green Tree,” was built by George King, who hosted guests and died in 1792; it was made of native blue limestone and served as a stopping place for Mennonites and Amish.

Malvern, the endpoint of the West Chester Railroad in 1833, where cars were pulled by horses; “The Warren Inn,” a stopping point for Lancaster County Germans, was sold to John Penn in 1776; the British army was stationed here before the Paoli Massacre; in 1786, it was sold to Casper Fahnestock, a member of the German Mystic Community in Ephrata; three fugitive French princes visited in 1789: Louis Philippe, Duke de Montpensier, and Count de Beaujolais.

One mile southwest of Malvern, the site of the Paoli Massacre in 1777; there are two monuments, one made of marble from 1817 and the other of granite from 1877, both with the same inscriptions, set up by the Republican Artillerists of Chester County and local citizens; here, General Wayne’s company of fifteen hundred men was caught off guard by a much larger force of British troops led by General Grey and was charged with bayonets before they could prepare for defense; Wayne managed to save his artillery.

Downingtown, the birthplace of Jacob Eicholtz, artist.

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“General George Washington Inn,” known as Downings, now a home. Interesting colonial mansion of the Thomas family, well preserved, now a public library. “The Ship Tavern,” one mile west, old sign full of bullet holes from Continental soldiers, now a residence. Old gray stone bridge across the East Brandywine, built in 1741.

Two miles north, near Guthrieville, the birthplace of Thomas Buchanan Read in 1822, poet and artist; marked by a bronze tablet.

On the limestone road, following the Indian trail that goes from Parkesburg to Oxford and south, you'll find Faggs Manor, which is six miles northeast of Oxford. It's a classical school established in 1739, marked by a bronze tablet. St. John’s Presbyterian Church is nearby, featuring an early burial ground where Whitefield stood under the old oak trees.

An interesting early highway called the “Street Road,” partly designed by William Penn, has almost the same straightness and width as a Roman road. It enters the county near Westtown, crosses Brandywine Creek at Pocopson, and leads to London Grove, originally named Marlborough. The road passes the impressive old Quaker Meeting House at London Grove and features magnificent oak trees.

West Chester, the county seat, was established in 1786 and has a population of 11,717. On High Street, between Gay and Market Streets, you can find impressive examples of the three major styles of Greek architecture, designed by Thomas U. Walter, the architect of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. The National Bank of Chester County, built in 1836, features Doric white marble; the First National Bank is Ionic and also made of white marble; and the Court House, constructed in 1847 from Pictou stone, showcases Corinthian style. In front of the Court House, there's a Soldiers' Monument honoring Civil War patriots, which is a bronze figure on a granite base, erected in 1915 and sculpted by Harry Lewis Raul. The Public Library on North Church Street is a memorial to Bayard Taylor and houses an interesting collection of his manuscripts, including “The Story of Kennett,” his books, sketches, and various relics. It also features a marble bust of General Anthony Wayne, sculpted by W. Marshall Swayne. The new Library of the State Normal School includes a portrait of Washington by Peale, painted at Valley Forge; historic autograph letters; Indian stone artifacts; a large herbarium; and a small permanent collection of original paintings, including works by Hugh Breckenridge and Mary Butler. They also hold annual exhibitions of modern paintings and sculpture, and there are Della Robbia reproductions displayed in the auditorium. The Chester County Historical Society's rooms are located here, containing many fascinating local historical collections, and they frequently host talks on subjects of local historical interest, which are published in their bulletins.

Churches known for their architecture include Holy Trinity, a Protestant Episcopal church on South High Street, built with local serpentine stone in a Gothic style, and Westminster Presbyterian on South Church Street, whose tower resembles the famous one at Magdalen College, Oxford. At the north end of High Street, there's a stone drinking fountain topped with a bronze figure of a boy, created by sculptor Martha J. Cornwell, which was installed by the New Century Club. Marshall Square, a public park, features a rare collection of trees. West Chester, recognized for its prominent figures in the scientific community, was home to the late Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock. In 1893, he drafted a bill to establish a Forestry Commission to investigate and report on the forestry conditions of{179} Pennsylvania; this bill was passed, and in 1895 he was appointed Commissioner of Forestry.

Favorite drives, with a series of beautiful views, are along the East Brandywine from Downingtown heading south, and West Brandywine, from Mortonville south. At Mortonville, three miles southeast of Coatesville, there's a lovely, old gray stone bridge with four arches that get wider as you go, and rounded buttresses; built in 1826.

Following the stream and crossing several charming wooden covered bridges through Embreeville, just half a mile east is Point Lookout, where guards were stationed to protect supplies for the American camp at Valley Forge. This area is noted by the Chester County Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Across the way sits “Star Gazers’ Stone,” placed by Mason and Dixon in 1764 while they were establishing a baseline to determine the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Here, they conducted various astronomical observations, calculated the force of gravity, and measured a degree of latitude on the earth’s surface heading south. This stone has been bordered and marked with a bronze tablet. Several nearby locations linked to the Lenni-Lenape Indians are also marked, including the grave of Indian Hannah, the last of her tribe in this county, located at County Home grounds; the site of her cabin, half a mile south of Northbrook; an Indian cemetery located half a mile west of Northbrook; and Indian Rock, just west of Northbrook. From this latter spot, the Indian chief Checochinican asserted that the land had been returned to the tribe up to the source of the stream, a mile on either side. These discussions, in the vivid language used by the chief, are among{180} the records of the provincial assembly. Okehocking, Indian Town, has also been marked by a tablet.

Just east of Northbrook, the birthplace of Humphry Marshall, the botanist; two miles north, at Marshallton, next to his old home, is an interesting arboretum, still featuring many trees he planted, marked with a bronze plaque.

Continue your drive to Lenni Lenape, the amusement park, where the East Branch of the Brandywine River, coming from Downingtown, merges with the western branch; along the main stream, just north of Pocopson, you'll find a lovely spot called Dungeon Bottom; and as you pass several antique, covered wooden bridges, you'll arrive at Chadds Ford; here, the troops of British, Hessians, and Continentals charged back and forth during the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777; two miles northeast is the old Birmingham meeting house, which served as a hospital for troops and was the site of some of the fiercest fighting; many locations related to the battle were marked with plaques by the Chester County Historical Society, in collaboration with the State Historical Commission, in 1915.

On State Highway, six miles west of Chadds Ford, Kennett Square, the birthplace of Bayard Taylor, poet and traveler, and his later home “Cedar-Croft,” built by him, one mile south, both marked with bronze plaques; he was buried at Longwood Meeting House, about two miles east; an artistic monument, a cylindrical stone; at this meeting house of the “Progressive Friends,” many prominent anti-slavery leaders spoke before the Civil War. This area was a hub of anti-slavery sentiment, and many of the old Quaker homes served as stations on the so-called “underground railroad,” which protected and assisted fugitive slaves.

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northward. Half a mile north of Longwood Meeting House is "Pierce's Park," now owned by Pierre du Pont, Esq. It features amazing trees, planted over a century ago by Samuel and Joshua Pierce, who rode on horseback to the Dismal Swamp for cypress trees and brought them back in saddlebags. Mr. du Pont has recently added a stunning flower garden and conservatory; visitors can enter for free on weekdays.

Kennett Square, Bayard Taylor Memorial Library, has first editions of his books, his paintings, and his drawings; also busts of Bayard Taylor and John Welsh by sculptor W. Marshall Swayne. In Advent Protestant Episcopal Church, there’s a memorial window dedicated to Bayard Taylor. Ten miles southwest, New London Academy, established in 1743, marked by a bronze tablet; this is where three signers of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas McKean, George Reed, and James Smith, along with other notable individuals, received their education.

Other points of interest in the northern part of the county include Valley Forge, mainly in Montgomery County. Phoenixville, with a population of 10,484, is the farthest inland point reached by the British from September 21-23, 1777; it is marked by a low granite monument across from Fountain Inn. St. Peter’s Protestant Episcopal Church is made of stone, featuring stained glass windows created by Meyer Bros. from Munich, Germany. The interior of the Parish House, designed by the late George Wattress, showcases pure English styling with dark oak and tiled floors. The early Iron Industry is commemorated by a bronze tablet for the Phœnix Iron Company.

Ten miles northwest of Phoenixville is Coventryville, the historic Coventry Forge, established in 1717, which is the oldest in the county and the second in Pennsylvania. Mordecai Lincoln, an ancestor{182} of Abraham Lincoln, worked here and became a part owner in 1725. Warwick, known for Warwick Furnace, owned by Potts and Rutter since 1737, was where the first Franklin stove was cast, along with others featuring unique designs and Biblical verses. They also produced cannons and cannonballs for the Revolutionary Army, which is marked. Seven miles west of Phoenixville, in Chester Springs, you'll find the summer art school of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, set on forty acres with studio buildings and lodging for students. One of these buildings served as a hospital during the Revolutionary War, which is marked; it was formerly called “Yellow Springs,” a popular resort in colonial times.

Marking in all locations has been done by the Chester County Historical Society unless stated otherwise.{183}

FORMED May 10, 1729, at the request of the owners, on the site of an Indian village; it was named after Lancashire, England, derived from Lan-Castra, which means the Camp at Lan, a permanent camp from the Roman occupation of Britain two thousand years ago. The earliest settlers were Swiss Mennonites, who, in 1710, received grants for ten thousand acres of land on Pequea Creek; their leader was Bishop Hans Herr; his stone house, built by him on this land, still stands today, with his initials and the date carved over the front door, “C. H. H. 1719.” There is a recently built Mennonite meeting house here; on the grounds is a huge boulder, marked by the Lancaster County Historical Society. This is the richest agricultural county in the United States, with incredible fertility; tourists are impressed by the massive barns in this region; particularly noteworthy are the lush tobacco crops. The Conestoga River, along with its tributaries, drains an area of 315 square miles and is crossed by many bridges. On the edge of the city limits is a nine-arch stone bridge, built by Abraham Witmer in 1800, which carries the Lincoln Highway over the Conestoga. At Pequea is St. John’s Protestant Episcopal Church, which, according to an old Vestry Book, was “Built of wood in 1729, to perform Divine Adoration ... after the manner of the Episcopal Church of England,” with itinerant missionaries from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel of England holding services; cornerstone{184}

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of present church building was laid by Bishop Onderdonk, the rector at that time being Rev. Edward Young Buchanan, brother of President James Buchanan; the parish has two vestry books of significant historical value.

The most famous group of historic buildings is those built by the Seventh Day Baptists, founded by Conrad Beisel in 1722, at Ephrata, on the Cocalico. The monastery is still in its original condition, with cells and rooms, and the adjoining chapel remains largely unchanged. The brothers and sisters lived, each in their small cell, like medieval monks. A printing press was established in 1743, which printed the largest books in America prior to 1860. The first Sunday schools in America are said to have started here in 1740, and Henry William Steigel introduced glassmaking. Next to the Cloister Settlement is Clare Point Stock Farm, which is now occupied by the Redemptorist Fathers, a Roman Catholic order founded in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Maria Leguori in Italy. They are known for their strict discipline and singular focus on working among overlooked rural communities; this is their only mission in Pennsylvania.

County seat, Lancaster, 418 feet above sea level, population 53,150; established by Governor Gordon in 1730; nearby is the Conestoga River, named by the Conestoga Indians, a tribe of the Delawares; the Dutch settlers who lived here created the wagon with large covered tops, pulled by six horses, and named it after the river. It's said that Washington was first given the title “Des Landes Vater” here. This city is laid out in a square shape, with streets running north and south, east and west, including nearby districts; {186} one of which, Rossmere, was named in honor of George Ross, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

The Continental Congress arrived here from Philadelphia on the same day Sir William Howe entered that city; the next day they moved to York. This was the capital of the state from 1799 to 1812 and the birthplace of Simon Snyder, who served as Governor of Pennsylvania from 1808 to 1817. In the center of Penn Square is a monument dedicated to the soldiers and sailors of the Civil War. One block away is the courthouse on East King Street, built around 1850 by architect Samuel Sloan in the Corinthian style; it features portraits of Hon. Isaac E. Hiester by Isaac Williams and Hon. W. U. Hensel by Lazare Raditz of Philadelphia. The jail, located on East King Street, is a Norman castellated structure made of red sandstone, built in 1850 by architect John Haviland. There's also a fountain on East King Street within the reservoir grounds, made in 1905 as a memorial to John Williamson Nevin; it includes a bronze lion sculpted by Blanche Nevin.

Michael Schlatter and Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, leaders of the Reformed and Lutheran Germans, supported higher education and founded Franklin College in 1787, marking the start of Franklin and Marshall College. It was built on a rise west of the city, with the main building designed in an Elizabethan style, made of brick, constructed between 1854 and 1855, featuring a beautiful entrance door and displaying portraits. The Watts de Peyster Library contains bronze busts of General de Peyster's father and mother. St. Stephen’s Chapel has a memorial window dedicated to Rev. John W. Nevin, D.D., LL.D., created by Armstrong, New York. On the campus stands a bronze heroic statue of Abraham de Peyster, made in New York in 1895, which is a replica of one facing the New York Custom House.

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The scientific building features oil paintings, including one by J. D. Wiltkamp titled “The Three Women of Grève-Coeur.” Buchanan Park, which opened in 1905, connects the college campus to the grounds of the Reformed Theological Seminary. Nearby is “Wheatland,” the home of President James Buchanan, located on Marietta Pike; it's a colonial brick building constructed before 1812. St. Joseph’s Hospital and the Roman Catholic Church are close to the college; the hospital houses a portrait of Henry E. Muhlenberg, M.D., painted by Caroline Peart Brinton, while the church's windows come from Munich and Innsbruck.

Among Lancaster’s many churches are the Moravian Church on West Orange Street, made of stone in the back, built in 1750, making it the oldest in the city, with a brick front added in 1820. The First Reformed Church on East Orange Street is brick and in the Romanesque style, built between 1852 and 1854; it has two steeples and includes a lectern and other wood carvings by A. Lang from Oberammergau, who is the nephew of Anton Lang, made in 1905; decorations are by J. F. Lamb from New York, with stained glass windows from Tiffany and D’Ascenzo studios; there’s also a bronze memorial tablet created by Martha Hovenden. St. James Protestant Episcopal, located at the corner of East Orange and North Duke Streets, is a Norman-style brick building; its main walls were constructed in 1820, with additions in 1870 and 1910; the chancel windows are from England, while others are by Lamb and the Tiffany Studios in New York; there’s an oil painting titled “The Crucifixion” by Jacob Eicholtz, and a pictorial tile base at the altar by Dr. Henry Mercer; the parish house features a 15th-century oil painting from the Urbanean School. St. Anthony’s Roman Catholic Church on East Orange Street has a bronze altar and statues from Oux et Cie in Paris, with frescoes by Ludwig Reingruber that are adaptations of old masters. Trinity Lutheran, located on South Duke Street, is a brick church in a fine old Georgian style comparable to Christ Church in Philadelphia; it was built in 1761, with the tower and spire added in 1794; it hosts wood sculptures of the four evangelists at the base of the tower; the original pipe organ built in 1771 was incorporated into the new organ; memorial windows are from the Tiffany Company and Joseph Lauber from New York City.

Fulton Opera House, located on Prince Street between Orange and West King Streets, is on the site of the massacre of the Conestoga Indians by the Paxtang boys in 1763. Above the entrance, there’s a life-size statue, carved from wood, of Robert Fulton, made in 1852 by sculptor Hugh Cannon. The Lancaster County Historical Society placed a plaque on the wall of Robert Fulton’s birthplace, which was built in 1765, in the southern part of Lancaster County, in Fulton Township. The A. Herr Smith Memorial Free Library on North Duke Street is in an Italian villa style and contains portraits of notable figures associated with Lancaster County. The Post Office and Revenue Building on North Duke Street features an Italian Renaissance design and is made of Indiana limestone, built by the United States Government. The Guaranty Trust Company on North Duke Street has an Ionic style and is made of marble, built in 1912. The Henry G. Long Asylum, located at the corner of Marietta and West End Avenues, houses two portraits by Jacob Eicholtz. The Iris Club, founded by Miss Alice Nevin, holds an annual exhibition of paintings.

In Woodward Hill Cemetery, in the southern part of the city, on the Conestoga, lies the tomb of President James Buchanan. Greenwood Cemetery, at the end of South Queen Street, features a stone entrance created in 1895 by Rothenberger. The tomb of Thaddeus Stevens, made of white and black marble and granite, can be found in the Shreiner burial{189} ground. At the corner of West Chestnut Street and Shippen and Ross Streets, there's an enclosure with a small brick monument topped by a stone sphere, marking the site of George Ross’s mansion. Lively markets take place on the curbs and in the market houses, creating a distinctive and picturesque feature of the town; the presence of Mennonite, Amish, and other groups adds a unique aspect to the scene.

Near Rockford, to the south, there’s a brick colonial mansion built before 1775. It was the home of Revolutionary general Edward Hand and has a plaque put up by the local Historical Society. The birthplace of Dr. David Ramsey, a historian, built in 1749, is still standing. Williamson Park, at the end of South Drake Street by the Conestoga River, was donated in 1902 and boasts wild scenic beauty. Long's Park on Harrisburg Pike, two miles from the city, was also a gift and opened in 1903, offering a scenic retreat. Between Mount Joy and Maytown stands Donegal Presbyterian Church, built before the Revolution. It’s a charming building with a gambrel roof and has an interesting burial ground with a witness tree where the Cameron family is buried.

Donegal was one of the first Scotch-Irish settlements. Under the witness oak tree, the “Sons of Donegal” committed their lives to their country during the Revolutionary War. A tablet lists their names, including James Stephenson, 1770, whose granddaughter Sarah married David McKinley, an ancestor of President William McKinley.

Lititz, established by Moravians in 1748, has a Moravian boarding school for girls, “Linden Hall,” which was founded in 1749; the town park features the famous Lititz Springs;{190} Lititz is also well-known for its pretzels, first created by William Rauch in 1710.

Manheim, laid out by Henry William Steigel in 1762, was named after his hometown in Germany. Here, he built the first large glass factory in the United States, employing skilled workers from Europe. A few rare pieces of this glass, owned by collectors, demonstrate its fine quality, rich colors, and a unique bell-like ring. Some specimens are displayed in the Danner Museum, which is open for free to visitors on Tuesdays and rivals more famous museums with its rarity and variety of collections. In 1772, Steigel donated land to the Lutherans in Manheim to build a church; their payment was five shillings and an annual rent of one red rose. On the second Sunday in June, large crowds gather at the Baron Steigel Memorial Church, where a descendant of the Steigels receives the red rose during the service. The chancel is often filled with red roses individually placed there as a tribute. In 1752, Steigel married a daughter of John Jacob Huber, who owned a small iron furnace near Brickerville. He acquired land and became interested in several furnaces, one of which he named after his wife, “Elizabeth.” The Elizabeth furnace was taken over by Robert Coleman of Lebanon in 1776 and in 1777, it was overloaded with large orders for shot and shell for the Continental Army. The government sent about two hundred Hessian prisoners, captured at Trenton, to work there; many remained and became good citizens. Mr. Coleman lived at Elizabeth furnace, where he hosted Washington as a guest, who sat for a portrait by Gilbert Stuart at his request. This portrait is now owned by B. Dawson Coleman, Esq.

Lancaster County furnaces in the Conestoga Valley, Caernarvon Township, were owned by David Jones in 1736; the old mines still bear his name. In 1743, David Branson built the Windsor forges in the same township; one of his partners was Lynford Lardner, who married his daughter Rebecca. On the banks of Furnace Run, near Colemanville, you can see an old cinder pile, which is all that remains of the Martic Furnace, built in 1751-52 on 3400 acres of land, complete with the usual houses and shops. During the Revolution, round iron was shaped at the forge and bored out for musket barrels; enslaved people were always employed here. Among the past owners of this furnace from 1777-93 was a Philadelphia merchant, Michael Hillegas, who became the first Continental treasurer in 1775; in 1777, he was appointed the first treasurer of the United States and held that position until 1789.

Near Safe Harbor, just below it in the Susquehanna River, is Indian Rock, which has several inscriptions that are visible when the water levels are low; similar writing can be found in Beaver County. The bridge over the Susquehanna River connecting Columbia to Wrightsville has been rebuilt multiple times, one of which was burned down to slow down the Confederate forces. In Elizabethtown, there are the Masonic Homes of Pennsylvania, located on 982 acres, featuring Grand Lodge Hall, which is 437 feet long and 160 feet wide, along with seventeen residential houses and other buildings. The architecture is Georgian and was designed by Zantzinger, Borie, and Medary.{192}

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FORMED August 9, 1749; named after the House of York, England. A highly fertile agricultural area. The first authorized settlements occurred in 1733. Before the white settlers arrived, the land west of the Susquehanna River was hunting grounds for the Conestoga Indians, a branch of the Mohawks, who moved to New York State around 1750; as well as for the Susquehannocks and Conewagos, who had their village where York Haven is now located. A treaty with the Indians in Albany in 1736 granted Penn's heirs the rights to the land from west of the Susquehanna to the South Mountain, leading to a massive influx of European immigrants into York County, who became a significant and influential part of the population. During the colonial period, four companies of soldiers from this county played a role in driving the French and Indians out of the western part of the province before 1758.

At the start of the Revolutionary War, it's said that the first military company from Pennsylvania to reach Washington's headquarters during the siege of Boston in 1775, shortly after the Battle of Bunker Hill, came from York County. This company, along with one led by Captain Morgan from Virginia, were the first American troops to use rifles; they became a nightmare for the British regulars, who were still using the old flintlock muskets. When the British attacked New York City and the Battle of Long Island ensued, Pennsylvania troops{194} gathered at Perth Amboy. Here, two regiments from York County were formed from the militia and became part of the Flying Camp, a group of ten thousand men from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, which joined Washington before the Battle of White Plains; they also fought in the battles of Princeton and Trenton. Colonel Thomas Hartley, a member of the York County bar, led a brigade under Washington at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown; after the Revolution, he represented York County in Congress for twelve years and was the first member of the Pennsylvania bar to be admitted to the Supreme Court of the United States. President Washington was hosted at his house in 1791, which is marked by a tablet.

Shortly before the Battle of Brandywine on September 27, 1777, the Continental Congress wrapped up their meeting at Independence Hall and moved to Lancaster; they stayed there for just one day before crossing the Susquehanna River and making Yorktown their temporary seat of government until June 27, 1778, when they returned to Philadelphia. Twenty-five Congressmen traveled on horseback along the old Monocacy Road and set up in the town and surrounding areas. The membership of Congress was always changing; in total, sixty-four different members attended from start to finish. The mansion at the corner of Center Square, where the Colonial Hotel now stands, was rented to General Roberdeau, providing accommodations for prominent Congressmen like Adams, Lee, Harrison, Laurens, and others. John Adams, in letters to his wife Abigail, often complained about his cramped living conditions and the Dutch cooking. {195} James Smith, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, offered his law office in Center Square for use by the Committee of Foreign Affairs and the Board of War.

The famous box of papers, belonging to Congress, which John Adams claimed “was worth more than Congress itself,” was kept by Thomas Paine at Cooke’s House, a tavern that still stands today, along the bend of Codorus Creek, then outside of town; here he wrote parts five and six of “The Crisis.” On September 30, 1777, with John Hancock as President of Congress, the first session took place in the brick courthouse built in 1756; the site is marked by the Yorktown Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Soon after Congress gathered here, news arrived about Burgoyne's surrender to General Gates, along with six thousand British and Hessian troops, at Saratoga. A motion made by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia to set aside a day for Thanksgiving was unanimously approved; Thursday, December 18, 1777, was designated, and a few days later this historic document was written and sent by postal riders to the governors of each of the thirteen original states; this was the first national Thanksgiving proclamation in America, regarding its observance on the same date by all thirteen states.

Soon after, General Lafayette arrived in Yorktown and was welcomed in open session by Congress; the victory of General Gates had made him the hero of the moment; Washington had been defeated at Brandywine and Germantown, and had gone into winter quarters at Valley Forge. Knowing that many of the{196} delegates in Congress at Yorktown supported a plan to remove him from the head of the army and promote General Gates to that position, Washington never visited Congress here. He wrote a private letter to Robert Morris, saying, “If Congress adjourns, sine die, I want it to be clear that I will oppose British invasion in the mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia, rather than give up our fight for Independence, declared July 4, 1776”; this historic letter was read at an open meeting in Zion Reformed Church.

Congress called General Gates to York and appointed him President of the Board of War. He hosted a banquet at his headquarters, and among the guests was Lafayette, who was only twenty-one at the time. During the event, several speeches were given in favor of promoting Gates to the position of general in chief of the army. Lafayette then stood up and offered the following toast: “To General George Washington, head of the American Army; may he continue to hold that position until a Treaty of Peace is signed with England, recognizing the freedom of this country, for which I have declared my commitment to defend.” This moment contributed to the downfall of the Conway Cabal, which had been instigated by General Conway, an opponent of Washington and a supporter of Gates.

Lafayette visited York in 1825 when he was sixty-eight years old and the last surviving Major General of the Revolution. He stayed overnight at McGrath’s Hotel, located where the Rupp Building is now. There was a reception and banquet in his honor, and among the toasts was, “Lafayette, we love him as a man, hail him as a deliverer, revere him as a champion of freedom, and welcome him as a guest.” He responded, {197} “The Town of York, the seat of our American Union in our darkest times; may her citizens enjoy a fair share of American prosperity.”

At the request of Washington, Baron Steuben arrived in Yorktown early in 1778 and was quickly promoted to major-general. From there, he went to Valley Forge and started training and organizing the Army using the military tactics of Frederick the Great. In May 1778, a nephew of General Putnam, who traveled across the Atlantic on the Mercury, a fast Congress ship that docked in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, delivered a letter to Henry Laurens of South Carolina, the President of Congress, from Benjamin Franklin. The letter stated, “The King of France has decided to send $600,000 in silver, an army, and a fleet to support the Americans in their fight for Liberty.” The Articles of Confederation were drafted here and were adopted in Philadelphia the following June. Congress ordered a significant amount of Continental money, which was printed in a building at the corner of Market and Beaver Streets, marked by a tablet.

Penn Park has a soldiers' monument dedicated to the men of York County who fought in the Civil War. This location has hosted many military gatherings. Several members of the Pennsylvania line were executed here by order of General Wayne before his troops marched to Virginia. Large hospitals were also set up here during the Civil War, when York County was a key location for the Southern Confederacy. On June 28, 1863, General Jubal Early from Virginia, leading 10,000 Confederate troops, took over York. John B. Gordon, leading a brigade of Georgia soldiers, was the first to enter the town. He continued on to Wrightsville with two thousand eight hundred men, where a skirmish occurred. After the Union forces burned the bridge across the Susquehanna on the Lancaster County side, Early stayed in York for two days with four brigades before receiving orders to retreat to Gettysburg. The first battle happened in the streets of Hanover, where Confederate cavalry under Stuart were defeated by Union cavalry under Kilpatrick, preventing them from reaching Gettysburg until the evening of the second day of battle, which likely changed the outcome in favor of the Union. This event is remembered in Center Square by a statue of a bronze cavalryman, created by sculptor Cyrus E. Dallin from Boston, which is considered one of the finest pieces of art in Pennsylvania.

York City, the county seat, has a population of 47,512 and is the oldest town in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna. The general layout features streets that form perfect squares, with a spacious area in the center of town at the intersection of Market and George Streets, designated for market activities; these spaces are still in use today. The courthouse is located on East Market Street, showcasing a classic design with a porch supported by granite Ionic columns; it was built in 1903 and designed by architect J. A. Dempwolf. The courthouse also features portraits of York County judges. The Museum of York County Historical Society is open every afternoon except Sunday and has a large collection of tools from both war and peaceful times, as well as etchings by Rosenthal. An annual art exhibition takes place in York. The post office is also classic and Ionic in style. Among the numerous places of worship, several were built over a hundred years ago, including St. John’s Episcopal, which has a tablet honoring Colonel Thomas Hartley. In the burial ground of the First Presbyterian Church lies the tomb of James Smith, the signer, who died in 1806; another

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signer, Philip Livingston, of New York, who passed away while Congress was in session here, is buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery, where you can also find the graves of General William B. Franklin from the Civil War; his brother Rear Admiral Samuel R. Franklin; Judge Jeremiah S. Black; and several hundred Civil War soldiers.

In talking about the prominent figures from York, we should mention Colonel Hance Hamilton, the first sheriff of York County in 1750; Colonel Richard McAllister, who founded Hanover, served as the first President Justice of the County Courts under the Constitution of 1776, and later became President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania; James Ross, born in 1762, who served two terms in the United States Senate and gave an impactful speech supporting the Louisiana Purchase that contributed to its approval; and Senator Matthew S. Quay, born in Dillsburg in 1833, whose father was the pastor of the Presbyterian Church. Other significant sites noted with plaques include the site of the Franklin Press building, where important papers were published during the Revolution, and the building that served as General Anthony Wayne’s headquarters.

In 1761, the Mary Ann Furnace was built on Furnace Creek. At the same time, a road was cut from there to connect with the road to the Conewago settlement leading to Baltimore. The furnace was started by George Ross of Lancaster, a signer, along with his brother-in-law, George Stevenson, a lawyer from York County, and William Thompson, who later became a general in the Revolution. It operated for fifty years under different owners. In addition to producing pig iron, stoves, and household ironware, cannonballs and grapeshot were also cast here. The Spring Creek Forge was built by George Ross before 1772 and remained active for many years.{200}

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FORMED January 27, 1750; named after the county of Cumberland in England. It is one of the two or three fertile agricultural valleys in the United States. The early industries included iron furnaces and forges. The first settlers, Scotch-Irish, were brave and determined; alongside building forts and creating means of protection for themselves and their families, they established Presbyterian churches, with the beautiful springs in the valley chosen as sites. These include Silver Springs Church, located nine miles west of the Susquehanna; Trindle Spring, now a Lutheran Church; Meeting House Spring, now the First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle; Meeting House Springs burial ground has some interesting old carvings; Big Spring Church, found at Newville; and Middle Spring Church, located above Shippensburg, where there's a monument to Revolutionary soldiers; all of these continue to thrive today. The early pioneers accepted the institution of slavery, and at one point, as many as 307 enslaved people were held in this county, the last of them recorded in 1840. On November 1, 1780, a law was passed requiring all enslaved people in Pennsylvania to be registered, but afterwards, all should be free men and women.

Shippensburg, with a population of 4,372, is the first permanent settlement in the county, established in 1730. It was the only town along the “Great Road” when it was laid out from John Harris’ Ferry on the Susque{202}hanna to the Potomac, between 1735 and 1744. This road was the initial attempt to connect the wilderness west of the Susquehanna with the more established settlements. The first bridge built in the county was over Letort Spring on East Main Street in Carlisle, around 1780, which was replaced by a stone bridge in 1795. Several stone arch bridges cross the Yellow Breeches Creek; at the eastern end is Miller’s Mill bridge, over a hundred years old, made of three stone arches and in good condition. Alexander’s bridge, located one mile north of Carlisle on the Conodoguinet Creek, is colonial with a wooden cover and a single span, and is quite old.

County seat, Carlisle, named after the shire town of Cumberland County, England; population 10,916; the town is laid out in a grid pattern, with a large public square in the center; Bellair Park, located along the banks of Conodoguinet Creek, is one mile from the town center; Lindner Park is situated facing Franklin and Louther Streets, five blocks from the center; Mount Holly and Boiling Springs Parks are further out, accessible by trolley. The courthouse faces Center Square, designed by architects Corinthian, Bryant & Witt, built in 1846; one of the portico columns shows marks, in broken flutings, from the shelling of Carlisle when it was captured by General Lee during the Civil War; it contains portraits of the local court judges. The First Presbyterian Church also faces Center Square, with its main auditorium built in 1757, featuring a Greco-Roman style and constructed from blue limestone with white marble linings, showing early bonding techniques in stone masonry; a tower was added and a parish house was built in 1873. The Young Men’s Christian Association is located half a square from the center, on High Street, in a French Renaissance style, built in 1908, designed by architect M. I. Kast from Harrisburg.{203} The county jail, one square from the center, at the corner of High and Bedford Streets, is designed in a Tudor style, built in 1854 from brownstone, and is a small replica of the Castle of Carlisle, England, note the limestone arch in the east wall of the yard; architects were Myers & Gutshall. The post office is located two squares from the center, at the corner of Pitt and Louther Streets, in a classic Renaissance style, built in 1909, designed by architect J. Knox Taylor from Washington, D.C. The Historical Society is at the corner of Pitt Street and Dickinson Avenue, made of brick, built between 1878 and 1880, designed by architect George Rice, and contains a historical library, papers, and a museum.

Dickinson College is situated on a seven-acre campus, with the law school located one block to the south, Conway Hall one block to the west, and the Herman Bosler Biddle Memorial Athletic Field, featuring a colonial gateway built in 1909 and designed by architect H. E. Yessler, three blocks to the west. The Main Building, known as “Old West,” was constructed in 1803 from blue limestone that has aged beautifully, showcasing a facade with excellent proportions, arched doorways, and windows. The architect was Colonel Latrobe, the first government engineer and architect who was brought over from England. Inside the auditorium, you'll find portraits of John Dickinson, Dr. Nisbet, and others. The James W. Bosler Memorial Hall, designed in the Romanesque style and built in 1885 by architect George Rice, features portraits of notable alumni, including President James Buchanan and Dr. Benjamin Rush, as well as a marble bust of James Bosler and a fine reproduction of Salvator Rosa’s “The Conspiracy of Cataline,” with the original located in the Pitti Palace, Florence. The J. Herman Bosler Memorial Library, designed by architects Baldwin & Pennington from Baltimore, is in a classic style and was built in 1899. It boasts a white marble entrance vestibule illuminated by a memorial window designed by Burne-Jones and made by{204} Maitland Armstrong & Company. Denny Memorial Recitation Hall is built in the Collegiate Gothic style and was completed in 1905, designed by architect M. I. Kast.

St. John’s Protestant Episcopal Church faces Center Square and features a memorial altar made of white marble, with a Caen stone reredos, and windows created by Maitland Armstrong & Company. The First Lutheran Church is one square east of Center, at the corner of High and Bedford Streets; it has an Italian Renaissance style, made of yellow brick with black and white trimmings, and was built in 1900 by architect J. A. Dempwolf from York, Pennsylvania. The Second Presbyterian Church is located at the corner of Hanover and Pomfret Streets; it has a Gothic style and was built in 1869. There’s a memorial window with a Moorish design above the door, along with an intricately designed choir rail. St. Patrick’s Catholic Church, located on East Pomfret Street, features a rose window made of Tiffany glass and additional windows from Munich, as well as a memorial marble altar.

Ashland Cemetery, located on York Street nearly a mile east of Center, features the bronze statue “Angel and Child,” created by Lamb & Co., in James W. Bosler’s lot. The “Old Grave Yard,” just three blocks from Center on East South Street, is the site of Mollie Pitcher’s grave and monument, which includes a bronze standing figure on a granite pedestal, adorned with bronze reliefs of battle scenes on both sides; the sculptor is J. R. Schweizer from Philadelphia. There’s also a Civil War cannon out front, along with old English and German carvings dating back to 1700 found in this cemetery. At Mount Rock, five miles west of Carlisle, stands the Ionic Monument in memory of Governor Ritner, who served from 1835 to 1839; it was erected by the state in 1902, with architect J. W. Ely from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.

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The Indian School, located one mile northeast of Center, used to be a military post. The buildings were destroyed by Fitz Hugh Lee in 1863, except for the old guardhouse, which was built by Hessian prisoners during the Revolution in 1777. This was the original "West Point" for training officers and artisans, and for manufacturing arms and munitions. In 1776, and throughout the War, anthracite coal was transported down the Susquehanna River from the Wyoming mines to the armory at Carlisle, which is said to be the first shipment of anthracite coal in this country. There are now about twenty-five or thirty brick buildings with varied architecture on twenty-five acres of land; the gateway, designed by M. I. Kast, was built in 1910, and native Indian art is displayed in the Leupp studio. George Washington joined an army of 15,000 men as Commander in Chief at Carlisle to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794; he was a guest of Ephraim Blaine, and the army was located on the opposite side of town from the military post.

The Civic Club of Carlisle is putting classic art prints in the public school buildings. Notable colonial houses include the residence of Ephraim Blaine, built in 1795, which is now a law office and home of Edward Stiles, built in 1815; the house of Stephen Duncan, constructed in 1815, which is used by the Fraternity of Owls; and the home of Isaac B. Parker, built in 1820, which is the residence of the Elks.

In 1762, Richard Peters from Philadelphia got a patent for 388 acres of land at Boiling Springs and signed a deed to John S. Rigby & Co. for twenty-nine acres where they had already started building a{206} blast furnace. They purchased two ore banks at the foot of South Mountain and soon after added 1,614 acres of land, naming the property “Carlisle Iron Works.” It changed hands several times until, in 1792, Michael Ege became the sole owner. The furnace produced twelve to fifteen tons of metal each week, mostly pig iron, but they also made stoves, fire backs, and hollow ware. In 1776, William Denning crafted two wrought iron cannons in Mount Holly Gap, about six miles south of Carlisle, which were the first ever made. One cannon, used at the Battle of Brandywine, was captured by the British and eventually placed in the Tower of London. The British Government offered William Denning a large sum of money and an annuity to teach them how to make wrought iron cannons, but he declined. He died in 1830 at the age of ninety-three at his home near Newville; his monument there, provided by the state, features a square marble base topped with a cannon. Pine Grove Furnace was built on Mountain Creek, halfway between Carlisle and Gettysburg, with recorded ownership beginning with a proprietary grant in 1762 for 450 acres on Mountain Creek to Thomas Pope; it is now part of the State Forestry reservation.{207}

FORMED March 11, 1752; named by Thomas Penn; before the Revolution, it covered the entire northeast section of Pennsylvania. The main industries included the Bethlehem Iron and Steel Works, where 15,000 men worked day and night; silk mills, graphite factories, and other manufacturers. This area housed Washington’s supply depots along the Delaware River, stocked with provisions for all branches of the army; it was a target for the British forces clashing between West Point and Trenton, and the buildings still stand today. The renowned backwoods rifles that two thousand Pennsylvanians used against the British in Boston were produced here.

County seat, Easton, established by Thomas Penn in 1751; situated at “The Forks of the Delaware, where the water is deep and smooth,” population 33,813. In the center of the public square is the monument honoring the soldiers from this county who fought in the Civil War, located on the site of the old Northampton courthouse that stood for a hundred years; it was here that the Declaration of Independence was announced on the same day it was in Philadelphia; the old courthouse bell, which rang out then, is still in service today. The first flag, combining stars and stripes as a symbol of a new nation, was created here, featuring thirteen eight-pointed stars and thirteen stripes. This flag is believed to be the one currently housed in the Easton Public Library, placed there in 1821 after being used in the War of 1812; it's in a special room of the{208}

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library is the private collection of Samuel Sitgreaves, featuring rare volumes on American history. Next to Sitgreaves’ office was the home and workshop of Henry Derringer, a gunmaker from the Revolutionary War, whose son invented the Derringer pistol. In the public square, Light Horse Harry Lee from Virginia recruited his troop of Pennsylvania Germans and horses. Valuable papers and money belonging to the state and national government were kept in the care of Robert Levers during the British occupation of Philadelphia.

The old Union Church, now the Reformed one, on North Third Street, is made of stone and dates back to 1775-76. It served as a hospital during the Revolution. This street is the main residential area and the entrance to Lafayette College, which was founded in 1832 by James Madison Porter, the Secretary of War. The college has an interesting collection of portraits of Lafayette, both in oil and black and white, as well as valuable old engravings. On campus, there's a statue of Lafayette by Daniel Chester French, donated by Morris L. Clothier, Esq. At the New Century Art Club on New and Porter Streets, lectures and art exhibitions are held. A bridge crosses the Delaware River to Phillipsburg, New Jersey; the first wooden bridge was built in 1797. North of the bridge is Riverside Park, which leads to North Delaware Road and the Delaware Water Gap. The Wind Gap has steep sides, and the scenery along the River Road is very beautiful.

In July 1782, Washington traveled from Bethlehem to Easton. Bethlehem, in Lehigh County, is the headquarters of the Moravian economy, originating from Moravia in Bohemia, in the western hemisphere, dating back to 1740; these early settlers were part of the Church{210} of the Brethren, established in 1457 by followers of John Huss about forty years after he was executed for his beliefs; the small church was revitalized in Saxony in 1722; Count Nicholas L. Zinzendorf provided refuge for this church on his estate; he visited the Brethren there in 1741. On July 25, 1782, Washington, along with Colonel Trumbull and Major Welker, spent the night at the Sun Inn; Brother Ettwein and others from the Fraternity came to pay their respects; the Sun Inn was built in 1761, with Peter Warbas as the first host; the suite used by General Washington and his wife is still shown to visitors. During the Revolution, the Moravian settlement faced numerous horrors and hardships of war; the sound of armed men marching through its quiet streets began in July 1775; by December, most of the houses were repurposed as hospitals, being on the main travel route from the eastern states; many notable soldiers were present, including Greene, Knox, Gates, Stirling, Sullivan, Schuyler, von Steuben, De Kalb, Pulaski, de Chastelleux, along with Samuel and John Adams, Hancock, Laurens, Livingston, Boudinot, Reed, Rittenhouse, and Gerard; in the autumn of 1777, Lafayette, under the attentive care of a Moravian sister, Liesel Beckel, quickly recovered from a wound sustained in the Battle of Brandywine. The general hospital of the Continental Army was located here from 1776 to 1778.

The Moravian Church, with its simple and dignified architecture inspired by German design, is filled with sunlight inside. It houses Moravian archives and Schussele’s large oil painting, “Power of the Gospel,” which depicts Zeisberger preaching to the Indians; the organ and vocal music here are exceptionally good. The Moravian College and Semi{211}nary for young women offers courses in housekeeping, and moral training is a key focus. The Widows’ house, built in 1768 and funded by John Jordan, Jr. of Philadelphia, is for widows and daughters of Moravian ministers as well as other women who have served the church. The Sisters’ house, originally the first Brethren’s house, served as a residence for older unmarried women and is now a boarding house. The Second Brothers’ house, created for single men living independently, is now called “Colonial Hall,” part of the Seminary. The corpse house still stands with its weeping willow tree; due to the small size of the houses, the body was moved from a home to the corpse house for three days. The trombone choir signaled a death from the church steeple with a specific choral piece that indicated whether it was for a man, woman, or child; during the burial, the trombone choir would meet the procession at the cemetery gate and participate in the service at the grave. The Moravian burial ground contains graves of many Indians, including that of Uncas from Cooper’s “Last of the Mohicans,” marked with the inscription: “In memory of Tschoop, a Mohican Indian, who, in holy baptism, April 16th, 1742, received the name of John, one of the first fruits of the mission at Wycomico, whereby he became a distinguished teacher among his nation. He departed this life in full assurance of faith at Bethlehem, August 27, 1746.” The graves are arranged in rows, with sisters and brothers separate, featuring small stone markers. Bethlehem had the second waterworks system in the United States, established in 1760.

A covered wooden bridge over a hundred years old, set to be replaced by a modern structure, spans the{212} Lehigh River to South Bethlehem, Northampton County, home of Lehigh University, which was established in 1866. In 1865, Asa Packer donated $500,000 to start a free technical college for boys in South Bethlehem, the largest single donation any American college had received up to that point; this marked the beginning of Lehigh University, which opened the following year. Later, a classical department was established at Mr. Packer’s request. He contributed $1,500,000 to the University during his lifetime and bequeathed another $1,500,000 in his will to support boys striving to achieve their ambitions. This University is especially known for its engineering program, featuring the Fritz Engineering Laboratory, which received more than $1,000,000 in funding; it also includes a gymnasium with a swimming pool and a stadium.

The Bach Fest, announced by the trombone players from the tower of Lehigh University Chapel, has been held every year since 1911, with the first performance dating back to 1888. In 1780, the settlement had an orchestra, which was said to be the first in America. Flutes, horns, viols, and trombones were key parts of their church music, which undoubtedly contributed to the current tradition; it’s often called the American Bayreuth. A quartet of trombones calls the people together, just like the trumpets do in Germany. In 1901, the entire Christmas Oratorio was performed for the first time in America; they have also presented the Passion and the Mass in B Minor. J. Frederick Wolle, a student of Rheinberger and the organist of the Lutheran Church, oversees the music; the choir consists of 200 voices from Bethlehem, except for the lead soloists. The orchestra and instrumental soloists change, and the Philadelphia Orchestra{213} has played here. The location of Bethlehem is as scenically beautiful as Eisenach in the Thuringian forest, where the famous Wartburg, associated with Tannhaeuser, Bach, and Luther, attracts thousands of tourists and pilgrims. In Nazareth are the old stockaded forts from the Indian wars, where 365 settlers from beyond the mountains were stationed, now used by the Moravian Historical Society for their collection of artifacts, curios, and portraits of notable Native Americans. The Whitfield house, built in 1755, is an old English structure containing the Moravian Historical Collection; Nazareth Hall, built in 1748, was a school for young men. At Boulton, near Nazareth, is Benjamin West’s first tragic painting, “Death of Socrates.{214}”

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FORMED March 11, 1752; reduced to current limits, 1811; named after Berkshire, England, where the Penn family owned large estates; it features broad, fertile plains and valleys, mixed with rugged hills and mountains that hold mineral wealth in iron. The first settlers were Germans and Quakers from England, who arrived between 1704 and 1712, including George Boone, an ancestor of Daniel Boone from Kentucky, who was born here in Exeter Township in 1735. Mordecai Lincoln, the great-great-grandfather of Abraham Lincoln, also lived in Exeter Township; he owned a thousand acres, was involved in iron forges, and built a small stone house in 1733, which is now part of the current homestead that stayed in the Lincoln family until 1912; the Lincoln men of Berks County were all notable figures, with several holding public positions; one, Abraham, married Anna Boone; he passed away in 1806.

In 1729, Conrad Weiser arrived with Germans from the Palatinate and settled near Womelsdorf, where he is buried in the family burial ground, marked by a boulder. His granddaughter married the "Patriarch" Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg. The farm and burial ground of Conrad Weiser, purchased by the Berks County Historical Society, is being preserved as a Memorial Park. The Dutch arrived in 1730, and their descendants still live on their ancestral estates; they named the river flowing through the county, {216}, Schuylkill (hidden creek), while the Indian name was Manai-unk. When war was declared between England and France, the French found the Indians eager to ally with them against the British. After Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne in 1755, they devastated these peaceful settlers through fire and slaughter until 1778, when they were driven beyond the Alleghenies. This region has become famous for winemaking; vines are grown on Mount Penn, Neversink, and the slopes of Alsace Mountain. Over fifty years ago, George L. Reiniger left the fertile vineyards of Wurtemberg and settled here, where the soil, scenery, and environment felt very much like the homeland. These vineyards are now used for growing dahlias.

Reading, the county seat; population 107,784; was established in 1748 by representatives of Richard and Thomas Penn; named after Reading in Berkshire, England. The courthouse, located on Penn Common at Fifth and Penn Streets, was constructed in 1762; the current building was completed in 1840 on North Sixth Street; it features a colonial style with an Ionic porch; the cupola rises eighty-four feet above the roof. In the park, you can find an equestrian statue of General David McMurtrie Gregg, created by H. Augustus Lukeman from New York; the Firemen’s Monument; “The First Defenders”; and Frederick Lauer, all designed and built by P. F. Eisenbrown, Sons & Company of Reading; the bronze statue of President McKinley, along with the reliefs and eagles, was designed by Edward L. A. Pausch from Buffalo, New York. The prison, located at Penn Street and Perkiomen Avenue, is made of red sandstone in a castellated Gothic style and was built in 1846; the architect was John Haviland. A two-story building on the northeast corner of Fifth Street and Penn Square was constructed in 1764 as a tavern; Washington stayed here in

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1794, on the way to join troops against the Whiskey Rebellion; now Farmers’ Bank; it is noted as the oldest building in town. The Hessian camp area, southwest of Reading, is also noted.

Trinity Church, the most significant Lutheran church in the country, is a great example of Georgian architecture, located at the northwest corner of Sixth and Washington Streets; it was built in 1791. Christ Protestant Episcopal Cathedral, a Gothic brownstone, was built in 1864 and designed by architect Potter from New York; it features impressive windows. The Reading Museum and Art Gallery, located at Eighth and Washington Streets, has a strong collection of paintings by both foreign and American artists, including sixty paintings donated by Mrs. William Littleton Savage in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. George DeBenneville Keim, along with other art and natural history exhibits; it is free for the public to visit. The Historical Society of Berks County, at 38 North Fourth Street, has a solid historical collection. Among the notable artists who lived in Reading are Christopher H. Shearer, whose work is part of the permanent collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia; Benjamin F. Austrian, a renowned still-life painter born here in 1870; James A. Benade, a landscape artist; and F. D. Devlan, an animal painter and cartoonist who provided many cartoons for Frank Leslie’s illustrated newspaper during the Civil War. George Seiling, a mural decorator born in Bavaria in 1818, has his paintings in St. James’ Church, titled “The Transfiguration,” and in Calvary Church, called “Christ Bearing the Cross.” Calvary Reformed Church features a stone mosaic decoration in the chancel by H. Hanley Parker.{218}

Charles Evans Cemetery, given as a gift in 1864, features a Gothic gateway made of dark sandstone from 1847, designed by architects Calver & Hall from Philadelphia. The chapel is made of brownstone in a Gothic style, built in 1854 by architect John M. Gries, who was a major in the Union Army and was killed in the Battle of Fair Oaks. Here you will find the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which has bronze tablets and was erected in 1889.

Reading was a refuge for many fleeing families from Philadelphia while the British were there during the winter of 1776-77, and it became a place of much celebration. General Mifflin, who later became governor, had his country home in Cumru, three miles southeast of Reading, which is now used as the County Almshouse and Hospital buildings. In the various wars of this country, men from Berks County were among the first to volunteer; the Ringgold Light Artillery, led by Captain James McKnight, is said to have been the first company to report to Harrisburg in response to President Lincoln’s Proclamation in 1861, and it was one of five Pennsylvania companies to arrive first in Washington to defend the Capital.

At Kutztown, founded by Germans in 1733, you'll find the Keystone State Normal School, originally known as Maxatawny Seminary. Since 1866, it has been a Normal School, expanded following the latest school architecture trends. Four miles away is Virginsville, home to a natural wonder, the “Crystal Cave,” which is massive and filled with crystal formations in all shapes and colors; it’s illuminated by electricity. Boyertown features two large academies, and Birdsboro, with its beautiful churches and homes, is recognized for its iron furnaces. Hamburg hosts the Berks County State Sana{219}torium No. 3 for tuberculosis, showcasing Spanish architecture. Berks County has several picturesque old bridges, the oldest being a stone one-arch bridge built in 1822 that spans the Wyomissing Creek at its mouth, across from Reading. There are thirteen other stone arch bridges, with the longest over Maiden Creek featuring four arches and built in 1854, along with twenty-five wooden covered bridges, all of which are significant artistic treasures.

Historic iron furnaces in Berks County are located at Birdsboro and Hay Creek Forges, built in 1740 by William Bird on land he acquired through a warrant and survey. He also established Hopewell Furnace in 1759 and the Berkshire Furnace in Heidelberg around 1760. His son, Mark Bird, inherited the property and built Spring Forge and Gibraltar Forge. In 1796, John Louis Barde became the owner; his daughter married Matthew Brooke, who later purchased the property, which grew into a large ironworks. Colebrookdale, known as the site of the first blast furnace in Pennsylvania, was on Iron Stone Creek, named after the Colebrookdale furnace in Shropshire, England. It was founded by Thomas Rutter and Thomas Potts in 1720. By 1724, the output was forty-eight tons of pig iron per year, each ton valued at £5. This was the first furnace to cast pots, kettles, and other hollow ware using sand molds, and it had a long and successful operation. Hopewell, a cold blast, one-stack furnace, employed one hundred and seventy men and boys. The iron ore was sourced from the Hopewell mine, about two miles away, and water from Hopewell Creek provided the power. A dam was built a quarter of a mile upstream from the furnace and{220} channeled to the large water wheel. The property spanned 5,163 acres, primarily woodland; stoves were cast here with intricate designs, marked with Bird's name, as well as cannons for the Revolutionary Army. Hopewell Furnace, although inactive for many years, remains intact, and the village street of ironworkers' homes is much like it would have been in earlier times.

Oley Forge, located south of the small village known as Oley Churches, and about ten miles from where the Manatawny and Schuylkill rivers meet, was established by John Ross in 1744 and operated actively for one hundred and twenty years. In 1760, a significant deposit of iron ore was discovered in Oley Township, and in 1765 Dietrich Welcker built Oley Furnace near the mountain; it was owned by General Daniel Udree during the Revolution. Pine Forge was one of the earliest forges built in the Manatawny area, on land granted by William Penn to Thomas Rutter; the original patent is still held by the Rutter family. There is clear evidence that the early forges and furnaces were interconnected in their business activities since the owners of these operations were nearly the same; William Bird, in 1733, was cutting wood for Pine Forge at a rate of two shillings and nine pence a day. Ten years later, we find him renting one-eighth of Pine Forge for £40 a year.

The management of the old forges was patriarchal in nature; the grist mill, sawmill, and the village store were all controlled by the company, and the records of the old forges and furnaces are filled with the personal stories of a bygone era. Windsor Furnace,

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At Furnace Creek, in the shadow of the Blue Mountains, along with producing pig iron and the usual hollow ware cast during colonial times, it was famous for exceptional artistic work managed by Jones, Keim & Co.; one notable casting, a replica of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper,” is currently held by the Philadelphia Exchange.{222}

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FORMED March 9, 1771; named by Governor John Penn in 1776, after the fort of the same name in the county. It's well-known for its mineral springs. When it was first established, it covered the entire southwest part of the province. The average altitude is between 1100-1200 feet above sea level; in the northwest at Blue Knob, near the line between Blair and Cambria County, you'll find the highest elevation in Pennsylvania, at 3136 feet above sea level. The landscape is marked by parallel mountain ranges and narrow, beautiful valleys that are highly cultivated. The main industries are farming, livestock raising, and apple growing. It's said that some of the most important bituminous coal fields in Pennsylvania are primarily located in the northeast part of this county, known as “The Broad Top Coal Fields.” The population consists of Scotch-Irish, German, and English descent.

The first permanent settlement was established in 1750 by a Scottish man named Ray (McRay), an Indian trader, near what is now Bedford, then called Raystown. In 1755, Colonel James Burd was appointed by the province to build the first wagon road from Fort Louden in Franklin County to connect with Braddock’s road near Turkey Foot in Somerset County, passing through Raystown (Bedford). This route closely resembles what is now the Chambersburg and Bedford Turnpike, known as Lincoln Highway today. On the western border where this road crosses the main range of the Alleghenies, about two-thirds of the way up, there’s a view that’s unmatched in its picturesque charm, stretching far and wide. The highway follows the main route of the Raystown Branch of the Juniata, crossing the stream at least four times; the bridges are either iron or old wooden ones.{224}

The fort at Raystown was built in 1758 by the front line of General Forbes’ army; it covered about seven thousand square yards, located on the bluff now bordered on the east by Richard Street; south by Pitt Street (Lincoln Highway); west by Juliana Street; and north by the Raystone River. It was the most significant military stronghold in the central part of the province and the main gathering place for troops forming the right wing of General John Forbes’ army during his campaign against Fort Duquesne, which included 5,850 men, in addition to wagon drivers. The largest single group was 2,700 Pennsylvania provincials led by Colonel Bouquet, who was in charge of the entire force until General Forbes arrived; the 1,600 Virginians were commanded by Colonel George Washington and Colonel William Byrd. In 1759, General John Stanwix, who was then in charge of the garrison, changed the name to Fort Bedford in honor of the Duke of Bedford; now, there are no remains of the fortification.

In 1794, Bedford became the headquarters of General Henry Lee, the Governor of Virginia, who was the commander in chief of the 13,000 troops raised to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. After reviewing the troops at Carlisle and Cumberland, President Washington came to Bedford and set up his headquarters in a stone house on Pitt Street, which still stands today.

Bedford, the county seat, has a population of 2,330. It was established in 1766 by Surveyor General John Lukens, featuring a spacious square in a very convenient location. The courthouse, built in 1828, is a colonial-style structure with a clock tower, designed and constructed by Solomon Filler, facing the square. Opposite it is the United States Post Office, built in 1915 from Indiana limestone, showcasing a classic design with Doric columns, created by architect Oscar Wenderoth. Also facing the square are the Presbyterian Church, a colonial building erected in 1828 on the site of an earlier church built in 1810, and the Lutheran Church, a beautiful two-story structure that includes a parsonage. The Soldiers’ Monument, honoring Bedford County volunteers in the Civil War, stands in the center of the square. An elegant colonial-style gateway serves as the entrance to Bedford Cemetery, made of stone and adorned with bronze tablets.

The healing properties of the Mineral Springs are said to be unmatched anywhere in the world, rightfully earning Bedford the title of the Carlsbad of America. Just one and a half miles south of the town, within a small area, you can find several types of water. The most well-known is the Magnesia Spring, which is effective for digestive issues; others include the Black Sulphur, Limestone, Chalybeate, and Sweet Water Springs. The Colonial Hotel features a colonnade of Doric columns, standing twenty feet tall, made from local solid trees. The golf course is on a site previously known as Caledonia. The Bedford Chalybeate Springs, located about a mile northeast of the town, have waters containing calcium carbonate, magnesium, iron, sodium, and calcium sulfate. Ten miles southwest of Bedford are the White Sulphur Springs in Milliken’s Cave, the second largest health resort in the country, with waters that are exceptional for restoring health.{226}

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FORMED March 21, 1772; named after the Duke of Northumberland. The area is mountainous and has a lot of fertile land, irrigated by the Susquehanna River and its tributaries. The main industry is coal mining.

County seat, Sunbury, population 15,721, situated on the site of a large Native American village called Shamokin, which was occupied by various tribes. In 1745, the town had about fifty houses and three hundred residents. The Six Nations used it as a stopover for their war parties going against the Catawbas in the South.

It was the home of Shikellimy, an Oneida chief sent by the Iroquois, who claimed the land through conquest in 1728. He was the Indian diplomat and land agent for the three major tribes of Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware, overseeing the Delaware, Shawnee, and other tribes. He also managed all issues related to the settlement and purchase of Indian lands by white settlers. In 1742, Count Zinzendorf, along with Conrad Weiser and others, visited Shamokin; Shikellimy welcomed them warmly and promised to support their plan to establish a Moravian Mission there. This mission was founded in 1747 by Martin Mack and his wife, with Bishop Cammerhoff and Zeisberger visiting the town the following year. Shikellimy died in 1748; he was known as “the Chief who never wavered in his friendship to the Province.” He had been baptized in the Christian faith in Bethlehem and was buried just outside what would later become Fort Augusta. His second son, James Logan, became well-known after the murder of his family near the mouth of Yellow Creek on the Ohio River in 1774, leading to the famous “Logan’s Lament.” A large boulder with a memorial tablet marks Shikellimy’s grave; it was placed in 1915 by the Fort Augusta Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Pennsylvania Historical Commission. This boulder is made of very dense rock, the type used by the Indians for their toughest and strongest tools. It was quarried near Wapwallopen, about forty miles above Sunbury. This boulder, sourced from our local mountains, will resist the elements for centuries to come, just as it has for ages past.

Shamokin (Sunbury) was also home to Allummapees, or Sassounan, the chief of the Delawares, making this place, in every sense, the Indian capital of Pennsylvania from 1728 to 1748. It was abandoned in 1749 due to a severe famine along the Susquehanna River. To the north of Sunbury, along the river drive, is the site of Fort Augusta, built in 1756 by Colonel Miles and Captain Trump of the Second Pennsylvania Battalion; it served as a frontier outpost after Forts Muncy, Brady, and Freeland were destroyed in 1779 by the British and Indians. The powder magazine and well, made of brick, are still intact and well-preserved. This location was said to be the most strategic point in the area, with monuments on either side of the road marking the spot. On the site of the fortifications stands a brick mansion, which contains many relics taken from the fort and a draft of the original plan.{229} Visitors are welcome. The site of Fort Freeland is on the north side of Warrior’s Run, four miles east of Watsontown; it was a large stockaded log house built in 1773, enclosing about half an acre.

Sunbury was established in 1772 by William Maclay and John Lukens under the direction of Governor Richard Penn, who named the city. William Maclay, the first U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, built his stone home, which still stands, along the riverbank in the northwest part of town. The city layout resembles that of Philadelphia, and many streets carry Philadelphia names. Market Street faces a public square, between Second and Third Streets, known as Cameron Park, which features the Civil War Soldiers’ Monument—a granite shaft topped with a life-size granite statue of Colonel James Cameron, who organized a regiment from this county. The courthouse, located on Second Street and facing the west side of Cameron Park, was originally built in 1866 and features a Georgian design, with brick and Hummelstown brownstone trim. It was remodeled in the same style in 1915 and enlarged at the back with a cross wing, providing two spacious courtrooms; the last architect was William H. Lee of Shamokin. The prison, situated one block away at the corner of Second and Arch Streets, is designed in a medieval castle style, built in 1878 with dark gray stone and surrounded by a twenty-foot-high stone wall. It includes a wing used as a penitentiary, where inmates serve their sentences by weaving carpets and making coarse hosiery.

Northumberland, established in 1772, has a population of 4,061. Dr. Joseph Priestly, a chemist and philosopher, was its most famous resident; he moved here in 1794 to be with his son and passed away in 1804. In 1874, Scientists{230} of America celebrated the centennial of Dr. Priestly’s discovery of oxygen here. His house, built in 1796, is still standing and in excellent condition; a portrait of Dr. Priestly by Gilbert Stuart is owned by Miss Priestly. The Academy was built in 1803, largely thanks to Dr. Priestly’s contributions, with Rev. Isaac Greer as the first principal.{231}

FORMED February 26, 1773, named after Westmoreland County in England. The main industries here are coal, coke, gas, and manufacturing. You can find the ruins of old furnaces throughout this area, which are remnants of the iron industry from around 1800. The Lincoln Highway runs through this county, which used to be the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh Turnpike, entering near Laughlinstown, at the base of Laurel Ridge, which has an elevation of 2,700 feet. Here, there's a museum of artifacts located in an old tavern from the stagecoach era, built around 1800, where it's said that Daniel Webster stopped by, and Zachary Taylor held a reception in 1848. Three miles west is Ligonier, at the site of a fort built by Captain Burd under the guidance of Colonel Bouquet, a Swiss; the fort was named after Sir John Ligonier, a well-known English general; all traces of the fort have been erased, but there's a descriptive plaque put up by the Daughters of the American Revolution in the town square. In the High School Library, there's an engraving of Sir John Ligonier from a painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Nearby is Idlewild Park.

At Bushy Run, the Native Americans launched a fierce attack on Bouquet and his men but were completely defeated and retreated past the Ohio River. Bouquet then marched to Fort Pitt and reclaimed it in 1763. The following year, he led an expedition beyond the Ohio River, where the Native Americans sought peace, and he forced them to{232}

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bring all their captives to Fort Pitt. One and a half miles west of Ligonier is the residence of General Arthur St. Clair, from 1767-72, “The Hermitage,” which was rebuilt, except for one room that is well maintained; there is a strong tradition that Washington sent two skilled carpenters from Mount Vernon, whose uniquely designed woodwork, mantelpiece, and wainscoting likely saved this room from destruction; the house was marked in 1913 by the Phœbe Bayard Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, of Greensburg.

Four miles west of Latrobe is St. Vincent’s Monastery and Church, dedicated in 1905. It features brick and stone buildings with beautifully decorated interiors, including the main altar made of onyx adorned with jewels and exquisite wood carvings from Italy. To the north, on William Penn Highway, is New Alexandria; here, owned by Elizabeth Craig, is a Rattlesnake Flag that was in use before the Revolution, made of crimson silk. In the upper left-hand corner is the English coat of arms, and on the field is a rattlesnake with thirteen rattles, representing the thirteen colonies. Underneath are the words “Don’t tread on me,” J. P. F. B. W. C. P.—which stands for John Proctor’s First Battalion Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania; the group that adopted it.

Greensburg, with a population of 15,033, was previously known as Newtown. It was established in 1782, became the county seat in 1786, and was renamed in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, who passed away in Savannah, Georgia, that same year. Many soldiers from Westmoreland County fought under him during the Revolution. The city now boasts its fourth courthouse, an impressive French Renaissance building made of white granite, featuring a well-proportioned dome dedicated in 1908. The architect was William Kauffman, and the courthouse displays portraits of judges and lawyers. Among the well-designed churches are the United Brethren church, which has a classic Doric style, designed by architects Winkler & Macdonald; and the First Presbyterian church on South Main Street, which is Gothic and made of stone, designed by architects Cram & Ferguson. Other notable buildings include the classic Ionic Post Office, the Y. M. C. A., which is an adaptation of Colonial style, and St. Joseph’s Academy, which has beautiful grounds overlooking the entire town.

In St. Clair Cemetery, there's a monument to General Arthur St. Clair, who is buried here. About five miles away is Oakford Park. Fells Church in Rostravor Township to the southwest is believed to be the second Methodist Church west of the Alleghenies, built with logs in 1792; the current stone building was built in 1834. The burial ground contains many pioneers of western Pennsylvania.{235}

FORMED March 28, 1781; named after President Washington; originally part of Augusta County, Virginia. The first court was held two miles west on the Gabby farm, marked by a granite block; inscription, “On this spot, was held in 1776, the County Court, for the District of West Augusta, Virginia; the first Court held by English-speaking people, west of the Monongahela River. Erected by Washington County Historical Society 1905.” Main industries between 1860-1880 included raising quality livestock and wool production; in 1884, oil was discovered, and for about ten to fifteen years, this county became an oil hub with some of the biggest wells; now coal is being shipped all over the country from seemingly endless reserves.

Washington, the county seat established in 1782, has a population of 21,480. The courthouse, built in 1900 and located on Main Street, showcases Italian Renaissance architecture with Columbia sandstone and granite. The architect is F. J. Osterling. It features portraits and collections from the Washington County Historical Society. The land for the courthouse was donated by David Hoge of Virginia, who owned large parcels in the area where the town now stands. The Town Hall, with its cornerstone laid by General U. S. Grant in 1869, houses the Public Library, a gift from Dr. Francis J. Le Moyne. Washington and Jefferson College was formed in 1870 by combining Washington College, founded in 1787, and Jefferson College, established in Canonsburg in 1802; both institutions thrived until the Civil{236}

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War led many students to enlist, followed by a financial depression; located one square east of the courthouse; the oldest part, a two-story stone building, was erected in 1793; the main building, made of brick, was built in 1836 and enlarged in 1875, housing the Y.M.C.A., a museum, classrooms, and laboratories; several other impressive brick and stone buildings are on the campus; the chapel features portraits.

Washington Seminary, known as one of the oldest and best schools for women, was built in 1836, just one block south of the college. Bradford House, the first stone house in this area, was constructed in 1794 by Colonel William Bradford, a leader in the Whiskey Rebellion. The residence of Dr. Francis Julius Le Moyne, a local native, was built in 1812 on East Maiden Street near Main; he was a brilliant scholar, abolitionist, and supporter of the underground railroad. He also built the first crematory in America, located just south of Washington, where the first cremation took place for Baron de Palen in 1876. Dr. Le Moyne himself was cremated in 1879. The Presbyterian Church is the leading denomination, with other major denominations also represented, including a Jewish Synagogue. To the west of Washington, the Campbell family established the Disciples, or Christian Church, on Buffalo Creek.

The Cumberland Road, built in 1811, brought a steady flow of people looking for homes through this town, heading west. The bridges and culverts constructed around the same time still stand as examples of solid masonry and good engineering. One of them is located between Washington and Claysville, a town named after Henry Clay, who had an interest in the road and often visited.

Canonsburg, established in 1787 by Colonel John Canon,{238} has a population of 10,632. A part of his first grist mill is still located near Chartier’s Creek. Jefferson College was chartered in 1802; the oldest building was constructed in 1830, situated on North Central Avenue, which is the highest ground in town. It developed from Dr. John McMillan’s Log Cabin Latin School established in 1782; this was the first classical school west of the Allegheny Mountains, and his cabin still stands on the campus, marked by a bronze plaque placed by the Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity, who are the custodians; it was moved from its original site, two miles south of town. Franklin Hall, transformed into Memorial Hall in 1900, features portraits of college presidents and professors from 1802-69, and has collections of old books from several early libraries and literary societies; these may be viewed by contacting any member of the Memorial Hall Committee. A stone building opposite the campus was constructed by John Roberts, Esq, who ran a school and post office here in 1801; parts of its walls are believed to be remnants of the Stone Academy Building, built by Colonel Canon, who donated the land in 1790; it eventually merged with the Log Cabin School to create Jefferson College.

Two-story building at the northeast corner of Central Avenue and Pike Street, now a grocery and hardware store, was the site of Joshua Emery’s Hotel; here, President James Monroe was hosted in 1817. On the east side of North Central Avenue, between Pike and College Streets, there’s a vacant lot, the site of the Black Horse Tavern, known as a hangout for men who stole mail sacks when letters that were supposed to contain evidence against violators of the excise laws were taken, on their way to Philadelphia from Pittsburgh in 1794. Residence 62-68{239} East Pike Street, built by Dr. Jonathan Letherman before 1830, is where Dr. John McMillan died in 1833; the flower garden, with a brick wall, was designed by a landscape gardener brought from Philadelphia by Dr. Letherman, and the original designs are still intact. The Hutchinson house, located on the north side of West College Street, at the corner of Hutchinson Avenue and adjacent lots, which used to be the Hutchinson farm, is where the “Whiskey boys” camped in 1794; this was also where “musters” took place before the Civil War. Chartiers Presbyterian (Hill) Church and cemetery, a mile south of Canonsburg, is where Dr. John McMillan started his pastorate in 1775 and was buried; Woodrow Wilson’s father was also a former pastor here; this site became a gathering place for the Whiskey Insurrectionists in 1794.

A seventy-acre natural park on the east side of the borough, given as a gift, serves as a lovely respite for the entire community. About a mile northeast of Canonsburg, at Morganza, is the Western Pennsylvania Industrial School; the Morgan Lands, which span eleven hundred acres, was the home of General George Morgan, an Indian agent in Pittsburgh from 1775 to 1779. A part of his house still stands midway between Morganza and Pollock; it was here that he hosted Aaron Burr in 1806. General Morgan and his two sons were called to Richmond as witnesses during Burr's treason trial.

Monongahela, a significant town, was originally named Parkinson’s Ferry, then Williamsport; the locals actively participated in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. It contributed its share of soldiers, known as the Williamsport Rangers, during the War of 1812. There’s a monument to {240} Colonel Hawkins and the veterans from the Philippines. James Gillespie Blaine was born in West Brownsville in 1830. Friendship, in the southern part of Washington near the county line, was home to Solomon Spalding, born in Connecticut, a minister of the Congregational Church; here he wrote the “Manuscript Found,” or Book of Mormon; he wasn’t a strong man and spent many hours writing this story, never intending to start a religious movement; he would read his book in the evenings to the men gathered at the general store; he died in 1816 at the age of fifty-five, his grave marked by a large granite block. {241}

ORGANIZED September 26, 1783; named after the Marquis de Lafayette; played a key role in Indian, Revolutionary, and later wars. On Jacobs Creek, a mile and a half upstream from where it flows into the Youghiogheny River, you can find the ruins of the first furnace for producing pig iron west of the Allegheny Mountains; the furnace began operation in November 1790 and was called the Alliance Iron Works, run by William Turnbull and Peter Marmie from Philadelphia; it operated until 1802, using local ores from the nearby hills and charcoal from the surrounding forests; in 1792, the company produced four hundred six-pound cannonballs for the Fort Pitt Arsenal in Pittsburgh. Today, coal mining and coke production are the main industries. Connellsville coke is recognized worldwide in the industrial sector.

Aboriginal inhabitants were the Shawnee Indians, who constructed various earthworks and burial mounds along the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers before migrating south; it was part of the “Hunting Grounds” of the Iroquois Confederation; the “Indian Title” was ended by treaty at Fort Stanwix in 1768.

In 1749, Nemacolin, a Delaware Indian, led Colonel Thomas Cresap from Wills Creek, Cumberland, Maryland, to the mouth of Dunlap’s Creek, where{242}

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Fort Burd was built in 1759 on the site of “Redstone Old Fort,” an Indian earthwork that is now Brownsville. This location was part of Nemacolin’s trail, which was the best route for the Ohio Company to reach the Ohio River. Washington followed this trail with Christopher Gist to the French forts in 1753, marking the first real step in the conflict with France. During the “French and Indian War,” Fayette County was the site of some of the most exciting events in American history. In 1745, Washington’s expedition to take control of the Ohio Valley used this trail to drive the French from “The Forks” (Pittsburgh); he advanced to Gist’s Plantation at Mount Braddock and then retreated to The Great Meadows, where Fort Necessity is now marked by a tablet at Mount Washington, after being defeated by the French led by M. Coulon de Villers. Before this, Washington had encountered a group of French soldiers led by M. Coulon de Jumonville, during which Jumonville was killed, a grave marked by a tablet; this was the first blood shed in the French and Indian War.

In 1755, Major General Edward Braddock's expedition against Fort Duquesne followed Nemacolin's trail to Mount Braddock, then over the Catawba trail, which enters Fayette County at the mouth of Dunkards Creek. They traveled north through Uniontown, crossing the Youghiogheny River (Stewarts Crossing) at Connellsville, on through Mount Pleasant to Westmoreland County, Hunkers, Circleville, to McKeesport; they crossed the Monongahela River and then recrossed it below at the mouth of Turtle Creek. General Braddock, mortally wounded in the battle of the Monongahela, was carried back along the route he had opened to a point on the Cumberland Road, National Pike, where he died and was buried; Washington conducted the Episcopal burial service for him; his grave is marked by a monument erected by officers of his old regiment, the “Coldstream Guards of England.” Braddock’s Road became the main highway for settlers of Southwest Pennsylvania and Kentucky; the entire route is full of historic interest, featuring sites of encampments, blockhouses, and Indian forts; some of these sites are marked.

Uniontown, the county seat, was established in 1776 and has a population of 15,692. The courthouse features Italian Renaissance architecture and is made of stone, designed by architects E. M. Butz and William Kauffman from Pittsburgh. The Presbyterian Church has beautiful Tiffany windows. Mr. James Hadden, the historian of Fayette County, has a life-size bust of Washington, carved by himself from a wild cherry tree that grew within the boundaries of Fort Necessity in 1784. Washington owned the land where the tree was located. Two miles south is Fort Gaddis, the only remaining frontier or settlers’ fort in Fayette County, marked by a tablet in 1908; there were sixteen such forts in this county, built from heavy logs, providing sturdy homes for the frontiersmen and a safe retreat for nearby settlers.

Connellsville; population 13,804. On the grounds of the Carnegie Free Library is a bronze statue of Colonel William Crawford, a pioneer and patriot, who built the first cabin home in Connellsville in 1765; he was killed by Indians in 1782. The sculptor is Charles S. Kilpatrick, and a tablet on the base was placed by the Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Trinity Lutheran Church, designed in the Italian Renaissance style, features native white sandstone with Indiana limestone trim; it was built in 1911 and contains a{245} copy of Bougereau’s “Resurrection.” In the tower, there is a chime of twelve bells. The architect is J. C. Fulton from Uniontown.

Lafayette was hosted in 1825 at “Friendship Hill” near New Geneva, the home of Albert Gallatin, a member of Congress, Minister Plenipotentiary for the United States to two European courts, signer of the Treaty of Ghent, and Secretary of the Treasury during Jefferson’s and Madison’s terms; the house was built in 1789 and expanded in 1882, and with its seven hundred-acre estate, it remains very beautiful; Albert Gallatin’s library is just as he left it, situated on a high plateau overlooking the Monongahela River, perched on a cliff three hundred feet above the river, with a view said to be reminiscent of that from Heidelberg Castle; the main entrance is near the historic Morgantown Road.{246}

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FORMED September 9, 1784; named after Benjamin Franklin, who was famous worldwide at the time. The earliest settlers were Scotch-Irish, followed by Germans. The main industry is agriculture; the land to the east is limestone and very fertile, while to the west, there are slate lands with plenty of clear streams and rich meadows. The Conococheague and Conodoquinet Creeks drain the central part of the county and are crossed by many stone arch bridges with beautiful architecture, the most notable being at Hiester’s Mill, which has three arches. The main road, now part of the Lincoln Highway, enters the county near the historic Thaddeus Stevens Iron Works, built in 1837 at Caledonia, which covered about 20,000 acres and is now in the State Forestry Reservation. Along with the Mont Alto tract, this totals about 40,000 acres. The mill and machinery were completely destroyed in 1863 by order of General Early due to Stevens’ well-known activities as an abolitionist. This road was used by most of Lee’s Army traveling to and from the battlefield of Gettysburg to Chambersburg, and it was the site of an encampment before the battle, just past the hospital, east of Chambersburg. Other historically interesting roads leading west include the Two Mountain and the Path Valley, which were formerly Indian trails.

County seat, Chambersburg, established in 1764, population 13,171. In Centre Square, there's a boulder with a plaque commemorating the burning of Chambersburg by Con{248}federate Cavalry on July 1, 1864. Facing the square are the brick courthouse, a Southern colonial style building with fluted columns, a cupola, and a clock, featuring portraits of judges; and the Central Presbyterian Church, adorned with Tiffany windows. Nearby is Miller’s drug store on the site of Jack Tavern, where the first court was held in 1784. The large mortar in front was made from one of the pillars of the burned courthouse. The United States Post Office at Main and King Streets was built in 1912 and has a semi-classic design with light colonial brick and gray stone facing. The Masonic temple, built in 1823, was saved by Confederate Masons when the town was burned. Zion Reformed Church, built in 1812, maintains its original exterior, particularly showcasing good lines in its steeple and has Tiffany windows. On King Street is the house John Brown lived in, located second from Union Baptist Church. The Nicklas store on Main Street near Queen is the site of the old tavern where President Washington and Alexander Hamilton spent the night, en route to suppress the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794. The Market House at Second and Queen Streets was built in 1830, made of brick in a colonial style, featuring a clock tower.

Wilson College consists of seven buildings, including Thompson Memorial Hall, built in 1904, designed in a modified Gothic style, featuring an auditorium and a fine organ, with architect George C. Baum from Philadelphia. Falling Spring Presbyterian Church and Chapel was established in 1736, with services first held in Benjamin Chamber’s sawmill. The current church was built in 1803, and the chapel in 1873, using native stone. It has Tiffany memorial windows dedicated to Judge and Mrs. Alexander Thomson, who are the parents of Frank Thomson, Esq. Rocky Spring Presbyterian Church, located four miles northwest of Chambersburg, was built in 1794 by the Scotch-Irish settlers. It features colonial architecture with high, straight-backed pews and an original old high pulpit complete with a sounding board, as well as a pewter Communion service imported from England and ten-plate stoves. Dr. McIntosh preached here, and there is an interesting old graveyard on-site, with the keys kept at the nearby farmhouse.

The “Mont Alto Park,” once a popular picnic spot, is now managed by the State Forestry Commission. Located in the South Mountain area, old maps refer to it as “The Valley of a Thousand Springs.” It features an old Protestant Episcopal Church, near which stands a native boulder with a granite tablet that marks the spot where Captain John E. Cook, of John Brown’s Army of Liberation, was captured and disarmed on October 25, 1859. This monument was erected by the Kittochtinny Historical Society in 1909. The State Forest University is also located here, providing free education for future foresters. By 1900, the Bureau of Forestry had grown sufficiently to be elevated to department status, with its chief becoming a member of the Governor’s cabinet. There was strong opposition to this change, but due to the overwhelming number of letters from the women of the State Federated Clubs, it was implemented, allowing Pennsylvania to take a significant role in the Forestry and Conservation movement. The White Pine State Sanatorium No. 1, which offers care for consumptives, is also located here and is one of the largest in the world. To the south is Waynesboro, which boasts good roads and particularly beautiful scenery in this area.

Greencastle, the birthplace of Robert McClelland in 1807, see Honor Roll; directly north on State Road is a monument marking the spot where Corporal William H. Rhil fell, the first soldier killed on Northern soil during the Civil War.{250}

Mercersburg, established between 1730-35, with a population of 1,663; named after General Hugh Mercer, who was killed in the Battle of Princeton. Mercersburg Academy's Main Hall, built in 1833 and used as a hospital for wounded soldiers retreating from Gettysburg, is a notable example of Southern colonial architecture, featuring elegant pillars and topped with a cupola; the ’88 Dormitory, largely donated by the class of 1888 from Princeton University, is Tudor Gothic, made of brick and white stone; Kiel Hall, the dining hall, has a baronial Gothic interior with frescoes and hangings by Tiffany; above the mantel, in carved wood by John J. Maene, is “The Boar Hunt” based on a design by A. Stirling Calder; there is a notable collection of university shields in glass and wood; a mosaic armorial design in the hearth; Laucks Hall, also Tudor Gothic, features a mural painting in the trophy room titled “The Victor,” depicting a Mercersburg boy being crowned for his athletic achievements, created by artist Edward Howland Blashfield, alongside a collection of portraits of distinguished individuals, including President James Buchanan, Thomas A. Scott, and W. M. Irvine, painted by William Merritt Chase; Dr. E. E. Highbee, by Carroll Beckwith; and Dr. Thomas Apple by John W. Alexander; the new gymnasium, designed by architect Frank Miles Day, includes stained glass by Tiffany.

Historic houses on Main Street, one where Harriet Lane Johnston was born, built in 1788 by Colonel Robert Parker, a friend of Lafayette, have interesting interior woodwork; and the home of Dr. William Magaw, who treated Lafayette’s wounds after the Battle of Brandywine, with grounds now part of the Academy campus. Near Mercersburg, Irwinton Mills is a picturesque spot on the west branch of the Conococheague.

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birthplace of Jane and Elizabeth Irwin, who married the Harrison brothers; Jane served as the First Lady in 1841, and Elizabeth became the mother of President Benjamin Harrison. East of town, you can find the birthplace of William Findlay; check the Honor Roll. President James Buchanan was born at Cove Gap, three miles from Mercersburg, with a monument marking the spot, established by his niece, Harriet Lane Johnston; the house was later moved to Lafayette Street, Mercersburg.

The well-known Packer’s Path, used by pack horses, runs from Stony Batter across the mountains to Pittsburgh. Near Yankee Gap at North Mountain is the site of Fort McCord, where twenty-seven pioneer settlers were either killed or taken captive by Native Americans in 1756, and thirty-two provincial soldiers were killed or injured while trying to rescue them. This area is marked by a native stone monument from 1914, which was erected by the Enoch Brown Association and the Pennsylvania Historical Commission. To the northeast is Enoch Brown Park, which features a monument dedicated to the memory of Enoch Brown and eleven students who were killed by Native Americans here in 1764 during the Pontiac War. A large collection of Native American artifacts found nearby is owned by Benjamin Snively, Jr. To the south is the marked site of Fort Loudoun.

Natives of Franklin County, on the World’s Honor Roll, include: Samuel Adams, Senator from Mississippi; George Washington Buchanan, United States District Attorney for Dakota; James Buchanan, 1791-1868, schoolboy in Mercersburg, lawyer, member of the legislature and Congress, Minister to Russia, member of the United States Senate, Secretary of State, Minister to {252} Great Britain, fifteenth president of the United States; Edmund R. Calhoun, Rear Admiral, United States Navy; Hugh S. Campbell, United States District Attorney for Dakota; George Chambers, 1786-1866, Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; Matthew St. Clair Clark, Clerk of the United States House of Representatives; Colonel Thomas Hartley Crawford, Judge of the United States Court, District of Columbia, and Commissioner for Indian Affairs; George Eyster, Assistant United States Treasurer at Philadelphia; William Findlay, 1768-1846, State Treasurer, United States Senator, Governor, Assistant United States Treasurer at Philadelphia; Henry Harbaugh, 1817-67, theologian, poet, hymn-writer; Robert Johnston, Collector of Excise, appointed by President Washington; John Maclay, member of the convention at Carpenters’ Hall; Samuel Maclay, United States Senator; William Maclay, first United States Senator from Pennsylvania, died 1825; Robert McClelland, United States Secretary of the Interior, Governor of Michigan; James McLane, Member of the Supreme Executive Council and the Pennsylvania Council of Censors, member of the convention at Carpenters’ Hall; John Williamson Nevin, 1803-86, President of Franklin and Marshall College, theologian, author, preacher; William M. Nevin, 1806-92, poet, teacher; James Potter, Major General of the Continental Army; John Rowe, Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania; Thomas A. Scott, Assistant Secretary of War, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Frank Thomson, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Joseph Williams, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Iowa.{253}

FORMED September 10, 1784; named after General Richard Montgomery; ranks third in the state for the amount of money at interest that pays state tax; known for its beautiful suburban homes and for Washington’s visit and camp at Valley Forge, where there were 11,098 men. The Valley Forge Park Commission acquired 472 acres in 1893, partly in Chester County, to protect and preserve the Revolutionary campsite forever; the American army was here from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778; soldiers built huts that were 16 × 14 feet and 6½ feet high, each housing twelve men, and they endured hardships from cold, starvation, and illness like true heroes; interesting facts are:

Baron von Steuben arrived from Germany with his secretary, Peter S. Du Ponceau, after serving as aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great. He was appointed as the inspector general of the American army, where he provided military training and discipline. Mrs. Washington visited Valley Forge on February 27, 1778. On May 18, a detachment led by Marquis de Lafayette moved to Barren Hill, but the British came at them with strong forces, forcing a retreat over Matson’s Ford in Conshohocken on a raft bridge. On June 18, the British evacuated Philadelphia, and on June 19, Washington and his army left Valley Forge in pursuit.

A marker is placed where General Sullivan and his troops built a bridge across the Schuylkill River in 1778;{254}

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Redoubts and fortifications have been restored; every point of interest has been marked with granite tablets by different historical societies and by the states whose sons suffered here. A bronze equestrian statue of General Anthony Wayne, sculpted by H. K. Bush-Brown in 1908, marks the site of his troops' cantonment. Nearby is a replica of a brigade hospital, a soldier’s hut, and the bronze statue of General Friederich Wilhelm von Steuben, set on a granite pedestal with a bronze relief; sculpted by J. Otto Schweizer, it was erected in 1915 by the National German-American Alliance. The National Memorial Arch, one of the most beautiful structures of its kind, made of granite and designed by Paul P. Cret, was erected by the United States Government in 1914 as a tribute to General Washington and his regiments.

Washington’s headquarters (the home of Isaac Potts) is open daily from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. and is set up as it was when he lived there. Washington Inn served as the army bakery during the encampment, with ovens in the basement. It was originally the home of Colonel William Dewees, the sheriff of Philadelphia, and he, along with John Potts, owned the forge. The Star Redoubt, the Defenders’ Gate, the Cemetery, and the view from the observatory on Mount Joy are all interesting attractions. The Museum of American History has rare artifacts from Washington and the war.

Washington Memorial Protestant Episcopal chapel and the Cloister of the Colonies, where each of the thirteen colonies is represented by a bay, with the colonial seal in brass at the center of each; the ceiling is hand-carved oak, with the state coat of arms in the central boss of each. The Cloister surrounds the Garth, which features a bronze statue titled "Sacrifice and Devotion," by Bela Pratt, honoring the mothers of the nation. The porch gates were crafted by Samuel Yellin; engraved in the iron are the symbols of the four Evangelists. The lock has a miniature Liberty Bell as a keeper, and the sliding bolt passes through the knapsack of a Continental soldier, securing the lock. The windows in the chapel come from D’Ascenzo Studios. The Waterman Monument marks the grave of the only identified soldier buried here.

Across the Schuylkill River is Fat Land, built by James Vaux; Washington stayed here on September 21, 1777. The following day, Sir William Howe came by and nearly caught him. At Port Kennedy, one and a half miles east of Valley Forge, prehistoric bones of saber-toothed tigers and extinct animals have been found. West of Valley Forge, Mill Grove, built in 1762, still stands as the home of John James Audubon; here he studied, painted, and wrote about “Birds of America,” which made him world-famous. Nearby, at the mouth of Perkiomen Creek, Washington’s army camped at Richardson’s Ford on September 21 after marching all night, soaked up to their chests, and hungry, with one thousand men without shoes. Howe continued west of the Schuylkill toward Reading, the main supply depot for the Americans, after burning buildings at Valley Forge on his way, and reached Phoenixville, Fountain Inn. Washington moved his troops to Upper Hanover, just four miles from Pottstown; his headquarters was the residence of John Potts, built in 1753; he sent General Wayne with fifteen hundred men to harass the rear of the British army under General Gray, but they were outnumbered by the British and suffered a massacre at Paoli, marked by two monuments.

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Pottstown, founded by John Potts, population 17,431; known for its iron industries since 1716; Mill Park Hotel, built in 1752, served as the residence for the founder, who was visited here by Washington. Friends Meeting House, built in 1752, with land donated by John Potts; he also donated land for Zion Lutheran Church, Georgian style, built in 1753. Residences of the founder’s three sons: Dr. Jonathan Potts, Director General of Hospitals for the Northern Department during the Revolutionary War, lived in “Stowe,” west of Pottstown; Samuel Potts lived east of Pottstown, now known as “Hill School”; John Potts, Jr., a Tory judge, resided at the corner of High and Hanover Streets, in the center of town, which later became the residence of General Arthur St. Clair; a Daughters of the American Revolution tablet is on the side. Emmanuel Lutheran Church, designed by architects Lechman & Murphy, features stained glass windows from D’Ascenzo Studios; Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, built in the Gothic style with brownstone, has notable memorial windows; it was acknowledged in Convention in 1827; Pottstown Hospital is managed by a Board of Women Managers, which also oversees the Library, where art exhibitions are held.

Not until William Penn arrived did any efforts to produce iron in Pennsylvania take place. Having iron furnaces of his own in Hawkhurst, England, he wanted to promote the industry here. Thomas Rutter, who was the Bailiff of Germantown from 1705-06 after Pastorius, moved up the Schuylkill River on land granted by William Penn, with the deed still held by the family, and established the “Pool Forge” on Manatawny Creek in 1717, three miles above Pottstown. He was the first in Pennsylvania to manufacture iron; ore is still being mined from the same deposits. Among the notable names{258} in our early iron industry, Rutter and Potts are the most prominent. Before the Revolution, the list of forges and furnaces on the Manatawny and its tributaries, owned by their intermarried families, includes Mount Pleasant furnace and forge, Spring forge, Colebrookdale furnace and forge, Amity forge, Rutter’s forge, Pool forges, Pine forge, and Little Pine forge.

Near Boyertown is Ringing Rocks, a natural wonder; they produce a complete octave. Michael Schlatter preached at Manatawny in 1748, also in the Reformed Church, which was built in 1743. McCalls, or Glasgow Forge, on Manatawny Creek, is still in operation and was established in 1725 on land granted by William Penn to his son, John, in 1701; 14,600 acres; sold to George McCall of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1735; who also had an interest in the Colebrookdale furnace managed by Thomas Potts, Jr., which provided McCall’s forge with pig iron. Green Lane Forge, on Perkiomen Creek, known for its excellent blooms, was built in 1733 by Thomas Mayberry; the earliest settler in Marlborough township, who purchased 1210 acres, supplied with pig iron from Durham Furnace, Bucks County; equipment included a water wheel, large bellows, tuyere pipe, open hearth forge, melting pots, and cone-shaped charcoal kilns.

(Return by Schuylkill River Drive to Philadelphia)

From Thirty-second and Market Streets in Philadelphia, out Lancaster Avenue—the first turnpike in the United States, completed in 1794, which set the standard for all future roadways; it served as the main highway to Pittsburgh, once filled with teams, coaches, and Conestoga wagons pulled by six horses, averaging twenty miles a day; the round trip from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh and back, totaling 333 miles, could take six weeks; roadside inns were located about a mile apart. Originally part of an Indian trail; later known as King’s Highway, Lancaster Pike, Main Line; now called Lincoln Highway, which was made toll-free on July 15, 1917. Overbrook, home to the Roman Catholic Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, features a painting titled “Crucifixion” by the late Thomas Eakins. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, designed by E. A. Allen in Spanish Renaissance style in 1898, by architects Cope & Stewardson, is considered the finest residential school for the blind in the world, particularly well-equipped for this purpose. In Montgomery County, near Narberth station, there’s the old Merion meeting house, built in 1695, made of stone with a sharp roof and peculiar pointed gables over the doors; a peg is still visible where William Penn hung his hat when he rose to preach; beyond that is the site of Penn's cottage, also built in 1695. Merion houses Dr. Barnes’ Art Museum, constructed from imported French limestone; it features modern art. Ardmore has St. Paul’s Lutheran Church and burial ground, with a log church built in 1769 and the current church established in 1873. The Red Lion Inn still stands.

Haverford, Haverford College for boys, founded in 1833 by the Society of Orthodox Friends, is a place where life is focused inward, with no sights or sounds from the outside world reaching the 225-acre campus, which features farms and woodlands, cricket and football fields, tennis courts, a running track, and a skating pond. The arrangement of buildings, mostly modern colonial style, built between 1833 and 1912, shows the outcome of slow growth and care. The architects include W. S. Vaux; Cope{260} & Stewardson; W. F. Price; Baily & Bassett. The library houses over four hundred Babylonian clay tablets from 2500 B.C.; the Harris collection of Oriental manuscripts; seven hundred reproductions in fictile ivory of ancient and medieval carved ivories from the British Museum, dating from the second to the eighteenth centuries; and Roberts autographs, which include more than 11,000 items from the late fifteenth century to the present day, along with some portraits of Haverford alumni. The Old Haverford meeting house, located near Cobb’s Creek, is a stone structure built in 1696, featuring a horse block used by William Penn for dismounting; the chimney has unique openings in the outside wall, through which firewood was introduced to the hearth, and their positions are still traceable. The Buck Tavern, built in 1732, is now known as Haverford House.

Bryn Mawr, 415 feet above sea level (Welsh, great hill). Bryn Mawr College, founded by Dr. Joseph W. Taylor from Burlington, New Jersey, in 1880, to create “An institute for advanced learning, so women can have the same opportunities as men.” The college has maintained a high standard of academic excellence and offers graduate programs for women conducting research in all fields. The buildings, mainly in various Gothic architectural styles, are made of stone and date from 1882-1913, designed by architects Addison Hutton, Cope & Stewardson, C. Francis Osborne, Lockwood de Forest, and Winsor Soule; the Library, in Jacobean Gothic style, from the period of 1630, includes a cloister garden with a central fountain, and the bosses of the cloister arches are hand-carved by sculptor Alec Miller from England. Memorial brasses set in the wall were designed by Lockwood de Forest. The reading room features portraits of President M. Carey Thomas by John S.{261} Sargent and former President James E. Rhoads by William M. Chase.

Rosemont, the home of Alba Johnson, Esq., formerly Tudor, is a classic example of Main Line residences, many of which are in the Norman or English style; the grounds feature woodlands and follow the best traditions of English landscape gardening; there’s a marble statue of Eve, created in 1855 by Bartholomew in Rome; a lead statue of Neptune and a fountain with horses, crafted by Walter Gilbert from the Bronze Grove Guild in Worcester, England; the grounds can sometimes be visited by contacting the owner for permission. Villa Nova, a Roman Catholic college and monastery, features Bernard Corr Memorial Hall, designed in old English Gothic style and built between 1912 and 1914 by the architects Durang & Son.

Radnor, Delaware County, Friends meeting house, built in 1718, was used as a hospital for Morgan’s riflemen and Potter’s brigade in 1778; St. David’s Church, built in 1715 by the congregation, named after the patron saint of Wales; native stone, used as a hospital during the Revolutionary War, leaded sashes melted down for bullets; a Swedish missionary at Wicaco held the first services here; General Anthony Wayne, a member of the vestry, is buried in the church grounds; his monument was erected by the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati in 1809; Judge William Moore and his wife are buried under the doorstep; their daughter was the wife of the first Provost, William Smith, of the University of Pennsylvania. The communion service was given by Queen Anne. Wayne, General Wayne Inn, has been a hotel since 1707, Wayne’s encampment was nearby in 1792, before his western campaign against the Indians. Chester County, Lincoln Highway to Strafford, Township Line Road to Valley Forge, see page 253.{262}

Return to Montgomery County, Valley Forge Road, heading to the “King of Prussia” Inn, built in 1749; continue on Gulph Road to Gulph Mills, a stone structure built in 1747. There’s a Boulder Monument with the inscription: “Gulph Mills, the main Continental Army commanded by General George Washington, camped in this vicinity from December 13 to December 19, 1777, on the way to Valley Forge, erected by the Pennsylvania Society, Sons of the Revolution, 1892.” Over Gulph Creek, near Gulph Station on the Philadelphia & Western Railroad, there is a stone bridge with the inscription: “Montgomery County, Upper Merion Township, 1787; In the second year of the Federal Union.” West Conshohocken. Matson’s Ford, where Lafayette retreated from the British in 1778; continue along Schuylkill River Drive to Belmont Avenue, through Fairmount Park to Philadelphia.

Old York Road, the original route to New York, was laid out in 1711, stretching from the city line to Center Bridge. Elkins Park station. It was the home of the late P. A. B. Widener, known as “Lynnewood Hall,” recognized for having one of the finest art collections in the United States. Nearby is the residence of William L. Elkins, which also has a notable art gallery. Both galleries can be visited by requesting admission cards from the owners. South of Chelten Avenue is a stone bridge with two arches, dating back to 1793; across from it is the only milestone of the old series south of the Neshaminy,{263} which is the seventh milestone mentioned in Washington’s orders for the attack on Germantown. To the west is the home of the late Lucretia Mott, called Oak Farm, near La Mott, now Latham Park. Ogontz was the residence of the late Jay Cooke, the financier of the Civil War, named after an Indian chief he had met. Crossing Tacony Creek is a stone bridge inscribed, “Cheltenham Bridge, 1798, 7½ miles to Phila.” Church Road, near Myers Mill in Cheltenham, marks the location of a country residence of William Penn; part of this land is now home to the late John Wanamaker. At Washington Lane, the southeast boundary of Jenkintown, stands a large oak tree where Washington rested his white horse.

A quarter mile east of Jenkintown is the Abington Friends meeting house, established in 1682 and built in 1697 by William Jenkins from Wales. It’s made of stone and features a long porch, old shutters with strap hinges and iron hooks, along with door latches and knobs, all in line with its original style. The beautiful old trees on the property are well-maintained. One mile north is Rydal station and Ogontz School for Girls, recently housed in the Jay Cooke mansion, founded around 1850 by Misses Bonney & Dillaye. It’s designed in Collegiate Gothic style and was built in 1917 by architects Cope & Stewardson, which includes an Art Department. Going through Meadowbrook, it’s one mile east to Bethayres, where artist Henry McCarter resides.

One mile north, Bryn Athyn, which means “Hill of Cohesiveness,” is a Swedenborgian educational community. The library holds the most valuable collection of Swedenborg’s writings in the world. A cathedral is currently being built here; the architect is Ralph Adams Cram, and it’s a gift from John Pitcairn. Like the ancient cathedrals, all the work is done on-site; wood-carving and {264} stonecutting are done by hand; glass is made, and models are created; the workers collaborate with the donor and the architect to achieve the best results. Return to York Road. Abington, the library, originally the Jenkintown Lyceum, was built in 1830 and has been recently remodeled in a modern colonial style. It contains a valuable collection of books bequeathed by John Lambert, an artist who also left $50,000 in trust for purchasing paintings by young artists at annual exhibitions in the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The Presbyterian Church, built in 1714, is said to be the third oldest in the country; in 1740, George Whitefield preached here to three thousand people in one day.

Willow Grove Park; a recreational area; great concerts held all summer long, featuring Sousa and others. Heading north on Doylestown Pike, Horsham, Graeme Park, a colonial stone house with a hipped roof, was the home of Sir William Keith, who came from Scotland, Baronet of Ludquhairn in Aberdeenshire, and served as Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1717 to 1726; he established the military system, promoted the issuance of paper currency, and started a military display at the time of Penn’s death; the property later belonged to Dr. Thomas Graeme, his son-in-law; Governor Keith’s coat of arms is displayed on a large iron plate in the fireplace; in the yard, there is an antique slave bell and a stone strength tester. A Quaker meeting house was built in 1803. As you approach Hatboro, a stone bridge crosses York Road over Pennypack Creek, with the inscription “Hatborough, 1780, 16 M. to P.” It's said that this bridge was built in 1824, using stone from an older bridge. The Battle of “Crooked Billet,” named after a nearby tavern, occurred in 1778 when a small group of Americans under Colonel John Lacy was attacked by British forces led by Lieutenant Colonel Abercrombie, resulting in nearly all being killed; a white marble monument was erected here in 1861. Continued in Bucks County.

(Return from Norristown to Philly)

At Chestnut Hill, on Bethlehem Pike, we enter Whitemarsh Valley (Umbilicamince), named for the mists of Wissahickon Creek. Nearby is Erdenheim, Carson College, situated on one hundred acres and generously funded by Robert N. Carson for orphan girls, so they can enjoy the same advantages that Girard College provides for orphan boys. The architect, Albert Kelsey, designed it to be an allegorical representation of a woman's life, merging beauty, practicality, and empathy. He removes the typical large central buildings, with administration and classrooms set up like a college settlement that compensates for size with beauty and can be expanded as needed. We pass the Wheel Pump and Black Horse, renowned early hotels, Colonial houses, and Presbyterian and Lutheran churches with their cemeteries, leading to the junction with Skippack Road.

St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church features a Communion service presented by Queen Anne. The first log chapel was built by Edward Farmer in 1690. A stone church was constructed on the same site in 1710. During the Revolutionary War, the church was occupied by various military forces, with the British using it as a fort, placing guns in the windows. The gravestones, which are long, flat pieces of slate on four columns, were repurposed as cooking stoves, with fires lit underneath them. Upright stones became targets for practice, and bullet holes can still be seen in them. American forces camped here on November 22, 1777. Lydia Darragh warned of a British attack, and when the enemy arrived, General Wayne opened fire from Fort Washington, leading the British to retreat with a loss of one hundred men. Whitemarsh Church is frequently mentioned in Washington’s diary as a hub of operations. The current church, located near the original site, was consecrated in 1881. It features Gothic architecture with native stone and an interesting interior, including a high pointed roof and narrow lancet memorial windows—all imported except for one, the “Angel of the Resurrection,” by Tiffany. High on the west wall is a rose window. The three small lights in the George and Anna Catherine Sheaff window are believed to have been painted by Albrecht Durer. The reredos, “Christ Breaking the Bread,” was painted in Italy. The altar, made of Indiana limestone, has carved angels kneeling. The rood screen with loft, made of English quartered oak, is exquisitely carved. A mural decoration by Marianna Sloan encircles a window. In the burial ground is an Iona Cross, marking the resting place of Henry Howard Houston, in honor of whom Houston Hall was donated to the University of Pennsylvania.

View from the north door of the church shows, to the east, Camp Hill; in the valley below, Washington’s headquarters, a two-and-a-half-story stone house, is located half a mile east of Camp Hill station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, with the left wing of the army stationed behind the house. This is where Washington decided to set up a fortified camp at Valley Forge. On December 12, the entire army was ordered to march to Valley Forge, via Swedes Ford and Norristown, where they crossed the Schuylkill on a makeshift bridge made of wagons with rails laid over them. The “Swedes Ford” hotel, built in 1723, is still standing at Bridgeport.

North of St. Thomas Church, you can find Fort Washington by its flagpole, in the middle of the earthworks built by General Anthony Wayne’s troops. To the west of the church is Militia Hill, where some of the stones used as anchors for tents are still there; at the bottom of the hill is Wissahickon Creek, spanned by the high railroad bridge that belongs to the Trenton cut-off of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Continuing north on Bethlehem Pike past Fortside Inn, there’s a stone marker that reads, “About 700 feet south of this stone is an American Redoubt and the site of Howe’s threatened attack, December 6, 1777; from here Washington’s army marched to Valley Forge. Erected, 1891, by the Pennsylvania Society, Sons of the Revolution.”

Farther down Bethlehem Pike, over Sandy Run, is the village of Fort Washington, now the home of the Darby School of Painting, a summer art school run by Hugh H. Breckenridge, a faculty member at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, where the science of color is taught in its full significance. On Engertown Road is the old Friends meeting house. Further along on Limekiln Pike is the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women, with the Ambler post office, founded in 1910. This school provides thorough training throughout all seasons, eliminating the waste of costly inexperience and preparing women for a life that is healthy, attractive, and financially rewarding. Near Sumneytown and Butler Pike is “Three Tuns Inn.{268}” Gwynedd, a meeting house built in 1700, where Welsh Quakers worshiped.

Down Butler Pike to Ambler, home of Dr. R. V. Mattison, built in 1890, in Scotch baronial style, with wrought iron gates designed in Munich; across the street is Trinity Memorial Church, Romanesque, known for its beautiful windows designed by F. S. Lamb, originally adapted from paintings by world-famous artists depicting scenes from Christ’s life, created by J. and R. Lamb; the interior is paneled in oak, similar to the House of Parliament in London; the font is made of Italian marble and has a good design. Through Morris Road, over the bridge crossed by Washington’s army, between Morris and Skippack roads, one mile west of Ambler, stands a stone residence built by Abraham Dawes in 1736, which served as Washington’s headquarters on October 21, 1777.

Out Skippack Road, on the way from Center Square to Heebnerville, where Washington's headquarters were located, October 16; the home of Peter Wentz, which is still standing, is a two-story stone building built in 1758. Heading out to the township line towards Kulpsville, there's a Baptist or Mennonite meeting house; General Francis Nash of North Carolina and other officers who died from wounds sustained in the Battle of Germantown are buried here. To the northwest, one mile away, is Harleysville, the home of Henry Funk, Bishop of the Mennonite Church, who, along with the Dunkards of Ephrata, translated Tielman Jan van Braght’s significant historical book about the Mennonites from German in 1748, considered the finest example of American colonial bibliography. Henry Funk’s mill, still standing and known as Musselman’s Mill, has a parchment deed dated 1733, bearing the great seal of the province and the signature of Thomas Penn. {269}

Return to Skippack Road, to Pennypacker’s Mills, Schwenksville, the home of the late Governor Samuel Pennypacker, a two-story stone house that served as Washington’s headquarters before and after the Battle of Germantown; the army marched down Skippack Road at 7:00 P.M. on October 3 to attack the enemy. Here, on October 7, Washington met with a committee of Friends appointed by the Yearly Meeting who were against war. Schwenksville was settled by Schwenkfelders from Silesia in 1734; Casper Schwenkfeld preached doctrines in 1523 that were accepted by George Fox in 1648, making them forerunners of the Quakers. Perkiomen Seminary in Pennsburg started as a school founded by Schwenkfelders in 1764. Down Perkiomen Creek Road, you’ll find the finest old stone bridge in the state, built in 1799 by architect George Lewis; it has five arches and carries Ridge Road over Perkiomen Creek at Collegeville, home to Ursinus College, a co-ed Lutheran institution with portraits by Albert Rosenthal, as well as the old Providence meeting house.

One mile west, at Trap, is Augustus Church, the oldest Lutheran church in the United States; built in 1743; unchanged; used as a hospital for American soldiers during the Revolutionary War. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg was sent from Halle, Germany, in 1742 to establish this church in Pennsylvania; as the first regularly ordained preacher, his reports to Halle provided much of the early, original information. His sons, born here, were General Peter Muhlenberg, pastor of the church in the Shenandoah Valley, who urged his congregation to enlist in the Revolutionary War, and Frederich Augustus, a speaker at the First National Congress in 1789. Evansburg, St. James Protestant Episcopal Church and schoolhouse,{270} built around 1700, holds a Bible, prayer book, and an old walnut Communion table sent over by the English Society in 1723 for its foreign mission. Revolutionary soldiers are buried in the churchyard. Here, there's an eight-arch stone bridge dated 1792.

Norristown, the county seat, was settled in 1784, with a population of 32,319. The courthouse was built in 1791 from native white marble; the grounds feature the Rittenhouse monument, a granite shaft dedicated in 1876 that marks the meridian. The jail, built in 1851, is made of red sandstone and has a castellated Norman design, with N. LeBrun as the architect for both the courthouse and the jail. The Historical Society of Montgomery County houses local historical collections. St. John’s Protestant Episcopal Church, built in a Gothic style, was dedicated in 1815, and Revolutionary soldiers are buried in its grounds. The Montgomery Trust Company, designed in a Greek Ionic style using Westerly granite and Indiana limestone, faces the public square and is located on the site of the first hotel in Norristown. Montgomery Cemetery is the final resting place of Charles Heber Clark (Max Adler) and General Winfield Scott Hancock.