This is a modern-English version of Aztec place-names : Their meaning and mode of composition, originally written by Starr, Frederick. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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[Pg 1]

AZTEC PLACE-NAMES

THEIR MEANING AND MODE OF COMPOSITION

SELECTED FROM THE SPANISH OF AGUSTIN
DE LA ROSA, ANTONIO PEÑAFIEL
AND CECILIO A. ROBELO

BY
FREDERICK STARR
OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

BY
FREDERICK STARR
FROM
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

SECOND EDITION; REVISED

2nd Edition; Revised

CHICAGO
Privately printed by the author
1920

CHICAGO
Self-published by the author
1920

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PREFACE

Before trying to understand Aztec hieroglyphic writing the student should gain some ideas as to how Mexican words are constructed and what changes word elements suffer in being compounded. No words are more interesting or suggestive in this direction than geographical names. This is particularly true because the hieroglyphic material most conveniently accessible to the student chances to be a list of place-names. The method of study we borrow from de la Rosa’s little work Explicacion de algunos de los Nombres de la Lengua Mexicana. His mode of analysis and presentation is direct and simple. De la Rosa’s arrangement has been followed in detail. The name is first presented in full; the meaning is then given in bracketed print; the elements are then presented, parts which are dropped in the compound being italicized; the meaning of each element is given in parenthesis; suggestions or explanation of special points are added in some cases. The list of Rules of Composition is taken from Dr. Antonio Peñafiel. Robelo is generally followed in questions of meaning.

Before trying to understand Aztec hieroglyphic writing, students should get familiar with how Mexican words are structured and how word components change when combined. Geographical names are particularly interesting and insightful in this area. This is especially true because the hieroglyphic material most readily available to students happens to be a list of place names. The study method we use comes from de la Rosa’s short work Explicacion de algunos de los Nombres de la Lengua Mexicana. His analysis and presentation style is straightforward and simple. De la Rosa’s arrangement is followed closely. The name is first shown in full; its meaning is then provided in bracketed print; the components are then displayed, with parts omitted in the compound italicized; the meaning of each component is provided in parentheses; suggestions or explanations of special points are added in some cases. The list of Rules of Composition is taken from Dr. Antonio Peñafiel. Robelo is generally referenced for questions of meaning.

The student is expected to learn the rules, to learn the meanings of the place-names, and to study the analyses sufficiently to be able to explain the construction of any name given in the list. After this material has been mastered additional exercises in sight-reading and analysis of new place-names should be undertaken.

The student is expected to learn the rules, understand the meanings of the place names, and study the analyses well enough to explain the construction of any name on the list. Once this material is mastered, further practice in sight-reading and analyzing new place names should be done.

Frederick Starr

Chicago, June 21, 1920

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RULES OF COMPOSITION FOLLOWED IN THE MAKING OF AZTEC PLACE-NAMES—(After A. Peñafiel.)

RULES OF COMPOSITION USED IN CREATING AZTEC PLACE-NAMES—(After A. Peñafiel.)

1. Geographic names commonly end in some special particle indicative of place, as co, e. g.—Anal-co.

1. Geographic names often end with a specific element that indicates location, like co, e.g.—Anal-co.

2. When a particle indicative of place is added to a noun, the singular form of the noun only is used, even when it carries a plural force.

2. When a place-related particle is added to a noun, only the singular form of the noun is used, even if it implies a plural meaning.

3. When a particle indicative of place is added to a noun, the noun is usually modified—generally dropping its terminal letters or syllable, e. g.—Anahuac from atl, nahuac.

3. When a particle that shows location is added to a noun, the noun usually changes—often losing its last letters or syllable, e.g.—Anahuac from atl, nahuac.

4. When more than one noun are compounded before the particle indicative of place, each commonly drops its final letters or syllable, e. g.—Coacalco from Coatl, calli, co.

4. When more than one noun is combined before the place marker, each usually drops its final letters or syllable, e.g.—Coacalco from Coatl, calli, co.

5. For sake of euphony some nouns in composition may remain entire, e. g.—Tzinacanoztoc from tzinacan, oztotl, c.

5. For the sake of smoothness, some compound nouns may stay whole, e.g.—Tzinacanoztoc from tzinacan, oztotl, c.

6. Not more than three elements or words besides the postposition occur in geographic names.

6. No more than three elements or words, besides the postposition, appear in geographic names.

7. When two nouns only are compounded into a place-name, the first loses its final letters or last syllable, while the second remains entire. The first is a qualifier of the second and follows it in translation, e. g.—Tecalli from tetl, calli = “house (calli) of stone (tetl).”

7. When two nouns are combined to create a place name, the first noun drops its final letters or last syllable, while the second noun stays the same. The first noun describes the second and comes after it in translation, e.g.—Tecalli from tetl, calli = “house (calli) of stone (tetl).”

8. In place-names compounded of an adjective and a noun, the adjective precedes, e. g.—Iztacuauhtli from iztac, cuauhtli = “the white (iztac) eagle (cuauhtli).”

8. In place names made up of an adjective and a noun, the adjective comes first, e.g.—Iztacuauhtli from iztac, cuauhtli = “the white (iztac) eagle (cuauhtli).”

9. In place-names compounded of a noun and a verb, the noun precedes, e. g.—Cacalomacan from cacalotl, ma, can = “where they hunt (ma) crows (cacalotl).”

9. In place names made up of a noun and a verb, the noun comes first, e.g.—Cacalomacan from cacalotl, ma, can = “where they hunt (ma) crows (cacalotl).”

10. In place-names compounded of a numeral and a noun, the numeral precedes, e. g.—Macuilxochic from macuilli, xochitl, c. Macuilli (five).

10. In place-names made up of a number and a noun, the number comes first, e.g.—Macuilxochic from macuilli, xochitl, c. Macuilli (five).

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LIST OF AZTEC PLACE-NAMES

Acalhuacan. [Place of those who have canoes.] Compounded of acalli (canoe); hua, which is a possessive particle; can (place).

Acalhuacan. [Place of those who have canoes.] Made up of acalli (canoe); hua, which indicates possession; can (place).

Acamilixtlahuacan. [Where are level fields of rushes.] Compounded of acatl (reed); milli (field); ixtlahuaca (level expanse); can (place).

Acamilixtlahuacan. [Where there are flat fields of reeds.] Made up of acatl (reed); milli (field); ixtlahuaca (flat area); can (place).

Acamiltzinco. [Place of small fields of rushes.] Compounded of acatl (rush); milli (field); tzintli, diminutive particle; co (place).

Acamiltzinco. [Place of small fields of rushes.] Made up of acatl (rush); milli (field); tzintli, a diminutive particle; co (place).

Acapan. [Place of rushes.] Compounded of acatl (reed, rush); pan (place).

Acapan. [Place of rushes.] Made up of acatl (reed, rush); pan (place).

Acapetlatlan. [Place of rush mats.] Compounded of acatl (rush, reed); petlatl (mat); tlan (place of abundance).

Acapetlatlan. [Place of rush mats.] Made up of acatl (rush, reed); petlatl (mat); tlan (place of abundance).

Acapolco. [Where the rushes were destroyed.] Compounded of acatl (rush); poloa (to destroy, to lose); co (place).

Acapolco. [Where the rushes were destroyed.] Made up of acatl (rush); poloa (to destroy, to lose); co (place).

Acatepec. [In the mountain of reeds.] Compounded of acatl (reed); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Acatepec. [In the mountain of reeds.] Made up of acatl (reed); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Acaticpac. [Over (or above) the canes.] Compounded of acatl (cane); icpac (above).

Acaticpac. [Over the canes.] Made up of acatl (cane); icpac (above).

Acatzinco. [Place of small rushes.] Compounded of acatl (rush); tzintli, diminutive particle; co (place).

Acatzinco. [Place of small rushes.] Made up of acatl (rush); tzintli, a diminutive suffix; co (place).

Acatzochic. [In the flowers of the cane.] Compounded of acatl (cane); xochitl (flower); c (in).

Acatzochic. [In the flowers of the cane.] Made up of acatl (cane); xochitl (flower); c (in).

Acatzochitlan. [Among the flowers of the cane.] Compounded of acatl (cane); xochitl (flower); tlan (among).

Acatzochitlan. [Among the flowers of the cane.] Made up of acatl (cane); xochitl (flower); tlan (among).

Acayocan. [Place full of canes, or rushes.] Compounded of acayutl (full of canes); can (place). Acayutl = acatl (cane) and yutl (full of).

Acayocan. [Place full of canes or rushes.] Made up of acayutl (full of canes); can (place). Acayutl = acatl (cane) and yutl (full of).

Acazacatla. [Where is abundance of rushes and straw.] Compounded of acatl (rush); zacatl (grass, straw); tla (abundance).

Acazacatla. [Where there is plenty of rushes and straw.] Made up of acatl (rush); zacatl (grass, straw); tla (abundance).

Acocozpan. [In the very yellow water.] Compounded of atl (water); cocoztic (very yellow); pan (in, place).

Acocozpan. [In the very yellow water.] Made up of atl (water); cocoztic (very yellow); pan (in, place).

Acolhuacan. [Place of the Acolhuas.] Compounded of Acolhua, a tribal name; can (place). Acolhua = acolli (shoulder) and hua, a possessive particle.

Acolhuacan. [Place of the Acolhuas.] Made up of Acolhua, which is a tribal name; can (place). Acolhua = acolli (shoulder) and hua, a possessive particle.

Acolnahuac. [Near the Acolhuas.] Compounded of Acolhua, a tribal name; nahua (near).

Acolnahuac. [Near the Acolhuas.] Made up of Acolhua, a tribal name; nahua (near).

Acozpa. [In the yellow water.] Compounded of atl (water); coztic (yellow); pa (in).

Acozpa. [In the yellow water.] Made up of atl (water); coztic (yellow); pa (in).

Acuitlapan. [In the water of the filth.] Compounded of atl (water); cuitlatl (excrement); pan (place, in).

Acuitlapan. [In the water of the filth.] Made up of atl (water); cuitlatl (excrement); pan (place, in).

Ahuacatlan. [Place of many ahuacates.] Compounded of ahuacatl (ahuacate, alligator pear); tlan (abundance).

Ahuacatlan. [Place of many avocados.] Made up of ahuacatl (avocado, alligator pear); tlan (abundance).

Ahuatepec. [In the mountain of live-oaks.] Compounded of ahuatl (live-oak); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Ahuatepec. [In the mountain of live oaks.] Made up of ahuatl (live oak); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

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Ahuatzitzinco. [Place of the very small live-oaks.] Compounded of ahuatl (live-oak); tzitzintl, emphatic of diminutive particle; co (place).

Ahuatzitzinco. [Place of the very small live-oaks.] Made up of ahuatl (live-oak); tzitzintl, a form that emphasizes something small; co (place).

Ahuehuepan. [In the cypresses.] Compounded of ahuehuetl (cypress); pan (in).

Ahuehuepan. [In the cypresses.] Made up of ahuehuetl (cypress); pan (in).

Ahuexoyocan. [Place of groves of water-willows.] Compounded of ahuexotl (water-willow); yocan (place full of).

Ahuexoyocan. [Place of groves of water-willows.] Made up of ahuexotl (water-willow); yocan (place full of).

Ahuilizapan.=(Ahauializapan.) [In the river of joy.] Compounded of ahauializtli (joy); atl (water, river); pan (in). Through forms perhaps like Ahulizapa, Ulizaba, Olizaba, it has come to be the present Orizaba.

Ahuilizapan.=(Ahauializapan.) [In the river of joy.] Made up of ahauializtli (joy); atl (water, river); pan (in). Through variations like Ahulizapa, Ulizaba, Olizaba, it has evolved into the current Orizaba.

Amacoztitlan. [Where is abundance of yellow paper.] Compounded of amatl (paper); coztic (yellow); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (abundance).

Amacoztitlan. [Where there is a lot of yellow paper.] Made up of amatl (paper); coztic (yellow); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; tlan (abundance).

Amatlan. [Where there is abundant paper.] Compounded of amatl (paper); tlan (where abounds).

Amatlan. [Where there is plenty of paper.] Made up of amatl (paper); tlan (where it abounds).

Amaxtlan. [Where the water divides.] Compounded of atl (water); maxactli (split, crotch); tlan (place).

Amaxtlan. [Where the water divides.] Made up of atl (water); maxactli (split, fork); tlan (place).

Ameyalco. [Where are springs of water.] Compounded of atl (water); meyali (a spring, from meya, to issue); co (where).

Ameyalco. [Where there are springs of water.] Made up of atl (water); meyali (a spring, from meya, to flow); co (where).

Apancalecan. [Place of owners of houses with water troughs.] Compounded of apanatl (water trough); cale (house-owner); can (place).

Apancalecan. [Place of house owners with water troughs.] Made up of apanatl (water trough); cale (house owner); can (place).

Atenanco. [Place of the wall of water.] Composed of atl (water); tenamitl (wall); co (place).

Atenanco. [Place of the wall of water.] Made up of atl (water); tenamitl (wall); co (place).

Atenco. [Place on the river bank.] Compounded of atl (water); tentli (lip, bank); co (place).

Atenco. [Location by the river bank.] Made up of atl (water); tentli (lip, bank); co (place).

Atlan. [Where water abounds.] Compounded of atl (water); tlan (abundance).

Atlan. [A place where water is plentiful.] Made up of atl (water); tlan (abundance).

Atlatlauhcan. [In the place of red water.] Compounded of atl (water); tlatlauhqui (red); can (place).

Atlatlauhcan. [In the place of red water.] Made up of atl (water); tlatlauhqui (red); can (place).

Atlhuelic. [In the good tasting water.] Compounded of atl (water); huelic (good tasting); c (in).

Atlhuelic. [In the good tasting water.] Made up of atl (water); huelic (good tasting); c (in).

Atlicholoayan. [Where the water falls.] Compounded of atl (water); choloa (to fall, as in a cascade); yan, a verbal termination.

Atlicholoayan. [Where the water falls.] Made up of atl (water); choloa (to fall, like in a waterfall); yan, a verb ending.

Atotonilco. [Where is hot water.] Compounded of atl (water); totonilli (hot); co (place).

Atotonilco. [Where there is hot water.] Made up of atl (water); totonilli (hot); co (place).

Atzacan. [Place of confined water.] Composed of atl (water); tzacua (to confine); can (place).

Atzacan. [Place of confined water.] Made up of atl (water); tzacua (to confine); can (place).

Auchpanco. [In the acqueduct—i.e., road of water.] Compounded of atl (water); ochpantli (highroad); co (place, in).

Auchpanco. [In the aqueduct—i.e., waterway.] Made up of atl (water); ochpantli (highway); co (place, in).

Axocopan. [In the sour water.] Compounded of atl (water); xococ (something sour); pan (place, in).

Axocopan. [In the sour water.] Made up of atl (water); xococ (something sour); pan (place, in).

Ayotlan. [Where turtles abound.] Compounded of ayotl (turtle); tlan (place of abundance).

Ayotlan. [Where turtles are plentiful.] Made up of ayotl (turtle); tlan (place of abundance).

Ayotochco. [Place of armadillos.] Compounded of ayotochtl (armadillo); co (place).

Ayotochco. [Place of armadillos.] Made up of ayotochtl (armadillo); co (place).

Ayotochcuitlatla. [Where armadillo excrement abounds.] Compounded of ayotochtl (armadillo); cuitlatl (excrement); tla (place of abundance).

Ayotochcuitlatla. [Where armadillo poop is plentiful.] Made up of ayotochtl (armadillo); cuitlatl (excrement); tla (place of abundance).

Ayotzintepec. [Place of the little calabashes.] Compounded of ayotli (calabash); tzin, a diminutive particle; tepetl (mountain); c (in, where). Tepec may[Pg 6] often be rendered place. Some authors make this name, “place of little turtles,” from ayotl (turtle).

Ayotzintepec. [Place of the small calabashes.] Made up of ayotli (calabash); tzin, a diminutive suffix; tepetl (mountain); c (in, where). Tepec may[Pg 6] often be translated as place. Some authors interpret this name as “place of little turtles,” from ayotl (turtle).

Ayoxochiapan. [At the river of calabash flowers.] Compounded of ayotli (calabash); xochitl (flower); atl (water, river); pan (place).

Ayoxochiapan. [At the river of calabash flowers.] Made up of ayotli (calabash); xochitl (flower); atl (water, river); pan (place).

Azcaputzalco. [In the ant-hill.] Compounded of azcatl (ant); potzalli (earth heaped up); co (in, place).

Azcaputzalco. [In the ant hill.] Made up of azcatl (ant); potzalli (earth heaped up); co (in, place).

Aztaquemecan. [Place of capes of white heron feathers.] Compounded of aztatl (white heron); quemitl (feather cape); can (place).

Aztaquemecan. [Place of white heron feather capes.] Made up of aztatl (white heron); quemitl (feather cape); can (place).

Aztoapan. [In the water of the white herons.] Compounded of aztatl (white heron); atl (water); pan (in).

Aztoapan. [In the water of the white herons.] Made up of aztatl (white heron); atl (water); pan (in).

Cacalomacan. [Where they take crows.] Compounded of cacalotl (crow); maitl (hand); can (where).

Cacalomacan. [Where they take crows.] Made up of cacalotl (crow); maitl (hand); can (where).

Calimayan. [Place where they make houses.] Compounded of calli (house); maitl (hand); ayan (where something is made), a verbal in yan of the verb ay, to make. The a of ma and the initial of ayan are reduced to one.

Calimayan. [Place where they build houses.] Made up of calli (house); maitl (hand); ayan (where something is made), a form of the verb ay, meaning to make. The a in ma and the initial of ayan are combined into one.

Caltepec. [In the mountain of houses.] Compounded of calli (house); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Caltepec. [In the mountain of houses.] Made up of calli (house); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Calyahualco. [Place surrounded by houses.] Compounded of calli (house); yahualli (a circular object); co (place, in).

Calyahualco. [A place surrounded by houses.] Made up of calli (house); yahualli (a circular object); co (place, in).

Camotlan. [Where there is abundance of sweet potatoes.] Compounded of camotl (sweet potato); tlan (where is abundance).

Camotlan. [Where there is plenty of sweet potatoes.] Composed of camotl (sweet potato); tlan (where there is abundance).

Capulapan. [In the irrigated place where capulins grow.] Compounded of capulin, a kind of fruit tree; atl (water); pan (place).

Capulapan. [In the irrigated area where capulins grow.] Made up of capulin, a type of fruit tree; atl (water); pan (place).

Centzontepec. [In the four hundred mountains.] Compounded of centzontli (four hundred, many); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Centzontepec. [In the four hundred mountains.] Made up of centzontli (four hundred, many); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Cihuateopan. [In the temple of Cihuacoatl.] Compounded of cihuatl (woman), here by antonomasia used for the goddess Cihuacoatl; teopan (temple).

Cihuateopan. [In the temple of Cihuacoatl.] Made up of cihuatl (woman), used here as a title for the goddess Cihuacoatl; teopan (temple).

Cihuatlan. [Where are many women.] Compounded of cihuatl (woman); tlan (where is abundance).

Cihuatlan. [Where there are many women.] Made up of cihuatl (woman); tlan (where there is abundance).

Cilla. [Where are many snail shells.] Compounded of cilin (a snail shell); tla (abundance). The t is dropped, when coming between ll.

Cilla. [Where there are many snail shells.] Made up of cilin (a snail shell); tla (abundance). The t is dropped when it comes between ll.

Citlaltepec. [In the mountain of the star.] Compounded of citlalin (star); tepetl (mountain); c (in). The volcano Citlaltepec is now known as Orizaba.

Citlaltepec. [In the mountain of the star.] Made up of citlalin (star); tepetl (mountain); c (in). The volcano Citlaltepec is now called Orizaba.

Coacalco. [Place of the house of the snake.] Compounded of coatl (snake); calli (house); co (place).

Coacalco. [Place of the house of the snake.] Made up of coatl (snake); calli (house); co (place).

Coaixtlahuacan. [In the plain of snakes.] Compounded of coatl (snake); ixtlahuaca (plain, level expanse); can (place).

Coaixtlahuacan. [In the plain of snakes.] Made up of coatl (snake); ixtlahuaca (plain, flat area); can (place).

Coatepec. [In the mountain of snakes.] Compounded of coatl (snake); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Coatepec. [In the mountain of snakes.] Made up of coatl (snake); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Coatlan. [Where is abundance of snakes.] Compounded of coatl (snake); tlan (where is abundance).

Coatlan. [Where there is an abundance of snakes.] Made up of coatl (snake); tlan (where there is abundance).

Cocotlan. [Place of doves.] Compounded of cocotli (dove); tlan (place).

Cocotlan. [Place of doves.] Made up of cocotli (dove); tlan (place).

Colhuacan. [Place of the Colhuas.] Compounded of Colhua, a tribal name; can (place). Place of those who adore Coltzin (the bent, curved, or twisted god); coltic (twisted); tzin, reverential particle; hua, holding or possessing; can (place). Robelo, Dist. Fed. pp. 56-73 gives long discussion.

Colhuacan. [Place of the Colhuas.] Made up of Colhua, which is a tribal name; can (place). The place of those who worship Coltzin (the bent, curved, or twisted god); coltic (twisted); tzin, a respectful suffix; hua, meaning holding or possessing; can (place). Robelo, Dist. Fed. pp. 56-73 provides a detailed discussion.

[Pg 7]

Coliman. [Place where Colhuas were captured.] Compounded of Colhua, a tribal name; maitl (hand); n (place).

Coliman. [Place where Colhuas were captured.] Made up of Colhua, a tribal name; maitl (hand); n (place).

Comaltepec. [In the mountain of griddles.] Compounded of comalli (earthen griddle); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Comaltepec. [In the mountain of griddles.] Made up of comalli (earthen griddle); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Comitlan. [Place of making pots.] Compounded of comitl (pot); tlan (place, abundance).

Comitlan. [Place of making pots.] Made up of comitl (pot); tlan (place, abundance).

Coyohuacan. [Place where are coyotes.] Compounded of coyotl (coyote); hua, possessive particle; can (where). Robelo suggests—Coyohuacca [Place of the lean coyote.] Compounded of coyotl (coyote); huacqui (lean); can (place).

Coyohuacan. [Place where coyotes are found.] Made up of coyotl (coyote); hua, a possessive particle; can (where). Robelo suggests—Coyohuacca [Place of the lean coyote.] Made up of coyotl (coyote); huacqui (lean); can (place).

Coyolapan. [In the water which tinkles.] Compounded of coyolli (=coyulli, bell); atl (water); pan (in, place).

Coyolapan. [In the water that tinkles.] Made up of coyolli (=coyulli, bell); atl (water); pan (in, place).

Cozamaloapan. [In the water of the cuzamatl.] Compounded of cuzamatl (=cuzatli, a species of mustela); atl (water, river); pan (place, in).

Cozamaloapan. [In the water of the cuzamatl.] Made up of cuzamatl (=cuzatli, a type of weasel); atl (water, river); pan (place, in).

Cozohuipilecan. [Place of owners of protective tunics.] Compounded of cozo (from cozauhqui, a yellow thing); huipile (owner of a hiupil or skirt); can (place).

Cozohuipilecan. [Place of the owners of protective tunics.] Made up of cozo (from cozauhqui, something yellow); huipile (owner of a huipil or skirt); can (place).

Cuahuacan. [Place where they have trees.] Compounded of cuauhuitl (tree); hua, a possessive particle; can (place).

Cuahuacan. [Place where they have trees.] Made up of cuauhuitl (tree); hua, a possessive particle; can (place).

Cuahuitlixco. [Place at the edge of the woods.] Better Cuauhtlixco. Composed of cuauhtla (wood, groved); ixco (before, in front of, at the edge or on the surface).

Cuahuitlixco. [Place at the edge of the woods.] Better Cuauhtlixco. Made up of cuauhtla (wood, grove); ixco (before, in front of, at the edge, or on the surface).

Cualac. [Where there is good water.] Compounded of qualli (good); atl (water); c (in, where). Better Qualac.

Cualac. [Where there is good water.] Made up of qualli (good); atl (water); c (in, where). Better Qualac.

Cuatzontepec. [In the mountain of the tresses.] Compounded of cuatzontli (=quautzuntli, a tress of hair); tepetl (mountain); c (in). The hieroglyph is double. Cuatzontepec of Cuatzontlan.

Cuatzontepec. [In the mountain of the braids.] Made up of cuatzontli (=quautzuntli, a braid of hair); tepetl (mountain); c (in). The hieroglyph is double. Cuatzontepec of Cuatzontlan.

Cuauhnahuac. [Near the grove.] Compounded of cuauhtla (grove); nahuac (near). This name has become Cuernavaca.

Cuauhnahuac. [Near the grove.] Made up of cuauhtla (grove); nahuac (near). This name has evolved into Cuernavaca.

Cuauhquecholan. [Where there are eagles of rich plumage.] Compounded of cuauhtli (eagle); quecholli (rich); tlan (in, where, abundance).

Cuauhquecholan. [Where there are eagles with vibrant feathers.] Made up of cuauhtli (eagle); quecholli (vibrant); tlan (in, where, abundance).

Cuauhquemecan. [Where they have capes of eagle feathers.] Compounded of cuauhtli (eagle); quemitl (feather cape); e, a possessive particle; can (in, where).

Cuauhquemecan. [Where they have eagle feather capes.] Made up of cuauhtli (eagle); quemitl (feather cape); e, a possessive particle; can (in, where).

Cuauhtecomatlan. [Place of cuauhtecomates.] Compounded of cuauhtecomatl (the crescentia, a tree the gourdlike fruits of which are made into vessels); tlan (place).

Cuauhtecomatlan. [Place of cuauhtecomates.] Made up of cuauhtecomatl (the crescentia, a tree whose gourd-like fruits are turned into containers); tlan (place).

Cuauhtecomatzinco. [Where are the little cuauhtecomates.] (See preceding.)

Cuauhtitlan. [Among the trees.] Compounded of cuauhtl (tree); titlan (among).

Cuauhtitlan. [Among the trees.] Made up of cuauhtl (tree); titlan (among).

Cuauhtlan. [Where eagles abound.] Compounded of cuauhtli (eagle); tlan (abundance, where). Might be where trees abound from cuauhtl (tree); tlan—but the hieroglyph gives preference to the first.

Cuauhtlan. [Where eagles are plentiful.] Made up of cuauhtli (eagle); tlan (abundance, place). It could also refer to where trees are abundant from cuauhtl (tree); tlan—but the hieroglyph emphasizes the first meaning.

Cuauhtochco. [In the place of the mountain cats.] Compounded of cuauhtl (tree); ocotochtli (lynx); co (place, in).

Cuauhtochco. [In the place of the mountain cats.] Made up of cuauhtl (tree); ocotochtli (lynx); co (place, in).

Cuauhxayacatitlan. [Where are many wooden masks.] Compounded of cuauhtl (tree, wood); xayacatl (mask); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place of abundance).

Cuauhxayacatitlan. [Where there are many wooden masks.] Made up of cuauhtl (tree, wood); xayacatl (mask); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; tlan (place of plenty).

[Pg 8]

Cuauhxilotitlan. [Place of cuauhxilotl.] Composed of cuauhxilotl (=cuajilote, an edible plant, species of Parminteria); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place).

Cuauhxilotitlan. [Place of cuauhxilotl.] Made up of cuauhxilotl (=cuajilote, an edible plant, species of Parminteria); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; tlan (place).

Cuauhximalpan. [Among the chips.] Compounded of cuauhximalli (chip); pan (in, where).

Cuauhximalpan. [Among the chips.] Made up of cuauhximalli (chip); pan (in, where).

Cuezcomahuacan. [Where there are granaries.] Compounded of cuezcomatl (granary); ti, a euphonic particle; can (place).

Cuezcomahuacan. [Where there are granaries.] Made up of cuezcomatl (granary); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; can (place).

Cuezcomatitlan. [Where are many granaries.] Compounded of cuezcomatl (granary); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place of).

Cuezcomatitlan. [Where there are many granaries.] Made up of cuezcomatl (granary); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place of).

Cuicatlan. [Place of song.] Compounded of cuicatl (song); tlan (place of).

Cuicatlan. [Place of song.] Made up of cuicatl (song); tlan (place of).

Cuitlapan. [Place of excrement.] Compounded of cuitlatl (excrement); pan (in, place).

Cuitlapan. [Place of waste.] Made up of cuitlatl (waste); pan (in, place).

Chalco. [Place of the Chalcas.] Compounded of Chalca, a tribal name; co (place). This etymology is doubtful.

Chalco. [Place of the Chalcas.] Made up of Chalca, a tribal name; co (place). This origin is uncertain.

Chalco-Atenco. Compound name. See Chalco and Atenco.

Chalco-Atenco. Combined name. See Chalco and Atenco.

Chichicuauhtla. [Where are many chichicuauhtl.] Compounded of chichic (bitter); cuahuitl (tree); tla (abundance). The “bitter-tree,” chichiquauhuitl, is described by Hernandez.

Chichicuauhtla. [Where there are many chichicuauhtl.] Made up of chichic (bitter); cuahuitl (tree); tla (abundance). The “bitter tree,” chichiquauhuitl, is explained by Hernandez.

Chiconquiauchco. [Place of seven rains.] Compounded of chicome (seven); quiahuitl (rain); co (place). Probably chiconquiauhuitl should here be considered as a date. Robelo says only twenty (cempoalli) and four hundred (centzontli) are used in Aztec as hyperbolic numerals.

Chiconquiauchco. [Place of seven rains.] Made up of chicome (seven); quiahuitl (rain); co (place). It’s likely that chiconquiauhuitl should be viewed as a date here. Robelo notes that only twenty (cempoalli) and four hundred (centzontli) are used in Aztec as exaggerated numbers.

Chilapan. [In the water of the peppers.] Compounded of chilli (pepper); atl (water); pan (in).

Chilapan. [In the water of the peppers.] Made up of chilli (pepper); atl (water); pan (in).

Chiltecpintla. [Where are many of the little red peppers.] Compounded of chiltecpintli (small and very sharp red pepper); tla (abundance).

Chiltecpintla. [Where there are many of the little red peppers.] Made up of chiltecpintli (small and very spicy red pepper); tla (abundance).

Chimalpan. [Place of shields.] Compounded of chimalli (shield); pan (place, in).

Chimalpan. [Place of shields.] Made up of chimalli (shield); pan (place, in).

Chipetlan. [Place of Xipe.] Compounded of Xipe (=Totec, “frightful and terrible Lord”); tlan (place).

Chipetlan. [Place of Xipe.] Made up of Xipe (=Totec, “fearsome and terrible Lord”); tlan (place).

Ehecatepec. [In the mountain of Ehecatl.] Compounded of Ehecatl (god of the winds); tepetl (mountain); c (in, place).

Ehecatepec. [In the mountain of Ehecatl.] Made up of Ehecatl (god of the winds); tepetl (mountain); c (in, place).

Ehecatlapechco. [Place of the altar of Ehecatl.] Compounded of Ehecatl (god of the wind); tlapechtli (altar, stretcher); co (place).

Ehecatlapechco. [Place of the altar of Ehecatl.] Made up of Ehecatl (god of the wind); tlapechtli (altar, stretcher); co (place).

Ehuacalco. [In the furrier’s shop.] Compounded of ehuayotl (skin, fur); calli (house); co (place).

Ehuacalco. [In the furrier’s shop.] Made up of ehuayotl (skin, fur); calli (house); co (place).

Epatlan. [Where there are fox whelps.] Compounded of epatl (fox whelp); tlan (place).

Epatlan. [Where there are fox pups.] Made up of epatl (fox pup); tlan (place).

Etlan. [Place of frijoles.] Compounded of etl (frijol, bean); tlan (place).

Etlan. [Place of beans.] Made up of etl (bean); tlan (place).

Huaxtepec. [Where there is huaxin.] Compounded of huaxin (a tree of the family Leguminosae); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Huaxtepec. [Where there is huaxin.] Made up of huaxin (a tree from the Leguminosae family); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Huaxyacac. [In the promontory where is huaxin.] Compounded of huaxin (as above); yacatl (nose, projection, promontory); c (in).

Huaxyacac. [In the promontory where huaxin is located.] Made up of huaxin (as mentioned above); yacatl (nose, projection, promontory); c (in).

Huehuetlan. [Place of the old god.] Compounded of huehue (old man); tlan (place). Because in the hieroglyphs heads are constantly deities, Peñafiel assumes huehue stands for Huehueteotl.

Huehuetlan. [Place of the old god.] Made up of huehue (old man); tlan (place). Because in the hieroglyphs the heads often represent deities, Peñafiel believes huehue signifies Huehueteotl.

[Pg 9]

Hueipochtla. [Place of the great Opochtli.] Compounded of huey (great); Opochtli (god of fishing); tlan (place).

Hueipochtla. [Place of the great Opochtli.] Made up of huey (great); Opochtli (god of fishing); tlan (place).

Hueyapan. [Seaport.] Compounded of hueiatl (the great water, sea); pan (in, place).

Hueyapan. [Seaport.] Made up of hueiatl (the great water, sea); pan (in, place).

Huilotepec. [In the place where are doves.] Compounded of huilotl (dove); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Huilotepec. [In the place where there are doves.] Made up of huilotl (dove); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Huitzannaola. [Where are many spiny pineapples.] Compounds of huiztli (spine, thorn); annona (pineapple); tla, (abundance).

Huitzannaola. [Where there are a lot of spiny pineapples.] Compounds of huiztli (spine, thorn); annona (pineapple); tla, (abundance).

Huitzilapan. [Place of humming birds.] Compounded of huitzitzilin (humming bird); atl (water); pan (place).

Huitzilapan. [Place of humming birds.] Made up of huitzitzilin (hummingbird); atl (water); pan (place).

Huitzilopuchco. [Place of Huitzilopochtli.] Compounded of Huitzilopochtli (the great god of the Aztecs); co (place).

Huitzilopuchco. [Place of Huitzilopochtli.] Made up of Huitzilopochtli (the great god of the Aztecs); co (place).

Huitznahuac. [The thing surrounded by thorns.] Compounded of huitztli (thorn); nahuac (around). The hieroglyph shows double use of this word, which in Spanish is biznaga, a kind of cactus. Huitznahuac-teopan and Huitznahuac-calli = Huitzcalco.

Huitznahuac. [The thing surrounded by thorns.] Made up of huitztli (thorn); nahuac (around). The hieroglyph demonstrates a double use of this word, which in Spanish is biznaga, a type of cactus. Huitznahuac-teopan and Huitznahuac-calli = Huitzcalco.

Huitztlan. [Place of thorns.] Compounded of huitztli (thorn); tlan (place of).

Huitztlan. [Place of thorns.] Made up of huitztli (thorn); tlan (place of).

Huixachtitlan. [Place of huizaches.] Compounded of huixachin (a species of acacia or mimosa); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place).

Huixachtitlan. [Place of huizaches.] Made up of huixachin (a type of acacia or mimosa); ti, a connecting sound; tlan (place).

Icpatepec. [Above the mountain.] Compounded of icpac (above); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Icpatepec. [Above the mountain.] Made up of icpac (above); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Itzamatitlan. [Place of writers.] Compounded of itztli (obsidian splinter); amatl (paper); ti, euphonic particle; tlan (place).

Itzamatitlan. [Place of writers.] Made up of itztli (obsidian splinter); amatl (paper); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; tlan (place).

Itzcuintepec. [In the place of the dog.] Compounded of ixtcuintl (dog); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Itzcuintepec. [In the place of the dog.] Made up of ixtcuintl (dog); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Itzihuquilyocan. [Place where plants of indigo abound.] Compounded of itztli (obsidian); xihuquilitl (indigo); yocan (place of abundance). Has this indigo leaves shaped like flint knives?

Itzihuquilyocan. [Place where plants of indigo abound.] Made up of itztli (obsidian); xihuquilitl (indigo); yocan (place of abundance). Does this indigo have leaves shaped like flint knives?

Itzocan. [Place where they paint or stain the face.] Compounded of itzoca (to have the face dirty); n (place).

Itzocan. [A place where they paint or stain the face.] Made up of itzoca (to have a dirty face); n (place).

Itztlan. [Place of obsidian.] Compounded of itztli (obsidian); tlan (place).

Itztlan. [Place of obsidian.] Made up of itztli (obsidian); tlan (place).

Ixcoyamec. [In the plain of the peccaries.] Compounded of ixco (surface, edge, level); coyametl (wild pig); c (in).

Ixcoyamec. [In the flat area of the wild pigs.] Made up of ixco (surface, edge, level); coyametl (wild pig); c (in).

Iztacalco. [In the house of salt.] Compounded of iztatl (salt); calli (house); co (place, in). Where salt is made.

Iztacalco. [In the house of salt.] Made up of iztatl (salt); calli (house); co (place, in). Where salt is produced.

Iztatlan. [Place of salt.] Compounded of iztatl (salt); tlan (place).

Iztatlan. [Place of salt.] Made up of iztatl (salt); tlan (place).

Macuilxochic. [In the five flowers.] Compounded of macuilli (five); xochitl (flower); c (in, place).

Macuilxochic. [In the five flowers.] Made up of macuilli (five); xochitl (flower); c (in, place).

Malinalco. [Place of malinalli.] Compounded of malinalli (a fibre-plant); co (place). Robelo suggests Malinalxochoco, where they adore Malinalxochitl. She was the sister of Huitzilopochtl.

Malinalco. [Place of malinalli.] Made up of malinalli (a fiber plant); co (place). Robelo proposes Malinalxochoco, where they worship Malinalxochitl. She was Huitzilopochtl’s sister.

Mamalhuaztepec. [In the mountain of the fire sticks.] Compounded of mamalhuaztli (fire-stick); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Mamalhuaztepec. [In the mountain of the fire sticks.] Made up of mamalhuaztli (fire-stick); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Mapachtepec. [Where there are mapachi.] Compounded of mapachi (a sort of raccoon); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Mapachtepec. [Where there are mapachi.] Made up of mapachi (a type of raccoon); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

[Pg 10]

Matlatlan. [Place of nets.] Compounded of matlatl (net); tlan (place).

Matlatlan. [Place of nets.] Made up of matlatl (net); tlan (place).

Mazatlan. [Place of deer.] Compounded of mazatl (deer); tlan (place).

Mazatlan. [Place of deer.] Made up of mazatl (deer); tlan (place).

Metepec. [In the mountain of magueys.] Compounded of metl (maguey); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Metepec. [In the mountain of agaves.] Made up of metl (agave); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Miacatla. [Where there are canes for arrows.] Compounded of mitl (arrow); acatl (cane); tla (abundance).

Miacatla. [Where there are canes for arrows.] Made up of mitl (arrow); acatl (cane); tla (abundance).

Mictlan. [Place of the dead.] Mictlan (dead).

Michapan. [In the river of fishes.] Compounded of michin (fish); atl (water, river); pan (in, place).

Michapan. [In the river of fish.] Made up of michin (fish); atl (water, river); pan (in, place).

Michmaloyan. [Place where they fish.] Compounded of michin (fish); malli (captured); yan, a verbal ending.

Michmaloyan. [Place where they fish.] Made up of michin (fish); malli (caught); yan, a verb ending.

Mixcoac. [Place of the cloud snake.] Compounded of mixtli (cloud); coatl (snake); c (in, place).

Mixcoac. [Place of the cloud snake.] Made up of mixtli (cloud); coatl (snake); c (in, place).

Mizquitlan. [Place of mesquites.] Compounded of mizquitl (mesquite); tlan (place).

Mizquitlan. [Place of mesquites.] Made up of mizquitl (mesquite); tlan (place).

Molotla. [Where sparrows abound.] Compounded of molotl (sparrow); tla (abundance).

Molotla. [Where sparrows are plentiful.] Made up of molotl (sparrow); tla (abundance).

Nacochtlan. [Where are ear ornaments.] Compounded of nacochtli (an ear ornament); tlan (place).

Nacochtlan. [Where are ear ornaments.] Made up of nacochtli (an ear ornament); tlan (place).

Nochtepec. [In the mountain of cactus.] Compounded of nochtli (cactus); tepetl (mountains); c (in).

Nochtepec. [In the mountain of cactus.] Made up of nochtli (cactus); tepetl (mountains); c (in).

Nopalla. [Where nopals abound.] Compounded of nopalli (a cactus); tla (abundance). The t is dropped between ll.

Nopalla. [Where nopals are plentiful.] Made up of nopalli (a cactus); tla (abundance). The t is dropped between ll.

Ocelotepec. [In the mountain of ocelots.] Compounded of ocelotl (a feline animal); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Ocelotepec. [In the mountain of ocelots.] Made up of ocelotl (a cat-like animal); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Ocotepec. [In the mountain of pines.] Compounded of ocotl (pine); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Ocotepec. [In the mountain of pines.] Made up of ocotl (pine); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Octlan. [Place of pulque.] Compounded of octli (pulque); tlan (place).

Octlan. [Place of pulque.] Made up of octli (pulque); tlan (place).

Ocuilan. [Where worms abound.] Compounded of ocuilin (worm, maggot); tlan (place of). The t is dropped between ll.

Ocuilan. [Where worms are plentiful.] Made up of ocuilin (worm, maggot); tlan (place of). The t is dropped between ll.

Olac. [In the black water.] Compounded of olin (black); atl (water); c (in). It belongs to Xochimilco, as the hieroglyph shows.

Olac. [In the black water.] Made up of olin (black); atl (water); c (in). It belongs to Xochimilco, as the hieroglyph indicates.

Olinalan. [In the place of movement, i.e., earthquakes.] Compounded of olin (movement, earthquake); tlalli (earth); tlan (place).

Olinalan. [In the place of movement, meaning earthquakes.] Made up of olin (movement, earthquake); tlalli (earth); tlan (place).

Olintepec. [In the mountain of earthquakes.] Compounded of olin (earthquake); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Olintepec. [In the mountain of earthquakes.] Made up of olin (earthquake); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Otlatitlan. [Among the canes.] Compounded of otlatl (cane, bambu); titlan (among).

Otlatitlan. [Among the canes.] Made up of otlatl (cane, bamboo); titlan (among).

Otonpan. [Where Otomi live.] Compounded of Otomitl, a tribal name; pan (in, place).

Otonpan. [Where the Otomi live.] Made up of Otomitl, a tribal name; pan (in, place).

Oxitipan. [In the place where they prepare oxitl.] Compounded of oxitl (a black unguent); ti, a euphonic particle; pan (place, in).

Oxitipan. [In the place where they make oxitl.] Made up of oxitl (a black ointment); ti, a musical particle; pan (place, in).

Oxitlan. [Where there is oxitl.] Compounded of oxitl (a black unguent); tlan (place).

Oxitlan. [Where there is oxitl.] Made up of oxitl (a black ointment); tlan (place).

Oztoticpac. [Above the cave.] Compounded of oztotl (cave); icpac (above).

Oztoticpac. [Above the cave.] Made up of oztotl (cave); icpac (above).

[Pg 11]

Pantepec. [In the mountain of the flag.] Compounded of pantli (flag); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Pantepec. [In the mountain of the flag.] Made up of pantli (flag); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Petlatlan. [Place of mats.] Compounded of petlatl (mat); tlan (place).

Petlatlan. [Place of mats.] Made up of petlatl (mat); tlan (place).

Pipioltepec. [In the place of the mountain bees.] Compounded of pipiolin (a honey-making mountain bee); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Pipioltepec. [In the place of the mountain bees.] Made up of pipiolin (a honey-producing mountain bee); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Poctepec. [In the mountain of smoke.] Compounded of poctli (smoke); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Poctepec. [In the mountain of smoke.] Made up of poctli (smoke); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Poctlan. [Place of smoke.] Compounded of poctli (smoke); tlan (place of).

Poctlan. [Place of smoke.] Made up of poctli (smoke); tlan (place of).

Popotlan. [Place of popote.] Compounded of popotl (a sort of grass); tlan (place).

Popotlan. [Place of popote.] Made up of popotl (a type of grass); tlan (place).

Quetzallan. [Place of quetzals.] Compounded of quetzalli (a bird of brilliant plumage); tlan (place of). The t is dropped between ll.

Quetzallan. [Place of quetzals.] Made up of quetzalli (a bird with bright feathers); tlan (place of). The t is dropped between ll.

Quetzalmacan. [Where they capture quetzals.] Compounded of quetzalli (a bird of brilliant plumage); maitl (hand); can (where).

Quetzalmacan. [Where they capture quetzals.] Made up of quetzalli (a bird with vibrant feathers); maitl (hand); can (where).

Quetzaloztoc. [In the cave of quetzals.] Compounded of quetzalli (quetzal); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Quetzaloztoc. [In the cave of quetzals.] Made up of quetzalli (quetzal); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Quetzaltepec. [In the mountain of quetzals.] Compounded of quetzallin (quetzal); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Quetzaltepec. [In the mountain of quetzals.] Made up of quetzallin (quetzal); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Quimichtepec. [In the mountain of quimichins.] Compounded of quimichin (a kind of rat-like animal); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Quimichtepec. [In the mountain of quimichins.] Made up of quimichin (a type of rat-like creature); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Quiyauhteopan. [Temple of the rain.] Compounded of quiyahuitl (rain); teopan (temple).

Quiyauhteopan. [Temple of the Rain.] Made up of quiyahuitl (rain) and teopan (temple).

Tamazolapan. [Where there are toads.] Compounded of tamazollin (toad); atl (water, river); pan (where).

Tamazolapan. [Where there are toads.] Made up of tamazollin (toad); atl (water, river); pan (where).

Tamuoc. [The name is Huaxtec; meaning not considered.] The Aztec hieroglyph is phonetic—tamachia (to measure something); otli (a road); c (place, in).

Tamuoc. [The name is Huaxtec; meaning not considered.] The Aztec glyph is phonetic—tamachia (to measure something); otli (a road); c (place, in).

Teacalco. [Place of stone canoes.] Compounded of tetl (stone); acalli (canoe); co (place).

Teacalco. [Place of stone canoes.] Made up of tetl (stone); acalli (canoe); co (place).

Tecalco. [Place of stone houses.] Compounded of tetl (stone); calli (house); co (place).

Tecalco. [Place of stone houses.] Made up of tetl (stone); calli (house); co (place).

Tecamachalco. [Place of the stone jaw.] Compounded of tetl (stone); camachalli (jaw); co (place).

Tecamachalco. [Place of the stone jaw.] Made up of tetl (stone); camachalli (jaw); co (place).

Teciuhtlan. [Place of stone-rain.] Compounded of tecihuitl (hail, or volcanic cinders—lit. stone-rain); tlan (place).

Teciuhtlan. [Place of stone rain.] Made up of tecihuitl (hail, or volcanic cinders—lit. stone rain); tlan (place).

Tecmilco. [Fields belonging to the government.] Compounded of tecpan (the official building); milli (field); co (place).

Tecmilco. [Fields owned by the government.] Made up of tecpan (the official building); milli (field); co (place).

Tecoloapan. [Where there are owls.] Compounded of tecolotl (owl); atl (water, river); pan (place).

Tecoloapan. [Where there are owls.] Made up of tecolotl (owl); atl (water, river); pan (place).

Tecozauhtla. [Where yellow ochre abounds.] Compounded of tecozauhuitl (yellow ochre); tla (abundance).

Tecozauhtla. [Where yellow ochre is plentiful.] Made up of tecozauhuitl (yellow ochre); tla (abundance).

Tecpatepec. [In the mountain of flints.] Compounded of tecpatl (flint, flint knife); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tecpatepec. [In the mountain of flints.] Made up of tecpatl (flint, flint knife); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tecpatzinco. [Where are small flints.] Compounded of tecpatl (flint, flint knife); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place).

Tecpatzinco. [Where are small flints.] Made up of tecpatl (flint, flint knife); tzin, a diminutive suffix; co (place).

[Pg 12]

Tecualoyan. [Where fierce beasts prey.] Compounded of tecuani (=tequani fierce beast); yan, a verbal termination.

Tecualoyan. [Where fierce beasts prey.] Made up of tecuani (=tequani fierce beast); yan, a verb ending.

Tecuantepec. [In the mountain of wild beasts.] Compounded of tecuani (wild beast); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tecuantepec. [In the mountain of wild beasts.] Made up of tecuani (wild beast); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tehuitzco. [Place of the rocky place of sharp stones.] Compounded of tetl (stone); huitztli (thorn, spine); co (place). Robelo suggests tehuitztli, a tree with spines as hard as stones; co (place).

Tehuitzco. [Place of the rocky area with sharp stones.] Made up of tetl (stone); huitztli (thorn, spine); co (place). Robelo suggests tehuitztli, a tree with spines as hard as stones; co (place).

Temazcalapan. [In the water of the sweat-baths.] Compounded of temascalli (sweat-bath); atl (water); pan (in, place).

Temazcalapan. [In the water of the sweat-baths.] Made up of temascalli (sweat-bath); atl (water); pan (in, place).

Temohuacan. [Where all go down.] Compounded of temoa (to descend, to go down); can (place).

Temohuacan. [Where all go down.] Made up of temoa (to descend, to go down); can (place).

Tenanco. [Walled place.] Compounded of tenamitl (wall); co (in, place).

Tenanco. [Walled place.] Made up of tenamitl (wall); co (in, place).

Tenantzinco. [Place of small walls.] Compounded of tenamitl (wall); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (in, place).

Tenantzinco. [Place of small walls.] Made up of tenamitl (wall); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (in, place).

Teoatzinco. [Place of the sacred water.] Compounded of teotl (god); atl (water); tzin, a diminutive or reverential particle; co (place).

Teoatzinco. [Place of the sacred water.] Made up of teotl (god); atl (water); tzin, a small or respectful particle; co (place).

Teocalhueyac. [In the high or upreared temple.] Compounded of teocalli (temple); hueyac (high, prolonged).

Teocalhueyac. [In the high or elevated temple.] Made up of teocalli (temple); hueyac (high, prolonged).

Teocaltzinco. [Place of the small temple.] Compounded of teocalli (temple); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place).

Teocaltzinco. [Place of the small temple.] Made up of teocalli (temple); tzin, a small or diminutive suffix; co (place).

Teocuitlatlan. [Where there is gold.] Compounded of teocuitlatl (gold—i.e., divine excrement, from teotl, god and cuitlatl, excrement); tlan (place of).

Teocuitlatlan. [Where there is gold.] Made up of teocuitlatl (gold—meaning divine waste, from teotl, god and cuitlatl, waste); tlan (place of).

Teochiapan. [Where is the sacred chia.] Compounded of teotl (god, hence sacred or dedicated to religion); chia (a species of salvia); pan (place).

Teochiapan. [Where is the sacred chia.] Made up of teotl (god, thus sacred or religious); chia (a type of salvia); pan (place).

Teonochtitlan. [Where there are sacred nopalli i.e., nopals, or cacti belonging to temple properties.] Compounded of teotl (god); nochtli, a cactus; ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place).

Teonochtitlan. [Where there are sacred nopalli, meaning nopals or cacti that are part of temple properties.] Made up of teotl (god); nochtli, a cactus; ti, a connecting sound; tlan (place).

Teopantepec. [In the mountain of the temple.] Compounded of teopantli (temple); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Teopantepec. [In the mountain of the temple.] Made up of teopantli (temple); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Teotenanco. [Place of the sacred enclosure or wall.] Compounded of teotl (god); tenamitl (wall); co (place).

Teotenanco. [Place of the sacred enclosure or wall.] Made up of teotl (god); tenamitl (wall); co (place).

Teotlalpan. [Place of the divine lands.] Compounded of teotl (god); tlalli (land, earth); pan (in, place).

Teotlalpan. [Place of the divine lands.] Made up of teotl (god); tlalli (land, earth); pan (in, place).

Teotliztacan. [Place of the white deity.] Compounded of teotl (god); iztac (white); can (place). The white deity may be Iztaccihuatl.

Teotliztacan. [Place of the white deity.] Made up of teotl (god); iztac (white); can (place). The white deity could be Iztaccihuatl.

Tepechpan. [In the rocks.] Compounded of tepexitl (rocks); pan (in, place).

Tepechpan. [In the rocks.] Made up of tepexitl (rocks); pan (in, place).

Tepemaxalco. [In the divided mountain.] Compounded of tepetl (mountain); maxaltic (a thing divided or cleft); co (in, place).

Tepemaxalco. [In the divided mountain.] Made up of tepetl (mountain); maxaltic (something divided or split); co (in, place).

Tepetitlan. [Place of mountains.] Compounded of tepetl (mountain); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place, in).

Tepetitlan. [Place of mountains.] Made up of tepetl (mountain); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; tlan (place, in).

Tepetlacalco. [Place of the houses of tepetate.] Compounded of tepetlatl (tepetate, a kind of lava); calli (house); co (place, in).

Tepetlacalco. [Place of the houses of tepetate.] Made up of tepetlatl (tepetate, a type of lava); calli (house); co (place, in).

Tepetlaoztoc. [In the tepetate cave.] Compounded of tepetlatl (tepetate); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Tepetlaoztoc. [In the tepetate cave.] Made up of tepetlatl (tepetate); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Tepetlapa. [In the tepetate.] Compounded of tepetlatl (tepetate); pa (in).

Tepetlapa. [In the tepetate.] Made up of tepetlatl (tepetate); pa (in).

[Pg 13]

Tepeyacac. [At the end of the mountains.] Compounded of tepetl (mountain); yacatl (nose, point, end or beginning); c (in). This is the place of the apparition of “Our Lady of Guadalupe.”

Tepeyacac. [At the end of the mountains.] Made up of tepetl (mountain); yacatl (nose, point, end or beginning); c (in). This is where the apparition of "Our Lady of Guadalupe" happened.

Tepoztitlan. [Place of copper.] Compounded of tepoztli (copper); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place).

Tepoztitlan. [Place of copper.] Made up of tepoztli (copper); ti, a sound-friendly particle; tlan (place).

Tepuzcululan. [Place where copper is wrought.] Compounded of tepoztli (= tepuztli, copper); coloa (to bend); tlan (place).

Tepuzcululan. [A place where copper is worked.] Made up of tepoztli (= tepuztli, copper); coloa (to bend); tlan (place).

Tepuztlan. [Place of copper.] Composed of tepoztli (= tepuztli, copper); tlan (place).

Tepuztlan. [Place of copper.] Made up of tepoztli (= tepuztli, copper); tlan (place).

Tequemecan. [Place of stony lands.] Compounded of tetl (stone); cuemitl (inheritance, worked land); can (place).

Tequemecan. [Place of stony lands.] Made up of tetl (stone); cuemitl (inheritance, worked land); can (place).

Tetenanco. [Where is the stone wall.] Compounded of tetl (stone); tenamitl (wall); co (place).

Tetenanco. [Where is the stone wall.] Made up of tetl (stone); tenamitl (wall); co (place).

Tetepanco. [Place where are walls of others.] Compounded of te (of some one, of another); tepantli (wall); co (place).

Tetepanco. [Place where the walls of others are located.] Made up of te (of someone, of another); tepantli (wall); co (place).

Teteuhtepec. [Place of many gods.] Compounded of teteu (pl. of teotl, god); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Teteuhtepec. [Place of many gods.] Made up of teteu (pl. of teotl, god); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tetlapanaloyan. [Place where they break stones—i.e., a quarry.] Compounded of tetl (stone); tlapanalo, from tlapana (to break); yan (place in which the action of the verb takes place).

Tetlapanaloyan. [Place where they break stones—i.e., a quarry.] Made up of tetl (stone); tlapanalo, from tlapana (to break); yan (place where the action happens).

Tetzapotitlan. [Place of zapotes.] Compounded of tetl (stone); tzapotl (zapote, a fruit); tlan (place).

Tetzapotitlan. [Place of zapotes.] Made up of tetl (stone); tzapotl (zapote, a fruit); tlan (place).

Texcoco. [Place of rock fruits.] Compounded of tetl (stone); xocotl (fruit trees); co (place, in).

Texcoco. [Place of rock fruits.] Made up of tetl (stone); xocotl (fruit trees); co (place, in).

Texopan. [Blue place.] Compounded of texotli (blue); pan (in, place).

Texopan. [Blue place.] Made up of texotli (blue); pan (in, place).

Tezcacoac. [Place of the snake-mirror.] Compounded of tezcatl (mirror); coatl (snake); c (in, place). The snake-mirror, or mirror-snake may be the god Tezcacoac.

Tezcacoac. [Place of the snake-mirror.] Made up of tezcatl (mirror); coatl (snake); c (in, place). The snake-mirror, or mirror-snake, might refer to the god Tezcacoac.

Tezcatepec. [In the mountain of the mirrors.] Compounded of tezcatl (mirror); tepetl (mountain); co (place).

Tezcatepec. [In the mountain of the mirrors.] Made up of tezcatl (mirror); tepetl (mountain); co (place).

Tizatepec. [In the mountain of white dust.] Compounded of tizatl (white infusorial earth); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tizatepec. [In the mountain of white dust.] Made up of tizatl (white infusorial earth); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tizayocan. [Place where tiza is prepared.] Compounded of tizayoa (verbal from tizatl); can (place where).

Tizayocan. [Place where tiza is made.] Made up of tizayoa (verb form of tizatl); can (place of).

Tlaahuililpan. [In the watered gardens.] Compounded of tlaauililli (watered garden); pan (place, in).

Tlaahuililpan. [In the watered gardens.] Made up of tlaauililli (watered garden); pan (place, in).

Tlacotlala. [Where is abundance of potter’s clay.] Compounded of tlacotl (jar); tlalli (earth); tla (abundance).

Tlacotlala. [Where is an abundance of potter’s clay.] Made up of tlacotl (jar); tlalli (earth); tla (abundance).

Tlacozauhtitlan. [Place of yellow earth.] Compounded of tlalli (earth); cozauhi (yellow); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (place).

Tlacozauhtitlan. [Place of yellow earth.] Made up of tlalli (earth); cozauhi (yellow); ti, a sound-enhancing particle; tlan (place).

Tlachco. [Place of ball-play.] Compounded of tlachtli (ball-play); co (place).

Tlachco. [Place of ball-play.] Made up of tlachtli (ball-play); co (place).

Tlachmalacac. [Uncertain meaning.] It is represented, perhaps phonetically by tlachtli (a ball-ground); malacatl (a spindle); c (in, place).

Tlachmalacac. [Uncertain meaning.] It might be represented, possibly phonetically, by tlachtli (a ball-ground); malacatl (a spindle); c (in, place).

Tlachquiauhco. [Ball-ground dedicated to Tlaloc?] Compounded of tlachtli (ball-ground); quiahuitl (rain); co (place).[Pg 14]

Tlachquiauhco. [Ball-ground dedicated to Tlaloc?] Made up of tlachtli (ball-ground); quiahuitl (rain); co (place).[Pg 14]

Tlachyahualco. [Place surrounded by ball-play yards.] Compounded of tlachtli (ball-play); yahualli (a circular object); co (place).

Tlachyahualco. [A place surrounded by ball courts.] Made up of tlachtli (ball game); yahualli (a round object); co (place).

Tlalatlauhco. [Where is a great barranca.] Compounded of tlalli (land); atlauhtli (great barranca, ravine); co (place).

Tlalatlauhco. [Where there is a great ravine.] Made up of tlalli (land); atlauhtli (great ravine); co (place).

Tlaltizapan. [In the field or land of tiza.] Compounded of tlalli (land); tizatl (tiza, white, infusorial earth); pan (in, place).

Tlaltizapan. [In the land of tiza.] Made up of tlalli (land); tizatl (tiza, white, infusorial earth); pan (in, place).

Tlaollan. [Place of husked and dried maize.] Compounded of tlaolli (maize husked and dried); tlan (place).

Tlaollan. [Place of husked and dried corn.] Made up of tlaolli (corn husked and dried); tlan (place).

Tlapacoyan. [Place where they dye stuffs.] Compounded of a verbal from tlapa (to dye); yan (place).

Tlapacoyan. [A place where they dye materials.] The name comes from a verb tlapa (to dye) and yan (place).

Tlapan. [Over the earth.] Compounded of tlalli (earth); pan (in, over, place).

Tlapan. [On the ground.] Made up of tlalli (ground); pan (in, on, place).

Tlatlachco. [Place of the earthen ball-ground.] Compounded of tlalli (earth); tlachtli (ball-ground); co (place).

Tlatlachco. [Place of the earth ball court.] Made up of tlalli (earth); tlachtli (ball court); co (place).

Tlatlauhquitepec. [In the red mountain.] Compounded of tlatlauhqui (red); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tlatlauhquitepec. [In the red mountain.] Made up of tlatlauhqui (red); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tlaximaloyan. [Where carpentering is done.] Compounded of tlaxima (to carpenter); oyan, verbal ending. The word is originally Tarascan and the Aztec form is based not upon the sense, but upon an approximation to sound. The Tarascan name is Taximaroa.

Tlaximaloyan. [Where carpentry is done.] Made up of tlaxima (to carpenter); oyan, a verbal ending. The word originally comes from Tarascan, and the Aztec version is based not on its meaning but on how it sounds. The Tarascan name is Taximaroa.

Tliltepec. [In the black mountain.] Compounded of tlilli (black); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tliltepec. [In the black mountain.] Made up of tlilli (black); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tochtepec. [In the mountain of rabbits.] Compounded of tochtli (rabbit); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tochtepec. [In the mountain of rabbits.] Made up of tochtli (rabbit); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Toliman. [Where they gather tules.] Compounded of tollin (tule, a marsh grass or rush); mani (active participle of the verb ma, to take with the hand).

Toliman. [Where they gather tules.] Made up of tollin (tule, a marsh grass or rush); mani (active participle of the verb ma, to take with the hand).

Tollan. [Place of tule.] Compounded of tollin (tule); tlan (place).

Tollan. [Place of tule.] Made up of tollin (tule); tlan (place).

Toltitlan. [Among the tules.] Compounded of tollin (tule); titlan (among). So Robelo—de la Rosa would consider the ti simply euphonic and the meaning would be the same as the last.

Toltitlan. [Among the tules.] Made up of tollin (tule); titlan (among). So Robelo—de la Rosa would view the ti as just a sound enhancement, and the meaning would be the same as the latter.

Tonanitla. [Where Tonantzin is venerated.] Compounded of Tonantzin (“Our Mother,” an Aztec deity); ti, a euphonic particle; tlan (where, near).

Tonanitla. [Where Tonantzin is honored.] Made up of Tonantzin (“Our Mother,” an Aztec goddess); ti, a sounding particle; tlan (where, nearby).

Tonatiuhco. [Place of the sun.] Compounded of Tonatiuh (sun); co (place).

Tonatiuhco. [Place of the Sun.] Made up of Tonatiuh (sun); co (place).

Totoltzinco. [Place of little water-hens.] Compounded of totolin (a kind of water-hen); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place).

Totoltzinco. [Place of little water-hens.] Made up of totolin (a type of water-hen); tzin, a diminutive suffix; co (place).

Tototepec. [In the mountain of birds.] Compounded of tototl (bird); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tototepec. [In the mountain of birds.] Made up of tototl (bird); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tototlan. [Near the birds.] Compounded of tototl (bird); tlan (place, near).

Tototlan. [Near the birds.] Made up of tototl (bird); tlan (place, near).

Toztlan. [Place of tuzas.] Compounded of tuzan (tuza, a small burrowing animal); tlan (place, within).

Toztlan. [Place of tuzas.] Made up of tuzan (tuza, a small burrowing animal); tlan (place, within).

Tuchpan. [Where there are rabbits.] Compounded of tochtli (rabbit); pan (place).

Tuchpan. [Where there are rabbits.] Made up of tochtli (rabbit); pan (place).

Tuchtlan. [Place of rabbits.] Compounded of tochtli (rabbit); tlan (place).

Tuchtlan. [Place of rabbits.] Made up of tochtli (rabbit); tlan (place).

Tulantzinco. [Place of the small tules.] Compounded of tollin (tule, a sort of marsh grass or reed); tzin, diminutive particle; co (place).

Tulantzinco. [Place of the small tules.] Made up of tollin (tule, a type of marsh grass or reed); tzin, a small version; co (place).

Tlayacac. [In the first place.] Compounded of tlayacatl (first); c (in).

Tlayacac. [First of all.] Made up of tlayacatl (first); c (in).

[Pg 15]

Tlayacapan. [In the first place.] Compounded of tlayacatl (first); pan (place, in).

Tlayacapan. [First of all.] Made up of tlayacatl (first); pan (place, in).

Tzapotlan. [Place of zapotes.] Compounded of tzapotl (zapote, a kind of fruit); tlan (place).

Tzapotlan. [Place of zapotes.] Made up of tzapotl (zapote, a type of fruit); tlan (place).

Tzayanalquilpan. [In the place of tzatzayanalquiltic—or coaquiltic.] Compounded of tzatzayanalquiltic (a plant described under this name in Hernandez); pan (place, in).

Tzayanalquilpan. [In the place of tzatzayanalquiltic—or coaquiltic.] Made up of tzatzayanalquiltic (a plant referred to by this name in Hernandez); pan (place, in).

Tzinacanoztoc. [In the cave of bats.] Compounded of tzinacan (bat); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Tzinacanoztoc. [In the cave of bats.] Made up of tzinacan (bat); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Tzinacantepec. [In the mountain of bats.] Compounded of tzinacan (bat); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tzinacantepec. [In the mountain of bats.] Made up of tzinacan (bat); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Tzinacantlan. [Where are bats.] Compounded of tzinacan (bat); tlan (place).

Tzinacantlan. [Where are bats.] Made up of tzinacan (bat) and tlan (place).

Tzompanhuacan. [Place where they have a tzompantli.] Compounded of tzompantli (a frame upon which skulls of sacrificial victims were displayed); hua, a possessive particle; can (place).

Tzompanhuacan. [Place where they have a tzompantli.] Made up of tzompantli (a structure where the skulls of sacrificial victims were shown); hua, a possessive particle; can (place).

Xalan. [Place of sand.] Compounded of xalli (sand); tlan (place, near). Should be Xallan.

Xalan. [Place of sand.] Made up of xalli (sand); tlan (place, near). It should be Xallan.

Xalac. [In the sandy water.] Compounded of xalli (sand); atl (water); c (in). Should be Xallac.

Xalac. [In the sandy water.] Made up of xalli (sand); atl (water); c (in). Should be Xallac.

Xalapan. [Place of sandy water.] Compounded of xalli (sand); atl (water); pan (place, in).

Xalapan. [Place of sandy water.] Made up of xalli (sand); atl (water); pan (place, in).

Xaloztoc. [In the cave of sand.] Compounded of xalli (sand); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Xaloztoc. [In the cave of sand.] Made up of xalli (sand); oztotl (cave); c (in).

Xaltepec. [In the sand mountain.] Compounded of xalli (sand); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xaltepec. [On the sand mountain.] Made up of xalli (sand); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xico. [In the umbilicus.] Compounded of xicotli (umbilicus); co (place, in).

Xico. [In the navel.] Made up of xicotli (navel); co (place, in).

Xicochimalco. [Place of honeycombs.] Compounded of xicochimalli (honey comb, cells); co (place).

Xicochimalco. [Place of honeycombs.] Made up of xicochimalli (honey comb, cells); co (place).

Xilotepec. [In the mountain of ears of maize.] Compounded of xilotl (jilote, an ear of corn); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xilotepec. [In the mountain of corn ears.] Made up of xilotl (jilote, an ear of corn); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xilotzinco. [Place of small ears of maize.] Compounded of xilotl (ear of corn); tzin, diminutive particle; co (place).

Xilotzinco. [Place of small ears of corn.] Made up of xilotl (ear of corn); tzin, a diminutive suffix; co (place).

Xiuhcoac. [In the place of the turquoise snake.] Compounded of xiuitl (turquoise); coatl (snake); c (in).

Xiuhcoac. [In the place of the turquoise snake.] Made up of xiuitl (turquoise); coatl (snake); c (in).

Xiuhteczacatlan. [Zacatlan of Xiuhtecutli—i.e., consecrated to fire.] Compounded of Xiuhtecutli (Lord of the year); zacatl (straw); tlan (place).

Xiuhteczacatlan. [Zacatlan of Xiuhtecutli—meaning dedicated to fire.] Made up of Xiuhtecutli (Lord of the year); zacatl (straw); tlan (place).

Xiuhtepec. [In the turquoise mountain.] Compounded of xiuitl (turquoise), tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xiuhtepec. [In the turquoise mountain.] Made up of xiuitl (turquoise), tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xiuhuacan. [Place where they have turquoises.] Compounded of xiuitl; hua, a possessive particle; can (place).

Xiuhuacan. [Place where they have turquoises.] Made up of xiuitl; hua, a possessive particle; can (place).

Xoconochco. [Place of the fruiting nopals.] Compounded of xocotl (fruit); nochtli (a cactus, the nopal); co (place).

Xoconochco. [Place of the fruiting nopals.] Made up of xocotl (fruit); nochtli (a cactus, the nopal); co (place).

Xocotla. [Where is abundance of fruit.] Compounded of xocotl (fruit); tla (abundance).

Xocotla. [A place with plenty of fruit.] Made up of xocotl (fruit); tla (abundance).

Xochimilcatzinco. [The little Xochimilco.] Compounded of Xochimilco (which see); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place).

Xochimilcatzinco. [The little Xochimilco.] Made up of Xochimilco (see that entry); tzin, a smaller version; co (place).

[Pg 16]

Xochimilco. [Place of fields of flowers.] Compounded of xochitl (flower); milli (field); co (place).

Xochimilco. [Place of fields of flowers.] Made up of xochitl (flower); milli (field); co (place).

Xochitepec. [In the mountain of flowers.] Compounded of xochitl (flower); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xochitepec. [In the mountain of flowers.] Made up of xochitl (flower); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Xochitla. [Where flowers abound.] Compounded of xochitl (flower); tla (abundance).

Xochitla. [Where flowers are everywhere.] Made up of xochitl (flower); tla (abundance).

Xolochauhyan. [Where they live long.] Compounded of xolochahui (to be wrinkled with age); yan, a verbal ending.

Xolochauhyan. [Where they live long.] Made up of xolochahui (to be wrinkled with age); yan, a verb ending.

Xometzoyocan. [Place where they gather metzollin fruit.] Compounded of xocotl (fruit); metzollin (= comitl, a plant described by Hernandez); yocatia (to take possession of something); n (place).

Xometzoyocan. [Place where they gather metzollin fruit.] Made up of xocotl (fruit); metzollin (= comitl, a plant described by Hernandez); yocatia (to take possession of something); n (place).

Xoyoltepec. [Place of xocoyolli.] Compounded of xocoyolli (a species of rumex); tepetl (mountain); c (place, in).

Xoyoltepec. [Place of xocoyolli.] Made up of xocoyolli (a type of sorrel); tepetl (mountain); c (in the place of).

Yaunahuac. [Near, or surrounded, by yauhtli.] Compounded of yauhtli (a plant with medicinal properties and ceremonial uses); nahuac (near, surrounded by).

Yaunahuac. [Nearby or surrounded by yauhtli.] Made up of yauhtli (a plant known for its medicinal qualities and ceremonial uses); nahuac (close to, surrounded by).

Yoalan. [Where night falls early.] Compounded of yoalli (night); tlan (place). Better written Yoallan.

Yoalan. [Where night falls early.] Made up of yoalli (night); tlan (place). Better spelled Yoallan.

Zacatepec. [In the mountain of zacate.] Compounded of zacatl (straw); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Zacatepec. [In the mountain of zacate.] Made up of zacatl (straw); tepetl (mountain); c (in).

Zola. [Place of zolin.] Compounded of zolin (=zulin, a kind of bird); tla (abundance).

Zola. [Place of zolin.] Made up of zolin (=zulin, a type of bird); tla (plenty).

Zoquitzinco. [Place of little mud.] Compounded of zoquitl (mud); tzin, a diminutive particle; co (place).

Zoquitzinco. [Place of little mud.] Made up of zoquitl (mud); tzin, a small form; co (place).

Transcriber’s Note:

Obvious printing errors, such as inconsistent italics, hyphenation, and brackets were corrected.

Obvious printing errors, like inconsistent italics, hyphenation, and brackets, were fixed.

The place-names beginning with “Ch” follow those beginning with “Cu,” and two words beginning with “Tl” follow entries beginning with “Tu.” Some definitions within brackets lack the word, “there,” e.g. “Where are level fields of rushes,” instead of “Where there are level fields of rushes.”

The place names starting with “Ch” come after those starting with “Cu,” and two words starting with “Tl” come after entries that begin with “Tu.” Some definitions in brackets miss the word “there,” for example, “Where are level fields of rushes,” instead of “Where there are level fields of rushes.”

Not changed:

Obsolete spelling, e.g. “bambu” for “bamboo.”

Missing letters between place-name and component parts e.g. “Huitzannaola” = “huiz” (missing t ) + “anno” (missing a) + “la.”

Missing letters between place-name and component parts e.g. “Huitzannaola” = “huiz” (missing t) + “anno” (missing a) + “la.”

Variations in letters from source word to place-name, e.g. “ixtcuin” to “itzcuin” and “Huitzilopuch” to “Huitzilopoch.”

Reversed letters, e.g. “Tlachquiauhco” = “tlach” + “quiahu” (not “quiauh”) + “co.”

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