This is a modern-English version of Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles: A First Latin Reader, originally written by Ritchie, Francis. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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RITCHIE'S FABULAE FACILES

A FIRST LATIN READER

EDITED WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY

BY JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, Jr. Professor of Latin in The Phillips Exeter Academy

BY JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, Jr. Professor of Latin at Phillips Exeter Academy

THE LITTLE THAT IS MINE IN THIS LITTLE BOOK I GRATEFULLY DEDICATE TO PROFESSOR JOSEPH HETHERINGTON M'DANIELS TEACHER AND FRIEND

PREFACE

Some time ago a fellow-teacher brought the Fabulae Faciles to my notice, and I have since used two of them each year with my class of beginners in Latin with increasing appreciation. Indeed, I know nothing better to introduce the student into the reading of connected narrative, and to bridge the great gulf between the beginner's book of the prevailing type and the Latinity of Caesar or Nepos. They are adapted to this use not merely by reason of their simplicity and interest, but more particularly by the graduating of difficulties and the large use of Caesarian words and phrases to which Mr. Ritchie calls attention in his preface.

Some time ago, a fellow teacher suggested the Fabulae Faciles to me, and since then I've used two of them each year with my beginner Latin class, gaining more appreciation for them each time. Honestly, I can't think of anything better to help students start reading connected narratives and to bridge the huge gap between traditional beginner texts and the Latin of Caesar or Nepos. They're suited for this purpose not only because they're simple and engaging, but especially because of their gradual increase in difficulty and the frequent use of words and phrases from Caesar that Mr. Ritchie points out in his preface.

Doubtless many American teachers have become familiar with portions of the Fabulae, for they have been freely drawn upon in several Latin readers recently published in this country. I venture to hope that those who have made the acquaintance of the work in this way will welcome a complete edition.

In England the little book has had a large use. Its pedagogical excellencies are well summed up in a letter addressed to Mr. Ritchie by the Very Rev. E.C. Wickham, formerly Head-Master of Wellington College, the well-known editor of Horace:—

In England, this small book has been widely used. Its teaching qualities are nicely summarized in a letter to Mr. Ritchie from the Very Rev. E.C. Wickham, who was the Head Master of Wellington College and is known for editing Horace:—

"It launches the student at once in ancient life. The old classical stories, simply told, seem to me much the best material for early Latin reading. They are abundantly interesting; they are taken for granted in the real literature of the language; and they can be told without starting the beginner on a wrong track by a barbarous mixture of ancient and modern ideas.

"It instantly immerses the student in ancient life. The classic stories, told simply, are, in my view, the best material for early Latin reading. They are incredibly engaging; they are foundational in the true literature of the language; and they can be presented without confusing the beginner with a jarring mix of ancient and modern ideas."

"It combines, if I may say so, very skilfully, the interest of a continuous story, with the gradual and progressive introduction of constructions and idioms. These seem to me to be introduced at the right moment, and to be played upon long enough to make them thoroughly familiar."

"It skillfully combines the appeal of an ongoing story with the gradual and progressive introduction of constructions and idioms. They appear at just the right moment and are explored long enough to become truly familiar."

In revising Mr. Ritchie's book for the use of American schools it has seemed best to make extensive changes. Long vowels have been marked throughout, and the orthography of Latin words has been brought into conformity with our practice. Many liberties have been taken with the text itself, especially in the latter part, in the way of making it approximate more closely to our rather strict notions of the standards of model prose. A few words and uses of words not found in the prose writers of the republic have been retained, but nothing, it is hoped, that will seriously mislead the young student. I shall welcome any criticism that may lead to further changes in the text in future editions.

In updating Mr. Ritchie's book for American schools, we felt it was necessary to make significant changes. Long vowels have been marked throughout, and the spelling of Latin words has been adjusted to match our conventions. We've taken some liberties with the text, especially in the latter sections, to align it more closely with our strict standards for model prose. A few words and usages not commonly found in the prose of the republic have been kept, but nothing that should confuse young students too much. I welcome any feedback that could lead to further updates in future editions.

The notes are entirely new, and are intended for students who have but just finished the beginner's book or have not yet finished it. Some notes may appear at first sight unnecessary or unnecessarily hard, but the reason for their insertion should be evident when the student begins the reading of classical Latin, the difficulties of which will be less likely to appal the beginner if some of them have been already conquered. I believe it a mistake to postpone all treatment of the uses of the subjunctive, for instance, or of the constructions of indirect discourse until the study of Nepos or Caesar is begun. Besides, it is easier to neglect notes than to supply them, and the teacher who prefers to do the first reading without much attention to the more difficult constructions will only need to tell his students to disregard certain of my notes—or all of them.

The notes are completely new and are designed for students who have just finished the beginner's book or haven't finished it yet. Some notes might seem unnecessary or overly complicated at first, but the purpose of including them will become clear when the student starts reading classical Latin. The challenges will be less intimidating if some have already been tackled. I think it's a mistake to delay discussing the uses of the subjunctive, for example, or the structures of indirect discourse until studying Nepos or Caesar begins. Additionally, it's easier to skip notes than to add them later, and the teacher who wants to do the first reading without focusing too much on the more difficult structures just needs to tell their students to ignore certain notes—or all of them.

There are no references to the grammars, but syntax has been given such treatment as seemed needed to supplement its treatment in the beginner's book. Teachers will therefore be able to postpone the use of a formal manual of grammar, if they so desire. Those who wish their classes to begin the reading of Latin at the earliest possible moment will find it feasible to use this book as soon as the inflections and the more elementary principles of syntax have been mastered.

There are no references to the grammars, but syntax has been covered in a way that complements its explanation in the beginner's book. Teachers can choose to delay using a formal grammar manual if they prefer. Those who want their classes to start reading Latin as soon as possible will find it practical to use this book once the inflections and basic principles of syntax have been learned.

In the vocabulary, the derivation or composition and the original meaning of words have been indicated wherever these seemed likely to prove helpful. Principal parts and genitives have been given in such a way as to prevent misunderstanding, and at the same time emphasize the composition of the verb or the suffix of the noun: for example, abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus; aetás, -tátis.

In the vocabulary, the origins or structure and the original meaning of words have been noted whenever they might be useful. The main parts and genitives are presented in a way that avoids confusion and highlights the structure of the verb or the suffix of the noun: for example, abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus; aetás, -tátis.

The lists of works of English literature and of art in which the myths are treated are only suggestive. Occasional readings from the one and exhibitions of representations of the other, either in the form of photographs or by the stereopticon, will not only stimulate interest in the Latin text but aid also in creating in the student a taste for literature and for art.

The lists of works in English literature and art that cover the myths are just a starting point. Occasionally reading from one and showing representations of the other, whether through photographs or a projector, will not only spark interest in the Latin text but also help develop a taste for literature and art in students.

I planned at first to add some exercises for retranslation, but after careful consideration it has seemed not worth while. Most teachers will prefer not to base composition upon the Latin read at this stage, and those who wish to do so will find it an easy matter to prepare their own exercises, or can draw upon the copious exercises prepared by Mr. Ritchie and published separately under the title Imitative Exercises in Easy Latin Prose.

I initially intended to include some retranslation exercises, but after thinking it over, I decided it wouldn't be worthwhile. Most teachers would rather not base composition on the Latin learned at this point, and those who do want to can easily create their own exercises or use the extensive exercises created by Mr. Ritchie, which are published separately under the title Imitative Exercises in Easy Latin Prose.

In the reading of proof I have had generous help from Dr. F.K. Ball of The Phillips Exeter Academy, Mr. J.C. Flood of St. Mark's School, and Mr. A.T. Dudley of Noble and Greenough's School, Boston. The proof-sheets have been used with the beginner's class in this Academy, and I have thus been able to profit by the criticism of my associate Mr. G.B. Rogers, and to test the work myself. The assistance of my wife has greatly lightened the labor of verifying the vocabulary.

In reviewing the proofs, I've received valuable help from Dr. F.K. Ball from The Phillips Exeter Academy, Mr. J.C. Flood from St. Mark's School, and Mr. A.T. Dudley from Noble and Greenough's School in Boston. The proof-sheets have been used with the beginner's class at this Academy, allowing me to benefit from the feedback of my colleague Mr. G.B. Rogers and to test the work myself. My wife's support has significantly eased the task of verifying the vocabulary.

JOHN C. KIRTLAND, Jr.

EXETER, N.H., 7 March, 1903.

Exeter, NH, March 7, 1903.

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. THE MYTHS IN ART. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. PERSEUS. HERCULES. THE ARGONAUTS. ULYSSES. NOTES. VOCABULARY.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE CARPENTER SHUTTING UP DANAE AND PERSEUS IN THE ARK AT THE COMMAND
OF ACRISIUS (Vase-painting)
HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA (Pompeian Wall-painting)
MEDEA MEDITATING THE MURDER OF HER SONS (Pompeian Wall-painting)
ULYSSES AND CIRCE (Roman Relief)

THE CARPENTER LOCKING UP DANAE AND PERSEUS IN THE CHEST AT THE ORDER
OF ACRISIUS (Vase-painting)
HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA (Pompeian Wall-painting)
MEDEA CONTEMPLATING THE MURDER OF HER SONS (Pompeian Wall-painting)
ULYSSES AND CIRCE (Roman Relief)

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

PERSEUS

Hawthorne, A Wonder-Book: The Gorgon's Head.
Kingsley, The Heroes: Perseus.
Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: Medusa, Danae, Perseus, Andromeda,
Akrisios.
Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Adventures of Perseus.
Kingsley, Andromeda.
William Morris, The Earthly Paradise: The Doom of King Acrisius.
Lewis Morris, The Epic of Hades: Andromeda.
Dowden, Andromeda.
Shelley, On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci.
D. G. Rossetti, Aspecta Medusa.

HERCULES

Hawthorne, A Wonder-Book: The Three Golden Apples.
Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: The Toils of Herakles.
Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Hero of Heroes.
William Morris, The Earthly Paradise: The Golden Apples.
Lewis Morris, The Epic of Hades: Deianeira.
Lang's translation of Theocritus, Idyls xxiv, xxv.

THE ARGONAUTS

Apollonius of Rhodes, The Tale of the Argonauts, translated by Way.
D.O.S. Lowell, Jason's Quest.
Hawthorne, Tanglewood Tales: The Golden Fleece.
Kingsley, The Heroes: The Argonauts.
Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: Phrixos and Helle, Medeia.
Church, Heroes and Kings: The Story of the Ship Argo.
Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Golden Fleece.
William Morris, The Life and Death of Jason.
Bayard Taylor, Hylas.
John Dyer, The Fleece.
Lang's translation of Theocritus, several of the Idyls.

ULYSSES

Homer, The Odyssey, translated by Bryant (verse), William Morris
(verse), Palmer (prose), Butcher and Lang (prose).
Lamb, The Adventures of Ulysses.
Hawthorne, Tanglewood Tales: Circe's Palace.
Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: The Lotos-Eaters, Odysseus and Polyphemos,
Odysseus and Kirké.
Church, Stories from Homer: The Cyclops, The Island of Aeolus, Circé.
Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters.
Matthew Arnold, The Strayed Reveler.
Dobson, The Prayer of the Swine to Circe.

THE MYTHS IN ART

Burne-Jones, Perseus and the Graeae.
Caravaggio, Head of Medusa.
Leonardo da Vinci, Head of Medusa.
Canova, Perseus.
Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus, and Perseus saving Andromeda.
Piero di Cosimo, Perseus and Andromeda.
Charles Antoine Coypel, Perseus and Andromeda.
Domenichino, Perseus and Andromeda.
Rubens, Perseus and Andromeda.
Giovanni da Bologna, Hercules and the Centaur.
Bandinelli, Hercules and Cacus.
Guido Reni, Dejanira and the Centaur Nessus.
Canova, Hercules and Lichas.
Sichel, Medea.
Genelli, Jason and Medea capturing the Golden Fleece.
Burne-Jones, Circe.
L. Chalon, Circe and the Companions of Ulysses.
Rivière, Circe and the Companions of Ulysses.

Photographs and lantern-slides of all the works mentioned above may be obtained of the Soule Art Company, Boston. The list might have been made much longer, but it seemed likely to prove most helpful if limited to works of which reproductions are so easily obtainable. For the treatment of the myths in ancient art, the teacher is referred to the numerous pertinent illustrations in Baumeister's Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums, or the same editor's Bilder aus dem griechischen und römischen Altertum für Schüler, the latter of which contains the cuts of the larger work, and is so cheap and so useful that it ought to lie on the desk of every teacher of Greek or Latin.

Photographs and slides of all the works mentioned above can be obtained from the Soule Art Company in Boston. The list could have been much longer, but it seemed more helpful to keep it limited to works that have easily accessible reproductions. For the treatment of myths in ancient art, teachers can refer to the many relevant illustrations in Baumeister's Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums or the same editor's Bilder aus dem griechischen und römischen Altertum für Schüler, the latter of which includes images from the larger work and is so affordable and useful that it should be on the desk of every Greek or Latin teacher.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Fabulae Faciles, or 'Easy Stories.' are four Greek myths retold in Latin, not by a Roman writer, however, but by an Englishman, who believed that they would afford interesting and pleasant reading for young folks who were just beginning the study of the Latin language. By myth is meant an imaginative tale that has been handed down by tradition from remote antiquity concerning supernatural beings and events. Such tales are common among all primitive peoples, and are by them accepted as true. They owe their origin to no single author, but grow up as the untutored imagination strives to explain to itself the operations of nature and the mysteries of life, or amuses itself with stories of the brave exploits of heroic ancestors.

The Fabulae Faciles, or 'Easy Stories,' are four Greek myths retold in Latin, not by a Roman writer, but by an Englishman who thought they would provide interesting and enjoyable reading for young people just starting to learn the Latin language. By myth, we mean an imaginative story passed down through tradition from ancient times about supernatural beings and events. These stories are common among all early cultures and are believed to be true by them. They don't come from a single author; instead, they emerge as people's imaginations seek to understand nature and life's mysteries or entertain themselves with tales of the heroic deeds of their ancestors.

The most beautiful and delightful of all myths are those that have come down to us in the remains of the literature and the art of ancient Greece and Rome; they are also the most important to us, for many of the great masterpieces of English literature and of modern art have been inspired by them and cannot be understood and appreciated by one ignorant of classical mythology.

The most beautiful and captivating myths are those that have been passed down through the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome. They are also the most significant for us, as many of the great masterpieces of English literature and modern art have been inspired by them and can't be fully understood or appreciated by those who are unfamiliar with classical mythology.

Of this mythology the Fabulae Faciles give but a small part. If you wish to know more of the subject, you should read Gayley's The Classic Myths in English Literature, Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome, or the books by Kingsiey, Cox, Church, and Francillon mentioned earlier.

Of this mythology, the Fabulae Faciles provides only a small portion. If you want to learn more about the topic, you should check out Gayley's The Classic Myths in English Literature, Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome, or the books by Kingsley, Cox, Church, and Francillon mentioned earlier.

PERSEUS

Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned by an oracle that he should perish by the hand of his grandson. On discovering, therefore, that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean Sea. On reaching manhood, Perseus was sent by Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he rescued Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, from a sea-monster. Perseus then married Andromeda, and lived some time in the country of Cepheus. At length he returned to Seríphos, and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; he then went to the court of Acrisius, who fled in terror at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle was duly fulfilled, for Acrisius was accidentally killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus.

Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned by an oracle that he would die at the hands of his grandson. So, when he found out that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius tried to avoid his fate by putting both mother and child adrift at sea. However, they were saved by Jupiter, and the child, Perseus, grew up at the court of Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean Sea. When Perseus became an adult, Polydectes sent him to bring back the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. With the help of Apollo and Minerva, he accomplished this dangerous task, and on his way home, he rescued Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus, from a sea monster. Perseus then married Andromeda and lived for a while in Cepheus's land. Eventually, he returned to Seriphos and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; then he went to Acrisius's court, who fled in fear at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle came true, as Acrisius was accidentally killed by a discus thrown by Perseus.

1. THE ARK

Haec nárrantur á poétís dé Perseó. Perseus fílius erat Iovis, máximí deórum; avus éius Acrisius appellábátur. Acrisius volébat Perseum nepótem suum necáre; nam propter óráculum puerum timébat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhúc infantem, et cum mátre in arcá lígneá inclúsit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coniécit. Danaé, Perseí máter, mágnopere territa est; tempestás enim mágna mare turbábat. Perseus autem in sinú mátris dormiébat.

2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON

Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vídit, et fílium suum serváre cónstituit. Tranquillum igitur fécit mare, et arcam ad ínsulam Seríphum perdúxit. Húius ínsulae Polydectés tum réx erat. Postquam arca ad lítus appulsa est, Danaé in haréná quiétem capiébat. Post breve tempus á piscátóre quódam reperta est, et ad domum régis Polydectis adducta est. Ille mátrem et puerum benígné excépit, et iís sédem tútam in fínibus suís dedit. Danaé hóc dónum libenter accépit, et pró tantó benefició régí grátiás égit.

Iuppiter, however, saw all of this and decided to save his son. He calmed the sea and guided the box to the island of Seriphus. At that time, Polydectes was the king of this island. After the box was washed ashore, Danaé lay quietly on the sand. After a short time, she was found by a fisherman and brought to King Polydectes' home. He kindly received the mother and child and gave them a safe place to stay in his territory. Danaé gladly accepted this gift and expressed her gratitude to the king for such a significant benefit.

3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS

Perseus igitur multós annós ibi habitábat, et cum mátre suá vítam beátam agébat. At Polydectés Danaén mágnopere amábat, atque eam in mátrimónium dúcere volébat. Hóc tamen cónsilium Perseó minimé grátum erat. Polydectés igitur Perseum dímittere cónstituit. Tum iuvenem ad sé vocávit et haec díxit: "Turpe est hanc ígnávam vítam agere; iam dúdum tú aduléscéns es. Quó úsque híc manébis? Tempus est arma capere et virtútem praestáre. Hinc abí, et caput Medúsae mihi refer."

Perseus lived there for many years, and he was having a happy life with his mother. However, Polydectes was very much in love with Danaë and wanted to marry her. This plan, however, did not please Perseus at all. So, Polydectes decided to send Perseus away. Then he called the young man to him and said, "It's shameful to live such a cowardly life; you've been an adult for a while now. How long will you stay here? It's time to take up arms and show some courage. Leave this place and bring me the head of Medusa."

4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT

Perseus ubi haec audívit, ex ínsulá discessit, et postquam ad continentem vénit, Medúsam quaesívit. Diú frústrá quaerébat; namque nátúram locí ígnórábat. Tandem Apolló et Minerva viam démónstrávérunt. Prímum ad Graeás, sorórés Medúsae, pervénit. Ab hís tálária et galeam magicam accépit. Apolló autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedérunt. Tum postquam tálária pedibus induit, in áera ascendit. Diú per áera volábat; tandem tamen ad eum locum vénit ubi Medúsa cum céterís Gorgonibus habitábat. Gorgonés autem mónstra erant specié horribilí; capita enim eárum anguibus omnínó contécta erant. Manús etiam ex aere factae erant.

Perseus, having heard this, left the island and, after reaching the mainland, began searching for Medusa. He searched in vain for a long time, as he was unaware of the geography of the area. Finally, Apollo and Minerva showed him the way. First, he arrived at the Graeae, the sisters of Medusa. From them, he received the winged sandals and a magic helmet. Apollo and Minerva gave him a scythe and a mirror. Then, after putting on the winged sandals, he rose into the air. He flew through the skies for a long time; ultimately, he reached the place where Medusa lived with the other Gorgons. The Gorgons were fearsome monsters, as their heads were completely covered in snakes. Their hands were also made of brass.

5. THE GORGON'S HEAD

Rés difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscídere; éius enim cónspectú homines in saxum vertébantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perseó dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum ínspiciébat; hóc modó ad locum vénit ubi Medúsa dormiébat. Tum falce suá caput éius únó íctú abscídit. Céterae Gorgonés statim é somnó excitátae sunt, et ubi rem vídérunt, írá commótae sunt. Arma rapuérunt, et Perseum occídere volébant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hóc fécit, statim é cónspectú eárum évásit.

Cutting off the head of the Gorgon was incredibly difficult; anyone who looked at her would be turned to stone. For this reason, Minerva had given Perseus a mirror. He turned away and looked into the mirror; in this way, he arrived at the spot where Medusa was sleeping. Then, with his sickle, he struck off her head in one blow. The other Gorgons were immediately awakened from their sleep, and when they saw what had happened, they were filled with rage. They grabbed their weapons and wanted to kill Perseus. However, as he fled, he put on a magical helmet; and as soon as he did that, he immediately vanished from their sight.

6. THE SEA-SERPENT

Post haec Perseus in fínís Aethiopum vénit. Ibi Cépheus quídam illó tempore régnábat. Híc Neptúnum, maris deum, ólim offenderat; Neptúnus autem mónstrum saevissimum míserat. Hóc cottídié é marí veniébat et hominés dévorábat. Ob hanc causam pavor animós omnium occupáverat. Cépheus igitur óráculum deí Hammónis cónsuluit, atque á deó iússus est fíliam mónstró trádere. Éius autem fília, nomine Andromeda, virgó fórmósissima erat. Cépheus ubi haec audívit, mágnum dolórem percépit. Volébat tamen cívís suós é tantó perículó extrahere, atque ob eam causam imperáta Hammónis facere cónstituit.

After this, Perseus arrived in the land of the Ethiopians. At that time, a man named Cepheus was ruling there. He had once offended Neptune, the god of the sea; in retaliation, Neptune had sent a terrible monster. This creature came daily from the sea and devoured people. Because of this, fear had taken hold of everyone. Therefore, Cepheus consulted the oracle of the god Hammon and was instructed by the god to sacrifice his daughter to the monster. His daughter, named Andromeda, was the most beautiful girl. When Cepheus heard this, he was filled with great sorrow. However, he wanted to save his citizens from such a great danger, and for that reason, he decided to follow Hammon's commands.

7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE

Tum réx diem certam díxit et omnia parávit. Ubi ea diés vénit, Andromeda ad lítus déducta est, et in cónspectú omnium ad rúpem adligáta est. Omnés fátum éius déplórábant, nec lacrimás tenébant. At subitó, dum mónstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrimás vídit, causam dolóris quaerit. Illí rem tótam expónunt et puellam démónstrant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis audítur; simul mónstrum horribilí specié procul cónspicitur. Éius cónspectus timórem máximum omnibus iniécit. Mónstrum mágná celeritáte ad lítus contendit, iamque ad locum appropinquábat ubi puella stábat.

Tum, the king set the day for the sacrifice and made all the preparations. When the day arrived, Andromeda was brought to the shore and tied to a rock in front of everyone. All were lamenting her fate and could not hold back their tears. But suddenly, while they were waiting for the monster, Perseus rushed in; and when he saw the tears, he asked about the cause of their sorrow. They explained the entire situation and pointed to the girl. While this was happening, a terrible roar was heard; at the same time, the monster was seen approaching from a distance. Its sight instilled great fear in everyone. The monster rushed towards the shore with great speed and was already approaching the spot where the girl stood.

8. THE RESCUE

At Perseus ubi haec vídit, gladium suum édúxit, et postquam tálária induit, in áera sublátus est. Tum désuper in mónstrum impetum subitó fécit, et gladió suó collum éius graviter vulnerávit. Mónstrum ubi sénsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem édidit, et sine morá tótum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum lítus volat, reditum éius exspectábat. Mare autem intereá undique sanguine ínficitur. Post breve tempus bélua rúrsus caput sustulit; mox tamen á Perseó íctú gravióre vulneráta est. Tum iterum sé in undás mersit, neque posteá vísa est.

At Perseus saw this, he drew his sword and, after putting on his sandals, he was lifted into the air. Then, from above, he suddenly attacked the monster and struck its neck hard with his sword. When the monster felt the wound, it let out a terrifying roar and immediately plunged its whole body into the water. While Perseus flew around the shore, he was waiting for its return. In the meantime, the sea became stained with blood all around. After a short time, the beast lifted its head again; however, it was soon wounded even more severely by Perseus's blow. Then it submerged itself in the waves again and was not seen afterward.

9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad lítus déscendit, prímum tálária exuit; tum ad rúpem vénit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem salútis déposuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terróre paene exanimáta erat. Ille víncula statim solvit, et puellam patrí reddidit. Cépheus ob hanc rem máximó gaudió adfectus est. Meritam grátiam pró tantó benefició Perseó rettulit; praetereá Andromedam ipsam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Ille libenter hóc dónum accépit et puellam dúxit. Paucós annós cum uxóre suá in eá regióne habitábat, et in mágnó honóre erat apud omnís Aethiopés. Mágnopere tamen mátrem suam rúrsus vidére cupiébat. Tandem igitur cum uxóre suá é régnó Cépheí discessit.

Perseus, after he reached the shore, first took off his sandals; then he went to the cliff where Andromeda was bound. She had given up all hope of salvation and was nearly fainting with fear when Perseus approached. He immediately freed her from her chains and returned the girl to her father. Cephalus was overjoyed because of this. He offered Perseus heartfelt thanks for such a great benefit and also gave Andromeda to him in marriage. Perseus gladly accepted this gift and married the girl. For a few years, he lived with his wife in that region and was held in great honor by all the Ethiopians. However, he greatly desired to see his mother again. Finally, he and his wife left Cephalus' kingdom.

10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad ínsulam návem appulit, sé ad locum contulit ubi máter ólim habitáverat, sed domum invénit vacuam et omnínó désertam. Trís diés per tótam ínsulam mátrem quaerébat; tandem quartó dié ad templum Diánae pervénit. Húc Danaé refúgerat, quod Polydectem timébat. Perseus ubi haec cógnóvit, írá mágná commótus est; ad régiam Polydectis sine morá contendit, et ubi eó vénit, statim in átrium inrúpit. Polydectés mágnó timóre adfectus est et fugere volébat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Medúsae mónstrávit; ille autem simul atque hóc vídit, in saxum versus est.

After Perseus arrived at the island, he went to the place where his mother had once lived, but he found the house empty and completely deserted. For three days he searched the entire island for her; finally, on the fourth day, he reached the temple of Diana. Here, Danaë had taken refuge because she was afraid of Polydectes. When Perseus learned this, he was filled with great anger; he immediately set off for Polydectes' palace without delay, and when he arrived there, he burst right into the atrium. Polydectes was struck with great fear and wanted to flee. However, while he was escaping, Perseus showed him the head of Medusa; as soon as he saw it, he turned to stone.

II. THE ORACLE FULFILLED

Post haec Perseus cum uxóre suá ad urbem Acrisí rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum vídit, mágnó terróre adfectus est; nam propter óráculum istud nepótem suum adhúc timébat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lárísam statim refúgit, frústrá tamen; neque enim fátum suum vítávit. Post paucós annós réx Lárísae lúdós mágnós fécit; núntiós in omnís partís dímíserat et diem édíxerat. Multí ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad lúdós convénérunt. Ipse Perseus inter aliós certámen discórum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum cású occídit; Acrisius enim inter spectátórés éius certáminis forte stábat.

After this, Perseus returned to the city of Acrisium with his wife. However, when Acrisius saw Perseus, he was filled with great fear; because of that oracle, he still feared his grandson. Therefore, he immediately fled to Thessaly, to the city of Larisa, but it was in vain; he could not escape his fate. A few years later, the king of Larisa organized great games; he had sent messengers to all parts and announced the day. Many from all the cities of Greece came to the games. Perseus himself entered the contest of discus throw. But as he threw the discus, he accidentally killed his grandfather; for Acrisius was standing among the spectators of the contest.

HERCULES

Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant, he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minÿae. In a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused unintentionally by his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Dejanira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband's love. Some time after, Dejanira wishing to try the charm soaked one of her husband's garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter.

Hercules, a Greek hero known for his immense strength, was chased throughout his life by Juno's hatred. Even as a baby, he strangled the serpents that the goddess sent to kill him. During his childhood and young adult years, he performed many amazing feats of strength, and when he became a man, he managed to free the Thebans from the tyranny of the Minÿae. In a fit of madness inflicted on him by Juno, he killed his own children; when he consulted the Delphic oracle about how to atone for this crime, he was instructed to serve Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns, for twelve years and complete whatever tasks he set for him. Hercules followed the oracle's advice, and during his twelve years of servitude, he accomplished twelve incredible tasks known as the Labors of Hercules. His death came about accidentally through his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot a centaur named Nessus with his poisoned arrows for insulting Dejanira. Before dying, Nessus gave Dejanira some of his blood and told her it would act as a charm to keep her husband’s love. Later, wanting to test the charm, Dejanira soaked one of her husband’s robes in the blood, unaware that it was poisoned. Hercules wore the robe and, after enduring unbearable pain, died or was taken away by his father Jupiter.

12. THE HATRED OF JUNO

Herculés, Alcménae fílius, ólim in Graeciá habitábat. Híc omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dícitur. At Iúnó, régína deórum, Alcménam óderat et Herculem adhúc ínfantem necáre voluit. Mísit igitur duás serpentís saevissimás; hae mediá nocte in cubiculum Alcménae vénérunt, ubi Herculés cum frátre suó dormiébat. Nec tamen in cúnís, sed in scútó mágnó cubábant. Serpentés iam appropinquáverant et scútum movébant; itaque puerí é somnó excitátí sunt.

Hercules, the son of Alcmene, once lived in Greece. He is said to have been the strongest of all men. However, Juno, the queen of the gods, hated Alcmene and wanted to kill Hercules while he was still an infant. So she sent two fierce snakes; they came into Alcmene's bedroom in the middle of the night, where Hercules was sleeping with his brother. But instead of lying in a crib, they were resting on a large shield. The snakes were getting closer and moving the shield, causing the boys to wake up from their sleep.

13. HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS

Íphiclés, fráter Herculis, mágná vóce exclámávit; sed Herculés ipse, fortissimus puer, haudquáquam territus est. Parvís manibus serpentís statim prehendit, et colla eárum mágná ví compressit. Tálí modó serpentés á pueró interfectae sunt. Alcména autem, máter puerórum, clámórem audíverat, et marítum suum é somnó excitáverat. Ille lúmen accendit et gladium suum rapuit; tum ad puerós properábat, sed ubi ad locum vénit, rem míram vídit, Herculés enim rídébat et serpentís mortuás mónstrábat.

Íphiclés, Hercules' brother, shouted loudly; but Hercules himself, the strongest boy, was not scared at all. He immediately grabbed the small snakes with his hands and crushed their big necks with his strength. In this way, the snakes were killed by the boy. However, Alcména, the boys' mother, had heard the scream and woke her husband from his sleep. He lit a lamp and grabbed his sword; then he hurried to the boys, but when he got to the place, he saw an amazing sight: Hercules was laughing and showing the dead snakes.

14. THE MUSIC-LESSON

Herculés á pueró corpus suum díligenter exercébat; mágnam partem diéí in palaestrá cónsúmébat; didicit etiam arcum intendere et téla conicere. Hís exercitátiónibus vírés éius cónfírmátae sunt. In músicá etiam á Linó centauró érudiébátur (centaurí autem equí erant sed caput hominis habébant); huic tamen artí minus díligenter studébat. Híc Linus Herculem ólim obiúrgábat, quod nón studiósus erat; tum puer írátus citharam subitó rapuit, et omnibus víribus caput magistrí ínfélícis percussit. Ille íctú próstrátus est, et pauló post é vítá excessit, neque quisquam posteá id officium suscipere voluit.

Hercules diligently worked out his body; he spent most of his days at the gym. He also learned to use a bow and throw spears. These exercises strengthened him. He was also trained in music by Linus, a centaur (centaurs were horse-like beings with the head of a man); however, he studied this art with less dedication. One day, Linus scolded Hercules for not being studious; in a fit of anger, the boy suddenly grabbed the lyre and struck his unfortunate teacher with all his might. Linus fell to the ground from the blow and shortly after, passed away, and no one wanted to take on that teaching position afterward.

15. HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE

Dé Hercule haec etiam inter alia nárrantur. Ólim dum iter facit, in fínís Aegyptiórum vénit. Ibi réx quídam, nómine Búsíris, illó tempore régnábat; híc autem vir crúdélissimus hominés immoláre cónsuéverat. Herculem igitur corripuit et in vincula coniécit. Tum núntiós dímísit et diem sacrifició édíxit. Mox ea diés appetébat, et omnia ríte paráta sunt. Manús Herculis caténís ferreís vinctae sunt, et mola salsa in caput éius ínspersa est. Mós enim erat apud antíquós salem et fár capitibus victimárum impónere. Iam victima ad áram stábat; iam sacerdós cultrum súmpserat. Subitó tamen Herculés mágnó cónátú vincula perrúpit; tum íctú sacerdótem próstrávit; alteró régem ipsum occídit.

Dé Hercule, these things are also told among other tales. Once, while traveling, he arrived in the territory of the Egyptians. There, a certain king named Busiris was ruling at that time; this man was notoriously cruel, having made a habit of sacrificing humans. Hercules was captured and thrown into chains. Then he sent messengers and announced the day of the sacrifice. Soon that day was approaching, and everything was properly prepared. Hercules's hands were bound with iron chains, and a salted meal was sprinkled on his head. It was an ancient custom to place salt and meal on the heads of the victims. Now the victim stood at the altar; the priest had already taken the knife. Suddenly, however, Hercules broke through the chains with great effort; then he struck down the priest; with another blow, he killed the king himself.

16. A CRUEL DEED

Herculés iam aduléscéns Thébís habitábat. Réx Thébárum, vir ígnávus, Creón appellábátur. Minyae, géns bellicósissima, Thébánís fínitimí erant. Légátí autem á Minyís ad Thébánós quotannís mittébantur; hí Thébás veniébant et centum bovés postulábant. Thébání enim ólim á Minyís superátí erant; tribúta igitur régí Minyárum quotannís pendébant. At Herculés cívís suós hóc stípendió líberáre cónstituit; légátós igitur comprehendit, atque aurís eórum abscídit. Légátí autem apud omnís gentís sánctí habentur.

Hercules was living in Thebes as a young man. The king of Thebes, a cowardly man, was called Creon. The Minyae, a very warlike people, were neighbors of the Thebans. Every year, envoys from the Minyae were sent to the Thebans; they would come to Thebes and demand one hundred oxen. The Thebans had once been defeated by the Minyae; therefore, they had to pay tribute to the king of the Minyae every year. However, Hercules decided to free his fellow citizens from this tribute; he captured the envoys and cut off their ears. The envoys, however, are considered sacred by all peoples.

17. THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE

Ergínus, réx Minyárum, ob haec vehementer írátus statim cum omnibus cópiís in fínís Thébánórum contendit. Creón adventum éius per explórátórés cógnóvit. Ipse tamen púgnáre nóluit, nam mágnó timóre adfectus erat; Thébání igitur Herculem imperátórem creávérunt. Ille núntiós in omnís partís dímísit, et cópiás coégit; tum proximó dié cum mágnó exercitú profectus est. Locum idóneum délégit et aciem ínstrúxit. Tum Thébání é superióre locó impetum in hostís fécérunt. Illí autem impetum sustinére nón potuérunt; itaque aciés hostium pulsa est atque in fugam conversa.

Ergínus, king of the Minyans, was extremely enraged by this and immediately marched with all his forces into the territory of the Thebans. Creon learned of his arrival through scouts. However, he himself did not want to fight, as he was greatly affected by fear; therefore, the Thebans appointed Hercules as their commander. He sent messengers in every direction and gathered his troops; then, the next day, he set out with a large army. He chose a suitable location and arranged his battle lines. Then the Thebans launched an attack on the enemy from a higher position. However, the enemy could not withstand the assault; thus, the enemy lines were scattered and turned to flee.

18. MADNESS AND MURDER

Post hóc proelium Herculés cópiás suás ad urbem redúxit. Omnés Thébání propter victóriam máximé gaudébant; Creón autem mágnís honóribus Herculem decorávit, atque fíliam suam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Herculés cum uxóre suá beátam vítam agébat; sed post paucós annós subitó in furórem incidit, atque líberós suós ipse suá manú occídit. Post breve tempus ad sánitátem reductus est, et propter hóc facinus mágnó dolóre adfectus est; mox ex urbe effúgit et in silvás sé recépit. Nólébant enim cívés sermónem cum eó habére.

After this battle, Hercules brought his troops back to the city. All the Thebans were overjoyed because of the victory; however, Creon honored Hercules with great rewards and gave him his daughter in marriage. Hercules lived a happy life with his wife; but after a few years, he suddenly fell into a rage and killed his own children with his own hands. Shortly afterward, he regained his sanity and was deeply affected by this crime; soon he fled from the city and withdrew into the woods. For the citizens did not want to speak with him.

19. HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE

Herculés tantum scelus expiáre mágnopere cupiébat. Cónstituit igitur ad óráculum Delphicum íre; hóc enim óráculum erat omnium celeberrimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis plúrimís dónís órnátum. Hóc in templó sedébat fémina quaedam, nómine Pýthia et cónsilium dabat iís quí ad óráculum veniébant. Haec autem fémina ab ipsó Apolline docébátur, et voluntátem deí hominibus énúntiábat. Herculés igitur, quí Apollinem praecipué colébat, húc vénit. Tum rem tótam exposuit, neque scelus célávit.

Hercules was very eager to atone for his great crime. So, he decided to go to the Delphic oracle; this oracle was the most famous of all. There was a temple there, richly adorned with countless gifts to Apollo. In this temple sat a woman named Pythia, who gave advice to those who came to the oracle. This woman was taught by Apollo himself and conveyed the god's will to people. Hercules, who especially revered Apollo, went there. Then he explained the entire situation and did not hide his crime.

20. THE ORACLE'S REPLY

Ubi Herculés fínem fécit, Pýthia prímó tacébat; tandem tamen iussit eum ad urbem Tíryntha íre, et Eurystheí régis omnia imperáta facere. Herculés ubi haec audívit, ad urbem illam contendit, et Eurystheó régí sé in servitútem trádidit. Duodecim annós crúdélissimó Eurystheó serviébat, et duodecim labórés, quós ille imperáverat, cónfécit; hóc enim únó modó tantum scelus expiárí potuit. Dé hís labóribus plúrima á poétís scrípta sunt. Multa tamen quae poétae nárrant vix crédibilia sunt.

Where Hercules finished, the Pythia initially remained silent; however, she eventually instructed him to go to the city of Tiryns and fulfill all the orders of King Eurystheus. When Hercules heard this, he rushed to that city and submitted himself to King Eurystheus as a servant. He served the cruel Eurystheus for twelve years and completed the twelve labors that he had ordered; this was the only way to atone for such a crime. Many poems have been written about these labors. However, much of what the poets say is hard to believe.

21. FIRST LABOR: THE NEMEAN LION

Prímum ab Eurystheó iússus est Herculés leónem occídere quí illó tempore vallem Nemeaeam reddébat ínféstam. In silvás igitur in quibus leó habitábat statim sé contulit. Mox feram vídit, et arcum, quem sécum attulerat, intendit; éius tamen pellem, quae dénsissima erat, tráicere nón potuit. Tum clává mágná quam semper gerébat leónem percussit, frústrá tamen; neque enim hóc modó eum occídere potuit. Tum démum collum mónstrí bracchiís suís complexus est et faucís éius omnibus víribus compressit. Hóc modó leó breví tempore exanimátus est; núlla enim respírandí facultás eí dabátur. Tum Herculés cadáver ad oppidum in umerís rettulit; et pellem, quam détráxerat, posteá pró veste gerébat. Omnés autem quí eam regiónem incolébant, ubi fámam dé morte leónis accépérunt, vehementer gaudébant et Herculem mágnó honóre habébant.

Firstly, Eurystheus ordered Hercules to kill the lion that was, at that time, making the Nemean valley dangerous. He immediately headed into the woods where the lion lived. Soon, he spotted the beast and aimed his bow, which he had brought with him; however, he couldn't pierce its extremely thick skin. Then he struck the lion with the large club he always carried, but it was in vain; he couldn't kill it this way. Finally, he embraced the monster's neck with his arms and squeezed its throat with all his strength. In this way, the lion was soon lifeless; it had no chance to breathe. Then Hercules carried the carcass back to the town on his shoulders; he later wore the skin he had ripped off as a cloak. Everyone living in that region, upon hearing of the lion's death, rejoiced greatly and held Hercules in high honor.

22. SECOND LABOR: THE LERNEAN HYDRA

Pauló post iússus est ab Eurystheó Hydram necáre. Hóc autem mónstrum erat cui novem erant capita. Herculés igitur cum amícó Ioláó profectus est ad palúdem Lernaeam, in quá Hydra habitábat. Mox mónstrum invénit, et quamquam rés erat mágní perículí, collum éius sinistrá prehendit. Tum dextrá capita novem abscídere coepit; quotiéns tamen hóc fécerat, nova capita exoriébantur. Diú frústrá labórábat; tandem hóc cónátú déstitit. Deinde arborés succídere et ígnem accendere cónstituit. Hóc celeriter fécit, et postquam lígna ígnem comprehendérunt, face árdente colla adússit, unde capita exoriébantur. Nec tamen sine mágnó labóre haec fécit; vénit enim auxilió Hydrae cancer ingéns, quí, dum Herculés capita abscídit, crúra éius mordébat. Postquam mónstrum tálí modó interfécit, sagittás suás sanguine éius imbuit, itaque mortiferás reddidit.

Paul was ordered by Eurystheus to kill the Hydra. This monster had nine heads. So, Hercules set out with his friend Iolaus to the Lernaean swamp, where the Hydra lived. Soon, he found the creature, and even though it was very dangerous, he grabbed its neck with his left hand. Then, he started to cut off its nine heads with his right hand; however, every time he did this, new heads would grow back. He struggled for a long time in vain; finally, he stopped this attempt. Next, he decided to cut down trees and light a fire. He quickly did this, and after the wood caught fire, he used the burning brand to cauterize the necks, stopping the new heads from growing. Nonetheless, he accomplished this with great difficulty; for a huge crab came to help the Hydra, which bit at his legs while Hercules was cutting off the heads. After killing the monster in this way, he dipped his arrows in its blood, making them lethal.

23. THIRD LABOR: THE CERYNEAN STAG

Postquam Eurystheó caedés Hydrae núntiáta est, mágnus timor animum éius occupávit. Iussit igitur Herculem cervum quendam ad sé referre; nóluit enim virum tantae audáciae in urbe retinére. Híc autem cervus, cúius cornua aurea fuisse tráduntur, incrédibilí fuit celeritáte. Herculés igitur prímó vestígiís eum in silvá persequébátur; deinde ubi cervum ipsum vídit, omnibus víribus currere coepit. Úsque ad vesperum currébat, neque nocturnum tempus sibi ad quiétem relinquébat, frústrá tamen; núlló enim modó cervum cónsequí poterat. Tandem postquam tótum annum cucurrerat (ita tráditur), cervum cursú exanimátum cépit, et vívum ad Eurystheum rettulit.

After the news of the Hydra's slaughter reached Eurystheus, he was filled with great fear. He ordered Hercules to bring back a certain deer; he did not want a man of such boldness to remain in the city. This deer, said to have golden antlers, was incredibly fast. Hercules first pursued it on foot through the woods; then, when he saw the deer itself, he began to run with all his strength. He ran until evening, not allowing nighttime to bring him rest, but it was in vain; he could not catch the deer in any way. Finally, after he had chased it for a whole year (it is said), he caught the deer, exhausted from running, and brought it back alive to Eurystheus.

24. FOURTH LABOR: THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR

Tum véró iússus est Herculés aprum quendam capere quí illó tempore agrós Erymanthiós vástábat et incolás húius regiónis mágnopere terrébat. Herculés rem suscépit et in Arcadiam profectus est. Postquam in silvam paulum prógressus est, apró occurrit. Ille autem simul atque Herculem vídit, statim refúgit; et timóre perterritus in altam fossam sé próiécit. Herculés igitur laqueum quem attulerat iniécit, et summá cum difficultáte aprum é fossá extráxit. Ille etsí fortiter repúgnábat, núlló modó sé líberáre potuit; et ab Hercule ad Eurystheum vívus relátus est.

Tum vero, Hercules was ordered to capture a wild boar that was devastating the fields of Erymanthos and greatly scaring the local people. Hercules took on the task and set off to Arcadia. After he had gone a little way into the forest, he encountered the boar. As soon as the boar saw Hercules, it immediately ran away; terrified, it threw itself into a deep ditch. Hercules then threw the net he had brought and with great effort pulled the boar out of the ditch. Even though the boar fought back fiercely, it could not escape in any way; and it was brought back alive to Eurystheus.

25. HERCULES AT THE CENTAUR'S CAVE

Dé quartó labóre, quem suprá nárrávimus, haec etiam tráduntur. Herculés dum iter in Arcadiam facit, ad eam regiónem vénit quam centaurí incolébant. Cum nox iam appeteret, ad spéluncam dévertit in quá centaurus quídam, nómine Pholus, habitábat.

Dé quartó labóre, quem suprá nárrávimus, haec etiam tráduntur. Herculés while traveling to Arcadia, arrived at the region inhabited by the centaurs. As night was approaching, he stopped at the cave where a centaur named Pholus lived.

Ille Herculem benígné excépit et cénam parávit. At Herculés postquam cénávit, vínum á Pholó postulávit. Erat autem in spéluncá mágna amphora vínó optimó repléta, quam centaurí ibi déposuerant. Pholus igitur hóc vínum dare nólébat, quod reliquós centaurós timébat; núllum tamen vínum praeter hóc in spéluncá habébat. "Hóc vínum," inquit, "mihi commissum est. Sí igitur hóc dabó, centaurí mé interficient." Herculés tamen eum inrísit, et ipse póculum víní dé amphorá hausit.

Ille welcomed Hercules kindly and prepared dinner. But after Hercules had eaten, he asked Pholus for some wine. There was, however, a large jug full of excellent wine in the cave, which the centaurs had left there. Pholus didn't want to give this wine because he was afraid of the other centaurs; however, he had no wine other than this in the cave. "This wine," he said, "has been entrusted to me. If I give it, the centaurs will kill me." However, Hercules mocked him and drank the wine directly from the jug.

26. THE FIGHT WITH THE CENTAURS

Simul atque amphora aperta est, odor iúcundissimus undique diffúsus est; vínum enim suávissimum erat. Centaurí nótum odórem sénsérunt et omnés ad locum convénérunt.

Simultaneously, as the jar was opened, a delightful fragrance spread everywhere; for the wine was incredibly sweet. The Centaurs sensed the familiar smell and all gathered at the spot.

Ubi ad spéluncam pervénérunt, mágnopere írátí erant quod Herculem bibentem vídérunt. Tum arma rapuérunt et Pholum interficere volébant. Herculés tamen in aditú spéluncae cónstitit et impetum eórum fortissimé sustinébat. Facés árdentís in eós coniécit; multós etiam sagittís suís vulnerávit. Hae autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae ólim imbútae erant. Omnés igitur quós ille sagittís vulneráverat venénó statim absúmptí sunt; reliquí autem ubi hóc vídérunt, terga vertérunt et fugá salútem petiérunt.

When they reached the cave, they were extremely angry because they saw Hercules drinking. Then they grabbed their weapons and wanted to kill Pholus. However, Hercules stood in the entrance of the cave and bravely withstood their attack. He hurled burning torches at them; he also wounded many with his arrows. These arrows were the same ones that had once been soaked in the blood of the Hydra. Therefore, all those he had hit with his arrows were immediately consumed by poison; the others, seeing this, turned and fled to escape.

27. THE FATE OF PHOLUS

Postquam reliquí fúgérunt, Pholus ex spéluncá égressus est, et corpora spectábat eórum quí sagittís interfectí erant. Mágnopere autem mírátus est quod tam leví vulnere exanimátí erant, et causam éius reí quaerébat. Adiit igitur locum ubi cadáver cúiusdam centaurí iacébat, et sagittam é vulnere tráxit. Haec tamen síve cású síve cónsilió deórum é manibus éius lapsa est, et pedem leviter vulnerávit. Ille extempló dolórem gravem per omnia membra sénsit, et post breve tempus ví venéní exanimátus est. Mox Herculés, quí reliquós centaurós secútus erat, ad spéluncam rediit, et mágnó cum dolóre Pholum mortuum vídit. Multís cum lacrimís corpus amící ad sepultúram dedit; tum, postquam alterum póculum víní exhausit, somnó sé dedit.

After the others had fled, Pholus came out of the cave and looked at the bodies of those who had been killed by arrows. He was greatly amazed that they had succumbed to such a slight wound and was seeking the reason for this. He approached the spot where the body of a centaur was lying and pulled an arrow from the wound. However, whether by chance or by the will of the gods, it slipped from his hands and slightly grazed his foot. He immediately felt a severe pain throughout his body and, after a short time, collapsed as if struck by venom. Soon, Hercules, who had followed the other centaurs, returned to the cave and saw Pholus dead with great sorrow. With many tears, he gave his friend’s body a proper burial; then, after drinking another cup of wine, he fell asleep.

28. FIFTH LABOR: THE AUGEAN STABLES

Deinde Eurystheus Herculí hunc labórem graviórem imposuit. Augéás quídam, quí illó tempore régnum in Élide obtinébat, tria mília boum habébat. Hí in stabuló ingentis mágnitúdinis inclúdébantur. Stabulum autem inluvié ac squálóre erat obsitum, neque enim ad hóc tempus umquam púrgátum erat. Hóc Herculés intrá spatium úníus diéí púrgáre iússus est. Ille, etsí rés erat multae operae, negótium suscépit. Prímum mágnó labóre fossam duodévígintí pedum dúxit, per quam flúminis aquam dé montibus ad múrum stabulí perdúxit. Tum postquam múrum perrúpit, aquam in stabulum immísit et tálí modó contrá opíniónem omnium opus cónfécit.

Then Eurystheus assigned an even heavier task to Hercules. There was a man named Augeas, who at that time ruled the kingdom of Elis and had three thousand cattle. They were kept in a huge, filthy stable that had never been cleaned. Hercules was ordered to clean it within a single day. Although the task was quite challenging, he accepted the job. First, he worked hard to dig a trench eighteen feet long, through which he directed water from the river down from the mountains to the wall of the stable. Then, after he broke down the wall, he flooded the stable with water, completing the task in a way that surprised everyone.

29. SIXTH LABOR: THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS

Post paucós diés Herculés ad oppidum Stymphálum iter fécit; imperáverat enim eí Eurystheus ut avís Stymphálidés necáret. Hae avés róstra aénea habébant et carne hominum véscébantur. Ille postquam ad locum pervénit, lacum vídit; in hóc autem lacú, quí nón procul erat ab oppidó, avés habitábant. Núlla tamen dabátur appropinquandí facultás; lacus enim nón ex aquá sed é límó cónstitit. Herculés igitur neque pedibus neque lintre prógredí potuit.

A few days later, Hercules traveled to the town of Stymphalus; Eurystheus had ordered him to kill the Stymphalian birds. These birds had bronze beaks and fed on human flesh. Once he arrived at the place, he saw a lake; in this lake, which was not far from the town, the birds lived. However, there was no way to approach; the lake was made of mud, not water. Therefore, Hercules could not advance by foot or by boat.

Ille cum mágnam partem diéí frústrá cónsúmpsisset, hóc cónátú déstitit et ad Volcánum sé contulit, ut auxilium ab eó peteret. Volcánus (quí ab fabrís máximé colébátur) crepundia quae ipse ex aere fabricátus erat Herculí dedit. Hís Herculés tam ácrem crepitum fécit ut avés perterritae ávolárent. Ille autem, dum ávolant, mágnum numerum eárum sagittís tránsfíxit.

After wasting a large part of the day in vain efforts, he gave up on this attempt and went to Volcano to seek his help. Volcano (who was most revered by the craftsmen) gave Hercules the trinkets he had made from bronze. With these, Hercules made such a loud noise that the frightened birds flew away. However, as they flew off, he shot down a large number of them with his arrows.

30. SEVENTH LABOR: THE CRETAN BULL

Tum Eurystheus Herculí imperávit ut taurum quendam ferócissimum ex ínsulá Crétá vívum referret. Ille igitur návem cónscendit, et cum ventus idóneus esset, statim solvit. Cum tamen ínsulae iam appropinquáret, tanta tempestás subitó coorta est ut návis cursum tenére nón posset. Tantus autem timor animós nautárum occupávit ut paene omnem spem salútis dépónerent. Herculés tamen, etsí návigandí imperítus erat, haudquáquam territus est.

Tum Eurystheus ordered Hercules to bring back a certain wild bull alive from the island of Crete. So, he boarded a ship, and when the wind was favorable, he set sail immediately. However, as he was approaching the island, a sudden storm arose that made it impossible for the ship to maintain its course. The sailors were seized with such great fear that they nearly gave up all hope of rescue. Hercules, however, even though he was inexperienced at sailing, was not afraid at all.

Post breve tempus summa tranquillitás cónsecúta est, et nautae, quí sé ex timóre iam recéperant, návem incolumem ad terram appulérunt. Herculés é náví égressus est, et cum ad régem Crétae vénisset, causam veniendí docuit. Deinde, postquam omnia paráta sunt, ad eam regiónem contendit quam taurus vástábat. Mox taurum vídit, et quamquam rés erat mágní perículí, cornua éius prehendit. Tum, cum ingentí labóre mónstrum ad návem tráxisset, cum praedá in Graeciam rediit.

After a short time, calm returned, and the sailors, who had already regained their composure from fear, safely brought the ship to shore. Hercules disembarked and explained to the king of Crete the reason for his visit. Then, after everything was prepared, he set off towards the region that the bull was devastating. Soon he spotted the bull, and although it was very dangerous, he grabbed its horns. Then, after a great struggle, he dragged the beast back to the ship and returned to Greece with his prize.

31. EIGHTH LABOR: THE MAN-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDE

Postquam ex ínsulá Crétá rediit, Herculés ab Eurystheó in Thráciam missus est, ut equós Diomédis redúceret. Hí equí carne hominum véscébantur; Diomédés autem, vir crúdélissimus, illís obiciébat peregrínós omnís quí in eam regiónem vénerant. Herculés igitur mágná celeritáte in Thráciam contendit et ab Dioméde postulávit ut equí sibi tráderentur. Cum tamen ille hóc facere nóllet, Herculés írá commótus régem interfécit et cadáver éius equís obicí iussit.

Post returning from the island of Crete, Hercules was sent by Eurystheus to Thrace to bring back the horses of Diomedes. These horses fed on human flesh, and Diomedes, a very cruel man, would throw any foreigners who came into that region to them. Therefore, Hercules quickly made his way to Thrace and demanded that Diomedes hand over the horses. When he refused to do so, Hercules, enraged, killed the king and ordered his body to be thrown to the horses.

Ita míra rérum commútátió facta est; is enim quí anteá multós cum cruciátú necáverat ipse eódem supplició necátus est. Cum haec núntiáta essent, omnés quí eam regiónem incolébant máximá laetitiá adfectí sunt et Herculí meritam grátiam referébant. Nón modo máximís honóribus et praemiís eum decorávérunt sed órábant etiam ut régnum ipse susciperet. Ille tamen hóc facere nólébat, et cum ad mare rediisset, návem occupávit. Ubi omnia ad návigandum paráta sunt, equós in náví conlocávit; deinde, cum idóneam tempestátem nactus esset, sine morá é portú solvit, et pauló post equós in lítus Argolicum exposuit.

The situation changed dramatically; the person who had previously killed many with torture was himself executed in the same manner. When this news spread, everyone living in that region was filled with immense joy and expressed their gratitude to Hercules. Not only did they honor him with the highest accolades and rewards, but they also urged him to take up the kingdom himself. However, he did not want to do this, and when he returned to the sea, he seized a ship. Once everything was ready for sailing, he placed the horses on board; then, having found a suitable wind, he set sail from the harbor without delay and shortly after disembarked the horses on the coast of Argolis.

32. NINTH LABOR: THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE

Géns Amázonum dícitur omnínó ex mulieribus cónstitisse. Hae summam scientiam reí mílitáris habébant, et tantam virtútem adhibébant ut cum virís proelium committere audérent. Hippolyté, Amázonum régína, balteum habuit celeberrimum quem Márs eí dederat. Adméta autem, Eurystheí fília, fámam dé hóc balteó accéperat et eum possidére vehementer cupiébat. Eurystheus igitur Herculí mandávit ut cópiás cógeret et bellum Amázonibus ínferret. Ille núntiós in omnís partís dímísit, et cum mágna multitúdó convénisset, eós délégit quí máximum úsum in ré mílitárí habébant.

The Amazons are said to be made up entirely of women. They had a deep understanding of military strategy and showed such courage that they dared to engage in battle with men. Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazons, had a famous belt that Mars had given her. Admeta, the daughter of Eurystheus, had heard about this belt and was very eager to possess it. Therefore, Eurystheus ordered Hercules to gather forces and wage war against the Amazons. He sent messengers to all parts, and when a large crowd had gathered, he chose those who had the greatest experience in military affairs.

33. THE GIRDLE IS REFUSED

Hís virís Herculés persuásit, postquam causam itineris exposuit, ut sécum iter facerent. Tum cum iís quibus persuáserat návem cónscendit, et cum ventus idóneus esset, post paucós diés ad óstium flúminis Thermódontis appulit. Postquam in fínís Amázonum vénit, núntium ad Hippolytam mísit, quí causam veniendí docéret et balteum pósceret. Ipsa Hippolyté balteum trádere volébat, quod dé Herculis virtúte fámam accéperat; reliquae tamen Amázonés eí persuásérunt ut negáret. At Herculés, cum haec núntiáta essent, bellí fortúnam temptáre cónstituit.

Hercules convinced his men to join him on his journey after explaining the reason for it. Then, he boarded the ship with those he had persuaded, and when the wind was favorable, they arrived at the mouth of the Thermodon River after a few days. Once he reached the territory of the Amazons, he sent a message to Hippolyta to explain why he had come and to request her belt. Hippolyta was willing to give him the belt because she had heard about Hercules’ strength and reputation; however, the other Amazons persuaded her to deny him. But Hercules, upon hearing this, decided to try his luck in battle.

Proximó igitur dié cum cópiás édúxisset, locum idóneum délégit et hostís ad púgnam évocávit. Amázonés quoque cópiás suás ex castrís édúxérunt et nón mágnó interválló ab Hercule aciem ínstrúxérunt.

Proximo, the next day, after bringing out his troops, he chose a suitable place and challenged the enemy to battle. The Amazons also brought out their forces from their camp and, not long after, arranged their battle line not far from Hercules.

34. THE BATTLE

Palús erat nón mágna inter duo exercitús; neutrí tamen initium tránseundí facere volébant. Tandem Herculés sígnum dedit, et ubi palúdem tránsiit, proelium commísit.

Palus was not large between the two armies; however, neither wanted to be the first to cross. Finally, Hercules gave the signal, and when he crossed the swamp, he started the battle.

Amázonés impetum virórum fortissimé sustinuérunt, et contrá opíniónem omnium tantam virtútem praestitérunt ut multós eórum occíderint, multós etiam in fugam coniécerint. Virí enim novó genere púgnae perturbábantur nec mágnam virtútem praestábant. Herculés autem cum haec vidéret, dé suís fortúnís déspéráre coepit. Mílités igitur vehementer cohortátus est ut prístinae virtútis memoriam retinérent neu tantum dédecus admitterent, hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinérent; quibus verbís animós omnium ita éréxit ut multí etiam quí vulneribus cónfectí essent proelium sine morá redintegrárent.

The Amazons bravely withstood the fierce attacks of the strongest men, and contrary to everyone's expectations, they displayed such courage that they killed many of them and routed even more. The men were thrown off by this new kind of battle and didn’t show much bravery. However, when Hercules saw this, he began to despair about his fortunes. Therefore, he strongly encouraged the soldiers to remember their former bravery and not to allow such disgrace, urging them to withstand the enemy’s assault with courage; with these words, he lifted the spirits of everyone so much that many, even those weakened by wounds, rushed back into battle without delay.

35. THE DEFEAT OF THE AMAZONS

Diú et ácriter púgnátum est; tandem tamen ad sólis occásum tanta commútátió rérum facta est ut mulierés terga verterent et fugá salútem peterent. Multae autem vulneribus défessae dum fugiunt captae sunt, in quó numeró ipsa erat Hippolyté. Herculés summam clémentiam praestitit, et postquam balteum accépit, líbertátem omnibus captívís dedit. Tum véró sociós ad mare redúxit, et quod nón multum aestátis supererat, in Graeciam proficíscí mátúrávit. Návem igitur cónscendit, et tempestátem idóneam nactus statim solvit; antequam tamen in Graeciam pervénit, ad urbem Tróiam návem appellere cónstituit, frúmentum enim quod sécum habébat iam déficere coeperat.

A fierce battle raged on; finally, by sunset, such a change had occurred that the women turned their backs and sought safety in flight. Many, exhausted from their wounds, were captured as they fled, among them Hippolyta herself. Hercules showed great mercy, and after receiving the belt, he granted freedom to all the captives. Then he led his companions back to the sea, and since summer was nearing its end, he made haste to set sail for Greece. He boarded the ship and, having found favorable weather, set off right away; however, before reaching Greece, he decided to steer the ship to the city of Troy, as the supplies he had started to run low.

36. LAOMEDON AND THE SEA-MONSTER

Láomedón quídam illó tempore régnum Tróiae obtinébat. Ad hunc Neptúnus et Apolló annó superióre vénerant, et cum Tróia nóndum moenia habéret, ad hóc opus auxilium obtulerant. Postquam tamen hórum auxilió moenia cónfecta sunt, nólébat Láomedón praemium quod próposuerat persolvere.

Láomedon was ruling the kingdom of Troy at that time. Neptune and Apollo had come to him the previous year, and since Troy didn't have walls yet, they had offered their help for the construction. However, after the walls were completed with their assistance, Láomedon didn't want to pay the reward he had promised.

Neptúnus igitur et Apolló ob hanc causam írátí mónstrum quoddam mísérunt specié horribilí, quod cottídié é marí veniébat et homines pecudésque vorábat. Tróiání autem timóre perterrití in urbe continébantur, et pecora omnia ex agrís intrá múrós compulerant. Láomedón hís rébus commótus óráculum cónsuluit, ac deus eí praecépit ut filiam Hésionem mónstró obiceret.

Neptune and Apollo, for this reason, sent a terrifying monster that came daily from the sea and devoured both people and livestock. The Trojans, terrified, stayed within the city walls and gathered all their cattle from the fields. Laomedon, disturbed by these events, consulted an oracle, and the god instructed him to offer his daughter Hesione to the monster.

37. THE RESCUE OF HESIONE

Láomedón, cum hóc respónsum renúntiátum esset, mágnum dolórem percépit; sed tamen, ut cívís suós tantó perículó líberáret, óráculó párére cónstituit et diem sacrifició díxit. Sed síve cású síve cónsilió deórum Herculés tempore opportúnissimó Tróiam attigit; ipsó enim temporis punctó quó puella caténís vincta ad lítus dédúcébátur ille návem appulit. Herculés é náví égressus dé rébus quae gerébantur certior factus est; tum írá commótus ad régem sé contulit et auxilium suum obtulit. Cum réx libenter eí concessisset ut, sí posset, puellam líberáret, Herculés mónstrum interfécit; et puellam, quae iam omnem spem salútis déposuerat, incolumem ad patrem redúxit. Láomedón mágnó cum gaudió fíliam suam accépit, et Herculí pró tantó benefició meritam grátiam rettulit.

Láomedón, upon hearing this news, felt a great sorrow; however, to save his citizens from such a great danger, he decided to consult the oracle and set a date for the sacrifice. Whether by chance or through the will of the gods, Hercules arrived at Troy at the most opportune time; at exactly the moment when the girl was being led to the shore in chains, he docked his ship. After getting off the ship and learning about what was happening, Hercules, filled with anger, went to the king and offered his help. The king gladly agreed to let him rescue the girl if he could. Hercules killed the monster, and he brought the girl, who had already given up all hope of salvation, safely back to her father. Láomedón received his daughter with great joy and expressed his heartfelt gratitude to Hercules for such a tremendous favor.

38. TENTH LABOR: THE OXEN OF GERYON

Tum véró missus est Herculés ad ínsulam Erythíam, ut bovés Géryonis arcesseret. Rés erat summae difficultátis, quod bovés á quódam Eurytióne et á cane bicipite custódiébantur. Ipse autem Géryón speciem horribilem praebébat; tria enim corpora inter sé coniúncta habébat. Herculés tamen etsí intellegébat quantum perículum esset, negótium suscépit; ac postquam per multás terrás iter fécit, ad eam partem Libyae pervénit quae Európae proxima est. Ibi in utróque lítore fretí quod Európam á Libyá dívidit columnás cónstituit, quae posteá Herculis Columnae appellábantur.

Then Hercules was sent to the island of Erytheia to bring back the cattle of Geryon. This was a major challenge because the cattle were guarded by a certain Eurytion and a two-headed dog. Geryon himself had a terrifying appearance, as he had three bodies connected together. However, Hercules, even though he understood how dangerous it was, took on the task; and after traveling through many lands, he reached that part of Libya which is closest to Europe. There, on both shores of the strait that separates Europe from Libya, he set up pillars, which later became known as the Pillars of Hercules.

39. THE GOLDEN SHIP

Dum híc morátur, Herculés mágnum incommodum ex calóre sólis accipiébat; tandem igitur írá commótus arcum suum intendit et sólem sagittís petiit. Sól tamen audáciam virí tantum admírátus est ut lintrem auream eí dederit. Herculés hóc dónum libentissimé accépit, núllam enim návem in hís regiónibus inveníre potuerat. Tum lintrem dédúxit, et ventum nactus idóneum post breve tempus ad ínsulam pervénit. Ubi ex incolís cógnóvit quó in locó bovés essent, in eam partem statim profectus est et á rége Géryone postulávit ut bovés sibi tráderentur. Cum tamen ille hóc facere nóllet, Herculés et régem ipsum et Eurytiónem, quí erat ingentí mágnitúdine corporis, interfécit.

While he lingered here, Hercules was suffering greatly from the heat of the sun; finally, annoyed, he aimed his bow and shot arrows at the sun. The sun, amazed by the daring of the man, gave him a golden boat. Hercules gladly accepted this gift since he had been unable to find any ship in these regions. Then he launched the boat, and after a short time, finding a favorable wind, reached the island. There, having learned from the inhabitants where the cows were, he immediately set off in that direction and demanded the cows from King Geryon. However, when he refused to do this, Hercules killed both the king and Eurytion, who was of gigantic size.

40. A MIRACULOUS HAIL-STORM

Tum Herculés bovés per Hispániam et Liguriam compellere cónstituit; postquam igitur omnia paráta sunt, bovés ex ínsulá ad continentem tránsportávit. Ligurés autem, géns bellicósissima, dum ille per fínís eórum iter facit, mágnás cópiás coégérunt atque eum longius prógredí prohibébant. Herculés mágnam difficultátem habébat, barbarí enim in locís superióribus cónstiterant et saxa télaque in eum coniciébant. Ille quidem paene omnem spem salútis déposuerat, sed tempore opportúnissimó Iuppiter imbrem lapidum ingentium é caeló démísit. Hí tantá ví cecidérunt ut mágnum numerum Ligurum occíderint; ipse tamen Herculés (ut in tálibus rébus accidere cónsuévit) nihil incommodí cépit.

Hercules decided to drive the cattle through Spain and Liguria. After everything was prepared, he transported the cattle from the island to the mainland. The Ligurians, a very warlike people, gathered large forces as he crossed their territory, preventing him from progressing any further. Hercules faced significant difficulties, as the barbarians had positioned themselves in higher grounds and were throwing rocks and weapons at him. He had almost given up all hope of salvation, but at just the right moment, Jupiter sent a storm of huge stones from the sky. These fell with such force that they killed many Ligurians; however, Hercules himself (as often happens in such situations) suffered no harm.

41. THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS

Postquam Ligurés hóc modó superátí sunt, Herculés quam celerrimé prógressus est et post paucós diés ad Alpís pervénit. Necesse erat hás tránsíre, ut in Ítaliam bovés ageret; rés tamen summae erat difficultátis. Hí enim montés, quí últeriórem á citerióre Galliá dívidunt, nive perenní sunt téctí; quam ob causam neque frúmentum neque pábulum in hís regiónibus invenírí potest. Herculés igitur antequam ascendere coepit, mágnam cópiam frúmentí et pábulí comparávit et hóc commeátú bovés onerávit. Postquam in hís rébus trís diés cónsúmpserat, quartó dié profectus est, et contrá omnium opíniónem bovés incolumís in Ítaliam trádúxit.

Postquam Ligurés in hunc modum superati sunt, Herculés quam celerrimé prōgressus est et post paucos diēs ad Alpīs pervēnit. Necessum erat hās trānsgressēre, ut in Ītaliam băvés ageret; rēs tamen summae erat difficultātis. Hī enim montēs, quī ulteriorēm a citeriorē Galliā dīvidunt, nive perennī sunt tēctī; quam ob causam neque frūmentum neque pābulum in hīs regiōnibus invenīrī potest. Herculés igitur antequam ascendere coepit, magnam cōpiam frūmentī et pābulī comparāvit et hŏc commeātū băvés onerāvit. Postquam in hīs rēbus trīs diēs cōnsūmpserat, quartō diē profectus est, et contrā omnium opīnōnem băvés incolumēs in Ītaliam trādūxit.

42. CACUS STEALS THE OXEN

Breví tempore ad flúmen Tiberim vénit. Tum tamen núlla erat urbs in eó locó, Róma enim nóndum condita erat. Herculés itinere fessus cónstituit ibi paucós diés morárí, ut sé ex labóribus recreáret. Haud procul á valle ubi bovés páscébantur spélunca erat, in quá Cácus, horribile mónstrum, tum habitábat. Híc speciem terribilem praebébat, nón modo quod ingentí mágnitúdine corporis erat, sed quod ígnem ex óre exspírábat. Cácus autem dé adventú Herculis fámam accéperat; noctú igitur vénit, et dum Herculés dormit, quattuor pulcherrimórum boum abripuit. Hós caudís in spéluncam tráxit, né Herculés é vestígiís cógnóscere posset quó in locó célátí essent.

Brevemente, he arrived at the Tiber River. However, there was no city in that place, as Rome had not yet been founded. Exhausted from his journey, Hercules decided to stay there for a few days to rest from his labors. Not far from the valley where cows were grazing, there was a cave, where Cacus, a horrific monster, lived at that time. He presented a terrifying appearance, not only because of his enormous size but also because he breathed fire from his mouth. Cacus had heard about Hercules' arrival; therefore, he came at night and, while Hercules was sleeping, kidnapped four of the most beautiful cows. He dragged them by their tails into the cave, so that Hercules would not be able to trace where they were hidden.

43. HERCULES DISCOVERS THE THEFT

Posteró dié simul atque é somnó excitátus est, Herculés fúrtum animadvertit et bovés ámissós omnibus locís quaerébat. Hós tamen núsquam reperíre poterat, nón modo quod locí nátúram ígnórábat, sed quod vestígiís falsís déceptus est. Tandem cum mágnam partem diéí frústrá cónsúmpsisset, cum reliquís bóbus prógredí cónstituit. At dum proficíscí parat, únus é bóbus quós sécum habuit múgíre coepit. Subitó ií quí in spéluncá inclúsí erant múgítum reddidérunt, et hóc modó Herculem certiórem fécérunt quó in locó célátí essent. Ille vehementer írátus ad spéluncam quam celerrimé sé contulit, ut praedam reciperet. At Cácus saxum ingéns ita déiécerat ut aditus spéluncae omnínó obstruerétur.

As soon as he woke up from his sleep, Hercules noticed the theft and searched for the lost cattle everywhere. However, he couldn't find them anywhere, not only because he didn't know the lay of the land, but also because he was misled by false tracks. Finally, after wasting a large part of the day in vain, he decided to move on with the remaining cattle. But just as he was getting ready to set off, one of the cows he had with him started mooing. Suddenly, those who were trapped in the cave responded with mooing, and in this way, they let Hercules know where they were hidden. He was extremely angry and hurried to the cave as quickly as possible to reclaim his prize. But Cacus had placed such a huge rock that it completely blocked the entrance to the cave.

44. HERCULES AND CACUS

Herculés cum núllum alium introitum reperíre posset, hóc saxum ámovére cónátus est, sed propter éius mágnitúdinem rés erat difficillima. Diú frústrá labórábat neque quicquam efficere poterat; tandem tamen mágnó cónátú saxum ámóvit et spéluncam patefécit. Ibi ámissós bovés mágnó cum gaudió cónspéxit; sed Cácum ipsum vix cernere potuit, quod spélunca repléta erat fúmó quem ille móre suó évomébat. Herculés inúsitátá specié turbátus breve tempus haesitábat; mox tamen in spéluncam inrúpit et collum mónstrí bracchiís complexus est. Ille etsí multum repúgnávit, núlló modó sé líberáre potuit, et cum núlla facultás respírandí darétur, mox exanimátus est.

Hercules, unable to find another way in, tried to move the rock, but because of its size, it was extremely difficult. He worked in vain for a long time and couldn't achieve anything; finally, however, with a great effort, he moved the rock and opened up the cave. There, he spotted the missing cattle with great joy; but he could barely make out Cacus himself, as the cave was filled with the smoke that he was constantly spewing. Hercules, disturbed by the unusual sight, hesitated for a moment; soon, though, he rushed into the cave and grabbed the monster by the neck. Even though Cacus fought back fiercely, he couldn't escape at all, and with no way to breathe, he soon suffocated.

45. ELEVENTH LABOR: THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES

Eurystheus postquam bovés Géryonis accépit, labórem úndecimum Herculí imposuit, graviórem quam quós suprá nárrávimus. Mandávit enim eí ut aurea póma ex hortó Hesperidum auferret. Hesperidés autem nymphae erant quaedam fórmá praestantissimá, quae in terrá longinquá habitábant, et quibus aurea quaedam póma á Iúnóne commissa erant. Multí hominés aurí cupiditáte inductí haec póma auferre iam anteá cónátí erant. Rés tamen difficillima erat, namque hortus in quó póma erant múró ingentí undique circumdatus erat; praetereá dracó quídam cui centum erant capita portam hortí díligenter custódiébat. Opus igitur quod Eurystheus Herculí imperáverat erat summae difficultátis, nón modo ob causás quás memorávimus, sed etiam quod Herculés omnínó ígnórábat quó in locó hortus ille situs esset.

Eurystheus, after he received the cattle of Geryon, assigned Hercules his eleventh labor, which was more challenging than the ones mentioned earlier. He commanded him to bring back the golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides. The Hesperides were beautiful nymphs who lived in a far-off land, and they had been entrusted with the golden apples by Juno. Many men, driven by their greed for gold, had previously tried to steal these apples. However, it was an incredibly difficult task, not only because of the reasons mentioned but also because Hercules had no idea where this garden was located.

46. HERCULES ASKS AID OF ATLAS

Herculés quamquam quiétem vehementer cupiébat, tamen Eurystheó párére cónstituit, et simul ac iússa éius accépit, proficíscí mátúrávit. Á multís mercátóribus quaesíverat quó in locó Hesperidés habitárent, nihil tamen certum reperíre potuerat. Frústrá per multás terrás iter fécit et multa perícula subiit; tandem, cum in hís itineribus tótum annum cónsúmpsisset, ad extrémam partem orbis terrárum, quae proxima est Óceanó, pervénit. Híc stábat vir quídam, nomine Atlás, ingentí mágnitúdine corporis, quí caelum (ita tráditum est) umerís suís sustinébat, né in terram décideret. Herculés tantás vírís mágnopere mírátus statim in conloquium cum Atlante vénit, et cum causam itineris docuisset, auxilium ab eó petiit.

Hercules, although he desperately longed for peace, decided to obey Eurystheus and, as soon as he received the orders, got ready to leave. He had asked many merchants where the Hesperides lived, but he couldn't find any reliable information. He traveled through many lands in vain and faced numerous dangers; finally, after spending an entire year on these journeys, he reached the farthest part of the world, closest to the Ocean. Here stood a man named Atlas, of enormous size, who was said to hold up the sky on his shoulders to keep it from falling to the ground. Hercules, greatly impressed by such strength, immediately approached Atlas, and after explaining the reason for his journey, asked for his assistance.

47. HERCULES BEARS UP THE HEAVENS

Atlás autem Herculí máximé pródesse potuit; ille enim cum ipse esset pater Hesperidum, certó scívit quó in locó esset hortus. Postquam igitur audívit quam ob causam Herculés vénisset, "Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum íbó et fíliábus meís persuádébó ut póma suá sponte trádant." Herculés cum haec audíret, mágnopere gávísus est; vim enim adhibére nóluit, sí rés aliter fierí posset. Cónstituit igitur oblátum auxilium accipere. Atlás tamen postulávit ut, dum ipse abesset, Herculés caelum umerís sustinéret. Hóc autem negótium Herculés libenter suscépit, et quamquam rés erat summí labóris, tótum pondus caelí continuós complúrís diés sólus sustinébat.

Atlás, however, was able to help Hercules significantly; after all, he was the father of the Hesperides and definitely knew where the garden was located. So, after hearing why Hercules had come, he said, "I will go to the garden and convince my daughters to willingly hand over their fruit." Hercules was very glad to hear this; he didn't want to use force if things could be done differently. He decided to accept the offered help. However, Atlás asked that while he was away, Hercules support the sky on his shoulders. Hercules willingly took on this task, and although it was a tremendous strain, he bore the entire weight of the sky alone for several continuous days.

48. THE RETURN OF ATLAS

Atlás intereá abierat et ad hortum Hesperidum, quí pauca mília passuum aberat, sé quam celerrimé contulerat. Eó cum vénisset, causam veniendí exposuit et fíliás suás vehementer hortátus est ut póma tráderent. Illae diú haerébant; nólébant enim hóc facere, quod ab ipsá Iúnóne (ita ut ante dictum est) hóc múnus accépissent. Atlás tamen aliquandó iís persuásit ut sibi párérent, et póma ad Herculem rettulit. Herculés intereá cum plúrís diés exspectávisset neque úllam fámam dé reditú Atlantis accépisset, hác morá graviter commótus est. Tandem quíntó dié Atlantem vídit redeuntem, et mox mágnó cum gaudió póma accépit; tum, postquam grátiás pró tantó benefició égit, ad Graeciam proficíscí mátúrávit.

Atlás had opened up and headed to the garden of the Hesperides, which was a few thousand paces away, as quickly as he could. When he arrived, he explained the reason for his visit and strongly urged his daughters to hand over the golden apples. They hesitated for a long time; they didn't want to do this because they had received the task from Juno herself (as previously mentioned). However, Atlás eventually convinced them to comply, and he brought the apples back to Hercules. Meanwhile, Hercules had waited for several days without receiving any news about Atlantis's return, which greatly troubled him. Finally, on the fifth day, he saw Atlás coming back and soon received the apples with great joy; then, after expressing his gratitude for such a generous gift, he prepared to head to Greece.

49. TWELFTH LABOR: CERBERUS THE THREE-HEADED DOG

Postquam aurea póma ad Eurystheum reláta sunt, únus modo relinquébátur é duodecim labóribus quós Pýthia Herculí praecéperat. Eurystheus autem cum Herculem mágnopere timéret, eum in aliquem locum mittere volébat unde numquam redíre posset. Negótium igitur eí dedit ut canem Cerberum ex Orcó in lúcem traheret. Hóc opus omnium difficillimum erat, némó enim umquam ex Orcó redierat. Praetereá Cerberus iste mónstrum erat horribilí specié, cui tria erant capita serpentibus saevís cincta. Antequam tamen dé hóc labóre nárrámus, nón aliénum vidétur, quoniam dé Orcó mentiónem fécimus, pauca dé eá regióne própónere.

Post the golden apples being brought to Eurystheus, only one labor remained out of the twelve that Pythia had commanded Hercules. However, since Eurystheus greatly feared Hercules, he wanted to send him to a place from which he could never return. He therefore assigned him the task of bringing the dog Cerberus from the Underworld into the light. This task was the most challenging of all, as no one had ever returned from the Underworld. Moreover, Cerberus was a monster with a terrifying appearance, having three heads surrounded by fierce snakes. Before we discuss this labor, it seems fitting to mention a few things about the Underworld since we've brought it up.

50. CHARON'S FERRY

Dé Orcó, quí ídem Hádés appellábátur, haec tráduntur. Ut quisque dé vítá décesserat, mánés éius ad Orcum, sédem mortuórum, á deó Mercurió dédúcébantur. Húius regiónis, quae sub terrá fuisse dícitur, réx erat Plútó, cui uxor erat Próserpina, Iovis et Cereris fília. Mánés igitur á Mercurió déductí prímum ad rípam veniébant Stygis flúminis, quó régnum Plútónis continétur. Hóc tránsíre necesse erat antequam in Orcum veníre possent. Cum tamen in hóc flúmine núllus póns factus esset, mánés tránsvehébantur á Charonte quódam, quí cum parvá scaphá ad rípam exspectábat. Charón pró hóc offició mercédem postulábat, neque quemquam, nisi hóc praemium prius dedisset, tránsvehere volébat. Quam ob causam mós erat apud antíquós nummum in óre mortuí pónere eó cónsilió, ut cum ad Stygem vénisset, pretium tráiectús solvere posset. Ií autem quí post mortem in terrá nón sepultí erant Stygem tránsíre nón potuérunt, sed in rípá per centum annós erráre coáctí sunt; tum démum Orcum intráre licuit.

Dé Orcó, who was also called Hádés, is described as follows. As each person died, their spirit was taken to Orcus, the home of the dead, by the god Mercury. The king of this region, said to be underground, was Plútó, whose wife was Próserpina, the daughter of Jupiter and Ceres. The souls, therefore, led by Mercury, first arrived at the bank of the Styx River, which borders Plútó's kingdom. They had to cross this river before they could enter Orcus. However, since there was no bridge on this river, the souls were ferried by a certain Charon, who waited at the bank with a small boat. Charon demanded payment for this service, and he was unwilling to ferry anyone unless this fee had been paid in advance. For this reason, it was a tradition among the ancients to place a coin in the mouth of the deceased so that when they arrived at the Styx, they could pay the fare. Those who were not buried on land after death could not cross the Styx, but were forced to wander on the bank for a hundred years; only then were they allowed to enter Orcus.

51. THE REALM OF PLUTO

Ut autem mánés Stygem hóc modó tránsierant, ad alterum veniébant flúmen, quod Léthé appellábátur. Ex hóc flúmine aquam bibere cógébantur; quod cum fécissent, rés omnís in vítá gestás é memoriá dépónébant. Dénique ad sédem ipsíus Plútónis veniébant, cúius introitus á cane Cerberó custódiébátur. Ibi Plútó nigró vestítú indútus cum uxóre Próserpiná in solió sedébat. Stábant etiam nón procul ab eó locó tria alia solia, in quibus sedébant Mínós, Rhadamanthus, Aeacusque, iúdicés apud ínferós. Hí mortuís iús dícébant et praemia poenásque cónstituébant. Boní enim in Campós Élysiós, sédem beátórum, veniébant; improbí autem in Tartarum mittébantur ac multís et variís suppliciís ibi excruciábantur.

As the shades crossed the Styx in this way, they arrived at another river called Lethe. They were compelled to drink water from this river; once they did, they would forget all things that had happened in life. Finally, they would come to the seat of Pluto himself, whose entrance was guarded by the dog Cerberus. There, Pluto, dressed in black, sat on a throne with his wife Persephone. Not far from that spot were three other thrones, where Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Aeacus, judges of the underworld, sat. They pronounced judgment on the dead and determined their rewards and punishments. The good would go to the Elysian Fields, the abode of the blessed; however, the wicked were sent to Tartarus, where they were tortured with many and varied punishments.

52. HERCULES CROSSES THE STYX

Herculés postquam imperia Eurystheí accépit, in Lacóniam ad Taenarum statim sé contulit; ibi enim spélunca erat ingentí mágnitúdine, per quam, ut trádébátur, hominés ad Orcum déscendébant. Eó cum vénisset, ex incolís quaesívit quó in locó spélunca illa sita esset; quod cum cógnóvisset, sine morá déscendere cónstituit. Nec tamen sólus hóc iter faciébat, Mercurius enim et Minerva sé eí sociós adiúnxerant. Ubi ad rípam Stygis vénit, Herculés scapham Charontis cónscendit, ut ad últeriórem rípam tránsíret. Cum tamen Herculés vir esset ingentí mágnitúdine corporis, Charón solvere nólébat; mágnopere enim verébátur né scapha sua tantó pondere oneráta in medió flúmine mergerétur. Tandem tamen minís Herculis territus Charón scapham solvit, et eum incolumem ad últeriórem rípam perdúxit.

Hercules, after receiving orders from Eurystheus, immediately went to Laconia at Taenarum; there was a cave of huge size through which, as it was said, people descended to the Underworld. When he arrived there, he asked the locals where the cave was located; once he found out, he decided to descend without delay. But he wasn't making this journey alone, for Mercury and Minerva had joined him as companions. When he reached the bank of the Styx, Hercules boarded Charon's ferry to cross to the other side. However, since Hercules was a man of great size, Charon was reluctant to set off; he was afraid that his boat would sink under such a heavy weight in the middle of the river. Finally, terrified by Hercules' threats, Charon agreed to take him across and safely brought him to the other side.

53. THE LAST LABOR IS ACCOMPLISHED

Postquam flúmen Stygem hóc modó tránsiit, Herculés in sédem ipsíus Plútónis vénit; et postquam causam veniendí docuit, ab eó petívit ut Cerberum auferre sibi licéret. Plútó, quí dé Hercule fámam accéperat, eum benígné excépit, et facultátem quam ille petébat libenter dedit. Postulávit tamen ut Herculés ipse, cum imperáta Eurystheí fécisset, Cerberum in Orcum rúrsus redúceret. Herculés hóc pollicitus est, et Cerberum, quem nón sine mágnó perículó manibus prehenderat, summó cum labóre ex Orcó in lúcem et ad urbem Eurystheí tráxit. Eó cum vénisset, tantus timor animum Eurystheí occupávit ut ex átrió statim refúgerit; cum autem paulum sé ex timóre recépisset, multís cum lacrimís obsecrávit Herculem ut mónstrum sine morá in Orcum redúceret. Síc contrá omnium opíniónem duodecim illí labórés quós Pýthia praecéperat intrá duodecim annós cónfectí sunt; quae cum ita essent, Herculés servitúte tandem líberátus mágnó cum gaudió Thébás rediit.

After crossing the Styx in this way, Hercules arrived at Pluto's realm. Once he explained the reason for his visit, he asked Pluto for permission to take Cerberus with him. Pluto, who had heard of Hercules' reputation, welcomed him kindly and willingly granted the request he made. However, he asked that Hercules himself, after completing the tasks assigned by Eurystheus, return Cerberus to the underworld. Hercules promised this, and after a great struggle, he captured Cerberus, carrying him up from the underworld to the light and all the way to Eurystheus' city. When he arrived, Eurystheus was so terrified that he immediately fled from the atrium; however, after a moment of recovering from his fear, he tearfully begged Hercules to return the creature to the underworld without delay. In this way, against everyone's expectations, the twelve labors that the Pythia had set were completed within twelve years. With this accomplished, Hercules finally returned to Thebes, free from servitude and filled with great joy.

54. THE CENTAUR NESSUS

Posteá Herculés multa alia praeclára perfécit, quae nunc perscríbere longum est. Tandem iam aetáte próvectus Déianíram, Oeneí fíliam, in mátrimónium dúxit; post tamen trís annós accidit ut puerum quendam, cui nómen erat Eunomus, cású occíderit. Cum autem mós esset ut sí quis hominem cású occídisset, in exsilium íret, Herculés cum uxóre suá é fínibus éius cívitátis exíre mátúrávit. Dum tamen iter faciunt, ad flúmen quoddam pervénérunt in quó núllus póns erat; et dum quaerunt quónam modó flúmen tránseant, accurrit centaurus Nessus, quí viátóribus auxilium obtulit. Herculés igitur uxórem suam in tergum Nessí imposuit; tum ipse flúmen tránávit. Nessus autem paulum in aquam prógressus ad rípam subitó revertébátur et Déianíram auferre cónábátur. Quod cum animadvertisset Herculés, írá graviter commótus arcum intendit et pectus Nessí sagittá tránsfíxit.

Hercules accomplished many other remarkable feats, which it would take too long to detail now. Finally, as he grew older, he married Deianira, the daughter of Oeneus; however, three years later, he accidentally killed a young man named Eunomus. Since it was customary that anyone who accidentally killed a person would go into exile, Hercules decided to leave the borders of his city with his wife. While they were traveling, they reached a river where there was no bridge; and while they were trying to figure out how to cross the river, the centaur Nessus came running up, offering help to the travelers. Hercules then placed his wife on Nessus's back and then crossed the river himself. However, after going a short distance into the water, Nessus suddenly turned back and tried to carry Deianira away. When Hercules noticed this, he became extremely angry, aimed his bow, and shot an arrow through Nessus's chest.

55. THE POISONED ROBE

Nessus igitur sagittá Herculis tránsfíxus moriéns humí iacébat; at né occásiónem suí ulcíscendí dímitteret, ita locútus est: "Tú, Déianíra, verba morientis audí. Sí amórem marítí tuí cónserváre vís, hunc sanguinem quí nunc é pectore meó effunditur súme ac repóne; tum, sí umquam in suspíciónem tibi vénerit, vestem marítí hóc sanguine ínficiés." Haec locútus Nessus animam efflávit; Déianíra autem nihil malí suspicáta imperáta fécit. Pauló post Herculés bellum contrá Eurytum, régem Oechaliae, suscépit; et cum régem ipsum cum fíliís interfécisset, Iolén éius fíliam captívam sécum redúxit. Antequam tamen domum vénit, návem ad Cénaeum prómunturium appulit, et in terram égressus áram cónstituit, ut Ioví sacrificáret. Dum tamen sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum mísit, quí vestem albam referret; mós enim erat apud antíquós, dum sacrificia facerent, albam vestem gerere. At Déianíra verita né Herculés amórem ergá Iolén habéret, vestem priusquam Lichae dedit, sanguine Nessí ínfécit.

Nessus, pierced by Hercules' arrow, lay dying on the ground; but not wanting to let the chance for revenge slip away, he said: "You, Deianira, listen to the words of a dying man. If you want to keep your husband's love, take this blood that is now flowing from my heart, and save it. Then, if you ever suspect him, you can stain his garments with this blood." Having said this, Nessus breathed his last; however, Deianira suspected nothing and obeyed his instructions. Shortly after, Hercules waged war against Eurytus, the king of Oechalia, and after killing the king and his sons, he took Iole, his daughter, captive. Before he returned home, he landed his ship at the promontory of Ceneus and went ashore to set up an altar to make a sacrifice to Jupiter. While he was preparing the sacrifice, he sent his companion Lychas home to bring back a white garment, for it was customary among the ancients to wear white clothing while making sacrifices. But Deianira, fearing that Hercules might fall in love with Iole, stained the garment with Nessus' blood before giving it to Lychas.

[Illustration: HERCULES, NESSUS, AND DEJANIRA]

56. THE DEATH OF HERCULES

Herculés nihil malí suspicáns vestem quam Lichás attulerat statim induit; pauló post tamen dolórem per omnia membra sénsit, et quae causa esset éius reí mágnopere mirábátur. Dolóre paene exanimátus vestem détrahere cónátus est; illa tamen in corpore haesit, neque úlló modó abscindí potuit. Tum démum Herculés quasi furóre impulsus in montem Octam sé contulit, et in rogum, quem summá celeritáte exstrúxit, sé imposuit. Hóc cum fécisset, eós quí circumstábant órávit ut rogum quam celerrimé succenderent. Omnés diú recúsábant; tandem tamen pástor quídam ad misericordiam inductus ígnem subdidit. Tum, dum omnia fúmó obscúrantur, Herculés dénsá núbe vélátus á Iove in Olympum abreptus est.

Hercules, suspecting nothing bad, immediately put on the garment that Lichas had brought; however, shortly after, he felt pain throughout his body and greatly wondered what could be causing it. Nearly fainting from the pain, he tried to tear off the garment, but it clung to his body and could not be removed in any way. Finally, driven by rage, Hercules made his way to Mount Oeta and placed himself on a pyre he quickly built. After doing this, he begged those around him to light the pyre as quickly as possible. Everyone hesitated for a long time; finally, a certain shepherd, moved by pity, set it on fire. Then, as everything was shrouded in smoke, Hercules was taken up to Olympus by a thick cloud from Zeus.

THE ARGONAUTS

The celebrated voyage of the Argonauts was brought about in this way. Pelias had expelled his brother Aeson from his kingdom in Thessaly, and had determined to take the life of Jason, the son of Aeson. Jason, however, escaped and grew up to manhood in another country. At last he returned to Thessaly; and Pelias, fearing that he might attempt to recover the kingdom, sent him to fetch the Golden Fleece from Colchis, supposing this to be an impossible feat. Jason with a band of heroes set sail in the ship Argo (called after Argus, its builder), and after many adventures reached Colchis. Here Aeétes, king of Colchis, who was unwilling to give up the Fleece, set Jason to perform what seemed an impossible task, namely to plough a field with certain fire-breathing oxen, and then to sow it with dragon's teeth. Medéa, however, the daughter of the king, assisted Jason by her skill in magic, first to perform the task appointed, and then to procure the Fleece. She then fled with Jason, and to delay the pursuit of her father, sacrificed her brother Absyrtus. After reaching Thessaly, Medéa caused the death of Pelias and was expelled from the country with her husband. They removed to Corinth, and here Medéa becoming jealous of Glauce, daughter of Creon, caused her death by means of a poisoned robe. She was afterward carried off in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and a little later Jason was accidentally killed.

The famous journey of the Argonauts happened like this. Pelias had kicked his brother Aeson out of his kingdom in Thessaly and planned to kill Jason, Aeson's son. However, Jason managed to escape and grew up in another country. Eventually, he returned to Thessaly, and Pelias, fearing that Jason might try to take back the throne, sent him on a quest to get the Golden Fleece from Colchis, thinking it was an impossible task. Jason sailed with a group of heroes on the ship Argo (named after its builder, Argus) and, after many adventures, reached Colchis. There, Aeétes, the king of Colchis, who didn't want to give up the Fleece, set Jason an impossible challenge: to plow a field with fire-breathing oxen and then sow it with dragon's teeth. However, Medéa, the king's daughter, helped Jason with her magical skills, first helping him complete the task and then to get the Fleece. She fled with Jason and to buy time against her father's pursuit, sacrificed her brother Absyrtus. After they reached Thessaly, Medéa caused Pelias's death and was banished from the land with her husband. They moved to Corinth, where Medéa, feeling jealous of Glauce, daughter of Creon, caused her death by using a poisoned robe. Later, she was taken away in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and not long after, Jason was accidentally killed.

57. THE WICKED UNCLE

Erant ólim in Thessaliá duo frátrés, quórum alter Aesón, Peliás alter appellábátur. Aesón prímó régnum obtinuerat; at post paucós annós Peliás régní cupiditáte adductus nón modo frátrem suum expulit, sed etiam in animó habébat Iásonem, Aesonis fílium, interficere. Quídam tamen ex amícís Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae cógnóvérunt, puerum é tantó perículó éripere cónstituérunt. Noctú igitur Iásonem ex urbe abstulérunt, et cum posteró dié ad régem rediissent, eí renúntiávérunt puerum mortuum esse. Peliás cum hóc audívisset, etsí ré vérá mágnum gaudium percipiébat, speciem tamen dolóris praebuit et quae causa esset mortis quaesívit. Illí autem cum bene intellegerent dolórem éius falsum esse, nesció quam fábulam dé morte puerí finxérunt.

Once upon a time in Thessaly, there were two brothers, one named Aeson and the other named Pelias. Aeson had initially held the throne; but after a few years, Pelias, driven by a desire for power, not only expelled his brother but also plotted to kill Jason, Aeson's son. However, some of Aeson's friends, upon learning Pelias's plan, decided to rescue the boy from such great danger. Therefore, they took Jason away from the city at night, and when they returned to the king the next day, they reported that the boy had died. When Pelias heard this, even though he was genuinely filled with joy, he pretended to be sorrowful and asked what had caused the boy's death. They, knowing his sorrow was fake, concocted some story about the child's demise.

58. A FATEFUL ACCIDENT

Post breve tempus Peliás, veritus né régnum suum tantá ví et fraude occupátum ámitteret, amícum quendam Delphós mísit, quí óráculum cónsuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrimé Delphós sé contulit et quam ob causam vénisset démónstrávit. Respondit óráculum núllum esse in praesentiá perículum; monuit tamen Peliam ut sí quis únum calceum geréns veníret, eum cavéret. Post paucís annís accidit ut Peliás mágnum sacrificium factúrus esset; núntiós in omnís partís dímíserat et certam diem conveniendí díxerat. Dié cónstitútá mágnus hominum numerus undique ex agrís convénit; in hís autem vénit etiam Iásón, quí á pueritiá apud centaurum quendam habitáverat. Dum tamen iter facit, únum é calceís in tránseundó nesció quó flúmine ámísit.

After a short time, fearing that he might lose his kingdom to such violence and treachery, Pelias sent a friend to Delphi to consult the oracle. He quickly went to Delphi and explained why he had come. The oracle responded that there was no danger at present; however, it warned Pelias to be cautious if someone came to him wearing only one sandal. A few years later, Pelias was preparing for a great sacrifice; he had sent messengers to all parts and set a specific day for the gathering. On the appointed day, a large number of people gathered from all over the fields; among them was also Jason, who had lived since childhood with a certain centaur. However, while traveling, he lost one of his sandals crossing a river.

59. THE GOLDEN FLEECE

Iásón igitur cum calceum ámissum núlló modó recipere posset, únó pede núdó in régiam pervénit. Quem cum Peliás vídisset, subitó timóre adfectus est; intelléxit enim hunc esse hominem quem óráculum démónstrávisset. Hóc igitur cónsilium iniit. Réx erat quídam Aeétés, quí régnum Colchidis illó tempore obtinébat. Huic commissum erat vellus illud aureum quod Phrixus ólim ibi relíquerat. Cónstituit igitur Peliás Iásoní negótium dare ut hóc vellere potírétur; cum enim rés esset mágní perículí, eum in itinere peritúrum esse spérábat. Iásonem igitur ad sé arcessívit, et eum cohortátus quid fierí vellet docuit. Ille etsí intellegébat rem esse difficillimam, negótium libenter suscépit.

Iásón, having lost one of his sandals, arrived at the palace with one bare foot. As soon as Peliás saw him, he was suddenly filled with fear; he realized that this was the person the oracle had mentioned. So he came up with a plan. The king was a certain Aeétés, who was ruling the kingdom of Colchis at that time. He was in charge of the golden fleece that Phrixus had left there long ago. Therefore, Peliás decided to give Jason the task of obtaining this fleece; since it was a matter of great danger, he hoped that Jason would perish on the journey. Peliás then summoned Jason to him and encouraged him to explain what he wanted to happen. Although Jason understood that this was an extremely difficult task, he willingly accepted the challenge.

60. THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO

Cum tamen Colchis multórum diérum iter ab eó locó abesset, sólus Iásón proficíscí nóluit. Dímísit igitur núntiós in omnís partís, quí causam itineris docérent et diem certam conveniendí dícerent. Intereá, postquam omnia quae sunt úsuí ad armandás návís comportárí iussit, negótium dedit Argó cuidam, quí summam scientiam nauticárum rérum habébat, ut návem aedificáret. In hís rébus circiter decem diés cónsúmptí sunt; Argus enim, quí operí praeerat, tantam díligentiam adhibébat ut né nocturnum quidem tempus ad labórem intermitteret. Ad multitúdinem hominum tránsportandam návis pauló erat látior quam quibus in nostró marí útí cónsuévimus, et ad vim tempestátum perferendam tóta é róbore facta est.

Since Colchis was several days' journey away, Jason didn't want to set off alone. He sent messengers in every direction to explain the reason for the journey and to announce a specific day for the meeting. Meanwhile, after ordering everything necessary for equipping the ships to be gathered, he assigned the task of building the ship to Argus, who had a great deal of knowledge about nautical matters. About ten days were spent on these tasks; Argus, who was in charge of the work, was so dedicated that he didn't even pause for the night to labor. To accommodate the large number of people to be transported, the ship was slightly wider than those we are accustomed to using in our sea, and it was made entirely of timber to withstand the force of storms.

61. THE ANCHOR IS WEIGHED

Intereá is diés appetébat quem Iásón per núntiós édíxerat, et ex omnibus regiónibus Graeciae multí, quós aut reí novitás aut spés glóriae movébat, undique conveniébant. Tráditum est autem in hóc numeró fuisse Herculem, dé quó suprá multa perscrípsimus, Orpheum, citharoedum praeclárissimum, Théseum, Castorem, multósque aliós quorum nómina sunt nótissima. Ex hís Iásón quós arbitrátus est ad omnia perícula subeunda parátissimós esse, eós ad numerum quínquágintá délégit et sociós sibi adiúnxit; tum paucós diés commorátus, ut ad omnís cásús subsidia comparáret, návem dédúxit, et tempestátem ad návigandum idóneam nactus mágnó cum plausú omnium solvit.

Interea, Jason was preparing for the expedition he had announced, and from all over Greece, many people drawn by either the novelty of the venture or the hope of glory were gathering. It is reported that among them were Hercules, about whom we have written extensively, Orpheus, the renowned lyre player, Theseus, Castor, and many others whose names are very well-known. From these, Jason chose the fifty he believed to be the most ready for any dangers ahead and brought them on board as his companions. After staying a few days to gather supplies for all possible events, he launched the ship and, having found the weather suitable for sailing, set off with great applause from everyone.

62. A FATAL MISTAKE

Haud multó post Argonautae (ita enim appellábantur quí in istá náví vehébantur) ínsulam quandam, nómine Cyzicum, attigérunt; et é náví égressí á rége illíus regiónis hospitió exceptí sunt. Paucás hórás ibi commorátí ad sólis occásum rúrsus solvérunt; sed postquam pauca mília passuum prógressí sunt, tanta tempestás subitó coorta est ut cursum tenére nón possent, et in eandem partem ínsulae unde núper profectí erant mágnó cum perículó déicerentur. Incolae tamen, cum nox esset obscúra, Argonautás nón ágnóscébant, et návem inimícam vénisse arbitrátí arma rapuérunt et eós égredí prohibébant. Ácriter in lítore púgnátum est, et réx ipse, quí cum aliís décucurrerat, ab Argonautís occísus est. Mox tamen, cum iam dílúcésceret, sénsérunt incolae sé erráre et arma abiécérunt; Argonautae autem cum régem occísum esse vidérent, mágnum dolórem percépérunt.

Not long after, the Argonauts (that's what they were called, the ones traveling on that ship) reached an island called Cyzicus; and after getting off the ship, they were welcomed by the king of that region. They stayed there for a few hours until sunset, then set sail again; but after traveling a few thousand paces, a storm suddenly arose, making it impossible for them to steer their course and pushing them back toward the same part of the island they had just left with great danger. However, the locals, thinking it was dark night, didn’t recognize the Argonauts and, believing that a hostile ship had arrived, grabbed their weapons and prevented them from disembarking. A fierce battle broke out on the shore, and the king himself, who had rushed down with others, was killed by the Argonauts. Soon, as dawn broke, the locals realized their mistake and threw down their weapons; the Argonauts, upon seeing the king slain, felt a great sorrow.

63. THE LOSS OF HYLAS

Postrídié éius diéí Iásón tempestátem satis idóneam esse arbitrátus (summa enim tranquillitás iam cónsecúta erat), ancorás sustulit, et pauca mília passuum prógressus ante noctem Mýsiam attigit. Ibi paucás hórás in ancorís exspectávit; á nautís enim cógnóverat aquae cópiam quam sécum habérent iam déficere, quam ob causam quídam ex Argonautís in terram égressí aquam quaerébant. Hórum in numeró erat Hylás quídam, puer fórmá praestantissimá. Quí dum fontem quaerit, á comitibus paulum sécesserat. Nymphae autem quae fontem colébant, cum iuvenem vídissent, eí persuádére cónátae sunt ut sécum manéret; et cum ille negáret sé hóc factúrum esse, puerum ví abstulérunt.

The next day after that, Jason thought the weather was calm enough (since there was already a complete calm), so he raised the anchor and sailed a few thousand paces before reaching Mysia at night. There, he waited a few hours at anchor; for he had learned from the sailors that the freshwater supplies they had with them were running low, which is why some of the Argonauts went ashore to look for water. Among them was a youth named Hylas, who was exceptionally handsome. While he was searching for a spring, he had strayed a little from his companions. However, the nymphs who inhabited the spring, seeing the young man, tried to persuade him to stay with them; and when he refused, saying he wouldn't do that, they seized him by force.

Comités éius postquam Hylam ámissum esse sénsérunt, mágnó dolóre adfectí diú frústrá quaerébant. Herculés autem et Polyphémus, quí vestígia puerí longius secútí erant, ubi tandem ad lítus rediérunt, Iásonem solvisse cógnóvérunt.

Comités, after realizing that Hylas was lost, were deeply affected with great sorrow and searched in vain for a long time. However, Hercules and Polyphemus, who had followed the boy's footprints further, when they finally returned to the shore, learned that Jason had set sail.

64. DIFFICULT DINING

Post haec Argonautae ad Thráciam cursum tenuérunt, et postquam ad oppidum Salmydéssum návem appulérunt, in terram égressí sunt. Ibi cum ab incolís quaesíssent quis régnum éius regiónis obtinéret, certiórés factí sunt Phíneum quendam tum régem esse. Cógnóvérunt etiam hunc caecum esse et díró quódam supplició adficí, quod ólim sé crúdélissimum in fíliós suós praebuisset. Cúius supplicí hóc erat genus. Missa erant á Iove mónstra quaedam specié horribilí, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum habébant. Hae volucrés, quae Harpýiae appellábantur, Phíneó summam molestiam adferébant; quotiéns enim ille accubuerat, veniébant et cibum appositum statim auferébant. Quó factum est ut haud multum abesset quín Phíneus famé morerétur.

After this, the Argonauts headed to Thrace, and when they reached the town of Salmydessus, they disembarked. There, when they asked the locals who ruled over the region, they learned that a certain king named Phineus was in power. They also found out that he was blind and was suffering from a terrible punishment because he had once been extremely cruel to his sons. The nature of his punishment was this: Certain terrifying monsters had been sent by Jupiter, which had the heads of maidens and the bodies of birds. These birds, known as the Harpies, caused Phineas great trouble; whenever he lay down to eat, they would come andImmediately take away the food placed before him. As a result, Phineas was barely escaping death by starvation.

65. THE DELIVERANCE OF PHINEUS

Rés igitur male sé habébat cum Argonautae návem appulérunt. Phíneus autem simul atque audívit eós in suós fínís égressós esse, mágnopere gávísus est. Sciébat enim quantam opíniónem virtútis Argonautae habérent, nec dubitábat quín sibi auxilium ferrent. Núntium igitur ad návem mísit, quí Iásonem sociósque ad régiam vocáret. Eó cum vénissent, Phíneus démónstrávit quantó in perículó suae rés essent, et prómísit sé mágna praemia datúrum esse, sí illí remedium repperissent. Argonautae negótium libenter suscépérunt, et ubi hóra vénit, cum rége accubuérunt; at simul ac céna apposita est, Harpýiae cénáculum intrávérunt et cibum auferre cónábantur. Argonautae prímum gladiís volucrés petiérunt; cum tamen vidérent hóc nihil pródesse, Zétés et Calais, quí álís erant ínstrúctí, in áera sé sublevávérunt, ut désuper impetum facerent. Quod cum sénsissent Harpýiae, reí novitáte perterritae statim aufúgérunt, neque posteá umquam rediérunt.

Thus, things were going badly for him when the Argonauts arrived by ship. However, as soon as Phineas heard they had entered his territory, he was very glad. He knew how much the Argonauts were respected for their bravery and had no doubt they would help him. So he sent a messenger to the ship to call Jason and his companions to the palace. When they arrived, Phineas showed them how much danger his affairs were in and promised to give them great rewards if they could find a solution. The Argonauts gladly took on the task, and when the time came, they sat down to dinner with the king; but as soon as the meal was served, the Harpies entered the dining room and tried to take away the food. The Argonauts first attacked the winged creatures with swords; however, when they saw this was of no use, Zetes and Calais, who were equipped for flight, lifted themselves into the air to attack from above. When the Harpies sensed this, they were terrified by the unexpected turn of events and immediately fled, never to return.

66. THE SYMPLEGADES

Hóc factó Phíneus, ut pró tantó benefició meritam grátiam referret, Iásoní démónstrávit quá ratióne Symplégadés vítáre posset. Symplégadés autem duae erant rúpés ingentí mágnitúdine, quae á Iove positae erant eó cónsilió, né quis ad Colchida perveníret. Hae parvó interválló in marí natábant, et sí quid in medium spatium vénerat, incrédibilí celeritáte concurrébant. Postquam igitur á Phíneó doctus est quid faciendum esset, Iásón sublátís ancorís návem solvit, et léní ventó próvectus mox ad Symplégadés appropinquávit. Tum in prórá stáns columbam quam in manú tenébat émísit. Illa réctá viá per medium spatium volávit, et priusquam rúpés cónflíxérunt, incolumis évásit caudá tantum ámissá. Tum rúpés utrimque discessérunt; antequam tamen rúrsus concurrerent, Argonautae, bene intellegentés omnem spem salútis in celeritáte positam esse, summá ví rémís contendérunt et návem incolumem perdúxérunt. Hóc factó dís grátiás máximás égérunt, quórum auxilió é tantó perículó éreptí essent; omnés enim sciébant nón sine auxilió deórum rem tam félíciter événisse.

Phineas told Jason how to navigate the Symplegades, hoping he'd show his gratitude for such a huge favor. The Symplegades were two massive cliffs set by Jupiter to prevent anyone from reaching Colchis. They floated just a short distance apart in the sea, and if anything came between them, they would crash together with incredible speed. After learning what to do from Phineas, Jason raised the anchors and set sail, and with a gentle wind, he soon approached the Symplegades. Then, standing at the bow, he released the dove he held in his hand. It flew straight through the gap, and before the cliffs could clash, it escaped unharmed, losing only its tail. Then the cliffs pulled apart; however, before they could collide again, the Argonauts, knowing that their only hope of safety lay in speed, rowed with all their might and safely brought their ship through. Having done this, they thanked the gods immensely for saving them from such great danger; for everyone knew that their successful escape didn’t happen without the gods' help.

67. A HEAVY TASK

Breví intermissó spatió Argonautae ad flúmen Phásim vénérunt, quod in fínibus Colchórum erat. Ibi cum návem appulissent et in terram égressí essent, statim ad régem Aeétem sé contulérunt et ab eó postulávérunt ut vellus aureum sibi tráderétur. Ille cum audívisset quam ob causam Argonautae vénissent, írá commótus est et diú negábat sé vellus tráditúrum esse. Tandem tamen, quod sciébat Iásonem nón sine auxilió deórum hóc negótium suscépisse, mútátá sententiá prómísit sé vellus tráditúrum, sí Iásón labórés duós difficillimós prius perfécisset; et cum Iásón díxisset sé ad omnia perícula subeunda parátum esse, quid fierí vellet ostendit. Prímum iungendí erant duo taurí specié horribilí, quí flammás ex óre édébant; tum hís iúnctís ager quídam arandus erat et dentés dracónis serendí. Hís audítís Iásón etsí rem esse summí perículí intellegébat, tamen, né hanc occásiónem reí bene gerendae ámitteret, negótium suscépit.

Breví intermissó spatió Argonautae ad flúmen Phásim vénérunt, quod in fínibus Colchórum erat. Ibi cum návem appulissent et in terram égressí essent, statim ad régem Aeétem sé contulérunt et ab eó postulávérunt ut vellus aureum sibi tráderétur. Ille cum audívisset quam ob causam Argonautae vénissent, írá commótus est et diú negábat sé vellus tráditúrum esse. Tandem tamen, quod sciébat Iásonem nón sine auxilió deórum hóc negótium suscépisse, mútátá sententiá prómísit sé vellus tráditúrum, sí Iásón labórés duós difficillós prius perfécisset; et cum Iásón díxisset sé ad omnia perícula subeunda parátum esse, quid fierí vellet ostendit. Prímum iungendí erant duo taurí specié horribilí, quí flammás ex óre édébant; tum hís iúnctís ager quídam arandus erat et dentés dracónis serendí. Hís audítís Iásón etsí rem esse summí perículí intellegébat, tamen, né hanc occásiónem reí bene gerendae ámitteret, negótium suscépit.

68. THE MAGIC OINTMENT

Médéa, régis fília, Iásonem adamávit, et ubi audívit eum tantum perículum subitúrum esse, rem aegré ferébat. Intellegébat enim patrem suum hunc labórem próposuisse eó ipsó cónsilió, ut Iásón morerétur. Quae cum ita essent, Médéa, quae summam scientiam medicínae habébat, hóc cónsilium iniit. Mediá nocte ínsciente patre ex urbe évásit, et postquam in montís fínitimós vénit, herbás quásdam carpsit; tum súcó expressó unguentum parávit quod ví suá corpus aleret nervósque cónfírmáret. Hóc factó Iásoní unguentum dedit; praecépit autem ut eó dié quó istí labórés cónficiendí essent corpus suum et arma máne oblineret. Iásón etsí paene omnibus hominibus mágnitúdine et víribus corporis antecellébat (víta enim omnis in vénátiónibus atque in studió reí mílitáris cónsúmébátur), tamen hóc cónsilium nón neglegendum esse cénsébat.

Medea, the daughter of Circe, fell in love with Jason, and when she heard that he would face a great danger, she took the news badly. She understood that her father had set this task to ensure Jason's death. Knowing this, Medea, who was highly skilled in medicine, made a plan. In the middle of the night, unbeknownst to her father, she escaped the city, and after reaching the nearby mountains, she gathered certain herbs. Then, she extracted their juice to prepare a potion that would strengthen Jason's body and nerves. After doing this, she gave Jason the potion, instructing him to cover his body and weapons with it on the day that he would have to complete those tasks. Although Jason surpassed nearly all men in strength and size (as his life was spent in hunting and military pursuits), he believed that this plan should not be underestimated.

69. THE SOWING OF THE DRAGON'S TEETH

Ubi is diés vénit quem réx ad arandum agrum édíxerat, Iásón ortá lúce cum sociís ad locum cónstitútum sé contulit. Ibi stabulum ingéns repperit, in quó taurí erant inclúsí; tum portís apertís taurós in lúcem tráxit, et summá cum difficultáte iugum imposuit. At Aeétés cum vidéret taurós nihil contrá Iásonem valére, mágnopere mírátus est; nesciébat enim fíliam suam auxilium eí dedisse. Tum Iásón omnibus aspicientibus agrum aráre coepit, quá in ré tantam díligentiam praebuit ut ante merídiem tótum opus cónfécerit. Hóc factó ad locum ubi réx sedébat adiit et dentís dracónis postulávit; quós ubi accépit, in agrum quem aráverat mágná cum díligentiá sparsit. Hórum autem dentium nátúra erat tális ut in eó locó ubi sémentés factae essent virí armátí míró quódam modó gígnerentur.

Ubi is the day that the king had ordered for plowing the field, Jason arrived at the appointed place at dawn with his companions. There he found a massive stable, inside which the bulls were locked up; then, with the gates open, he dragged the bulls into the light and, with great difficulty, put the yoke on them. When Aeetes saw that the bulls were no match for Jason, he was greatly astonished; for he did not know that his daughter had given him help. Then Jason, in front of everyone, began to plow the field, and he worked with such diligence that he completed the entire task before noon. Having done this, he approached the place where the king was sitting and requested the dragon's teeth; which, when he received them, he scattered in the field he had plowed with great care. Moreover, the nature of these teeth was such that in the spot where they were sown, armed men would be born in a remarkable way.

70. A STRANGE CROP

Nóndum tamen Iásón tótum opus cónfécerat; imperáverat enim eí Aeétés ut armátós virós quí é dentibus gígnerentur sólus interficeret. Postquam igitur omnís dentís in agrum sparsit, Iásón lassitúdine exanimátus quiétí sé trádidit, dum virí istí gígnerentur. Paucás hórás dormiébat, sub vesperum tamen é somnó subitó excitátus rem ita événisse ut praedictum esset cógnóvit; nam in omnibus agrí partibus virí ingentí mágnitúdine corporis gladiís galeísque armátí mírum in modum é terrá oriébantur. Hóc cógnitó Iásón cónsilium quod dedisset Médéa nón omittendum esse putábat. Saxum igitur ingéns (ita enim Médéa praecéperat) in mediós virós coniécit. Illí undique ad locum concurrérunt, et cum quisque sibi id saxum nesció cúr habére vellet, mágna contróversia orta est. Mox strictís gladiís inter sé púgnáre coepérunt, et cum hóc modó plúrimí occísí essent, reliquí vulneribus cónfectí á Iásone núlló negótió interfectí sunt.

71. THE FLIGHT OF MEDEA

Réx Aeétés ubi Iásonem labórem própositum cónfécisse cógnóvit, írá graviter commótus est; id enim per dolum factum esse intellegébat; nec dubitábat quín Médéa eí auxilium tulisset. Médéa autem cum intellegeret sé in mágnó fore perículó sí in régiá manéret, fugá salútem petere cónstituit. Omnibus rébus igitur ad fugam parátís mediá nocte ínsciente patre cum frátre Absyrtó évásit, et quam celerrimé ad locum ubi Argó subducta erat sé contulit. Eó cum vénisset, ad pedés Iásonis sé próiécit, et multís cum lacrimís eum obsecrávit né in tantó discrímine mulierem désereret quae eí tantum prófuisset. Ille quod memoriá tenébat sé per éius auxilium é mágnó perículó évásisse, libenter eam excépit, et postquam causam veniendí audívit, hortátus est né patris íram timéret. Prómísit autem sé quam prímum eam in náví suá ávectúrum.

When King Aeëtes learned that Jason had completed his task, he was severely angry; he understood that it had been done through deceit, and he had no doubt that Medea had helped him. However, Medea realized that she would be in great danger if she stayed in the palace, so she decided to escape to save herself. Therefore, she prepared everything for her flight and, in the middle of the night without her father knowing, she escaped with her brother Absyrtus and quickly made her way to the place where the Argo was moored. When she arrived there, she threw herself at Jason’s feet and, with many tears, begged him not to abandon her in such a critical moment, as she had been of great help to him. Remembering that he had escaped a significant danger with her assistance, he welcomed her gladly, and after he heard the reason for her visit, he encouraged her not to fear her father’s anger. He promised to take her away on his ship as soon as possible.

72. THE SEIZURE OF THE FLEECE

Postrídié éius diéí Iásón cum sociís suís ortá lúce návem dédúxit, et tempestátem idóneam nactí ad eum locum rémís contendérunt, quó in locó Médéa vellus célátum esse démónstrábat. Cum eó vénissent, Iásón in terram égressus est, et sociís ad mare relictís, quí praesidió náví essent, ipse cum Médéá in silvás sé contulit. Pauca mília passuum per silvam prógressus vellus quod quaerébat ex arbore suspénsum vídit. Id tamen auferre erat summae difficultátis; nón modo enim locus ipse égregié et nátúrá et arte erat múnítus, sed etiam dracó quídam specié terribilí arborem custódiébat. Tum Médéa, quae, ut suprá démónstrávimus, medicínae summam scientiam habuit, rámum quem dé arbore proximá déripuerat venénó ínfécit. Hóc factó ad locum appropinquávit, et dracónem, quí faucibus apertís éius adventum exspectábat, venénó sparsit; deinde, dum dracó somnó oppressus dormit, Iásón vellus aureum dé arbore déripuit et cum Médéá quam celerrimé pedem rettulit.

The next day, Jason and his companions set sail at dawn, and when they found favorable winds, they headed towards the place where Medea indicated the golden fleece was hidden. Once they arrived, Jason stepped onto land, leaving his companions behind to guard the ship, and he went into the woods with Medea. After walking a few thousand paces through the forest, he saw the fleece hanging from a tree. However, taking it was extremely difficult; not only was the location well-protected by nature and craftsmanship, but there was also a fearsome dragon guarding the tree. Then Medea, who, as we mentioned earlier, had expert knowledge of medicine, took a branch from a nearby tree and coated it with poison. Having done this, she approached the dragon, which was waiting for them with its mouth open, and sprinkled it with the poison; then, while the dragon was sleeping, Jason seized the golden fleece from the tree and hurried back with Medea as fast as he could.

73. THE RETURN TO THE ARGO

Dum autem ea geruntur, Argonautae, quí ad mare relictí erant, ánxió animó reditum Iásonis exspectábant; id enim negótium summí esse perículí intellegébant. Postquam igitur ad occásum sólis frústrá exspectávérunt, dé éius salúte déspéráre coepérunt, nec dubitábant quín aliquí cásus accidisset. Quae cum ita essent, mátúrandum sibi cénsuérunt, ut ducí auxilium ferrent; sed dum proficíscí parant, lúmen quoddam subitó cónspiciunt mírum in modum intrá silvás refulgéns, et mágnopere mírátí quae causa esset éius reí ad locum concurrunt. Quó cum vénissent, Iásoní et Médéae advenientibus occurrérunt, et vellus aureum lúminis éius causam esse cógnóvérunt. Omní timóre sublátó mágnó cum gaudió ducem suum excépérunt, et dís grátiás máximás égérunt quod rés tam félíciter événisset.

While these events were unfolding, the Argonauts, who had been left by the sea, anxiously awaited Jason's return; they understood that this mission was extremely dangerous. After waiting in vain for the sun to set, they began to despair for his safety, doubting that some misfortune had befallen him. With this in mind, they decided they needed to rush to provide help to their leader; but just as they were preparing to set out, they suddenly noticed a remarkable light shining through the forest, and greatly intrigued by its source, they hurried to the spot. When they arrived, they encountered Jason and Medea, and learned that the golden fleece was the cause of that light. With all their fears lifted, they warmly welcomed their leader back, expressing their deepest gratitude for how favorably things had turned out.

74. THE PURSUIT

Hís rébus gestís omnés sine morá návem rúrsus cónscendérunt, et sublátís ancorís prímá vigiliá solvérunt; neque enim satis tútum esse arbitrátí sunt in eó locó manére. At réx Aeétés, quí iam ante inimícó in eós fuerat animó, ubi cógnóvit fíliam suam nón modo ad Argonautás sé recépisse sed etiam ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, hóc dolóre gravius exársit. Návem longam quam celerrimé dédúcí iussit, et mílitibus impositís fugientís ínsecútus est. Argonautae, quí rem in discrímine esse bene sciébant, omnibus víribus rémís contendébant; cum tamen návis quá vehébantur ingentí esset mágnitúdine, nón eádem celeritáte quá Colchí prógredí poterant. Quó factum est ut minimum abesset quín á Colchís sequentibus caperentur, neque enim longius intererat quam quó télum adicí posset. At Médéa cum vídisset quó in locó rés essent, paene omní spé dépositá ínfandum hóc cónsilium cépit.

Hís rébus gestís omnés sine morá návem rúrsus cónscendérunt, et sublátís ancorís prímá vigiliá solvérunt; neque enim satis tútum esse arbitrátí sunt in eó locó manére. At réx Aeétés, quí iam ante inimícó in eós fuerat animó, ubi cógnóvit fíliam suam nón modo ad Argonautás sé recépisse sed etiam ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, hóc dolóre gravius exársit. Návem longam quam celerrimé dédúcí iussit, et mílitibus impositís fugientís ínsecútus est. Argonautae, quí rem in discrímine esse bene sciébant, omnibus víribus rémís contendébant; cum tamen návis quá vehébantur ingentí esset mágnitúdine, nón eádem celeritáte quá Colchí prógredí poterant. Quó factum est ut minimum abesset quín á Colchís sequentibus caperentur, neque enim longius intererat quam quó télum adicí possit. At Médéa cum vídisset quó in locó rés essent, paene omní spé dépositá ínfandum hóc cónsilium cépit.

75. A FEARFUL EXPEDIENT

Erat in náví Argonautárum fílius quídam régis Aeétae, nómine Absyrtus, quem, ut suprá démónstrávimus, Médéa ex urbe fugiéns sécum abdúxerat. Hunc puerum Médéa interficere cónstituit eó cónsilió, ut membrís éius in mare coniectís cursum Colchórum impedíret; certó enim sciébat Aeétem, cum membra fílí vídisset, nón longius prósecútúrum esse. Neque opínió Médéam fefellit, omnia enim ita événérunt ut spéráverat. Aeétés ubi prímum membra vídit, ad ea conligenda návem tenérí iussit. Dum tamen ea geruntur, Argonautae nón intermissó rémigandí labóre mox é cónspectú hostium auferébantur, neque prius fugere déstitérunt quam ad flúmen Éridanum pervénérunt. Aeétés nihil sibi prófutúrum esse arbitrátus sí longius prógressus esset, animó démissó domum revertit, ut fílí corpus ad sepultúram daret.

He was on the ship of the Argonauts, the son of King Aeëtes, named Absyrtus, whom Medea had taken with her when she fled from the city, as we previously mentioned. Medea decided to kill the boy with the plan of throwing his limbs into the sea to hinder the Colchians’ pursuit; for she knew for sure that Aeëtes, upon seeing his son’s parts, would not continue the chase for long. Medea's expectation proved true, as everything happened just as she had hoped. When Aeëtes first saw the pieces, he ordered the ship to be held to gather them. However, while this was happening, the Argonauts, without pausing in their rowing, soon moved out of sight of the enemies, and they did not stop fleeing until they reached the river Eridanus. Aeëtes, believing that it would be of no benefit to him if he progressed further, turned back home, his spirit low, to give his son's body a proper burial.

76. THE BARGAIN WITH PELIAS

Tandem post multa perícula Iásón in eundem locum pervénit unde profectus erat. Tum é náví égressus ad régem Peliam, quí régnum adhúc obtinébat, statim sé contulit, et vellere aureó mónstrátó ab eó postulávit ut régnum sibi tráderétur; Peliás enim pollicitus erat, sí Iásón vellus rettulisset, sé régnum eí tráditúrum. Postquam Iásón quid fierí vellet ostendit, Peliás prímó nihil respondit, sed diú in eádem trístitiá tacitus permánsit; tandem ita locútus est: "Vidés mé aetáte iam esse cónfectum, neque dubium est quín diés suprémus mihi appropinquet. Liceat igitur mihi, dum vívam, hóc régnum obtinére; cum autem tandem décesseró, tú mihi succédés." Hác órátióne adductus Iásón respondit sé id factúrum quod ille rogásset.

Tandem, after many dangers, Jason reached the same place from which he had set out. Then, after disembarking from the ship, he immediately went to King Pelias, who was still ruling the kingdom, and asked him to hand over the kingdom, showing him the golden fleece, since Pelias had promised that if Jason brought back the fleece, he would give him the kingdom. After Jason expressed what he wanted, Pelias initially did not respond, but remained silent in the same sadness for a long time; finally, he spoke: "You see that I am already old and my death is surely approaching. Therefore, let me hold this kingdom while I live; when I pass away, you will succeed me." Motivated by this speech, Jason replied that he would do what Pelias had asked.

77. MAGIC ARTS

Hís rébus cógnitís Médéa rem aegré tulit, et régní cupiditáte adducta mortem régí per dolum ínferre cónstituit. Hóc cónstitútó ad fíliás régis vénit atque ita locúta est: "Vidétis patrem vestrum aetáte iam esse cónfectum neque ad labórem régnandí perferendum satis valére. Vultisne eum rúrsus iuvenem fierí?" Tum fíliae régis ita respondérunt: "Num hóc fierí potest? Quis enim umquam é sene iuvenis factus est?" At Médéa respondit: "Mé medicínae summam habére scientiam scítis. Nunc igitur vóbis démónstrábó quó modó haec rés fierí possit." Postquam fínem loquendí fécit, arietem aetáte iam cónfectum interfécit et membra éius in váse aéneó posuit, atque ígní suppositó in aquam herbás quásdam infúdit. Tum, dum aqua effervésceret, carmen magicum cantábat. Mox ariés é váse exsiluit et víribus refectís per agrós currébat.

His troubled mind revolved around Medea and, driven by a desire for power, he decided to bring about the king's death through deception. With this plan in mind, she approached the king's daughters and spoke: "You see your father is now aged and no longer strong enough to bear the burdens of ruling. Do you want him to become young again?" The king's daughters replied, "Is that even possible? Who has ever become young again from being old?" Medea responded, "You know I have the highest knowledge of medicine. Now I will show you how this can be done." After finishing her explanation, she killed an old ram and placed its body parts in a bronze vessel, then set fire under it and poured in certain herbs. As the water bubbled, she sang a magic chant. Soon, the ram leapt out of the vessel and, rejuvenated, ran across the fields.

78. A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT

Dum fíliae régis hóc míráculum stupentés intuentur, Médéa ita locúta est: "Vidétis quantum valeat medicína. Vós igitur, sí vultis patrem vestrum in aduléscentiam redúcere, id quod fécí ipsae faciétis. Vós patris membra in vás conicite; ego herbás magicás praebébó." Quod ubi audítum est, fíliae régis cónsilium quod dedisset Médéa nón omittendum putávérunt. Patrem igitur Peliam necávérunt et membra éius in vás aéneum coniécérunt; nihil autem dubitábant quín hóc máximé eí prófutúrum esset. At rés omnínó aliter événit ac spéráverant, Médéa enim nón eásdem herbás dedit quibus ipsa úsa erat. Itaque postquam diú frústrá exspectávérunt, patrem suum ré vérá mortuum esse intelléxérunt. Hís rébus gestís Médéa sé cum coniuge suó régnum acceptúram esse spérábat; sed cívés cum intellegerent quó modó Peliás periisset, tantum scelus aegré tulérunt. Itaque Iásone et Médéá é régnó expulsís Acastum régem creávérunt.

As the king's daughters stared in amazement at this miracle, Medea spoke: "You see how powerful medicine can be. If you want to bring your father back to his youth, you will do what I have done. Throw your father's limbs into the pot; I will provide the magical herbs." Once they heard this, the king's daughters thought they shouldn't overlook the advice Medea had given. So they killed their father Pelias and threw his limbs into a bronze cauldron; they had no doubt this would greatly benefit him. However, things turned out completely differently than they had hoped, because Medea did not give them the same herbs she had used. After waiting in vain for a long time, they realized that their father was truly dead. With these events, Medea hoped to take the kingdom with her husband; but when the citizens understood how Pelias had died, they were outraged by such a crime. Thus, after Jason and Medea were expelled from the kingdom, they made Acastus king.

79. A FATAL GIFT

Iásón et Médéa é Thessaliá expulsí ad urbem Corinthum vénérunt, cúius urbis Creón quídam régnum tum obtinébat. Erat autem Creontí fília úna, nómine Glaucé. Quam cum vídisset, Iásón cónstituit Médéae uxórí suae núntium mittere eó cónsilió, ut Glaucén in mátrimónium dúceret. At Médéa ubi intelléxit quae ille in animó habéret, írá graviter commóta iúre iúrandó cónfírmávit sé tantam iniúriam ultúram. Hóc igitur cónsilium cépit. Vestem parávit summá arte textam et variís colóribus ínfectam; hanc mortiferó quódam venénó tinxit, cúius vís tális erat ut sí quis eam vestem induisset, corpus éius quasi ígní úrerétur. Hóc factó vestem ad Glaucén mísit; illa autem nihil malí suspicáns dónum libenter accépit, et vestem novam móre féminárum statim induit.

Iásón and Médéa were exiled from Thessaly and came to the city of Corinth, where a man named Creón was then ruling. Creón had one daughter named Glaucé. When Iásón saw her, he decided to send a messenger to his wife Médéa with the plan to marry Glaucé. But when Médéa realized what he was thinking, she became seriously angry and swore that she would take revenge for such an injustice. So, she came up with this plan. She prepared a beautifully crafted robe, dyed with various colors; she infused it with a certain deadly poison, the kind that would burn the body as if it were on fire if someone wore it. After doing this, she sent the robe to Glaucé; however, unsuspecting of any harm, Glaucé gladly accepted the gift and immediately put on the new dress in the manner of women.

80. MEDEA KILLS HER SONS

Vix vestem induerat Glaucé cum dolórem gravem per omnia membra sénsit, et pauló post crúdélí cruciátú adfecta é vítá excessit. Hís rébus gestís Médéa furóre atque ámentiá impulsa fíliós suós necávit; tum mágnum sibi fore perículum arbitráta sí in Thessaliá manéret, ex eá regióne fugere cónstituit. Hóc cónstitútó sólem órávit ut in tantó perículó auxilium sibi praebéret. Sól autem hís precibus commótus currum mísit cui erant iúnctí dracónés álís ínstrúctí. Médéa nón omittendam tantam occásiónem arbitráta currum ascendit, itaque per áera vecta incolumis ad urbem Athénás pervénit. Iásón ipse breví tempore míró modó occísus est. Accidit síve cású síve cónsilió deórum ut sub umbrá návis suae, quae in lítus subducta erat, dormíret. Mox návis, quae adhúc érécta steterat, in eam partem ubi Iásón iacébat subitó délapsa virum ínfélícem oppressit.

Vix had put on her dress when Glaucé felt a severe pain throughout her body, and shortly after, affected by brutal torture, she died. After these events, Medea, driven by rage and madness, killed her children; then, believing that staying in Thessaly would bring her great danger, she decided to flee from that region. With this resolve, she prayed to the sun to provide her with help in such great danger. The sun, moved by her prayers, sent a chariot pulled by dragons that were equipped with wings. Medea, seeing that she couldn’t miss such an opportunity, climbed into the chariot and, thus carried through the air, safely arrived in the city of Athens. Jason himself was soon killed in a strange manner. Either by chance or by the will of the gods, he fell asleep under the shadow of his ship, which had been dragged ashore. Soon, the ship, which had still been upright, suddenly tipped and crushed the unfortunate man lying there.

[Illustration: MEDEA MEDITATING THE MURDER OF HER SONS]

ULYSSES

Ulysses, a famous Greek hero, took a prominent part in the long siege of Troy. After the fall of the city, he set out with his followers on his homeward voyage to Ithaca, an island of which he was king; but being driven out of his course by northerly winds, he was compelled to touch at the country of the Lotus-eaters, who are supposed to have lived on the north coast of Africa. Some of his comrades were so delighted with the lotus fruit that they wished to remain in the country, but Ulysses compelled them to embark again and continued his voyage. He next came to the island of Sicily, and fell into the hands of the giant Polyphémus, one of the Cyclópes. After several of his comrades had been killed by this monster, Ulysses made his escape by stratagem and reached the country of the winds. Here he received the help of Aeolus, king of the winds, and having set sail again, arrived within sight of Ithaca; but owing to the folly of his companions, the winds became suddenly adverse and he was again driven back. He then touched at an island which was the home of Circe, a powerful enchantress, who exercised her charms on his companions and turned them into swine. By the help of the god Mercury, Ulysses not only escaped this fate himself, but also forced Circe to restore her victims to human shape. After staying a year with Circe, he again set out and eventually reached his home.

Ulysses, a famous Greek hero, played a key role in the long siege of Troy. After the city fell, he set out with his crew on his journey back to Ithaca, the island where he was king. However, strong north winds threw him off course, and he had to stop in the land of the Lotus-eaters, believed to be on the north coast of Africa. Some of his crew loved the lotus fruit so much that they wanted to stay there, but Ulysses forced them to get back on the ship and continue their journey. He then arrived at the island of Sicily, where he was captured by the giant Polyphémus, one of the Cyclopes. After several of his men were killed by this monster, Ulysses cleverly devised a plan to escape and made it to the land of the winds. There, he received help from Aeolus, the king of the winds. Setting sail again, he was within sight of Ithaca, but due to the foolishness of his companions, the winds turned against them and pushed them back. He then stopped at an island that was home to Circe, a powerful enchantress, who used her magic to turn his crew into swine. With the help of the god Mercury, Ulysses not only avoided this fate himself but also compelled Circe to change his men back into humans. After staying with Circe for a year, he set out once more and eventually returned home.

81. HOMEWARD BOUND

Urbem Tróiam á Graecís decem annós obsessam esse satis cónstat; dé hóc enim belló Homérus, máximus poétárum Graecórum, Íliadem opus nótissimum scrípsit. Tróiá tandem per ínsidiás captá, Graecí longó belló fessí domum redíre mátúrávérunt. Omnibus rébus igitur ad profectiónem parátís návís dédúxérunt, et tempestátem idóneam nactí mágnó cum gaudió solvérunt. Erat inter prímós Graecórum Ulixés quídam, vir summae virtútis ac prúdentiae, quem dícunt nónnúllí dolum istum excógitásse quó Tróiam captam esse cónstat. Híc régnum ínsulae Ithacae obtinuerat, et pauló antequam cum reliquís Graecís ad bellum profectus est, puellam fórmósissimam, nómine Pénelopén, in mátrimónium dúxerat. Nunc igitur cum iam decem annós quasi in exsilió cónsúmpsisset, mágná cupiditáte patriae et uxóris videndae árdébat.

It's agreed that Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years. The epic Poem "Iliad," written by Homer, the greatest of the Greek poets, tells this story. Finally, after capturing Troy through deception, the weary Greeks were eager to return home after such a long war. They prepared everything necessary for the journey, launched their ships, and set sail with great joy when favorable winds arose. Among the foremost of the Greeks was a man named Odysseus, known for his outstanding courage and wisdom. It is said that he devised that clever plan that led to the fall of Troy. He had ruled the kingdom of the island of Ithaca and had married a very beautiful woman named Penelope shortly before he set off to war with the other Greeks. Now, after spending ten years as if in exile, he was burning with a great desire to see his homeland and wife again.

82. THE LOTUS-EATERS

Postquam tamen pauca mília passuum á lítore Tróiae progressí sunt, tanta tempestás subitó coorta est ut núlla návium cursum tenére posset, sed aliae aliás in partís disicerentur. Návis autem quá ipse Ulixés vehébátur ví tempestátis ad merídiem déláta decimó dié ad lítus Libyae appulsa est. Ancorís iactís Ulixés cónstituit nónnúllós é sociís in terram expónere, quí aquam ad návem referrent et quális esset nátúra éius regiónis cógnóscerent. Hí igitur é náví égressí imperáta facere parábant. Dum tamen fontem quaerunt, quibusdam ex incolís obviam factí ab iís hospitió acceptí sunt. Accidit autem ut máior pars víctús eórum hominum in míró quódam frúctú quem lótum appellábant cónsisteret. Quam cum Graecí gustássent, patriae et sociórum statim oblítí cónfírmávérunt sé semper in eá terrá mánsúrós, ut dulcí illó cibó in perpetuum véscerentur.

After they had traveled a few thousand paces from the shores of Troy, a terrible storm suddenly arose that made it impossible for any ship to hold its course, causing the vessels to drift in different directions. However, the ship that Ulysses was aboard was carried by the storm to the southern coast, landing after the tenth day at the shores of Libya. Once the anchors were dropped, Ulysses decided to send a few of his companions ashore to fetch water for the ship and to learn about the nature of the region. Therefore, they were preparing to carry out his orders as they disembarked from the ship. While they were searching for a spring, some of the locals encountered them and welcomed them to their hospitality. It so happened that most of the food these men encountered consisted of a strange fruit that they called lotus. When the Greeks tasted it, they immediately forgot their homeland and their companions, asserting that they would always stay in that land to indulge in that sweet food forever.

83. THE RESCUE

Ulixés cum ab hórá septimá ad vesperum exspectásset, veritus né socií suí in perículó versárentur, nónnúllós é reliquís mísit, ut quae causa esset morae cógnóscerent. Hí igitur in terram exposití ad vícum quí nón longé aberat sé contulérunt; quó cum vénissent, sociós suós quasi vínó ébriós repperérunt. Tum ubi causam veniendí docuérunt, iís persuádére cónábantur ut sécum ad návem redírent. Illí tamen resistere ac manú sé défendere coepérunt, saepe clámitantés sé numquam ex eó locó abitúrós. Quae cum ita essent, núntií ré ínfectá ad Ulixem rediérunt. Hís rébus cógnitís ipse cum omnibus quí in náví relictí erant ad locum vénit; et sociós suós frústrá hortátus ut suá sponte redírent, manibus eórum post terga vinctís invítós ad návem reportávit. Tum ancorís sublátís quam celerrimé é portú solvit.

Ulixes, after waiting from the seventh hour of the evening, worried that his friends might be in danger, sent some of the others to find out the reason for the delay. They landed on the shore and made their way to a nearby village. When they arrived, they found their friends seemingly drunk from wine. After learning the reason for their visit, they tried to persuade them to return to the ship. However, they began to resist and defend themselves, often shouting that they would never leave that place. With this situation at hand, the messengers returned to Ulixes empty-handed. Once he learned what had happened, he went to the spot with everyone who had been left on the ship; and after urging his friends in vain to return voluntarily, he took them back to the ship against their will with their hands tied behind their backs. Then, lifting the anchors, he set sail from the port as quickly as possible.

84. THE ONE-EYED GIANT

Postquam eá tótá nocte rémís contendérunt, postrídié ad terram ígnótam návem appulérunt. Tum, quod nátúram éius regiónis ígnórábat, ipse Ulixés cum duodecim é sociís in terram égressus loca explóráre cónstituit. Paulum á lítore prógressí ad spéluncam ingentem pervénérunt, quam habitárí sénsérunt; éius enim introitum et nátúrá locí et manú múnítum esse animadvertérunt. Mox, etsí intellegébant sé nón sine perículó id factúrós, spéluncam intrávérunt; quod cum fécissent, mágnam cópiam lactis in vásís ingentibus conditam invénérunt. Dum tamen mírantur quis in eá séde habitáret, sonitum terribilem audívérunt, et oculís ad portam tortís mónstrum horribile vídérunt, húmáná quidem specié et figúrá, sed ingentí mágnitúdine corporis. Cum autem animadvertissent mónstrum únum oculum tantum habére in mediá fronte positum, intelléxérunt hunc esse únum é Cyclópibus, dé quibus fámam iam accéperant.

After they had struggled all night long, the next day they reached an unknown land by ship. Since Odysseus was unfamiliar with the nature of the region, he decided to explore the area with twelve of his crew. After advancing a little from the shore, they arrived at a huge cave, which they sensed had been inhabited; for they noticed that the entrance was both naturally fortified and reinforced by human hands. Soon, although they understood that entering it would not be without danger, they ventured inside the cave; and once they did, they found a large supply of milk stored in enormous containers. While they were wondering who might be living there, they heard a terrible noise, and when they turned their eyes toward the door, they saw a horrible monster, human in appearance and shape, but of gigantic size. When they observed that the creature had only one eye positioned in the middle of its forehead, they realized that this was one of the Cyclopes, of whom they had already heard rumors.

85. THE GIANT'S SUPPER

Cyclópés autem pástórés erant quídam quí ínsulam Siciliam et praecipué montem Aetnam incolébant; ibi enim Volcánus, praeses fabrórum et ígnis repertor, cúius serví Cyclópés erant, officínam suam habébat.

Cyclopes were certain shepherds who inhabited the island of Sicily, especially Mount Etna; for there, Vulcan, the god of craftsmen and the inventor of fire, whose servants the Cyclopes were, had his workshop.

Graecí igitur simul ac mónstrum vídérunt, terróre paene exanimátí in interiórem partem spéluncae refúgérunt et sé ibi abdere cónábantur. Polyphémus autem (síc enim Cyclóps appellábátur) pecus suum in spéluncam compulit; deinde, cum saxó ingentí portam obstrúxisset, ígnem in mediá spéluncá fécit. Hóc factó, oculó omnia perlústrábat, et cum sénsisset hominés in interióre parte spéluncae esse abditós, mágná vóce exclámávit: "Quí hominés estis? Mercátórés an latrónés?" Tum Ulixés respondit sé neque mercátórés esse neque praedandí causá vénisse; sed á Tróiá redeuntís ví tempestátum á réctó cursú dépulsós esse. Órávit etiam ut sibi sine iniúriá abíre licéret. Tum Polyphémus quaesívit ubi esset návis quá vectí essent; sed Ulixés cum sibi máximé praecavendum esse bene intellegeret, respondit návem suam in rúpís coniectam omnínó fráctam esse. Polyphémus autem núlló respónsó dató duo é sociís manú corripuit, et membrís eórum dívulsís carnem dévoráre coepit.

As soon as the Greeks saw the monster, they ran in terror to the deeper part of the cave, trying to hide there. Polyphémus (that’s what the Cyclops was called) drove his flock into the cave; then, after blocking the entrance with a huge rock, he made a fire in the middle of the cave. After doing this, he looked around and, noticing that men were hiding in the interior part of the cave, shouted loudly: "Who are you? Merchants or thieves?" Then Odysseus replied that they were neither merchants nor here to steal, but had been driven off course by a storm while returning from Troy. He also begged to be allowed to leave peacefully. Polyphémus then asked where their ship was; but Odysseus, knowing he had to be very careful, replied that their ship had been completely destroyed on the cliffs. However, Polyphémus, without responding, grabbed two of his companions with his hand and began to devour their flesh, tearing their limbs apart.

86. A DESPERATE SITUATION

Dum haec geruntur, Graecórum animós tantus terror occupávit ut né vócem quidem édere possent, sed omní spé salútis dépositá mortem praesentem exspectárent. Polyphémus, postquam famés hác tam horribilí céná dépulsa est, humí próstrátus somnó sé dedit. Quod cum vídisset Ulixés, tantam occásiónem reí gerendae nón omittendam arbitrátus, in eó erat ut pectus mónstrí gladió tránsfígeret. Cum tamen nihil temeré agendum exístimáret, cónstituit explóráre, antequam hóc faceret, quá ratióne ex spéluncá évádere possent. At cum saxum animadvertisset quó introitus obstrúctus erat, nihil sibi prófutúrum intelléxit sí Polyphémum interfécisset. Tanta enim erat éius saxí mágnitúdó ut né á decem quidem hominibus ámovérí posset. Quae cum ita essent, Ulixés hóc cónátú déstitit et ad sociós rediit; quí cum intelléxissent quó in locó rés essent, núllá spé salútis oblátá dé fortúnís suís déspéráre coepérunt. Ille tamen né animós démitterent vehementer hortátus est; démónstrávit sé iam anteá é multís et mágnís perículís évásisse, neque dubium esse quín in tantó discrímine dí auxilium látúrí essent.

While this was happening, the Greeks were so terrified that they couldn't even make a sound, giving up all hope of safety and awaiting their imminent death. After Polyphémus had been driven by such a horrendous meal, he lay down on the ground and fell asleep. When Ulysses saw this, he thought it was a great opportunity to take action, and he was ready to stab the monster in the chest with a sword. However, believing that nothing should be done rashly, he decided to figure out how they could escape from the cave before doing anything. But when he noticed the massive stone blocking the entrance, he realized that it would be useless to kill Polyphémus. The stone was so enormous that not even ten men could move it. Given this situation, Ulysses abandoned his plan and returned to his companions; when they understood where they were, with no hope of safety offered to them, they began to despair about their fate. Nevertheless, he urged them not to lose heart; he pointed out that he had already escaped from many great dangers before, and there was no doubt that in such a crisis, the gods would provide help.

87. A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE

Ortá lúce Polyphémus iam é somnó excitátus idem quod hesternó dié fécit; correptís enim duóbus é reliquís virís carnem eórum sine morá dévorávit. Tum, cum saxum ámóvisset, ipse cum pecore suó ex spéluncá prógressus est; quod cum Graecí vidérent, mágnam in spem sé post paulum évásúrós vénérunt. Mox tamen ab hác spé repulsí sunt; nam Polyphémus, postquam omnés ovés exiérunt, saxum in locum restituit. Reliquí omní spé salútis dépositá lámentís lacrimísque sé dédidérunt; Ulixés véró, quí, ut suprá démónstrávimus, vir mágní fuit cónsilí, etsí intellegébat rem in discrímine esse, nóndum omnínó déspérábat. Tandem, postquam diú haec tótó animó cógitávit, hóc cónsilium cépit. É lígnís quae in spéluncá reposita erant pálum mágnum délégit. Hunc summá cum díligentiá praeacútum fécit; tum, postquam sociís quid fierí vellet ostendit, reditum Polyphémí exspectábat.

Ortá lúce Polyphémus, now awake from sleep, did the same as the day before; he quickly grabbed two of the remaining men and devoured their flesh without delay. Then, after moving the boulder, he stepped outside with his flock; when the Greeks saw this, they came to great hope that soon they would escape. However, they were soon disappointed by this hope; for after all the sheep had exited, Polyphémus replaced the rock. The rest, having given up all hope of safety, surrendered to lamentations and tears; but Ulysses, who, as we have previously shown, was a man of great counsel, even though he understood their situation was critical, did not completely despair. Finally, after thinking about this intensely for a long time, he came up with this plan. He chose a large pole from the wood that was stored in the cave, sharpened it with the greatest care; then, after showing his companions what he intended to do, he awaited Polyphémus's return.

88. A GLASS TOO MUCH

Sub vesperum Polyphémus ad spéluncam rediit, et eódem modó quó anteá cénávit. Tum Ulixés útrem víní prómpsit, quem forte (id quod eí erat salútí) sécum attulerat; et postquam mágnum póculum vínó complévit, mónstrum ad bibendum próvocávit. Polyphémus, quí numquam anteá vínum gustáverat, tótum póculum statim exhausit; quod cum fécisset, tantam voluptátem percépit ut iterum et tertium póculum replérí iusserit. Tum, cum quaesívisset quó nómine Ulixés appellárétur, ille respondit sé Néminem appellarí; quod cum audívisset, Polyphémus ita locútus est: "Hanc, tibi grátiam pró tantó benefició referam; té postrémum omnium dévorábó." Hóc cum díxisset, cibó vínóque gravis recubuit et breví tempore somnó oppressus est. Tum Ulixés sociís convocátís, "Habémus," inquit, "quam petiimus facultátem; né igitur tantam occásiónem reí gerendae omittámus."

As evening approached, Polyphemus returned to his cave and had dinner just like before. Then Odysseus took out a wineskin, which he had conveniently brought with him for his own safety. After filling a large cup with wine, he challenged the monster to drink. Polyphemus, who had never tasted wine before, immediately gulped down the entire cup; after doing so, he felt such pleasure that he ordered a second and third cup to be filled. When he asked what name Odysseus went by, Odysseus replied that he was called Nobody. Upon hearing this, Polyphemus said, “I will show you gratitude for such a great favor; you will be the last to be eaten.” After saying this, he ate and drank heavily, then lay down and soon fell asleep. Then Odysseus gathered his men and said, “We have the opportunity we were hoping for; let’s not waste such a chance to take action.”

89. THE BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS

Hác órátióne habitá, postquam extrémum pálum ígní calefécit, oculum Polyphémí dormientis ferventí lígnó perfódit; quó factó omnés in díversás spéluncae partís sé abdidérunt. At ille subitó illó dolóre oculí é somnó excitátus clámórem terribilem sustulit, et dum per spéluncam errat, Ulixem manú prehendere cónábátur; cum tamen iam omnínó caecus esset, núlló modó hóc efficere potuit. Intereá reliquí Cyclópés clámóre audító undique ad spéluncam convénérunt, et ad introitum adstantés quid Polyphémus ageret quaesívérunt, et quam ob causam tantum clámórem sustulisset. Ille respondit sé graviter vulnerátum esse et mágnó dolóre adficí. Cum tamen posteá quaesívissent quis eí vim intulisset, respondit ille Néminem id fécisse; quibus rébus audítís únus é Cyclópibus: "At sí némó," inquit, "té vulnerávit, haud dubium est quín cónsilió deórum, quibus resistere nec possumus nec volumus, hóc supplició adficiáris." Hóc cum díxisset, abiérunt Cyclópés eum in ínsániam incidisse arbitrátí.

Hac hora, después de que el último palo se calentó con el fuego, le hinca un tronco ardiente en el ojo a Polifemo, quien estaba dormido. Al hacer esto, todos se escondieron en diversas partes de la cueva. Pero él, repentinamente despertado del sueño por el dolor en su ojo, lanzó un grito aterrador, y mientras se movía por la cueva, intentó atrapar a Ulises con su mano; sin embargo, ya estaba completamente ciego y no pudo lograrlo de ninguna manera. Mientras tanto, los otros cíclopes, al escuchar el grito, se reunieron alrededor de la cueva y preguntaron qué le pasaba a Polifemo y por qué había gritado tanto. Él respondió que había sido gravemente herido y estaba sufriendo un gran dolor. Pero cuando más tarde preguntaron quién le había hecho daño, él respondió que nadie lo había hecho. Al oír esto, uno de los cíclopes dijo: "Si nadie te hirió, no hay duda de que estás sufriendo este castigo por algún consejo de los dioses, a los que no podemos ni queremos resistir." Al decir esto, los cíclopes se fueron, pensando que él había caído en la locura.

90. THE ESCAPE

Polyphémus ubi sociós suós abiisse sénsit, furóre atque ámentiá impulsus Ulixem iterum quaerere coepit; tandem cum portam invénisset, saxum quó obstrúcta erat ámóvit, ut pecus in agrós exíret. Tum ipse in introitú cónsédit, et ut quaeque ovis ad hunc locum vénerat, éius tergum manibus tráctábat, né virí inter ovís exíre possent. Quod cum animadvertisset Ulixés, intelléxit omnem spem salútis in doló magis quam in virtúte póní. Itaque hóc cónsilium iniit. Prímum trís quás vidit pinguissimás ex ovibus délégit, quás cum inter sé viminibus coniúnxisset, únum ex sociís suís ventribus eárum ita subiécit ut omnínó latéret; deinde ovís hominem sécum ferentís ad portam égit. Id accidit quod fore suspicátus erat. Polyphémus enim postquam terga ovium manibus tráctávit, eás praeteríre passus est. Ulixés ubi rem tam félíciter événisse vídit, omnís sociós suós ex órdine eódem modó émísit; quó factó ipse novissimus évásit.

Polyphémus, noticing that his companions had left, was driven by rage and madness to look for Ulysses again; finally, when he found the door, he moved the boulder that blocked it so the sheep could go out to the fields. Then he sat at the entrance and every time a sheep came to that spot, he grabbed its back with his hands, so that the men could not escape among the sheep. When Ulysses noticed this, he realized that all hope of safety lay more in cunning than in strength. So, he came up with this plan. First, he chose three of the fattest sheep and, after tying them together with straps, he hid one of his men under their bellies so he would be completely concealed; then he drove the sheep that was carrying the man to the door. This happened just as he had suspected. For after Polyphémus had felt the backs of the sheep, he allowed them to pass by. When Ulysses saw that things had turned out so well, he sent all his companions out in the same way; thus, he himself was the last to escape.

91. OUT OF DANGER

Iís rébus ita cónfectís, Ulixés veritus né Polyphémus fraudem sentíret, cum sociís quam celerrimé ad lítus contendit; quó cum vénissent, ab iís quí náví praesidió relictí erant mágná cum laetitiá exceptí sunt. Hí enim cum ánxiís animís iam trís diés continuós reditum eórum exspectávissent, eós in aliquod perículum mágnum incidisse (id quidem quod erat) suspicátí, ipsí auxiliandí causá égredí parábant. Tum Ulixés nón satis tútum arbitrátus in eó locó manére, quam celerrimé profisíscí cónstituit. Iussit igitur omnís návem cónscendere, et ancorís sublátís paulum á lítore in altum próvectus est. Tum mágná vóce exclámávit: "Tú, Polyphéme, quí iúra hospití spernis, iústam et débitam poenam immánitátis tuae solvistí." Hác vóce audítá Polyphémus írá vehementer commótus ad mare sé contulit, et ubi návem paulum á lítore remótam esse intelléxit, saxum ingéns manú correptum in eam partem coniécit unde vócem veníre sénsit. Graecí autem, etsí nón multum áfuit quín submergerentur, núlló damnó acceptó cursum tenuérunt.

I had arranged things this way, and since Odysseus was worried that Polyphemus would notice the trick, he rushed to the shore with his companions as quickly as possible. When they arrived, they were greeted with great joy by those who had been left behind to guard the ship. These men, with anxious hearts, had been waiting for their return for three continuous days, fearing they had fallen into some great danger (which indeed was the case), so they were preparing to head out to help. Then Odysseus, considering it was not safe to stay in that spot, decided to set off as quickly as possible. He ordered everyone to board the ship, and after the anchors were raised, they moved a little way out to sea. Then he shouted loudly: "You, Polyphemus, who disrespect the rights of hospitality, you have paid a just and rightful penalty for your monstrous behavior." Upon hearing this, Polyphemus, greatly angered, went down to the sea, and when he realized the ship was a bit away from the shore, he picked up a huge rock with his hand and threw it in the direction from which the voice was coming. The Greeks, even though they were not far from being submerged, managed to keep their course without any damage.

92. THE COUNTRY OF THE WINDS

Pauca mília passuum ab eó locó prógressus Ulixés ad ínsulam Aeoliam návem appulit. Haec patria erat ventórum,

"Híc vástó réx Aeolus antró luctantís ventós tempestátésque sonórás imperió premit ac vinclís et carcere frénat."

"Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras imperio premit ac vinculis et carcere frena."

Ibi réx ipse Graecós hospitió excépit, atque iís persuásit ut ad recuperandás vírís paucós diés in eá regióne commorárentur. Septimó dié cum socií é labóribus sé recépissent, Ulixés, né anní tempore á návigátióne exclúderétur, sibi sine morá proficíscendum statuit. Tum Aeolus, quí sciébat Ulixem cupidissimum esse patriae videndae, eí iam profectúró mágnum saccum é corió cónfectum dedit, in quó ventós omnís praeter únum inclúserat. Zephyrum tantum solverat, quod ille ventus ab ínsulá Aeoliá ad Ithacam návigantí est secundus. Ulixés hóc dónum libenter accépit, et grátiís pró tantó benefició áctís saccum ad málum adligávit. Tum omnibus rébus ad profectiónem parátís merídiánó feré tempore é portú solvit.

Ibi, the king himself welcomed the Greeks as guests and convinced them to stay in the area for a few days to regain their strength. On the seventh day, after the allies had rested from their labors, Odysseus decided he needed to set out without delay so he wouldn't be left behind due to the passage of time. Then, Aeolus, who knew that Odysseus was eager to see his homeland, gave him a large bag made from hide for his journey, in which he had trapped all the winds except one. He had only released the Zephyr, which is the breeze that blows from the island of Aeolia towards Ithaca. Odysseus gladly accepted this gift and, after expressing thanks for such a great benefit, tied the bag to the mast. Then, having prepared everything for his departure, he set sail from the harbor around noon.

93. THE WIND-BAG

Novem diés secundissimó ventó cursum tenuérunt, iamque in cónspectum patriae suae vénerant, cum Ulixés lassitúdine cónfectus (ipse enim gubernábat) ad quiétem capiendam recubuit. At socií, quí iam dúdum mírábantur quid in illó saccó inclúsum esset, cum ducem somnó oppressum vidérent, tantam occásiónem nón omittendam arbitrátí sunt; crédébant enim aurum et argentum ibi esse céláta. Itaque spé lucrí adductí saccum sine morá solvérunt, quó factó ventí

Novem días en un viento suave, ya habían llegado a la vista de su patria, cuando Ulises, agotado, (pues él mismo estaba al mando del barco) se recostó para descansar. Pero sus compañeros, quienes ya se habían preguntado durante un tiempo qué habría en ese saco, al ver que su líder estaba dormido, pensaron que no deberían dejar pasar esa oportunidad; creían que había oro y plata escondidos allí. Así que, impulsados por la esperanza de ganancia, abrieron el saco sin esperar más, lo que provocó que los vientos...

"velut ágmine factó quá data porta ruunt, et terrás turbine perflant."

"like a stream that flows through the gates, and sweeps across the land with a whirlwind."

Híc tanta tempestás subitó coorta est ut illí cursum tenére nón possent sed in eandem partem unde erant profectí referrentur. Ulixés é somnó excitátus quó in locó rés esset statim intelléxit; saccum solútum, Ithacam post tergum relictam vídit. Tum véró írá vehementer exársit sociósque obiúrgábat quod cupiditáte pecúniae adductí spem patriae videndae próiécissent.

Hic, a huge storm suddenly arose so that they couldn't steer their course but were blown back to the same place they had set out from. Ulysses, awakened from sleep, immediately realized what was happening; he saw his bag of winds was untied and that Ithaca was left behind. Then he became extremely angry and scolded his companions for having, driven by greed for money, thrown away their hope of seeing their homeland.

94. A DRAWING OF LOTS

Breví spatió intermissó Graecí ínsulae cuidam appropinquávérunt in quá Circé, fília Sólis, habitábat. Quó cum návem appulisset, Ulixés in terram frúmentandí causá égrediendum esse statuit; nam cógnóverat frúmentum quod in náví habérent iam déficere. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quó in locó rés esset et quid fierí vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omnés memoriá tenérent quam crúdélí morte necátí essent ií quí núper é náví égressí essent, némó repertus est quí hóc negótium suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, rés ad contróversiam déducta est. Tandem Ulixés cónsénsú omnium sociós in duás partís dívísit, quárum alterí Eurylochus, vir summae virtútis, alterí ipse praeesse. Tum hí inter sé sortítí sunt uter in terram égrederétur. Hóc factó, Eurylochó sorte événit ut cum duóbus et vígintí sociís rem susciperet.

Breví spátío intermissó Graecí ínsulae cuidam appropinquávérunt in quá Circé, fília Sólis, habitábat. Quó cum návem appulisset, Ulixés in terram frúmentandí causá égrediendum esse statuit; nam cógnóverat frúmentum quod in náví habérent iam déficere. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quó in locó rés esset et quid fierí vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omnés memoriá tenérent quam crúdélí morte necátí essent ií quí núper é náví égressí essent, némó repertus est quí hóc negótium suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, rés ad contróversiam déducta est. Tandem Ulixés cónsénsú omnium sociós in duás partís dívísit, quárum alterí Eurylochus, vir summae virtútis, alterí ipse praeesse. Tum hí inter sé sortítí sunt uter in terram égrederétur. Hóc factó, Eurylochó sorte événit ut cum duóbus et vígintí sociís rem susciperet.

95. THE HOUSE OF THE ENCHANTRESS

Hís rébus ita cónstitútis ií quí sortítí erant in interiórem partem ínsulae profectí sunt. Tantus tamen timor animós eórum occupáverat ut nihil dubitárent quín mortí obviam írent. Vix quidem poterant ií quí in náví relictí erant lacrimás tenére; crédébant enim sé sociós suós numquam post hóc tempus vísúrós. Illí autem aliquantum itineris prógressí ad víllam quandam pervénérunt summá mágnificentiá aedificátam, cúius ad óstium cum adiissent, cantum dulcissimum audívérunt. Tanta autem fuit éius vócis dulcédó ut núlló modó retinérí possent quín iánuam pulsárent. Hóc factó ipsa Circé forás exiit, et summá cum benígnitáte omnís in hospitium invítávit. Eurylochus ínsidiás sibi comparárí suspicátus forís exspectáre cónstituit, sed reliquí reí novitáte adductí intrávérunt. Cénam mágnificam omnibus rébus ínstrúctam invénérunt et iússú dominae libentissimé accubuérunt. At Circé vínum quod serví apposuérunt medicámentó quódam miscuerat; quod cum Graecí bibissent, graví somnó subitó oppressí sunt.

96. THE CHARM

Tum Circé, quae artis magicae summam scientiam habébat, baculó aureó quod gerébat capita eórum tetigit; quó factó omnés in porcós subitó conversí sunt. Intereá Eurylochus ígnárus quid in aedibus agerétur ad óstium sedébat; postquam tamen ad sólis occásum ánxió animó et sollicitó exspectávit, sólus ad návem regredí cónstituit. Eó cum vénisset, sollicitúdine ac timóre tam perturbátus fuit ut quae vídisset vix dílúcidé nárráre posset. Ulixés autem satis intelléxit sociós suós in perículó versárí, et gladió correptó Eurylochó imperávit ut sine morá viam ad istam domum démónstráret. Ille tamen multís cum lacrimís Ulixem complexus obsecráre coepit né in tantum perículum sé committeret; sí quid gravius eí accidisset, omnium salútem in summó discrímine futúram. Ulixés autem respondit sé néminem invítum sécum adductúrum; eí licére, sí mállet, in náví manére; sé ipsum sine úlló praesidió rem susceptúrum. Hóc cum mágná vóce díxisset, é náví désiluit et núlló sequente sólus in viam sé dedit.

Tum Circe, who had a deep knowledge of magic, touched their heads with her golden staff; as a result, they all suddenly turned into pigs. Meanwhile, Eurylochus, unaware of what was happening inside, sat at the door; but after anxiously waiting until sunset, he decided to head back to the ship alone. When he arrived, he was so disturbed by anxiety and fear that he could barely explain what he had seen. However, Odysseus understood that his companions were in danger, and drawing his sword, he ordered Eurylochus to show him the way to that house without delay. Eurylochus, however, began to embrace Odysseus with many tears, pleading him not to put himself in such danger; if something worse happened to him, everyone’s safety would be at great risk. Odysseus replied that he would not force anyone to come with him against their will; they could stay on the ship if they preferred; he would take on the task himself without any protection. After saying this loudly, he jumped down from the ship and set off on his own along the path.

97. THE COUNTERCHARM

Aliquantum itineris prógressus ad víllam mágnificam pervénit, quam cum oculís perlústrásset, statim intráre statuit; intelléxit enim hanc esse eandem domum dé quá Eurylochus mentiónem fécisset. At cum in eó esset ut límen intráret, subitó eí obviam stetit aduléscéns fórmá pulcherrimá aureum baculum geréns. Híc Ulixem iam domum intrantem manú corripuit et, "Quó ruis?" inquit. "Nónne scís hanc esse Circés domum? Híc inclúsí sunt amící tuí ex húmáná specié in porcós conversí. Num vís ipse in eandem calamitátem veníre?" Ulixés simul ac vócem audívit, deum Mercurium ágnóvit; núllís tamen precibus ab ínstitútó cónsilió déterrérí potuit. Quod cum Mercurius sénsisset, herbam quandam eí dedit, quam contrá carmina multum valére dícébat. "Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi Circé té baculó tetigerit, tú strictó gladió impetum in eam vidé ut faciás." Mercurius postquam fínem loquendí fécit,

Aliquantum itineris prógressus ad víllam mágnificam pervénit, quam cum oculís perlústrásset, statim intráre statuit; intelléxit enim hanc esse eandem domum dé quá Eurylochus mentiónem fécisset. At cum in eó esset ut límen intráret, subitó eí obviam stetit aduléscéns fórmá pulcherrimá aureum baculum geréns. Híc Ulixem iam domum intrantem manú corripuit et, "Quó ruis?" inquit. "Nónne scís hanc esse Circés domum? Híc inclúsí sunt amící tuí ex húmáná specié in porcós conversí. Num vís ipse in eandem calamitatém veníre?" Ulixés simul ac vócem audívit, deum Mercurium ágnóvit; núllís tamen precibus ab ínstitútó cónsilió déterrérí potuit. Quod cum Mercurius sénsisset, herbam quandam eí dedit, quam contrá carmina multum valére dícébat. "Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi Circé té baculó tetigerit, tú strictó gladió impetum in eam vidé ut faciás." Mercurius postquam fínem loquendí fécit,

"mortálís vísús medió sermóne relíquit, et procul in tenuem ex oculís évánuit auram."

"the mortal sight left in the middle of speech, and from afar vanished into the thin air from their eyes."

98. THE ENCHANTRESS IS FOILED

Breví intermissó spatió Ulixés ad omnia perícula subeunda parátus iánuam pulsávit, et foribus patefactís ab ipsá Circé benígné exceptus est. Omnia eódem modó atque anteá facta sunt. Cénam mágnificé ínstrúctam vídit et accumbere iússus est. Mox, ubi famés cibó dépulsa est, Circé póculum aureum vínó replétum Ulixí dedit. Ille etsí suspicátus est venénum sibi parátum esse, póculum exhausit; quó factó Circé postquam caput éius baculó tetigit, ea verba locúta est quibus sociós éius anteá in porcós converterat. Rés tamen omnínó aliter événit atque illa spéráverat. Tanta enim vís erat éius herbae quam Ulixí Mercurius dederat ut neque venénum neque verba quicquam efficere possent. Ulixés autem, ut eí praeceptum erat, gladió strictó impetum in eam fécit et mortem minitábátur. Circé cum artem suam nihil valére sénsisset, multís cum lacrimís eum obsecráre coepit né sibi vítam adimeret.

Breve intermissione spatió, Ulisse, pronto ad affrontare tutti i pericoli, bussò alla porta, e una volta aperte le porte, fu gentilmente accolto da Circe. Tutto avvenne come in precedenza. Vide una cena magnificamente preparata e fu invitato a mettersi a tavola. Poco dopo, quando la fame fu placata, Circe gli porse un calice d'oro riempito di vino. Sebbene sospettasse che fosse avvelenato, bevve tutto d'un fiato; a quel punto, Circe, dopo aver toccato la sua testa con un bastone, pronunciò le stesse parole che avevano trasformato i suoi compagni in porci. Tuttavia, le cose andò completamente diversamente da come lei sperava. Infatti, la potenza di quell'erba che Mercurio aveva dato a Ulisse era tale che né il veleno né le parole potevano avere alcun effetto. Ulisse, come gli era stato ordinato, con la spada sguainata si lanciò contro di lei e la minacciò di morte. Quando Circe si rese conto che la sua arte non aveva alcun potere, iniziò a supplicarlo con molte lacrime di non toglierle la vita.

99. MEN ONCE MORE

Ulixés autem ubi sénsit eam timóre perterritam esse, postulávit ut sociós suós sine morá in húmánam speciem redúceret (certior enim factus erat á deó Mercurió eós in porcós conversós esse); nisi id factum esset, sé débitás poenás súmptúrum ostendit. Circé hís rébus graviter commóta eí ad pedés sé próiécit, et multís cum lacrimís iúre iúrandó cónfírmávit sé quae ille imperásset omnia factúram. Tum porcós in átrium immittí iussit. Illí dató sígnó inruérunt, et cum ducem suum ágnóvissent, mágnó dolóre adfectí sunt quod núlló modó eum dé rébus suís certiórem facere poterant. Circé tamen unguentó quódam corpora eórum únxit; quó factó sunt omnés statim in húmánam speciem reductí. Mágnó cum gaudió Ulixés suós amícós ágnóvit, et núntium ad lítus mísit, quí reliquís Graecís sociós receptós esse díceret. Illí autem hís rébus cógnitís statim ad domum Circaeam sé contulérunt; quó cum vénissent, úniversí laetitiae sé dédidérunt.

Ulixes, seeing that she was terrified, asked her to quickly return his companions to human form (as he had learned from the god Mercury that they had been turned into pigs); if this wasn't done, he threatened to take the deserved punishment on himself. Circé, deeply moved by this, threw herself at his feet and, with many tears, swore she would do everything he commanded. Then she ordered the pigs to be let into the courtyard. Once given the signal, they rushed in and, upon recognizing their leader, were filled with great sorrow because there was no way to inform him about their situation. However, Circé anointed their bodies with a special ointment; as a result, they were all immediately transformed back into human form. With great joy, Ulixes recognized his friends and sent a messenger to the shore to tell the other Greeks that their companions had been restored. Once these matters were known, they immediately made their way to Circe's home, where, upon arrival, they all surrendered to joy.

[Illustration: ULYSSES AND CIRCE]

100. AFLOAT AGAIN

Postrídié éius diéí Ulixés ex hác ínsulá quam celerrimé discédere in animó habébat. Circé tamen cum haec cógnóvisset, ex odió ad amórem conversa omnibus precibus eum óráre et obtestárí coepit ut paucós diés apud sé morárétur; quá ré tandem impetrátá tanta beneficia in eum contulit ut facile eí persuásum sit ut diútius manéret. Postquam tamen tótum annum apud Circén cónsúmpserat, Ulixés mágnó désíderió patriae suae mótus est. Sociís igitur ad sé convocátís quid in animó habéret ostendit. Ubi tamen ad lítus déscendit, návem suam tempestátibus tam adflíctam invénit ut ad návigandum paene inútilis esset. Hác ré cógnitá omnia quae ad návís reficiendás úsuí essent comparárí iussit, quá in ré tantam díligentiam omnés adhibébant ut ante tertium diem opus perfécerint. At Circé ubi omnia ad profectiónem paráta esse vídit, rem aegré ferébat et Ulixem vehementer obsecrábat ut eó cónsilió désisteret. Ille tamen, né anní tempore a návigátióne exclúderétur, mátúrandum sibi exístimávit, et tempestátem idóneam nactus návem solvit. Multa quidem perícula Ulixí subeunda erant antequam in patriam suam perveníret, quae tamen hóc locó longum est perscríbere.

Post that day, Ulysses was determined to leave this island as quickly as possible. However, when Circe learned of this, she transformed her feelings from hate to love, begging and pleading with him to stay with her for a few more days. Eventually, after much persuasion, she granted him such benefits that it was easy for him to be convinced to stay longer. However, after spending a whole year with Circe, Ulysses was overcome with great longing for his homeland. So he gathered his companions to show them what he had in mind. When he finally descended to the shore, he found his ship so battered by storms that it was nearly unusable for sailing. Upon realizing this, he ordered everything needed to repair the ship to be gathered, and everyone worked with such diligence that they completed the task before the third day. But Circe, seeing that everything was ready for departure, was deeply upset and earnestly begged Ulysses to reconsider his decision. Nevertheless, he believed that he needed to act quickly to avoid missing the sailing season, and upon finding favorable weather, he set sail. Indeed, Ulysses faced many dangers before he reached his homeland, but detailing those would make this too lengthy.

NOTES

PERSEUS

The numbers refer to the page of text and the line on the page respectively.

3.6. Danaé. Many proper names in this book are words borrowed by Latin from Greek, and have forms not given in the regular Latin declensions. It will not be necessary to learn the declension of such words.

3.6. Danaé. Many proper names in this book are words borrowed by Latin from Greek and have forms that aren’t included in the regular Latin declensions. It won’t be necessary to learn the declension of these words.

7. enim. This word commonly stands second in its clause.

7. enim. This word usually comes second in its clause.

8. turbábat. Notice that this verb and dormiébat below are in the imperfect tense to denote a state of things existing at the past time indicated by territa est.

8. turbábat. Notice that this verb and dormiébat below are in the imperfect tense to indicate a situation that existed at the past time referred to by territa est.

autem. This word has the same peculiarity of position as enim; so also igitur, which occurs in line 11.

autem. This word has the same unusual placement as enim; similarly, igitur, which appears in line 11.

12. Seríphum. Notice that Latin says 'the island Seriphos,' but English more often 'the island of Seriphos.'

12. Seríphum. Note that in Latin it says 'the island Seriphos,' while in English it commonly says 'the island of Seriphos.'

13. appulsa est. Postquam is regularly followed by the perfect or present indicative, but the English translation usually requires the pluperfect.

13. is slandered. After this, it is usually followed by the perfect or present indicative, but the English translation typically needs the pluperfect.

15. quódam. Quídam means 'certain' as applied to some person or thing not fully described, while certus means 'certain' in the sense of 'determined.' 'sure,'

15. quódam. Quídam means 'certain' when referring to a person or thing that isn't fully described, while certus means 'certain' in the sense of 'determined' or 'sure.'

ad domum. This means 'to the house'; 'to be brought home' would be domum addúcí, without the preposition.

16. Ille is often used, as here, when the subject is changed to a person mentioned in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated 'he.'

16. "Ille" is often used, like here, when the subject shifts to a person mentioned in the previous sentence. In this case, it translates to "he."

18. benefició. See the derivation of this word in the vocabulary.

18. benefited. See the derivation of this word in the vocabulary.

20. multós annós. Duration of time is regularly expressed in the accusative case.

20. multós annós. Duration of time is usually expressed in the accusative case.

22. eam. Latin has no pronoun of the third person, and is often takes the place of one; it is then to be translated 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' 'they,' according to its form.

22. eam. Latin doesn't have a third person pronoun, and is often serves as one; it's translated as 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' or 'they,' depending on its form.

25. haec. The literal translation would be 'these things,' but we must say 'thus' or 'as follows.'

25. haec. The literal translation would be 'these things,' but we should say 'thus' or 'as follows.'

4. 1. es. With iam dúdum and similar expressions of duration, the present indicative is often used to denote an action or state begun in the past but continuing in the present. The English equivalent is the perfect.

4. 1. es. With expressions like "iam dúdum" that indicate duration, the present indicative is often used to show an action or state that started in the past and is still happening now. The English equivalent is the perfect tense.

híc, is not the pronoun, but an adverb.

híc is not a pronoun; it's an adverb.

2. mihi. This dative may be translated 'for me.' How would 'to me' with a verb of motion be put?

2. mihi. This dative can be translated as 'for me.' How would 'to me' with a verb of motion be phrased?

3. refer. Dícó, dúcó, fació, and feró have the imperative forms díc, dúc, fac, and fer, instead of díce, etc.

4. Perseus. When the subordinate and the principal clause of a Latin sentence have the same subject, this usually stands first, followed by the subordinate clause.

4. Perseus. When the main clause and the subordinate clause of a Latin sentence have the same subject, the subject usually comes first, followed by the subordinate clause.

haec. Here a different rendering is required from that suggested in the note on 3, 25. What is it? Notice that it is necessary to know the literal significance of the Latin words, but that the translation must often be something quite different if it is to be acceptable English. The rule for translation is: Discover the exact meaning of the original; then express the same idea correctly and, if you can, elegantly in the language into which you are translating.

haec. Here a different rendering is needed from what was suggested in the note on 3, 25. What is it? It's important to understand the literal meaning of the Latin words, but the translation often needs to be quite different to be acceptable in English. The rule for translation is: Understand the exact meaning of the original; then convey the same idea accurately and, if possible, elegantly in the language you are translating into.

5. continentem. What is the derivation of this word?

5. continentem. What is the origin of this word?

vénit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know?

vénit. Is this present or perfect? How can you tell?

8. Graeás. The Graeae were three old women who had one eye and one tooth in common, and took turns in using them.

8. Graeás. The Graeae were three elderly women who shared one eye and one tooth, taking turns using them.

9. galeam. This belonged to Pluto, the god of the underworld of the dead, and whosoever wore it was invisible. The story is that Perseus compelled the Graeae to tell him how to obtain the helps to his enterprise by seizing their tooth and eye.

9. galeam. This belonged to Pluto, the god of the underworld, and anyone who wore it became invisible. The story goes that Perseus forced the Graeae to reveal how to get the tools he needed for his mission by taking their tooth and eye.

11. pedibus, 'on his feet,' dative of indirect object.

induit. See the note on 3, 13.

áera. Áér is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form for its accusative.

áera. Áér is taken from Greek, and retains this Greek form for its accusative.

12. volábat. Distinguish between voló, voláre, and voló, velle.

13. céterís. Céterí is used to denote all not already named ('the other'), while alií denotes some of those who have not been already named ('other').

13. céterís. Céterí refers to everything else that hasn’t been mentioned yet ('the other'), while alií refers to some of those that haven’t been mentioned yet ('other').

14. specié horribilí, 'of terrible appearance.' ablative of description. A noun never stands alone in this construction,

eárum. See the note on 3, 22.

15. contécta. This and factae below are used as predicate adjectives, not to form the pluperfect passive with erant. Translate, therefore, 'were covered.' not 'had been covered.'

15. contécta. This and factae below are used as predicate adjectives, not to form the pluperfect passive with erant. Translate, therefore, 'were covered,' not 'had been covered.'

18. vertébantur. The imperfect here denotes customary action, one of its regular uses.

18. are being turned. The imperfect tense here indicates a habitual action, which is one of its common uses.

19. Ille. See the note on 3, 16.

19. He. See the note on 3, 16.

20. hóc modó, ablative of manner.

20. this way, ablative of manner.

21. vénit, dormiébat. The perfect simply expresses an action which took place in past time, the imperfect tells of a state of things existing at that past time.

21. vénit, dormiébat. The perfect tense simply shows an action that happened in the past, while the imperfect tense describes a situation that was happening at that past time.

25. fugit. When dum means 'while,' 'as,' it is followed by the present indicative, even when used of past events.

25. fugit. When "dum" means 'while' or 'as,' it is followed by the present indicative, even when it's referring to past events.

26. fécit. Like postquam, ubi has the present or perfect indicative, where English would use the pluperfect.

26. fécit. Like postquam, when it has the present or perfect indicative, where English would use the pluperfect.

5. 2. illó tempore, ablative of time.

5. 2. in that time, ablative of time.

régnábat. Observe the force of the tense, and try to find the reason for each change of tense in this paragraph.

régnábat. Notice the power of the tense, and see if you can figure out the reason for each tense change in this paragraph.

Híc. This must here be translated simply 'he.' Compare the use of Ille, 3, 16.

Híc. This should simply be translated as 'he.' See the use of Ille, 3, 16.

4. veniébat. See the note on 4, 18.

4. he was coming. See the note on 4, 18.

6. omnium, 'of all men.' or 'of all.' The adjective is used as a noun, as in the second of the English expressions.

óráculum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and a knowledge of future events might be learned at certain shrines, of which the most famous were those of Apollo at Delphi, of Zeus or Jupiter at Dodona, and of Hammon in Egypt. Hammon was really an Egyptian god, represented as having the horns of a ram, but he was identified by the Greeks with Zeus and by the Romans with Jupiter.

óráculum. In ancient times, people believed that the will of the gods and knowledge of future events could be discovered at certain shrines, with the most famous being those of Apollo at Delphi, Zeus or Jupiter at Dodona, and Hammon in Egypt. Hammon was originally an Egyptian god, depicted with ram's horns, but the Greeks associated him with Zeus and the Romans identified him with Jupiter.

7. fíliam. Where there is no ambiguity, the possessive is often omitted in Latin.

7. fíliam. When there’s no confusion, the possessive is often left out in Latin.

8. autem, often, as here, simply introduces an explanation ('now'),

8. However, often, as here, it simply introduces an explanation ('now'),

nómine, 'by name.'

by name

9. Cépheus. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

9. Cepheus. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

10. cívís suós, 'his subjects.'

his subjects

13. certam. See the note on quódam, 3, 15. Diés is regularly masculine, but when used of an appointed day it is often feminine.

13. certam. See the note on quódam, 3, 15. Diés is typically masculine, but when referring to a specific day, it is often considered feminine.

omnia, 'all things,' 'everything,' or 'all.' See the note on omnium, line 6.

16. déplórábant, tenébant. Be careful to show the meaning of the tense by your translation.

16. They were lamenting, they were holding. Be careful to convey the tense's meaning in your translation.

18. quaerit. The present is often used of a past action instead of the perfect, to bring the action more vividly before us as if it were taking place now. This is called the historical present.

18. quaerit. The present tense is often used to refer to a past action instead of the perfect tense, making the action feel more immediate, as if it’s happening right now. This is called the historical present.

19. haec geruntur, 'this is going on.'

This is happening.

20. horribilí. Here the adjective is made emphatic by being put before its noun; in 4, 14 the same effect is gained by putting horribilí last in its clause.

20. horribilí. Here, the adjective is emphasized by placing it before its noun; in 4, 14, the same effect is achieved by putting horribilí at the end of its clause.

22. omnibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (in+iació). Translate 'inspired in all,' but the literal meaning is 'threw into all.'

26. induit. See the note on 3, 13.

áera. See the note on 4, 11.

6. 2. suó, éius. Distinguish carefully between these words. Suus is used of something belonging to the subject, éius of something belonging to some other person or thing just mentioned.

6. 2. suó, éius. Carefully distinguish between these words. Suus refers to something that belongs to the subject, while éius refers to something that belongs to another person or thing that was just mentioned.

5. volat. See the note on 4, 25.

7. sustulit. Notice that the perfect forms of tolló are the same as those of sufferó (sub + feró), 'endure.'

8. neque, here to be translated 'and … not.' Neque is thus used regularly for et nón.

8. neither, here to be translated 'and … not.' Neither is thus used regularly for and not.

13. exanimáta, used here as a predicate adjective.

13. exanimáta, used here as a descriptive adjective.

16. rettulit. 'To give thanks' or 'thank' is usually grátiás agere, as in 3, 19; grátiam referre means 'to show one's gratitude,' 'to recompense' or 'requite.'

16. It reports. 'To give thanks' or 'thank' is usually grátiás agere, as in 3, 19; grátiam referre means 'to show one's gratitude,' 'to recompense' or 'to repay.'

18. dúxit. This word came to mean 'marry,' because the bridegroom 'led' his bride in a wedding procession to his own home. It will be seen, therefore, that it can be used only of the man.

18. dúxit. This word came to mean 'marry,' because the groom 'led' his bride in a wedding procession to his home. Therefore, it can only be used in reference to the man.

Paucós annós. See the note on 3, 20.

20. omnís. What does the quantity of the i tell you about the form?

20. omnís. What does the amount of the i indicate about the form?

7. 1. quod, not the relative pronoun, but a conjunction.

3. eó, the adverb.

in átrium. Although inrúpit means 'burst into,' the preposition is nevertheless required with the noun to express the place into which he burst.

in átrium. Although inrúpit means 'burst into,' the preposition is still needed with the noun to show the place into which he burst.

6. ille. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

8. Acrisí. In Nepos, Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil, the genitive singular of second-declension nouns in -ius and -ium ends in í, not ií; but the nominative plural ends in ií, and the dative and ablative plural in iís.

10. istud. Remember that iste is commonly used of something connected with the person addressed. Here the meaning may be 'that oracle I told you of.' See 3, 4.

10. istud. Remember that iste is often used for something related to the person you’re talking to. In this case, it might mean 'that oracle I mentioned to you.' See 3, 4.

12. Lárísam. See the note on 3, 12.

neque enim, 'for … not,' as if simply nón enim, but Latin uses neque to connect the clauses.

14. in omnís partís, 'in all directions' or 'in every direction.'

everywhere.

15. Multí. See the note on omnium, 5, 6.

17. discórum. The discus was a round, flat piece of stone or metal, and the athletes tried to see who could throw it farthest.

17. discórum. The discus was a circular, flat piece of stone or metal, and the athletes competed to see who could throw it the farthest.

18. cású. This is one of the ablatives of manner that do not take cum.

18. cású. This is one of the ways to express manner that doesn’t require cum.

19. stábat. Notice the tense.

19. standing. Notice the tense.

HERCULES

9. 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all men' in the sense of 'all mankind.'

9. 2. omnium hominum. This means 'all people' in the sense of 'all humanity.'

3. óderat. Ódí is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the pluperfect has in like manner the force of an imperfect. 5. mediá nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.'

3. óderat. Ódí is perfect in form, but present in meaning; and the pluperfect has in a similar way the effect of an imperfect. 5. mediá nocte, 'in the middle of the night,' 'in the dead of night.'

7. Nec tamen, 'not … however.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.

7. Nevertheless, 'not … however.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.

8. movébant. Contrast this tense with appropinquáverant and excitátí sunt.

8. movébant. Compare this tense with appropinquáverant and excitátí sunt.

13. Tálí modó = hóc modó, 4, 20.

20. á pueró, 'from a boy,' 'from boyhood.'

exercébat, the imperfect of customary action, as is also cónsúmébat.

exercébat, the imperfect tense of habitual action, just like cónsúmébat.

24. autem. See the note on 5, 8.

24. however. See the note on 5, 8.

25. artí, dative of indirect object with the intransitive verb studébat.

25. artí, dative case used for the indirect object with the intransitive verb studébat.

10. 2. omnibus víribus, 'with all his might,' ablative of manner.

10. 2. with all his might, ablative of manner.

3. é vítá. Notice that the preposition denoting separation appears both with the noun and in the verb. Compare in átrium inrúpit, 7, 3.

3. é vítá. Notice that the preposition indicating separation shows up with both the noun and the verb. Compare in átrium inrúpit, 7, 3.

4. neque quisquam, 'and not any one,' i.e. 'and no one.' Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences.

4. and no one, i.e. 'and not anyone.' Quisquam is mainly used in negative sentences.

5. voluit, 'was willing.'

5. voluit, 'was okay with.'

7. facit. See the note on 4, 25.

8. nómine. See the note on 5, 8.

9. vir crúdélissimus, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The superlative is often thus used to denote simply a high degree of the quality.

9. a very cruel man, not 'cruelest man,' but 'most cruel man.' The superlative is often used this way to indicate just a high degree of the quality.

cónsuéverat. Inceptive verbs end in scó and denote the beginning of an action or state. The perfect and pluperfect of such verbs often represent the state of things resulting from the completion of the action, and are then to be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So cónsuéscó = 'I am becoming accustomed,' cónsuéví = 'I have become accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' cónsuéveram = 'I had become accustomed' or 'was accustomed.'

cónsuéverat. Inceptive verbs end in scó and indicate the start of an action or state. The perfect and pluperfect forms of these verbs often show the condition that results from the action being completed, and should be translated as present and imperfect respectively. So cónsuéscó = 'I am becoming accustomed,' cónsuéví = 'I have become accustomed' or 'am accustomed,' cónsuéveram = 'I had become accustomed' or 'was accustomed.'

11. sacrifició, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose.

11. sacrifice, 'for the sacrifice,' dative of purpose.

ea. Why is diés feminine here? See the note on certam, 5, 13.

12. omnia. See the note on 5, 13.

15. capitibus, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (in + pónó).

16. iam. The omission of the conjunction that would naturally join this clause with the preceding, and the repetition of iam, which thus in a way connects the two clauses, reflect the imminence of the danger and heighten our anxiety for the hero. Observe too how the tenses of the verbs contribute to the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules at the altar and the priest, knife in hand, about to give the fatal blow.

16. iam. The lack of the conjunction that would normally link this clause to the one before it, along with the repetition of iam, connects the two clauses in a way that emphasizes the immediate danger and increases our concern for the hero. Notice how the verb tenses also add to the intensity of the scene. We see Hercules at the altar and the priest, knife in hand, ready to deliver the deadly strike.

18. alteró. Supply íctú.

18. altered. Supply íctú.

19. Thébís, locative case. Notice that some names of towns are plural in form.

19. Thebes, locative case. Note that some town names are plural in form.

21. Thébánís, dative with the adjective fínitimí.

21. Thebans, dative with the adjective ultimate.

autem, 'now.'

now

22. Thébás. Names of towns are used without a preposition to express the place to which.

22. Thebes. Town names are used without a preposition to indicate the destination.

23. veniébant, postulábant, imperfect of customary action.

23. they were coming, they were demanding, imperfect of habitual action.

25. cívís suós, 'his fellow-citizens.' Compare 5, 10.

hóc stípendió, ablative of separation.

27. atque. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.'

27. and. This conjunction adds an important statement by way of supplement. Here the meaning is something like 'and not only that, but.'

11. 11. conversa. Est and sunt are frequently not expressed with the perfect participle.

11. 11. conversa. Est and sunt are often not used with the perfect participle.

17. suós ipse suá. Notice how the enormity of the crime is emphasized by the use of all these words repeating the same idea.

17. suós ipse suá. Notice how the seriousness of the crime is highlighted by the repetition of these words conveying the same idea.

23. óráculum Delphicum. See the note on 5, 6.

23. Delphic Oracle. See the note on 5, 6.

hóc óráculum omnium = hóc omnium óráculórum.

25. Hóc in templó. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between the noun and an adjective modifying it.

25. Hóc in templó. One-syllable prepositions often come between the noun and an adjective that describes it.

12. 1. quí. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, and person with its antecedent; that its case depends upon its use. How are the person and number of quí shown?

12. 1. quí. Remember that the relative pronoun agrees in gender, number, and person with its antecedent; its case depends on how it's used. How are the person and number of quí indicated?

2. hominibus. See the note on 9, 2.

4. neque. See the note on 6, 8.

4. neither. See the note on 6, 8.

7. Tíryntha. This is a Greek accusative form. See the note on áera, 4, 11.

10. Duodecim annós, accusative of duration of time.

10. Twelve years, accusative of duration of time.

11. Eurystheó. The English verb 'serve' is transitive, but servió ('be subject to') is intransitive and takes an indirect object.

14. quae. See the note on line 1. What is the case of quae?

14. quae. See the note on line 1. What case is quae in?

16. Prímum is chiefly used in enumeration, prímó (line 6) in contrasting an action or state with one that follows it.

16. Prímum is mainly used in lists, while prímó (line 6) is used to contrast one action or state with another that comes after it.

19. sécum. The preposition cum follows and is joined to the reflexive and personal pronouns, usually also to the relative pronoun.

19. sécum. The preposition cum comes after and is connected to reflexive and personal pronouns, and it typically also connects with the relative pronoun.

22. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.

22. nor indeed. See the note on 7, 12.

26. respírandí, the genitive of the gerund. It modifies facultás. The gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun in -ing.

26. respírandí, the genitive form of the gerund. It modifies facultás. The gerund corresponds to the English verbal noun ending in -ing.

13. 5. Hóc. We might expect haec referring to Hydram, but a demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the predicate noun (here mónstrum).

13. 5. Hóc. We might expect haec to refer to Hydram, but a demonstrative pronoun usually matches the gender of the noun it describes (in this case, mónstrum).

cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This construction is found only with sum. It is called the dative of possession.

cui erant, 'which had,' literally 'to which there were.' This construction is found only with sum. It's known as the dative of possession.

8. rés. In rendering this word choose always with great freedom the most suitable English word.

8. rés. When translating this word, always choose the most suitable English word with great freedom.

13. 8. mágní perículí. We say 'one of great danger.'

9. éius. What possessive would be used to modify sinistrá?

9. éius. Which possessive would be used to modify sinistrá?

11. hóc cónátú, ablative of separation.

11. hôc cónátú, ablative of separation.

14. comprehendérunt. See the note on 3, 13.

14. understood. See the note on 3, 13.

unde = ex quibus.

unde = from which.

16. auxilió Hydrae, 'to the aid of the Hydra,' but literally for aid (i.e. as aid) to the Hydra,' for Hydrae is dative. This is called the double dative construction, auxilió the dative of purpose, and Hydrae the dative of reference, i.e. the dative denoting the person interested.

17. abscídit. See the note on 4, 25.

mordébat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect of repeated action.

mordébat, 'kept biting,' the imperfect tense indicating repeated actions.

18. tálí modó. See the note on 9, 13.

interfécit. We have now had several verbs meaning 'kill.' Interfició is the most general of these; necó (line 4) is used of killing by unusual or cruel means, as by poison; occídó (12, 23) is most commonly used of the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle.

interfécit. We now have several verbs that mean 'kill.' Interfició is the broadest of these; necó (line 4) refers to killing in unusual or cruel ways, like poisoning; occídó (12, 23) is most often used for the 'cutting down' of an enemy in battle.

19. reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagittás for its object, but we must translate as if we had eás with reddidit.

19. reddidit, as well as imbuit, has sagittás as its object, but we must translate it as if we had eás with reddidit.

22. ad sé. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2. Notice that sé does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive thus refers to the subject of the principal verb rather than to the subject of the subordinate verb with which it s directly connected, it is called indirect.

22. ad sé. Compare this construction with the use of the dative in 4, 2. Notice that sé does not refer to Herculem, the subject of referre, but to Eurystheus, the subject of Iussit. When the reflexive refers to the subject of the main verb rather than to the subject of the subordinate verb it’s directly connected to, it’s called indirect.

23. tantae audáciae. The genitive of description, like the ablative of description, consists always of a noun with some modifying word. Compare specié horribilí, 4, 14.

23. such great boldness. The genitive of description, like the ablative of description, always consists of a noun with some modifying word. Compare horrifying appearance, 4, 14.

autem. Compare 5, 8 and 10, 21.

24. incrédibilí celeritáte, ablative of description.

24. incredible speed, ablative of description.

25. vestígiís, ablative of means.

25. vestigial, ablative of means.

26. ipsum, contrasts cervum with vestígiís.

26. ipsum, contrasts the deer with the tracks.

27. omnibus víribus. See the note on 10, 2.

27. with all powers. See the note on 10, 2.

14. 1. currébat, 'he kept running.'

he kept running.

sibi, dative of reference. It need not be translated,

sibi, dative of reference. It doesn't need to be translated,

ad quiétem, 'for rest.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by ad.

ad quiétem, 'for rest.' The purpose is often conveyed this way using ad.

3. cucurrerat. The pluperfect is sometimes used with postquam when the lapse of time is denoted.

3. had run. The pluperfect is sometimes used with after when the passage of time is indicated.

4. cursú, ablative of cause.

4. cursú, ablative of reason.

exanimátum = quí exanimátus erat. The participle is often equivalent to a relative clause.

5. rettulit. See the note on 13, 19.

5. reported. See the note on 13, 19.

8. rem. See the note on rés, 13, 8.

10. apró, dative of indirect object after the compound verb (ob + curró).

10. apró, the dative for indirect object following the compound verb (ob + curró).

11. tímóre perterritus. It is not necessary to translate both words.

11. terrified by fear. It is not necessary to translate both words.

13. iniécit, i.e. upon the boar.

13. iniécit, i.e. on the boar.

summá cum difficultáte. Compare this with omnibus víribus, 13, 27, and notice that cum may be omitted with the ablative of manner when there is an adjective. For the position of cum, see the note on 11, 25.

summá cum difficultáte. Compare this with omnibus víribus, 13, 27, and notice that cum can be left out with the ablative of manner when there's an adjective. For the placement of cum, check the note on 11, 25.

15. ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so frightened when he saw the boar that he hid in a cask.

15. ad Eurystheum. We are told elsewhere that Eurystheus was so scared when he saw the boar that he hid in a barrel.

vívus. Why have we the nominative here, but the accusative (vívum) in line 5?

vívus. Why do we have the nominative here, but the accusative (vívum) in line 5?

17. quartó. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is usually given as the third labor and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth.

17. quartó. The capture of the Erymanthian boar is typically listed as the third task, and the capture of the Cerynean stag as the fourth.

nárrávimus. The writer sometimes uses the first person plural in speaking of himself, instead of the first person singular. This is called the plural of modesty, and is the same as the English usage.

nárrávimus. The writer occasionally uses "we" when referring to himself instead of "I." This is known as the plural of modesty and is similar to the way it's used in English.

18. in Arcadiam. How does this differ in meaning from in Arcadiá?

18. in Arcadiam. How is this different in meaning from in Arcadiá?

20. appeteret. The subjunctive introduced by cum, 'since,' may express the reason for the action of the main verb.

20. appeteret. The subjunctive that follows "cum," meaning "since," can express the reason for the action of the main verb.

23. Herculés. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

23. Hercules. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

26. quod, conjunction, not pronoun.

reliquós centaurós, 'the rest of the centaurs,' 'the other centaurs.' Compare mediá nocte, 9, 5. Notice that reliquí means about the same as céterí, and see the note on 4, 13.

28. inquit, historical present. This verb is used parenthetically with direct quotations.

28. he said, historical present. This verb is used as a parenthetical with direct quotes.

15. 1. dabó. Notice that Latin is more exact than English in the use of the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English we often use the present in the subordinate clause and leave it to the principal verb to show that the time is future.

15. 1. dabó. Notice that Latin is more precise than English in using the future tense in subordinate clauses. In English, we often use the present tense in the subordinate clause and rely on the main verb to indicate that the time is future.

7. pervénérunt. See the note on 4, 26.

7. they have arrived. See the note on 4, 26.

10. cónstitit, from cónsistó, not cónstó.

16. fugá. Latin says 'by flight,' not 'in flight.'

17. ex spéluncá. See the note on 10, 3.

17. from the cave. See the note on 10, 3.

21. locum, the direct object of Adiit, which is here transitive. We might also have ad locum with adeó used intransitively.

16. 4. Herculí. See the note on 10, 15.

labórem. This labor is usually given as the sixth, the destruction of the Stymphalian birds as the fifth.

labórem. This task is usually considered the sixth, while the defeat of the Stymphalian birds is the fifth.

6. tria mília boum, 'three thousand cattle,' literally 'three thousands of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the regular construction with the plural mília, but the singular mílle is commonly used as an adjective, like English 'thousand.' Thus 'one thousand cattle' would be mílle bovés.

6. three thousand cattle, literally 'three thousands of cattle.' The partitive genitive is the usual construction with the plural mília, but the singular mílle is often used as an adjective, similar to English 'thousand.' So 'one thousand cattle' would be mílle bovés.

7. ingentís mágnitúdinis. See the note on tantae audáciae, 13, 23.

7. of immense magnitude. See the note on such audacity, 13, 23.

8. neque enim umquam, 'for … never.' See the note on neque enim, 7, 12.

8. nor ever, 'for ... never.' See the note on nor ever, 7, 12.

11. multae operae. See the note on mágní perículí, 13, 8.

11. many efforts. See the note on great danger, 13, 8.

12. duodévígintí pedum, i.e. in width.

12. twenty-two feet, i.e. in width.

dúxit. This word is used with reference to the progress of work on a wall or ditch from one end of it to the other.

dúxit. This word is used to describe the progress of work on a wall or ditch from one end to the other.

15. opus. Compare this word with operae and labóre, line 12. Labor is used of heavy or exhausting labor, opera of voluntary exertion or effort, opus of that upon which one labors or of the completed work.

15. opus. Compare this word with operae and labóre, line 12. Labor refers to heavy or exhausting work, opera refers to voluntary effort, and opus refers to what one works on or the finished product.

17. imperáverat. This verb takes an indirect object to express the person ordered (eí). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a clause introduced by ut and used as the object of imperó (ut necáret). Notice that this may be translated 'that he should kill' or 'to kill.' Compare now the construction with iubeó, 13, 22, with which the command is expressed by the accusative and infinitive (Herculem referre).

17. imperáverat. This verb takes an indirect object to indicate the person being ordered (eí). The action commanded is expressed by the subjunctive in a clause introduced by ut and serves as the object of imperó (ut necáret). Note that this can be translated as 'that he should kill' or 'to kill.' Now compare this construction with iubeó, 13, 22, where the command is expressed through the accusative and infinitive (Herculem referre).

19. carne. Véscor is an intransitive verb and governs the ablative.

19. carne. Véscor is an intransitive verb and takes the ablative case.

22. appropinquandí. See the note on 12, 26.

23. cónstitit, from cónstó. Compare 15, 10.

pedibus, 'on foot,' literally 'by his feet.'

25. consúmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive are used with cum, 'when,' to describe the circumstances of the action of the main verb. Compare 14, 20, and the note.

26. hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11.

27. peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin infinitive is not used in model prose to express purpose.

27. peteret. The subjunctive is used with ut to express purpose. The best translation is usually the infinitive ('to ask'), but the Latin infinitive isn't typically used in formal writing to express purpose.

17. 3. ávolárent. This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as is indicated by tam.

17. 3. ávolárent. This is not a subjunctive of purpose, but of result, as indicated by tam.

6. ex. Compare this with ab, 16, 21, and dé, 16, 13. We commonly translate all of these 'from,' but the real meanings are 'out of,' 'away from,' and 'down from' respectively.

6. ex. Compare this with ab, 16, 21, and dé, 16, 13. We typically translate all of these as 'from,' but the actual meanings are 'out of,' 'away from,' and 'down from' respectively.

Crétá. See the note on 3, 12.

7. esset. See the note on 14, 20.

8. ínsulae, dative with the compound verb (ad + propinquó).

8. islands, dative with the compound verb (to + approach).

appropinquáret. See the note on 16, 25.

9. tanta … ut. Notice how frequently the clause of result is connected with a demonstrative word in the main clause.

9. tanta … ut. Notice how often the result clause is linked to a demonstrative word in the main clause.

12. návigandí imperítus, 'ignorant of navigation,' 'inexperienced in sailing.' See the note on 12, 26.

12. návigandí imperítus, 'not knowing navigation,' 'inexperienced in sailing.' See the note on 12, 26.

21. cum, the conjunction.

21. and, the conjunction.

ingentí labóre. See the note on summá cum difficultáte, 14, 13.

25. ut redúceret. See the note on 16, 27.

25. to bring back. See the note on 16, 27.

26. carne. See the note on 16, 19.

26. meat. See the note on 16, 19.

véscébantur, imperfect of customary action.

véscébantur, imperfect of habitual action.

18. 3. ut tráderentur. Notice that postuló, like imperó, takes an object-clause introduced by ut and having its verb in the subjunctive.

18. 3. ut tráderentur. Notice that postuló, like imperó, takes an object clause introduced by ut with its verb in the subjunctive.

sibi, the indirect reflexive. See the note on 13, 22.

4. írá … interfécit, 'became furiously angry and killed the king,' literally 'moved by wrath killed the king.' The participle is frequently best rendered by a finite verb.

4. írá … interfécit, 'became extremely angry and killed the king,' literally 'moved by anger killed the king.' The participle is often better expressed with a finite verb.

18. 4. cadáver. The subject of an infinitive stands in the accusative case. We might translate here 'and gave orders that his body should be thrown.' See the note on 16, 17.

18. 4. corpse. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. We can translate this as 'and ordered that his body be thrown.' See the note on 16, 17.

6. míra rérum commútátió. When a noun has both an adjective and a genitive modifier, this order of the words is common.

6. measure of things change. When a noun has both an adjective and a genitive modifier, this order of the words is common.

7. cum cruciátú, ablative of manner.

7. with suffering, ablative of manner.

necáverat. See the note on interfécit, 13, 18.

10. referébant. See the note on 6, 16.

modo. This is the adverb, not a case of modus, the dative and ablative singular of which would be modó. Make a practice of carefully observing the quantity of vowels.

modo. This is the adverb, not a case of modus, the dative and ablative singular of which would be modó. Make a habit of carefully observing the length of vowels.

11. órábant. Notice that this verb, like imperó and postuló, takes ut and the subjunctive.

14. ad návigandum. See the note on ad quiétem, 14, 1.

16. post, here an adverb of time.

16. post, used here as a time adverb.

18. dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation is said to have consisted'), while English commonly has the impersonal construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').

18. dícitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal ('the nation is said to have consisted'), while English commonly uses an impersonal construction ('it is said that the nation consisted').

19. reí mílitáris, 'the art of war.'

19. rei militaris, 'the art of war.'

25. mandávit. See the note on 16, 17.

25. he commanded. See the note on 16, 17.

26. Amázonibus, dative after the compound verb.

19. 1. persuásit. Notice that this verb governs the same construction that we have already found used with imperó and mandó.

19. 1. persuaded. Notice that this verb uses the same construction that we have already seen with commanded and ordered.

2. sécum. See the note on 12, 19.

5. appulit. Supply návem.

5. landed. Supply návem.

6. docéret. A clause of purpose is frequently introduced by a relative. Translate like the ut-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' literally 'who was to make known.'

6. docéret. A purpose clause is often introduced by a relative. It translates like the ut-clause of purpose, here 'to make known,' literally 'who was to make known.'

14. mágnó interválló, ablative of degree of difference.

14. magnó intervalu, ablative of degree of difference.

16. nón mágna. The effect of the position of these words may be reproduced by translating 'but not a large one.'

16. nón mágna. The impact of the order of these words can be reflected by translating 'but not a large one.'

neutrí. The plural is used because the reference is to two parties, each composed of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be neuter.

neutrí. The plural is used because it refers to two groups, each made up of several individuals. 'Neither' of two individuals would be neuter.

17. volébant, dedit. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for some time for the other to cross; finally Hercules gave the signal.

17. They wished, he gave. Consider the tenses. Each army waited for a while for the other to cross; finally, Hercules gave the signal.

22. occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result clauses after a past tense in the principal clause. This is contrary to the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, the present or perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.

22. occíderint. The perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in result clauses after a past tense in the main clause. This goes against the general principle of the sequence of tenses, which requires the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after a past tense, and the present or perfect subjunctive after a present or future tense.

23. Virí. Compare this with hominibus, 12, 2.

24. praestábant. Compare the tense with praestitérunt, line 21.

24. They were providing. Compare the tense with they provided, line 21.

27. neu. As neque or nec is used for 'and not,' so néve or neu for 'and that not' in an object-clause or a clause of purpose.

27. neu. Just as neque or nec is used for 'and not,' néve or neu is used for 'and that not' in an object clause or a clause of purpose.

20. 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative is much used in Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When so used, it is generally best rendered by 'and' or 'but' and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.

20. 1. quibus, 'and by these,' The relative pronoun is frequently used in Latin to link a new sentence to the one before it. When used this way, it's usually best translated as 'and' or 'but' along with a demonstrative or personal pronoun.

ita … ut. See the note on 17, 9.

2. essent, most easily explained as the subjunctive of attraction. By this is meant that the verb is attracted into the mood of the clause upon which it depends.

2. essent, which can be simply described as the subjunctive of attraction. This means that the verb shifts into the mood of the clause it relies on.

4. púgnátum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as púgnátum est = púgna púgnáta est.

4. They fought, or 'the battle raged,' literally 'it was fought.' Intransitive verbs are often used this way impersonally in the passive voice, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as in it was fought = the battle was fought.

11. aestátis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun.

11. summer, partitive genitive. Note that multum is used as a noun.

13. nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.

13. nactus. Latin doesn't have a perfect active participle, but the perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.

24. specié horribilí. See the note on 4, 14.

24. horrific species. See the note on 4, 14.

26. timóre perterrití. See the note on 14, 11.

26. terrified by fear. See the note on 14, 11.

continébantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon itself.

continébantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive use of the passive, where the subject is portrayed as acting upon itself.

pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecudés (line 25) of single animals, especially sheep.

pecora. This word refers to herds of cattle, pecudés (line 25) of individual animals, especially sheep.

28. commótus cónsuluit. See the note on 18, 4.

28. the consul was disturbed. See the note on 18, 4.

21. 3. líberáret. See the note on 16, 27.

óráculó. Notice that párére is intransitive and has the dative of indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as páreó by intransitives, here 'to submit to.'

4. sacrifició. See the note on 10, 11.

4. sacrifice. See the note on 10, 11.

5. ipsó temporis punctó quó, 'at the very moment when.'

5. at the very moment when.

8. égressus. See the note on 20, 13.

8. Egress. See the note on 20, 13.

dé rébus … factus est, 'was informed of the state of things,' literally 'was made more certain about the things which were being done.' In what gender, number, person, and case is quae? Give a reason for each.

11. posset. The subjunctive is used because the words of the king are quoted indirectly. He said sí potes, 'if you can.'

11. posset. The subjunctive is used because the king's words are quoted indirectly. He said if you can.

19. Ipse. Notice the use of this word in contrasts, frequently, as here, of a person with that which belongs to him or with his subordinates.

19. Ipse. Pay attention to how this word is often used in contrasts, as in this case, between a person and what belongs to them or with their subordinates.

20. inter sé, 'to one another.'

20. inter sé, 'to each other.'

22. esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be Quantum perículum est? ('How great is the danger?'). multás terrás, just as we say 'many lands,'

22. esset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would be How great is the danger?. multás terrás, just as we say 'many lands,'

23. Európae. Compare Thébánís, 10, 21.

23. Europe. Compare Theban, 10, 21.

24. in utróque lítore, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.'

24. in both shores, 'on each shore,' 'on both shores.'

25. columnás. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the pillar set up by Hercules on the European side.

25. columnás. The ancients believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was the pillar placed by Hercules on the European side.

22. 4. tantum, an adverb.

5. dederit. See the note on 19, 22.

9. quó in locó. See the note on 11, 25. essent. See the note on 21, 22.

10. sibi, the indirect reflexive.

12. et … et, 'both … and.'

18. prógredí, 'from proceeding.'

18. progress, 'from proceeding.'

19. prohibébant, 'attempted to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. Notice that the use of the imperfect to express customary, repeated, or attempted action follows naturally from its use to denote action going on in past time. The present, the tense which denotes action going on in present time, has the same special uses.

19. prohibébant, 'tried to prevent,' imperfect of attempted action. Notice that using the imperfect to express habitual, repeated, or attempted action flows naturally from its role in indicating action happening in the past. The present tense, which shows action occurring in the present, has the same specific uses.

20. barbarí. This word was used by the Greeks of all other peoples; by the Romans it was used of all but the Greeks and themselves.

20. barbarí. This term was used by the Greeks to refer to all other people; the Romans used it to describe everyone except the Greeks and themselves.

24. cecidérunt. Let the quantity of the i tell you whether this comes from cadó or caedó. Is occíderint a compound of cadó or caedó?

24. cecidérunt. Let the amount of the i indicate if this comes from cadó or caedó. Is occíderint a combination of cadó or caedó?

25. in tálibus rébus, i.e. when a god intervenes in behalf of his favorite.

25. in student matters, i.e. when a god steps in to help his favorite.

26. nihil incommodí, 'no harm,' literally 'nothing of harm'; incommodí is partitive genitive.

23. 2. quam celerrimé, 'as rapidly as possible.' Quam with the superlative expresses the highest possible degree.

23. 2. as quickly as possible. Quam with the superlative shows the highest degree.

3. Necesse, predicate adjective with erat, the subject being hás tránsíre.

3. Necessary, predicate adjective with was, the subject being these.

5. citerióre. The Romans called upper Italy Gallia Citerior, 'Hither Gaul,' because it was occupied by Gallic tribes.

5. citerióre. The Romans referred to upper Italy as Gallia Citerior, 'Hither Gaul,' because it was inhabited by Gallic tribes.

6. perenní. Learn the derivation of this word. The meaning of a word may often be seen most easily and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation,

6. perennial. Learn the origin of this word. The meaning of a word can often be understood and remembered best by looking at its origin,

téctí, used as predicate adjective.

téctí, used as a predicate adjective.

9. cópiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense have we found the plural cópiae used?

9. cópiam. Pay close attention to the meaning of this word. In what context have we seen the plural cópiae used?

10. rébus, 'preparations.' See the note on rés, 13, 8.

10. rebus, 'preparations.' See the note on res, 13, 8.

cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

11. omnium opíniónem. Hitherto we have had opíniónem omnium, but here omnium is made emphatic by being placed first.

11. omnium opíniónem. Up to now we have had opíniónem omnium, but here omnium is emphasized by being placed first.

15. itinere, ablative of cause.

15. on the journey, ablative of cause.

fessus, 'since he was weary.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle must often be expanded into a clause in the translation.

fessus, 'since he was tired.' Notice that a Latin adjective or participle often needs to be expanded into a clause in the translation.

16. Haud = nón. It modifies a single word, usually an adjective or adverb.

16. Haud = nón. It changes a single word, usually an adjective or adverb.

19. modo. See the note on 18, 10.

ingentí mágnitúdine. Compare ingentis mágnitúdinis, 16, 7.

23. boum. Learn the declension of this word from the vocabulary.

24. né. A negative clause of purpose is introduced by né.

24. né. A negative purpose clause is introduced by né.

24. 2. omnibus locís. Locus modified by an adjective is often used without in in the ablative of place.

24. 2. in all places. Locus modified by an adjective is often used without in in the ablative of place.

3. núsquam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin prefers to combine the negative with another word.

3. núsquam. We say 'could not find anywhere,' but Latin likes to combine the negative with another word.

6. reliquís. See the note on reliquós centaurós, 14, 26.

7. é bóbus. Compare boum, 23, 23. With únus the ablative with ex or dé is commonly used instead of the partitive genitive.

7. It’s a bus. Compare boum, 23, 23. With one, the ablative with ex or dé is often used instead of the partitive genitive.

16. neque quicquam. See the note on 10, 4.

16. and nothing. See the note on 10, 4.

21. móre suó, 'according to his custom.'

21. móre suó, 'as he usually does.'

turbátus, 'was confused … and.' See the note on íra … interfécit, 18, 4.

22. in. See the note on in átrium, 7, 3.

25. respírandí. See the note on 12, 26.

25. 2. quam quós, for quam eós quós.

25. 2. who, for who those.

11. cui. See the note on cui erant, 13, 5.

12. Herculí imperáverat, 'had enjoined upon Hercules.'

Herculí told Hercules.

17. Eurystheó. See the note on óráculó, 21, 3.

17. Eurystheus. See the note on oracle, 21, 3.

19. quaesíverat. With this verb the person of whom the question is asked is expressed in the ablative with ab, dé, or ex.

19. quaesíverat. With this verb, the person being questioned is expressed in the ablative using ab, dé, or ex.

23. orbis terrárum, 'of the world,' literally 'of the circle of lands.'

26. umerís suís, ablative of means, but we say 'on his shoulders.'

né. See the note on 23, 24.

décideret. Notice the force of the prefix dé.

décideret. Notice the power of the prefix dé.

27. mírátus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered into English by a present participle.

27. mírátus, 'wondering at.' The perfect participle of deponent verbs is often best translated into English using a present participle.

26. 3. Herculí, dative with pródesse.

ille. See the note on Perseus, 4, 4.

4. certó, the adverb.

certó, the adverb.

6. vénisset. What would the form be in the direct question?

inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

7. fíliábus. To avoid confusion with the corresponding forms of deus and fílius, the dative and ablative plural of dea and fília sometimes end in ábus.

7. fíliábus. To prevent confusion with the corresponding forms of deus and fílius, the dative and ablative plural of dea and fília sometimes end in ábus.

sponte. This noun is practically confined to the ablative singular, in prose usually with meá, tuá, or suá, 'of my, your, his own accord.'

sponte. This noun is mostly limited to the ablative singular, typically used in prose with meá, tuá, or suá, meaning 'of my, your, his own accord.'

9. posset, subjunctive because indirect. The thought of Hercules was sí potest.

9. posset, subjunctive because it's indirect. The thought of Hercules was yes, he can.

11. abesset. This also is indirect, quoting absum.

11. abesset. This is also indirect, quoting absum.

12. umerís. See the note on 25, 26.

17. pauca mília. Extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by the accusative,

17. a few thousand. The extent of space, just like the duration of time, is expressed using the accusative,

passuum. See the note on 16, 6.

21. ita ut, 'as'

accépissent. Hitherto we have found the indicative in causal clauses introduced by quod. The subjunctive indicates that the reason is quoted; the Hesperides said quod accépimus.

28. grátiás égit. See the note on 6, 16.

28. Thanks. See the note on 6, 16.

27. 2. é labóribus. See the note on 24, 7.

27. 2. it is about hard work. See the note on 24, 7.

3. Herculí praecéperat = Herculí imperáverat, 25, 12.

3. Herculí had commanded = Herculí had ordered, 25, 12.

5. posset, subjunctive because it quotes the thought of Eurystheus, poterit.

5. posset, subjunctive because it reflects Eurystheus's thoughts, poterit.

6. ut … traheret. This clause is not itself the object of dedit, but in apposition with the object (Negótium).

6. ut … traheret. This clause is not the direct object of dedit, but is in apposition with the object (Negótium).

7. omnium, partitive genitive.

7. of all, partitive genitive.

11. nárrámus. The present is sometimes used with antequam to express future action, as in English with 'before.' See the note on 15, 1.

aliénum, predicate adjective, the subject of vidétur being pauca … própónere. In the passive videó may mean 'be seen,' but it usually means 'seem.'

13. qui ídem, 'which also,' literally 'which the same.'

14. Ut, 'when.'

14. Until, 'when.'

15. dédúcébantur, customary action.

15. were deduced, usual action.

19. Stygis flúminis. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.'

19. Stygian River. We say 'river Styx,' but 'Mississippi River.'

quó, ablative of means.

20. necesse. See the note on 23, 3.

20. necessary. See the note on 23, 3.

possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to denote that the action is expected or intended.

possent. The subjunctive is used with antequam to indicate that the action is expected or intended.

21. in. We say 'over.'

25. prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the comparative because only two actions are spoken of.

25. prior. Note that Latin is more precise here than English, using the comparative form because only two actions are mentioned.

dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said nisi dederis (future perfect), nón tránsveham, 'unless you first give (shall have given), I will not carry you across.'

dedisset, subjunctive because indirect. Charon said unless you give (future perfect), I will not take you across, 'unless you first give (shall have given), I will not carry you across.'

28. 1. mortuí, used as a noun, 'of the dead man.'

eó cónsilió, 'with this purpose,' 'to this end.' The clause ut … posset is in apposition with cónsilió.

6. Ut. Compare 27, 14.

8. quod cum fécissent, 'and when they had done this.' See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

8. and when they had done this. See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

13. Stábant, 'there stood.' What is its subject?

13. Stábant, 'there stood.' What is the subject of this?

15. mortuís, dative of indirect object.

15. mortuís, dative case for indirect objects.

et. Notice that ambiguity is avoided by a change of conjunctions, et connecting the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poenás. Of these connectives, et connects two ideas that are independent of each other and of equal importance; -que denotes a close connection, often of two words that together express a single idea; while ac or atque (see line 18) adds something of greater importance.

et. Notice that ambiguity is avoided by changing the conjunctions, with et linking the clauses and -que connecting praemia and poenás. Of these connectives, et connects two ideas that are independent of each other and equally important; -que indicates a close connection, often between two words that together convey a single idea; while ac or atque (see line 18) adds something of greater importance.

18. et. Multí is often joined by et to another adjective modifying the same noun.

18. et. Multí is often combined with et to another adjective that modifies the same noun.

24. ex. Compare 25, 18.

27. sé sociós, direct object and predicate accusative respectively.

29. 3. né. After verbs of fearing né must be rendered 'that,' ut, 'that not.' Notice, however, that the negative idea is as clearly present here as in the other clauses introduced by né that we have met, for Charon wishes that the thing may not happen.

29. 3. né. After verbs that express fear, né should be translated as 'that,' ut as 'that not.' However, it's important to note that the negative idea is just as clearly present here as in the other clauses introduced by né that we've encountered, because Charon hopes that the event does not occur.

13. fécisset, indirect for féceris.

18. refúgerit. See the note on 19, 22.

23. quae cum ita essent, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 'since which things were so.'

23. Since things were like this, 'and this being the case,' 'and so,' literally 'since these things were true.'

24. líberátus. See the note on írá … interfécit, 18, 4.

25. quae, object of perscríbere, which is the subject of est; longum is predicate adjective.

26. est. We say 'would be.'

aetáte, ablative of specification. Translate 'when he was now advanced in age' (i.e. 'late in life'), and see the note on fessus, 23, 15.

30. 1. accidit. This is one of several impersonal verbs which take for their subject a clause of result (ut … occíderit).

30. 1. It happens. This is one of several impersonal verbs that takes a clause of result as its subject (that ... has happened).

3. ut … íret, a clause of result; used as the subject of esset, mós being predicate.

quis. After sí, nisi, né, and num, this is not the interrogative, but an indefinite pronoun ('any one'),

occídisset, indirect for occíderit, which would be the form used in the laws; or it may be explained as subjunctive by attraction to íret.

7. tránseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The direct form would be _tránseámus ('How in the world are we to get across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is called the deliberative subjunctive.

7. tránseant, not 'they are crossing,' but 'they are to cross.' The direct form would be _tránseámus ('How are we supposed to get across?'), subjunctive because the question expresses doubt. This is called the deliberative subjunctive.

10. prógressus, 'after advancing.'

10. progress, 'after advancing.'

11. revertébátur. This verb is deponent in the present, imperfect, and future.

16. humí, locative, 'on the ground.'

né. See the note on 23, 24.

suí ulcíscendí, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive construction. It is regularly used instead of the gerund when the gerund would have an accusative object (sé ulcíscendí). Notice that the gerund is a verbal noun; the gerundive a verbal adjective, agreeing with its noun like any other adjective.

suí ulcíscendí, 'of avenging himself.' This is called the gerundive construction. It's commonly used instead of the gerund when the gerund would have an accusative object (sé ulcíscendí). Notice that the gerund is a verbal noun; the gerundive is a verbal adjective, agreeing with its noun like any other adjective.

17. morientis, 'of a dying man.' Compare mortuí, 28, 1.

17. morientis, 'of a dying person.' Compare mortuí, 28, 1.

18. vís, from voló.

18. see, from voló.

20. sí … vénerit, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal meaning? Notice that we use the present, while Latin by the use of the future perfect indicates that the action is to precede that of the main clause.

20. yes … he comes, 'if you ever suspect him.' What is the literal meaning? Notice that we use the present tense, while Latin uses the future perfect to indicate that the action is supposed to happen before that of the main clause.

21. inficiés. The future indicative is sometimes used, as in English, for the imperative.

21. inficiés. The future tense is sometimes used, like in English, for the command form.

22. nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26.

22. nothing bad. See the note on 22, 26.

suspicáta. See the note on 25, 27.

25. Iolén, fíliam, captívam, direct object, appositive, and predicate accusative respectively.

25. Iolén, daughter, captive, direct object, appositive, and predicate accusative respectively.

26. domum. See the note on ad domum, 3, 15.

26. home. See the note on to home, 3, 15.

31. 1. referret. See the note on 19, 6.

2. facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb of a clause dependent upon an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are closely connected in thought. We have already met this construction in the case of dependence upon a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2.

2. facerent, subjunctive by attraction. The verb in a clause that depends on an infinitive is put in the subjunctive when the two clauses are closely connected in meaning. We’ve already seen this construction when it's dependent on a subjunctive; see the note on 20, 2.

gerere. Compare 30, 3. Such phrases as mós est may have as subject either an infinitive or a clause of result.

gerere. Compare 30, 3. Phrases like mós est can have either an infinitive or a result clause as the subject.

3. verita. This participle is regularly rendered as present,

3. verita. This participle is usually translated as present,

né. See the note on 29, 3.

4. vestem. Notice that the position of this word helps to make it clear that it is the object of ínfécit as well as of dedit.

4. vestem. Notice that the position of this word clarifies that it is the object of ínfécit as well as dedit.

5. suspicáns. This does not differ appreciably in force from suspicáta, 30, 22.

5. suspicáns. This is not significantly different in meaning from suspicáta, 30, 22.

8. exanimátus, 'beside himself.'

8. exanimátus, 'overwhelmed.'

14. succenderent. Notice the force of the prefix sub in this word and in subdidit below.

14. succenderent. Notice the impact of the prefix sub in this word and in subdidit below.

15. inductus, 'moved.'

15. inducted, 'moved.'

THE ARGONAUTS

33. 1. alter … alter, 'one … the other.' Remember that this word is used to denote one of two given persons or things. We have in this passage an instance of the chiastic order, in which variety and emphasis are gained by reversing the position of the words in the second of two similar expressions. Here the two names are brought together by this device.

33. 1. alter … alter, 'one … the other.' Keep in mind that this word is used to refer to one of two specific people or things. In this passage, we have an example of the chiastic order, which creates variety and emphasis by switching the arrangement of the words in the second of two similar phrases. Here, the two names are joined together using this technique.

3. régní, objective genitive, i.e. a genitive used to denote the object of the feeling cupiditáte.

3. règní, objective genitive, i.e. a genitive used to indicate the object of the feeling cupiditáte.

6. ex amícís. Quídam, like únus, commonly has ex or dé and the ablative, instead of the partitive genitive.

6. ex amícís. Certain words, like únus, often use ex or dé with the ablative instead of the partitive genitive.

10. puerum mortuum esse, 'that the boy was dead,' literally 'the boy to be dead.' This is indirect for Puer mortuus est, 'The boy is dead.' Notice carefully what changes Latin makes in quoting such a statement indirectly, and what the changes are in English. We have already met two constructions of indirect discourse, the subjunctive in indirect questions, and the subjunctive in informal indirect discourse. By the latter is meant a subordinate clause which, though not forming part of a formal quotation, has the subjunctive to show that not the speaker or writer but some other person is responsible for the idea it expresses (see the notes on dedisset, 27, 25, and occídisset. 30, 3). In indirect discourse, then, a statement depending upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, or the like has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative; a command or question has its verb in the subjunctive; and any clause modifying such a statement, command, or question has its verb in the subjunctive.

10. puerum mortuum esse, 'that the boy was dead,' literally 'the boy to be dead.' This is indirect for Puer mortuus est, 'The boy is dead.' Notice carefully how Latin changes when quoting such a statement indirectly, and what the changes are in English. We've already encountered two forms of indirect discourse: the subjunctive in indirect questions and the subjunctive in informal indirect discourse. The latter refers to a subordinate clause that, although not part of a formal quote, uses the subjunctive to indicate that it's not the speaker or writer who is responsible for the idea it expresses (see the notes on dedisset, 27, 25, and occídisset, 30, 3). In indirect discourse, a statement that relies on a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, or similar has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative; a command or question uses the subjunctive; and any clause modifying such a statement, command, or question also has its verb in the subjunctive.

33. 13. intellegerent. See the note on 14, 20.

33. 13. they would understand. See the note on 14, 20.

14. nesció quam fábulam, 'some story or other.' Notice that nesció with the interrogative pronoun is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun.

19. óráculum. Read again the description beginning at the bottom of page 11.

19. oracle. Read the description again starting at the bottom of page 11.

21. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

Post paucís annís, 'a few years later,' literally 'later by a few years.' Post is here an adverb, and paucís annís ablative of degree of difference. The expression is equivalent to post paucós annós.

22. accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

factúrus, 'intending to make.' The future participle with a form of sum is used to express an intended or future action. This is called the active periphrastic conjugation.

23. certam. See the note on 5, 13.

24. Dié cónstitútá, ablative of time.

24. The constitution, ablative of time.

26. á pueritiá. Compare á pueró, 9, 20.

34. 2. tránseundó flúmine. See the note on suí ulcíscendí, 30, 16.

34. 2. crossing the river. See the note on self-revenge, 30, 16.

nesció quó. See the note on 33. 14.

4. únó pede núdó, 'with one foot bare,' the ablative absolute. This construction consists of two parts, a noun, or pronoun corresponding to the subject of a clause, and a participle corresponding to the verb of a clause. A predicate noun or adjective may take the place of the participle. In the latter case the use of the participle 'being' will show the two parts in the relation of subject and predicate, 'one foot being bare.'

4. únó pede núdó, 'with one foot bare,' the ablative absolute. This construction consists of two parts: a noun or pronoun that corresponds to the subject of a clause and a participle that corresponds to the verb of a clause. A predicate noun or adjective can replace the participle. In this case, using the participle 'being' will illustrate the relationship between the two parts as subject and predicate, 'one foot being bare.'

34.6. démónstrávisset, subjunctive because subordinate in indirect discourse. See the note on 33, 10. Pelias thought, Híc est homó quem óráculum démónstrávit.

34.6. it would have shown, subjunctive because it's subordinate in indirect discourse. See the note on 33, 10. Pelias thought, This is the man whom the oracle showed.

9. vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to death, when they were rescued by a ram with fleece of gold, who carried them off through the air. Helle fell from the ram's back into the strait that separates Europe and Asia, called after her the Hellespont, 'Helle's sea,' and known to us as the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, and here he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes. Read Mr. D.O.S. Lowell's Jason's Quest.

9. vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be killed when a ram with a golden fleece rescued them, carrying them away through the air. Helle fell off the ram's back into the strait that separates Europe and Asia, which was named after her as the Hellespont, or 'Helle's sea,' and is known to us as the Dardanelles. Phrixus reached Colchis safely, where he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes. Read Mr. D.O.S. Lowell's Jason's Quest.

11. ut … potírétur. See the note on 27, 6.

hóc vellere. Potior takes the same construction as véscor, for which see the note on 16, 19.

hóc vellere. Potior uses the same structure as véscor, for which see the note on 16, 19.

16. iter, accusative of extent.

16. iter, accusative of duration.

20. úsuí, dative of purpose. We say 'of use' or 'useful.'

24. operí dative after the compound with prae. Notice that not all verbs compounded with prepositions govern the dative. Many compounds of ad, ante, com (for cum), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pró, sub, and super do have the dative, and some compounds of circum. You will find it profitable to keep a list of all such compound verbs governing the dative that you meet in your reading.

24. Dative case with compounds using prae. Keep in mind that not all verbs combined with prepositions require the dative case. Many compounds of ad, ante, com (for cum), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pró, sub, and super do take the dative, along with some compounds of circum. It would be helpful to create a list of all the compound verbs that govern the dative case as you encounter them in your reading.

25. né … quidem, 'not … even.' The word emphasized must stand between né and quidem.

25. né … quidem, 'not … even.' The emphasized word must be placed between né and quidem.

ad labórem. See the note on ad quiétem, 14, 1.

26. Ad multitúdinem tránsportandam, used like ad labórem. The gerundive in this use is very common.

26. For transporting a crowd, used like for labor. The gerundive in this context is very common.

27. quibus. The antecedent eae is not expressed. Notice that útor governs the same case as véscor and potior. Two other deponent verbs, not found in this book, take this construction, namely fruor, 'enjoy,' and fungor, 'perform.'

27. quibus. The antecedent eae is not stated. Note that útor governs the same case as véscor and potior. Two other deponent verbs, which are not included in this book, use this construction: fruor, meaning 'enjoy,' and fungor, meaning 'perform.'

nostró marí, i.e. the Mediterranean.

Nostro mari, i.e. the Med.

cónsuévimus. See the note on cónsuéverat, 10, 9.

35. 8. citharoedum. It was said that Orpheus made such sweet music on his golden harp that wild beasts, trees, and rocks followed him as he moved. By his playing he even prevailed upon Pluto to give back his dead wife Eurydice.

35. 8. citharoedum. It was said that Orpheus played such beautiful music on his golden harp that wild animals, trees, and rocks followed him wherever he went. Through his music, he even managed to persuade Pluto to return his dead wife Eurydice.

Théseum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those of
Hercules. The most famous of them was the killing of the Minotaur.
Theseus was the national hero of Athens.

Théseum, a legendary hero whose adventures are similar to and compare with those of
Hercules. The most well-known of his feats was slaying the Minotaur.
Theseus was the beloved hero of Athens.

Castorem, the famous tamer of horses and brother of Pollux, the boxer.
Read Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, The Battle of the Lake Regillus.

Castorem, the renowned horse tamer and brother of Pollux, the boxer.
Read Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, The Battle of the Lake Regillus.

10. quós, the subject of esse. Its antecedent is eós, line 11. The relative frequently precedes in Latin, but the antecedent must be translated first.

10. quós, the subject of esse. Its antecedent is eós, line 11. The relative often comes before in Latin, but the antecedent must be translated first.

16. Argonautae. Notice the composition of this word.

16. Argonauts. Take note of how this word is formed.

24. déicerentur, part of the result clause.

24. They would be decided, part of the result clause.

26. arbitrátí. See the note on 25, 27.

26. arbitration. See the note on 25, 27.

égredí. See the note on 22, 18.

27. púgnátum est. See the note on 20 4.

27. It was fought. See the note on 20 4.

36. 5. Postrídié éius diéí, 'the next day,' more literally 'on the day following that day.' This idea may be expressed by postrídié alone, and the fuller expression is simply more formal.

36. 5. The next day, more literally 'on the day following that day.' This idea can be expressed by postrídié alone, and the fuller expression is just more formal.

9. in ancorís, 'at anchor.'

9. at anchor

10. habérent. See the note on 34, 6.

11. ex Argonautís. See the note on 33, 6.

11. from the Argonauts. See the note on 33, 6.

13. Quí, 'he.' See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

dum quaerit, 'while looking for.' The present indicative with dum is often to be translated by a present participle.

dum quaerit, 'while looking for.' The present indicative with dum is often translated as a present participle.

15. vídissent. We say 'saw,' but Latin makes it plain that the seeing (and falling in love) came before the attempt to persuade.

15. vídissent. We say 'saw,' but Latin makes it clear that the seeing (and falling in love) happened before the attempt to persuade.

eí. Keep a list of all intransitive verbs which are used with the dative.

eí. Keep a list of all intransitive verbs that are used with the dative.

16. negáret. This verb is commonly used instead of dícó when a negative statement follows; when thus used, it should be translated by 'say' with the appropriate negative, here 'said that he would not.'

16. negáret. This verb is often used instead of dícó when a negative statement comes after it; when used this way, it should be translated as 'say' with the appropriate negative, in this case 'said that he would not.'

37. 1. praebuisset, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse.

37. 1. had provided, subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse.

2. supplicí. See the note on 7, 8.

6. accubuerat. The Romans reclined at table, supporting themselves on the left arm and taking the food with the right hand. They naturally represented others as eating in the same way.

6. accubuerat. The Romans lay down at the table, propping themselves up on their left arm and using their right hand to eat. They naturally depicted others as dining in the same manner.

appositum, 'that had been placed before him.' See the note on exanimátum, 14, 4.

7. Quó … morerétur, 'and so it came to pass that Phineus was nearly dying of starvation,' literally 'that not much was wanting but that Phineus would die.' Ut … abesset is a clause of result, the subject of factum est; quin … morerétur is a form of subordinate clause with subjunctive verb used after certain negative expressions; famé is ablative of cause. Notice that famés has a fifth-declension ablative, but is otherwise of the third declension.

7. Quo ... moreretur, 'and so it happened that Phineus was almost dying of starvation,' literally 'that it was only a little short of Phineus dying.' Ut ... abesset is a result clause, the subject of factum est; quin ... moreretur is a type of subordinate clause with a subjunctive verb used after certain negative expressions; famé is an ablative of cause. Notice that famés has a fifth-declension ablative but is otherwise of the third declension.

9. Rés male sé habébat, 'the situation was desperate.' What is the literal meaning?

9. The situation was desperate. What is the literal meaning?

12. opíniónem virtútis, 'reputation for bravery.'

reputation for courage.

13. quín ferrent. Negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by quín and the subjunctive.

13. quín ferrent. Negative expressions of doubt are usually followed by quín and the subjunctive.

16. quantó in perículó. See the note on 11, 25.

16. how much in danger. See the note on 11, 25.

suae rés, 'his affairs.' See the note on rés, 13, 8.

17. repperissent. Phineus used the future perfect indicative.

17. repperissent. Phineus used the future perfect tense.

22. nihil, used adverbially.

22. nihil, used as an adverb.

23. áera. See the note on 4, 11.

27. Hóc factó, 'when this had been accomplished.' See the note on 34, 4. The ablative absolute is often used instead of a subordinate clause of time, cause, condition, or the like.

27. Having done this, 'when this had been accomplished.' See the note on 34, 4. The ablative absolute is often used instead of a subordinate clause of time, cause, condition, or the like.

38. 1. referret. See the note on 6, 16.

38. 1. refers. See the note on 6, 16.

3. eó cónsilió. See the note on 28, 1.

3. that advice. See the note on 28, 1.

4. né quis, 'that no one.' 'Negative clauses of purpose and negative clauses of result may be distinguished by the negative: né, né quís, etc., for purpose; ut nón, ut némó, etc., for result.

4. né quis, 'that no one.' 'Negative purpose clauses and negative result clauses can be identified by the negative: né, né quís, etc., for purpose; ut nón, ut némó, etc., for result.

parvó interválló, 'a short distance apart,' ablative absolute. See the note on 34, 1.

5. in medium spatium, 'between them.'

7. quid faciendum esset, 'what was to be done.' The gerundive is used with sum to denote necessary action. This is called the passive periphrastic conjugation.

7. what was to be done. The gerundive is used with sum to indicate necessary action. This is known as the passive periphrastic conjugation.

8. sublátís … solvit, 'weighed anchor and put to sea.' What is the literal translation? The ablative absolute is often best translated by a coördinate verb, and this requires a change of voice, for the lack of a perfect active participle in Latin is the reason for the use of the ablative absolute in such cases. If there were a perfect active participle, it would stand in the nominative, modifying the subject, as we have found the perfect participle of deponent verbs doing.

8. sublátís … solvit, 'weighed anchor and set sail.' What is the literal translation? The ablative absolute is often best translated with a coordinating verb, which requires a change in voice, since the absence of a perfect active participle in Latin is why the ablative absolute is used in such situations. If there were a perfect active participle, it would be in the nominative case, modifying the subject, just like we’ve seen with the perfect participle of deponent verbs.

11. réctá … spatium, 'straight between them.'

12. caudá tantum ámissá, 'having lost only its tail-feathers.' Notice that we change the voice, as in line 8, and that the use of the ablative absolute is resorted to here for the same reason as in that passage. Make sure at this point that you know three ways in which the ablative absolute may be translated, as in this passage, as in line 8, and as suggested in the note on 37, 27.

12. with only its tail feathers lost. Notice that we switch the voice, like in line 8, and that the ablative absolute is used here for the same reason as in that line. At this point, make sure you know three ways to translate the ablative absolute, as shown in this passage, as in line 8, and as noted on 37, 27.

14. concurrerent, 'could rush together.' See the note on possent, 27, 20.

intellegentés, equivalent to cum intellegerent.

17. dís, the usual form of the dative and ablative plural of deus, as dí of the nominative plural.

17. dís, the typical form of the dative and ablative plural of deus, like dí for the nominative plural.

quórum, equivalent to cum eórum. A relative clause of cause, like a cum-clause of cause, has its verb in the subjunctive.

quorum, equivalent to cum eorum. A relative clause of cause, similar to a cum-clause of cause, has its verb in the subjunctive.

27. negábat. See the note on 36, 16.

27. denied. See the note on 36, 16.

39. 1. tráditúrum. In infinitives formed with participles esse is often omitted,

39. 1. tráditúrum. In infinitives formed with participles, esse is often omitted,

prius. See the note on 27, 25.

3. Prímum. See the note on 12, 16.

4. iungendí erant. See the note on 38, 7.

4. they were joining. See the note on 38, 7.

8. reí bene gerendae, 'of accomplishing his mission.' What is the literal meaning?

8. reí bene gerendae, 'of accomplishing his mission.' What does it literally mean?

10. rem aegré ferébat, 'she was greatly distressed.' What is the literal meaning?

10. rem aegré ferébat, 'she was very upset.' What is the literal meaning?

12. Quae … essent. See the note on 29, 23.

12. Which … are. See the note on 29, 23.

13. medicínae, objective genitive.

medicinae, objective genitive.

14. Mediá nocte. See the note on 9, 5.

14. Midnight. See the note on 9, 5.

ínsciente patre, 'without the knowledge of her father,' ablative absolute.

ínsciente patre, 'without her father's knowledge,' ablative absolute.

15. vénit. See the note on 3, 13.

15. came. See the note on 3, 13.

17. quod … cónfírmáret, a relative clause of purpose.

17. that ... would confirm, a relative clause of purpose.

19. essent, subjunctive in informal indirect discourse, or by attraction to oblineret.

19. essent, subjunctive in casual indirect speech, or by attraction to oblineret.

20. hominibus. See the note on 34, 24.

21. mágnitúdine et víribus, ablative of specification.

21. magnitude and forces, ablative of specification.

40. 2. nihil valére, 'prevailed not.'

40. 2. not valid, 'did not prevail.'

5. quá in ré. See the note on 11, 25.

6. cónfécerit. See the note on 19, 22.

8. quós. See the note on quíbus, 20, 1.

9. autem. See the note on 5, 8.

9. however. See the note on 5, 8.

10. essent, subjunctive by attraction.

10. essential, subjunctive by attraction.

11. quódam, 'some.'

11. some.

16. gígnerentur, 'should be born.' With dum, 'until,' the subjunctive is used of action anticipated, as with antequam (see the note on possent, 27, 20).

16. gígnerentur, 'should be born.' With dum, 'until,' the subjunctive is used for action that's expected to happen, similar to antequam (see the note on possent, 27, 20).

19. omnibus agrí partibus. See the note on 18, 6.

19. all about farming. See the note on 18, 6.

20. mírum in modum = míró modó.

25. nesció cúr, 'for some reason.' See the note on 33, 14.

28. núlló negótió, 'with no trouble,' 'without difficulty.'

41. 3. quín tulisset. See the note on 37, 13.

41. 3. whoever would have taken. See the note on 37, 13.

15. quam prímum, 'as soon as possible.' See the note on 23, 2.

16. ávectúrum. See the note on tráditúrum, 39, 1.

17. Postrídié éius diéí. See the note on 36, 5.

17. The day after his. See the note on 36, 5.

19. locó. The antecedent is frequently thus repeated in the relative clause.

19. locó. The previous statement is often repeated in the relative clause.

21. quí … essent, 'to guard the ship.' See the note on 13, 16.

21. who ... were, 'to guard the ship.' See the note on 13, 16.

22. ipse. See the note on 21, 19.

22. himself. See the note on 21, 19.

27. quídam. This word may sometimes be rendered by the indefinite article.

27. quídam. This word can sometimes be translated as the indefinite article.

28. démónstrávimus. See the note on nárrávimus, 14, 17.

28. démonstrávimus. See the note on nárrávimus, 14, 17.

42. 5. dormit. See the note on fugit, 4, 25.

42. 5. sleeps. See the note on runs away, 4, 25.

12. aliquí. Learn from the vocabulary the difference between aliquís and aliquí.

mátúrandum sibi, 'they ought to hasten,' more literally 'haste ought to be made by them'; mátúrandum (esse) is the impersonal passive, and sibi the so-called dative of the agent. With the gerundive the person who has the thing to do is regularly expressed in the dative.

mátúrandum sibi, 'they should hurry,' or more literally 'hurry needs to be made by them'; mátúrandum (esse) is the impersonal passive form, and sibi is the so-called dative of the agent. With the gerundive, the person responsible for the action is typically expressed in the dative.

16. mírátí. See the note on 25, 27.

20. dís. See the note on 38, 17.

21. événisset. See the note on accépissent, 26, 21.

21. had happened. See the note on accepted, 26, 21.

23. vigiliá. The Romans divided the day from sunrise to sunset into twelve hours (hórae), the night from sunset to sunrise into four watches (vigiliae).

23. vigiliá. The Romans split the day from sunrise to sunset into twelve hours (hórae), and the night from sunset to sunrise into four watches (vigiliae).

24. neque enim. See the note on 7, 12.

24. nor indeed. See the note on 7, 12.

25. inimícó animó, ablative of description.

25. hostile spirit, ablative of description.

43. 2. hóc dolóre, 'this anger,' i.e. 'anger at this.'

43. 2. this anger, i.e. 'anger at this.'

Návem longam, 'war-galley,' 'man-of-war.' The adjective contrasts the shape of the man-of-war with that of the merchantman.

Návem longam, 'war-galley,' 'man-of-war.' The adjective highlights the difference in shape between the man-of-war and the merchant ship.

4. fugientís, used as a noun, 'the fugitives.'

6. quá, ablative of means.

6. quá, means of the ablative.

7. quá, 'as,' but in the same construction as eádem celeritáte.

8. Quo … caperentur. See the note on 37, 7.

9. neque … posset, 'for the distance between them was not greater than a javelin could be thrown.' What is the literal translation? The clause quó … posset denotes result; the distance was not so great that a javelin could not be thrown from one ship to the other.

9. neither ... could, 'for the distance between them was not greater than a javelin could be thrown.' What is the literal translation? The clause quó ... posset indicates a result; the distance was not so great that a javelin could not be thrown from one ship to the other.

11. vídisset. See the note on 36, 15.

11. had seen. See the note on 36, 15.

15. fugiéns, 'when she fled.' See the note on fessus, 23, 15.

18. fílí. See the note on 7, 8.

19. Neque … fefellit, 'and Medea was not mistaken.' What is the literal meaning?

19. And Medea was not mistaken. What is the literal meaning?

20. ubi prímum, 'as soon as,' literally 'when first.'

20. ubi primum, 'as soon as,' literally 'when first.'

24. prius, not to be rendered until quam is reached. The two words together mean 'before,' more literally 'earlier than,' 'sooner than,' They are sometimes written together (priusquam).

24. prius, not to be used until quam is reached. The two words together mean 'before,' more literally 'earlier than,' 'sooner than.' They are sometimes written together (priusquam).

25. nihil … esse, 'that it would be of no advantage to him.'

25. nothing ... exists, 'that it wouldn't benefit him.'

44. 5. pollicitus erat. Verbs of promising do not usually take in Latin the simple present infinitive, as in English, but the construction of indirect discourse.

44. 5. he had promised. Verbs of promising don’t usually take the simple present infinitive in Latin, like they do in English, but rather use the construction of indirect discourse.

10. mihi. The dative of reference is often used in Latin where we should use a possessive in English. Translate here as if the word were meus, modifying diés.

10. mihi. The dative of reference is often used in Latin where we should use a possessive in English. Translate here as if the word were meus, modifying days.

11. Liceat mihi, 'permit me,' literally 'let it be permitted to me.' Commands and entreaties in the third person are regularly expressed in the subjunctive.

11. Liceat mihi, 'allow me,' literally 'let it be allowed to me.' Commands and requests in the third person are typically expressed in the subjunctive.

dum vívam, 'so long as I live.' The verb with dum 'so long as' is not restricted to the present, as with dum 'while,' but any tense of the indicative may be used. We have here the future indicative, or the present subjunctive by attraction.

dum vívam, 'as long as I live.' The verb with dum 'as long as' isn’t limited to the present, unlike dum 'while,' but any tense of the indicative can be used. Here we have the future indicative, or the present subjunctive by attraction.

12. tú. The nominative of the personal pronouns is commonly expressed only when emphatic. Here the use of the pronoun makes the promise more positive.

12. you. The nominative form of personal pronouns is usually only used when it’s emphasized. Here, using the pronoun makes the promise more definite.

15. rem aegré tulit, 'was vexed.' Compare 39, 10.

15. rem aegré tulit, 'was upset.' Compare 39, 10.

20. Vultisne, the verb vultis and the enclitic -ne, which is used to introduce a question, and is incapable of translation. Num (line 21) introduces a question to which a negative answer is expected, and is likewise not to be translated, except in so far as its effect is reproduced by the form of the question or the tone of incredulity with which the words are spoken.

20. Vultisne, the verb vultis and the enclitic -ne, which is used to introduce a question, cannot be translated directly. Num (line 21) introduces a question that is expected to have a negative answer and also shouldn’t be translated, except to reflect its effect through the structure of the question or the tone of disbelief in which it’s said.

28. effervésceret. See the note on 40, 16.

28. would have bubbled up. See the note on 40, 16.

45. 3. stupentés, 'in amazement.'

stupentés, 'in awe.'

5. Vós. See the note on 44, 12. Vós and ego in the next sentence are contrasted.

5. You. See the note on 44, 12. You and I in the next sentence are contrasted.

7. Quod ubi. See the note on 28, 8.

7. Which where. See the note on 28, 8.

10. necávérunt. See the note on interfécit, 13, 18.

13. quíbus. For the case see the note on quíbus, 34, 27.

13. quíbus. For the case, see the note on quíbus, 34, 27.

15. ré vérá, 'really.'

15. ré vérá, 'for real.'

18. aegré tulérunt, 'were indignant at.' Compare 39, 10, and 44, 15.

18. they were upset, 'were indignant at.' Compare 39, 10, and 44, 15.

23. Creontí. See the note on cui erant, 13, 5.

25. núntium, 'a notice of divorce.'

25. núntium, 'divorce notice.'

26. dúceret. See the note on dúxit, 6, 18.

28. ultúram. See the note on 39, 1.

46. 1. Vestem. Compare the story of the death of Hercules, pp. 30, 31.

46. 1. Vestem. Check out the story of Hercules's death, pp. 30, 31.

3. quis. See the note on 30, 3.

induisset, subjunctive by attraction.

5. nihil malí. See the note on 22, 26.

5. nothing bad. See the note on 22, 26.

16. itaque, not the adverb itaque, but the adverb ita and the enclitic conjunction -que.

16. So, not the adverb itaque, but the adverb ita and the enclitic conjunction -que.

áera. See the note on 4, 11.

21. in eam partem, 'to that side.'

ULYSSES

49. 4. ínsidiás. This refers to the story of the wooden horse.

49. 4. Insidiás. This refers to the tale of the wooden horse.

9. quem, subject of excógitásse. The English idiom is 'who, some say, devised.' Notice that excógitásse is contracted from excógitávisse.

9. who, some say, devised. Notice that excógitásse is contracted from excógitávisse.

10. quó, ablative of means.

10. where, ablative of means.

19. aliae … partís, 'some in one direction and some in another,' but Latin compresses this into the one clause 'others in other directions.'

19. aliae … partís, 'some in one direction and some in another,' but Latin condenses this into the single phrase 'others in other directions.'

20. quá. See the note on 43, 6.

20. too much. See the note on 43, 6.

26. quibusdam, dative with obviam factí, 'having fallen in with,' 'having met.'

26. some, dative with obviam factí, 'having fallen in with,' 'having met.'

27. Accidit. See the note on 30, 1.

27. It happened. See the note on 30, 1.

50. 2. gustássent, contracted from gustávissent.

50. 2. gustássent, shortened from gustávissent.

patriae et sociórum. Verbs of remembering and forgetting take the genitive or the accusative, but oblívíscor prefers the former.

4. cibó. See the note on 16, 19.

4. food. See the note on 16, 19.

5. hórá septimá. See the note on 42, 23.

11. docuérunt. See the note on 4, 26.

51. 6. tantum, the adverb.

23. sé, 'they,' i.e. himself and his companions.

23. sé, 'they,' i.e. him and his friends.

praedandí causá, 'to steal.' Purpose is frequently thus expressed by causá with the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. What other ways of expressing purpose have you met in your reading?

praedandí causá, 'to steal.' Purpose is often expressed using causá with the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. What other ways of expressing purpose have you come across in your reading?

24. á Tróiá. The preposition is sometimes used with names of towns, with the meaning 'from the direction of' or 'from the neighborhood of.'

24. á Tróiá. The preposition is sometimes used with town names, meaning 'from the direction of' or 'from the neighborhood of.'

25. esse. It will help you to understand indirect discourse if you will try to discover what words would be used to express the idea in the direct form. Here, for instance, the exact words of Ulysses would have been in Latin: Neque mercátórés sumus neque praedandí causá vénimus; sed á Tróiá redeuntés ví tempestátum á réctó cursú dépulsí sumus.

25. esse. It will help you understand indirect discourse if you try to figure out what words would be used to express the idea in direct form. Here, for example, the exact words of Ulysses would have been in Latin: Neque mercátórés sumus neque praedandí causá vénimus; sed á Tróiá redeuntés ví tempestátum á réctó cursú dépulsí sumus.

27. ubi … essent. The question of Polyphemus was Ubi est návis quá vectí estis?

27. ubi … essent. The question of Polyphemus was Where is the ship you came in on?

sibi … esse, 'that he must be exceedingly careful.' See the note on mátúrandum sibi, 42, 12.

sibi … esse, 'that he must be extremely careful.' See the note on mátúrandum sibi, 42, 12.

29. in … esse, 'had been driven on the rocks and entirely dashed to pieces.' See the note on írá … interfécit, 18, 4.

29. in … esse, 'had been driven onto the rocks and completely smashed to pieces.' See the note on írá … interfécit, 18, 4.

52. 1. membrís eórum dívulsís, 'tearing them limb from limb.'

52. 1. tearing them limb from limb.

4. né … quidem. See the note on 34, 25.

4. not ... even. See the note on 34, 25.

6. tam. Notice that the force of a second demonstrative word is lost in the English rendering. So híc tantus vir, 'this great man,' etc.

6. tam. Notice that the strength of a second demonstrative word is lost in the English translation. So híc tantus vir, 'this great man,' etc.

7. humí. See the note on 30, 16.

próstrátus, 'throwing himself down.' See the note on continébantur, 20, 26.

8. reí gerendae, 'for action.' Compare 39, 8.

9. in eó … tránsfígeret, 'was on the point of transfixing.' The clause of result ut … tránsfígeret is explanatory of in eó.

9. in eó … tránsfígeret, 'was about to transfix.' The result clause ut … tránsfígeret explains in eó.

13. nihil sibi prófutúrum. See the note on 43, 25.

13. it will benefit him nothing. See the note on 43, 25.

17. hóc cónátú. See the note on 13, 11.

18. núllá … oblátá, 'since no hope of safety presented itself.' See the note on continébantur, 20, 26.

21. et. See the note on 28, 18.

23. látúri essent, 'would bring,' more literally 'were going to bring.' Notice that in subjunctive constructions the periphrastic form is necessary to express future action clearly, since the subjunctive has no future.

23. látúri essent, 'would bring,' more literally 'were going to bring.' Notice that in subjunctive constructions, the periphrastic form is necessary to clearly express future action, since the subjunctive has no future.

25. quod, object of the implied fécerat.

25. which, the object of the implied had done.

53. 14. quó. See the note on 43, 7.

53. 14. where. See the note on 43, 7.

15. id … salútí, 'and this was his salvation,' literally 'that which was for safety to him.' For the datives see the note on 13, 16.

15. id … salútí, 'and this was his salvation,' literally 'that which was for his safety.' For the datives, see the note on 13, 16.

20. tertium, the adverb.

22. Néminem. Why is the accusative used?

27. inquit. See the note on 14, 28.

27. he said. See the note on 14, 28.

28. quam facultátem, for facultátem quam. The antecedent is often thus attracted into the relative clause,

28. the opportunity, for the opportunity that. The antecedent is often thus drawn into the relative clause,

né omittámus, 'let us not neglect,' the hortatory subjunctive.

né omittámus, "let's not neglect," the encouraging subjunctive.

29. reí gerendae. See the note on 52, 8.

54. 1. extrémum pálum, 'the end of the stake.' Other adjectives denoting a part of the object named by the noun they modify are medius, 'the middle of'; céterus, 'the rest of'; reliquus, 'the rest of'; prímus, 'the first of'; summus, 'the top of'; ímus, 'the bottom of.'

54. 1. extreme pole, 'the end of the stake.' Other adjectives describing a part of the object named by the noun they modify are middle, 'the middle of'; other, 'the rest of'; remaining, 'the rest of'; first, 'the first of'; topmost, 'the top of'; bottommost, 'the bottom of.'

5. dum errat, 'wandering.'

5. wandering.

23. pecus. Is this pecus, pecoris, or pecus, pecudis? See the note on pecora, 20, 26.

24. vénerat. We say 'came,' but the Latin by the use of the pluperfect denotes that this action preceded that of tráctábat.

24. vénerat. We say 'came,' but the Latin uses the pluperfect to indicate that this action happened before that of tráctábat.

55. 1. quás. See the note on quibus, 20, 1.

inter sé. Compare 21, 20.

5. fore, 'would happen.'

5. before, 'would happen.'

15. aliquod. Compare 42, 12, and the note.

16. id … erat, 'as was indeed the case.'

17. auxiliandí causá. See the note on 51, 23.

17. assisting cause. See the note on 51, 23.

26. correptum coniécit, 'seized and threw.'

seized and tossed.

27. nón … submergerentur. See the note on 37, 7.

27. nón … would be submerged. See the note on 37, 7.

56. 4-6. These verses and those on p. 57 and p. 59 are quoted from Vergil's Aeneid.

56. 4-6. These verses, along with those on p. 57 and p. 59, are quoted from Vergil's Aeneid.

6. vinclís, for vinculís.

8. vírís. Let the quantity of the first i tell you from what nominative this word comes.

8. vírís. Let the number of the first i indicate which nominative this word comes from.

11. sibi proficíscendum. See the note on mátúrandum sibi, 42, 12.

11. it must be set out. See the note on mátúrandum sibi, 42, 12.

13. iam profectúró, 'as he was now about to set out.'

13. I am about to set out.

16. návigantí, 'to one sailing.'

16. navigating, 'to one sailing.'

25. mírábantur, 'had been wondering.' With iam dúdum and similar expressions the imperfect denotes action begun some time before and still going on at the given past time. This is similar to the use of the present already commented on (see the note on es, 4, 1).

25. mírábantur, 'had been wondering.' With iam dúdum and similar expressions, the imperfect tense indicates an action that started some time before and was still ongoing at that point in the past. This is similar to the use of the present tense already discussed (see the note on es, 4, 1).

28. céláta, plural because of the plural expression aurum et argentum.

28. céláta, plural because of the plural expression gold and silver.

57. 1. ventí, subject of ruunt and perflant.

57. 1. winds, subject of ruunt and perflant.

2. velut ágmine factó, 'as if formed in column.'

2. just like a stream formed in a line.

3. data. Est is omitted.

3. data. Est is excluded.

10. próiécissent. See the note on accépissent, 26, 21.

13. in terram égrediendum esse, 'that a landing must be made.'

13. that a landing must be made.

18. quam, an adverb modifying crúdélí.

18. quam, an adverb modifying cruelly.

19. essent, informal indirect discourse or subjunctive by attraction.

19. essential, informal indirect discourse or subjunctive by attraction.

20. vellet, subjunctive of characteristic. This name is given to the subjunctive when used in relative clauses to define or restrict an indefinite or general antecedent. So here it is not 'no one was found,' but 'no one willing to undertake this task was found.'

20. vellet, subjunctive of characteristic. This term is used for the subjunctive when it appears in relative clauses to define or limit an indefinite or general antecedent. So it's not 'no one was found,' but 'no one willing to take on this task was found.'

21. déducta est, 'came.'

21. deducted, 'came.'

23. praeesset, subjunctive of purpose.

23. praeesset, subjunctive for purpose.

25. événit. This verb takes the same construction as accidit, 30, 1.

25. événit. This verb uses the same construction as accidit, 30, 1.

58. 1. nihil. See the note on 37, 22.

58. 1. nothing. See the note on 37, 22.

2. mortí. Compare 49, 26.

2. death. Compare 49, 26.

5. aliquantum itineris, 'some distance on the journey.' The two words are accusative of extent of space and partitive genitive respectively.

5. aliquantum itineris, 'some distance on the journey.' The two words are the accusative for measuring space and the partitive genitive respectively.

11. sibi, 'for them,' dative of reference.

12. forís. This is translated like forás above, but the former was originally locative and is therefore used with verbs of rest; the latter, accusative of place whither and therefore used with verbs of motion.

15. accubuérunt. See the note on 37, 6.

15. laid down. See the note on 37, 6.

25. perturbátus, used as a predicate adjective, 'agitated.'

25. perturbed, used as a predicate adjective, 'agitated.'

27. correptó. See the note on 38, 8.

27. corrected. See the note on 38, 8.

59. 1. quid. See the note on quis, 30, 3.

59. 1. what. See the note on who, 30, 3.

gravius, 'serious.'

eí. The direct form of these two speeches would be: Sí quid gravius tibi acciderit, omnium salús in summó discrímine erit; and Néminem invítum mécum addúcam; tibi licet, sí mávís, in náví manére; ego ipse sine úlló praesidió rem suscipiam. Notice that ego is not used to represent sé of line 2, but is used for sé of line 4 for the sake of the contrast with tibi.

eí. The direct form of these two speeches would be: If something more serious happens to you, the safety of everyone will be in great danger; and I won't force anyone to come with me; it's up to you if you'd rather stay on the ship; I'll handle the situation myself without any support. Notice that ego is not used to represent sé of line 2, but is used for sé of line 4 for the sake of the contrast with tibi.

6. núlló. Instead of the genitive and ablative of némó, núllíus and núlló are regularly used.

6. núlló. Instead of using the genitive and ablative forms of némó, núllíus and núlló are commonly used.

7. Alíquantum itinerís. See the note on 58, 5.

7. Some travel details. See the note on 58, 5.

10. in eó … intráret. See the note on 52, 9.

11. eí. Compare 49, 26, and 58, 2.

14. Circés, a Greek form of the genitive.

14. Circés, a Greek version of the possessive form.

16. Num. See the note on 44, 20. Nónne (line 14) is used to introduce a question to which an affirmative answer is expected.

16. Num. See the note on 44, 20. Nónne (line 14) is used to introduce a question that is expected to be answered with yes.

18. núllís. See the note on 24, 3.

22. tetigerit. See the note on 30, 20.

22. touched it. See the note on 30, 20.

tú … faciás, 'see that you draw your sword and make an attack upon her.'

tú … faciás, 'make sure you draw your sword and attack her.'

24. vísús, 'sight,' The use of the plural is poetic.

24. vísús, 'sight,' Using the plural form is poetic.

25. tenuem … auram. The order of the words here is poetic.

25. tenuem … auram. The arrangement of the words here is poetic.

60. 1. atque, 'as.' After adjectives and adverbs denoting likeness and unlikeness, this use of atque is regular.

60. 1. and, 'as.' After adjectives and adverbs that indicate similarity and difference, this use of atque is common.

3. dépulsa est. See the note on 4, 26.

4. sibi. See the note on 58, 11.

11. ut … erat, 'as he had been instructed,' more literally 'as had been enjoined upon him.' An intransitive verb must be used impersonally in the passive, for it is the direct object of the active voice that becomes the subject of the passive. If the intransitive verb takes a dative in the active, this dative is kept in the passive. Notice that the corresponding English verbs are transitive, and that the dative may therefore be rendered as the object in the active construction and as the subject in the passive.

11. ut … erat, 'as he had been instructed,' more literally 'as had been told to him.' An intransitive verb must be used impersonally in the passive because it’s the direct object of the active voice that becomes the subject of the passive. If the intransitive verb takes a dative in the active, this dative is retained in the passive. Note that the corresponding English verbs are transitive, so the dative can be interpreted as the object in the active construction and as the subject in the passive.

13. sénsisset. See the note on vídissent, 36, 15.

14. sibi vítam adimeret, 'take her life.' The dative of reference is thus used after some compound verbs to name the person from whom a thing is taken. This construction is sometimes called the dative of separation.

14. sibi vítam adimeret, 'take her life.' The dative of reference is used after certain compound verbs to indicate the person from whom something is taken. This construction is sometimes referred to as the dative of separation.

15. timóre perterritam. See the note on 14, 11.

15. terrified by fear. See the note on 14, 11.

20. eí pedés, 'his feet.' See the note on 44, 10.

21. imperásset, contracted from imperávisset.

22. in átrium. See the note on 7, 3.

22. in atrium. See the note on 7, 3.

26. sunt, goes with reductí.

26. are, goes with reductí.

29. reliquís Graecís, indirect object of díceret.

29. the remaining Greeks, indirect object of said.

30. Circaeam. Notice that this use of the adjective instead of the genitive often cannot be imitated in the English rendering, but must be translated by the possessive case or a prepositional phrase.

30. Circaeam. Notice that this use of the adjective instead of the genitive often cannot be mimicked in the English translation and must be conveyed using the possessive case or a prepositional phrase.

61. 8. eí persuásum sit, 'he was persuaded.' See the note on 60, 11. The clause ut … manéret is the subject of persuásum sit; if the latter were active, the clause would be its object. For the tense of persuásum sit see the note on 19, 22.

61. 8. he was persuaded. See the note on 60, 11. The clause that he remains is the subject of he was persuaded; if it were active, that clause would be its object. For the tense of he was persuaded, see the note on 19, 22.

10. cónsúmpserat. See the note on 14, 3.

patriae, objective genitive, to be rendered, as often, with 'for.'

patriae, objective genitive, should be translated, as usual, with 'for.'

15. úsuí. See the note on 34, 20.

23. antequam perveníret. We say 'before he could come.' See the note on possent, 27, 20.

23. before he could come. See the note on possent, 27, 20.

24. hóc locó. See the note on 24, 2.

longum est. We say 'would be tedious' or 'would take too long.'

longum est. We say 'would be boring' or 'would take too long.'

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS

abl. = ablative. acc. = accusative. act. = active. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. comp. = comparative. conj. = conjunction. dat. = dative. dem. = demonstrative. f. = feminine. freq. = frequentative. gen. = genitive. ger. = gerundive. impers. = impersonal. indecl. = indeclinable. indef. = indefinite. infin. = infinitive. interrog. = interrogative. loc. = locative. m. = masculine. n. = neuter. part. = participle. pass. = passive. perf. = perfect. pers. = personal. plur. = plural. prep. = preposition. pron. = pronoun or pronominal. rel. = relative. sing. = singular. superl. = superlative.

The hyphen in initial words indicates the composition of the words.

The hyphen in initial words shows how the words are made up.

A

á or ab (the former never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), prep. with abl., away from, from; of; by. abditus, -a, -um [part of abdó], hidden, concealed. ab-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put away, hide. ab-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead or take away. ab-eó, -íre, -ií, -itúrus, go away, depart. abició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ab + iació], throw away. abripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [ab + rapió], snatch away, carry off. abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [abs = ab + caedó], cut away or off. ab-scindó, -scindere, -scidí, -scissus, tear away or off. ab-sum, abesse, áfuí, áfutúrus, be away, be absent, be distant; be wanting. ab-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, take away, consume, destroy. Absyrtus, -í, m., Absyrtus. ac, see atque. Acastus, -í, m., Acastus. accendó, -cendere, -cendí, -cénsus, kindle, light. accidó, -cidere, -cidí [ad + cadó], fall to or upon; befall, happen. accipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ad + capió], take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer. accumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, -cubitus, lie down (at table). accurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ad + curró], run to, come up. ácer, ácris, ácre, sharp, shrill. aciés, -éí, f., line of battle. Acrisius, -í, m., Acrisius. ácriter [ácer], adv., sharply, fiercely. ad, prep. with acc., to, toward; at, near; for. ad-amó, -amáre, -amáví, -amátus, feel love for, fall in love with. ad-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead to, bring, take; induce, influence. ad-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go to, approach. ad-feró, adferre, attulí, adlátus, bear to, bring. adfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ad + fació], do to, move, affect; visit, afflict. ad-flígó, -flígere, -flíxi, -flíctus, dash to, shatter. adhibeó, -hibére, -hibuí, -hibitus [ad + habeó], hold to, employ, show. ad-húc, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet, still. adició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ad + iació], throw to, throw, hurl. adimó, -imere, -émí, -émptus [ad + emó], take to oneself, take away. aditus, -ús [adeó], m., approach, entrance. ad-iungo, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, join to, join. ad-ligó, -ligáre, -ligáví, -ligátus, bind to, bind. Adméta, -ae, f., Admeta. ad-míror, -mírárí, -mírátus, wonder at, admire. ad-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send to, admit; allow. ad-stó, -stáre, -stití, stand at or near. aduléscéns, -entis, m., youth, young man. aduléscentia, -ae [aduléscéns], f., youth. ad-úró, -úrere, -ússí, -ústus, set fire to, burn, scorch, sear. ad-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come to or toward, approach, arrive. adventus, -ús [advenió], m., approach, arrival. Aeacus, -í, m., Aeacus. aedificó, -áre, -áví, -átus [aedis + fació], make a building, build. aedis, -is, f., sing. temple, plur. house. Aeétés, -ae, m., Aeetes. aegré [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. Aegyptií,-órum, m. pl., Egyptians. aéneus, -a, -um [aes], of copper or bronze. Aeolia, -ae [Aeolus], f., Aeolia. Aeolus, -í, m., Aeolus. áér, áeris, m., air. aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze. Aeson, -onis, m., Aeson. aestás, -tátis, f., summer. aetás, -tátis, f., age. Aethiopés, -um, m. plur., Ethiopians. Aetna, -ae, f., Etna. ager, agri, m., field, land. ágmen, -minis [ago], n., band, column. ágnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [ad + (g)nóscó, come to know], recognize. agó, agere, égí, áctus, drive; do; pass, lead; grátiás agere, see grátia. ala, -ae, f., wing. albus, -a, -um, white. Alcména, -ae, f., Alcmena. aliénus, -a, -um [alius], belonging to another, out of place. ali-quandó, adv., at some time or other; finally, at length. ali-quantum, -quantí, n., somewhat. ali-quí, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj., some, any. ali-quis, -quid, indef. pron., someone, any one, something, anything, some, any. aliter [alius], adv., in another way, otherwise, differently. alius, -a, -ud, another, other; alií … alií, _some … others. aló, -ere, -uí, -tus, nourish. Alpés, -ium, f. plur., Alps. alter, -era, -erum, one or the other (of two); another, second. altus, -a, -um [part, of aló], high, deep; altum, -í, n., the deep. Amázonés,-um, f. plur.,Amazons. ámentia, -ae [á + méns, mind], f., madness. amícus, -í, m., friend. á-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send away, lose. amó, -áre, -áví, -átus, love. amor, -óris [amó], m., love. á-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, move away. amphora, -ae, f., jar, bottle. an, conj., or (in questions). ancora, -ae, f., anchor; in ancorís, at anchor. Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda. anguis, -is, m. and f., serpent, snake. anima, -ae, f., breath, soul, life. animadvertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus [animus + ad-vertó], turn the mind to, observe. animus, -í, m., mind; heart; spirit, courage. annus, -í, m., year. ante, prep, with acc. and adv., before. anteá [ante], adv., before. antecelló, -cellere, surpass, excel. ante-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, before. antíquus, -a, -um, ancient. antrum, -í, n., cave. ánxius, -a, -um, anxious. aper, aprí, m., wild boar. aperió, -íre, -uí, -tus, open. apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperió], open. Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. appelló, -pelláre, -pelláví, -pellátus, call, name. appelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [ad + pelló], drive to, bring to; with or without návem, put in. appetó, -petere, -petíví, -petítus [ad + petó], draw near. appónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [ad + pónó], put to or near, set before, serve. appropinquó, -propinquáre, -propinquáví, -propinquátus [ad + propinquó], approach to, approach. apud, prep, with acc., among, with. aqua, -ae, f., water. ára, -ae, f., altar. arbitror, -árí, -átus, consider, think, judge. arbor, -oris, f., tree. arca, -ae, f., chest, box, ark. Arcadia,-ae, f., Arcadia. arcessó, -ere, -íví, -ítus, call, summon, fetch. arcus, -ús, m., bow. árdeó, árdére, ársí, ársus, be on fire, burn. argentum, -í, n., silver. Argó, Argus, f., the Argo. Argolicus, -a, -um, of Argolis (the district of Greece in which Tiryns was situated), Argolic. Argonautae, -árum [Argó + nauta], m. plur., Argonauts. Argus, -í, m., Argus. ariés, -etis, m., ram. arma, -órum, n. plur., arms, weapons. armátus, -a, -um [part, of armó], armed. armó, -áre, -ávi, -átus [arma], arm, equip. aró, -áre, -áví, -átus, plow. ars, artis, f., art. ascendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [ad + scandó], climb to, ascend, mount. aspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [ad + speció], look at or on, behold. at, conj., but. Athénae, -árum, f. plur., Athens. Atlás, -antis, m., Atlas. atque or ac (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), conj., and; after words of comparison, as, than. átrium, -í, n., hall. attingó, -tingere, -tigí, -táctus [ad + tango], touch at. audácia, -ae [audáx, bold], f., boldness, audacity. audeó, audére, ausus sum, dare. audió, -íre, -íví, -ítus, hear; listen or attend to. auferó, auferre, abstulí, ablátus [ab + feró], bear away, carry off. aufugió, -fugere, -fúgí [ab + fugió], flee or run away. Augéás, -ae, m., Augeas. aura, -ae, f., air, breeze. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. auris, -is, f., ear. aurum, -í, n., gold. aut, conj., or; aut … aut, either … or. autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. auxilior, -ári, -átus [auxilium], help. auxilium, -í, n., help, aid. á-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, carry away. avis, -is, f., bird. á-voló, -voláre, -voláví, -volátúrus, fly away. avus, -í, m., grandfather.

á or ab (the former never used before words starting with a vowel or h), prep. with abl., away from, from; of; by. abditus, -a, -um [part of abdó], hidden, concealed. ab-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put away, hide. ab-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead or take away. ab-eó, -íre, -ií, -itúrus, go away, depart. abició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ab + iació], throw away. abripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [ab + rapió], snatch away, carry off. abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [abs = ab + caedó], cut away or off. ab-scindó, -scindere, -scidí, -scissus, tear away or off. ab-sum, abesse, áfuí, áfutúrus, be away, be absent, be distant; be wanting. ab-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, take away, consume, destroy. Absyrtus, -í, m., Absyrtus. ac, see atque. Acastus, -í, m., Acastus. accendó, -cendere, -cendí, -cénsus, kindle, light. accidó, -cidere, -cidí [ad + cadó], fall to or upon; befall, happen. accipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ad + capió], take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer. accumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, -cubitus, lie down (at table). accurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ad + curró], run to, come up. ácer, ácris, ácre, sharp, shrill. aciés, -éí, f., line of battle. Acrisius, -í, m., Acrisius. ácriter [ácer], adv., sharply, fiercely. ad, prep. with acc., to, toward; at, near; for. ad-amó, -amáre, -amáví, -amátus, feel love for, fall in love with. ad-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead to, bring, take; induce, influence. ad-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go to, approach. ad-feró, adferre, attulí, adlátus, bear to, bring. adfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ad + fació], do to, move, affect; visit, afflict. ad-flígó, -flígere, -flíxi, -flíctus, dash to, shatter. adhibeó, -hibére, -hibuí, -hibitus [ad + habeó], hold to, employ, show. ad-húc, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet, still. adició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ad + iació], throw to, throw, hurl. adimó, -imere, -émí, -émptus [ad + emó], take to oneself, take away. aditus, -ús [adeó], m., approach, entrance. ad-iungo, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, join to, join. ad-ligó, -ligáre, -ligáví, -ligátus, bind to, bind. Adméta, -ae, f., Admeta. ad-míror, -mírárí, -mírátus, wonder at, admire. ad-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send to, admit; allow. ad-stó, -stáre, -stití, stand at or near. aduléscéns, -entis, m., youth, young man. aduléscentia, -ae [aduléscéns], f., youth. ad-úró, -úrere, -ússí, -ústus, set fire to, burn, scorch, sear. ad-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come to or toward, approach, arrive. adventus, -ús [advenió], m., approach, arrival. Aeacus, -í, m., Aeacus. aedificó, -áre, -áví, -átus [aedis + fació], make a building, build. aedis, -is, f., sing. temple, plur. house. Aeetés, -ae, m., Aeetes. aegré [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. Aegyptií,-órum, m. pl., Egyptians. aéneus, -a, -um [aes], of copper or bronze. Aeolia, -ae [Aeolus], f., Aeolia. Aeolus, -í, m., Aeolus. áér, áeris, m., air. aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze. Aeson, -onis, m., Aeson. aestás, -tátis, f., summer. aetás, -tátis, f., age. Aethiopés, -um, m. plur., Ethiopians. Aetna, -ae, f., Etna. ager, agri, m., field, land. ágmen, -minis [ago], n., band, column. ágnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [ad + (g)nóscó, come to know], recognize. agó, agere, égí, áctus, drive; do; pass, lead; grátiás agere, see grátia. ala, -ae, f., wing. albus, -a, -um, white. Alcména, -ae, f., Alcmena. aliénus, -a, -um [alius], belonging to another, out of place. ali-quandó, adv., at some time or other; finally, at length. ali-quantum, -quantí, n., somewhat. ali-quí, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj., some, any. ali-quis, -quid, indef. pron., someone, any one, something, anything, some, any. aliter [alius], adv., in another way, otherwise, differently. alius, -a, -ud, another, other; alií … alií, some … others. aló, -ere, -uí, -tus, nourish. Alpés, -ium, f. plur., Alps. alter, -era, -erum, one or the other (of two); another, second. altus, -a, -um [part, of aló], high, deep; altum, -í, n., the deep. Amázonés,-um, f. plur., Amazons. ámentia, -ae [á + méns, mind], f., madness. amícus, -í, m., friend. á-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send away, lose. amó, -áre, -áví, -átus, love. amor, -óris [amó], m., love. á-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, move away. amphora, -ae, f., jar, bottle. an, conj., or (in questions). ancora, -ae, f., anchor; in ancorís, at anchor. Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda. anguis, -is, m. and f., serpent, snake. anima, -ae, f., breath, soul, life. animadvertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus [animus + ad-vertó], turn the mind to, observe. animus, -í, m., mind; heart; spirit, courage. annus, -í, m., year. ante, prep. with acc. and adv., before. anteá [ante], adv., before. antecelló, -cellere, surpass, excel. ante-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, before. antíquus, -a, -um, ancient. antrum, -í, n., cave. ánxius, -a, -um, anxious. aper, aprí, m., wild boar. aperió, -íre, -uí, -tus, open. apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperió], open. Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. appelló, -pelláre, -pelláví, -pellátus, call, name. appelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [ad + pelló], drive to, bring to; with or without návem, put in. appetó, -petere, -petíví, -petítus [ad + petó], draw near. appónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [ad + pónó], put to or near, set before, serve. appropinquó, -propinquáre, -propinquáví, -propinquátus [ad + propinquó], approach to, approach. apud, prep. with acc., among, with. aqua, -ae, f., water. ára, -ae, f., altar. arbitror, -árí, -átus, consider, think, judge. arbor, -oris, f., tree. arca, -ae, f., chest, box, ark. Arcadia,-ae, f., Arcadia. arcessó, -ere, -íví, -ítus, call, summon, fetch. arcus, -ús, m., bow. árdeó, árdére, ársí, ársus, be on fire, burn. argentum, -í, n., silver. Argó, Argus, f., the Argo. Argolicus, -a, -um, of Argolis (the district of Greece in which Tiryns was situated), Argolic. Argonautae, -árum [Argó + nauta], m. plur., Argonauts. Argus, -í, m., Argus. ariés, -etis, m., ram. arma, -órum, n. plur., arms, weapons. armátus, -a, -um [part, of armó], armed. armó, -áre, -ávi, -átus [arma], arm, equip. aró, -áre, -áví, -átus, plow. ars, artis, f., art. ascendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [ad + scandó], climb to, ascend, mount. aspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [ad + speció], look at or on, behold. at, conj., but. Athénae, -árum, f. plur., Athens. Atlás, -antis, m., Atlas. atque or ac (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), conj., and; after words of comparison, as, than. átrium, -í, n., hall. attingó, -tingere, -tigí, -táctus [ad + tango], touch at. audácia, -ae [audáx, bold], f., boldness, audacity. audeó, audére, ausus sum, dare. audió, -íre, -íví, -ítus, hear; listen or attend to. auferó, auferre, abstulí, ablátus [ab + feró], bear away, carry off. aufugió, -fugere, -fúgí [ab + fugió], flee or run away. Augéás, -ae, m., Augeas. aura, -ae, f., air, breeze. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. auris, -is, f., ear. aurum, -í, n., gold. aut, conj., or; aut … aut, either … or. autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. auxilior, -ári, -átus [auxilium], help. auxilium, -í, n., help, aid. á-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, carry away. avis, -is, f., bird. á-voló, -voláre, -voláví, -volátúrus, fly away. avus, -í, m., grandfather.

B

baculum, -í, n., stick, wand. balteus, -í, m.., belt, girdle. barbarus, -a, -um, barbarian. beátus, -a, -um, happy, blessed. bellicósus, -a, -um [bellum], war-like. bellum, -í, n., war. bélua, -ae, f., beast, monster. bene [bonus], adv., well; successfully. beneficium, -í [bene + fació], n., well-doing, kindness, service, benefit. benígné [benígnus, kind], adv., kindly. benígnitás, -tátis [benígnus, kind], f., kindness. bibó, bibere, bibí, drink. biceps, -cipitis [bi- + caput], adj., two-headed. bonus, -a, -um, good. bós, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bóbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. bracchium, -í, n., arm. brevis, -e, short. Búsíris, -idis, m., Busiris.

C

Cácus, -í, m., Cacus. cadáver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass. cadó, cadere, cecidí, cásúrus, fall. caecus, -a, -um, blind. caedés, -is [caedó, cut], f., cutting down, killing, slaughter. caelum, -í, n., heaven, sky. Calais, -is, m., Calais. calamitás, -tátis, f., misfortune, calamity, disaster. calceus, -í, m., shoe. calefació, -facere, -fécí, -factus [caleó, be hot + fació], make hot. calor, -óris [caleó, be hot], m., heat. campus, -í, m., plain, field. cancer, cancrí, m., crab. canis, -is, m. and f., dog. cantó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of canó, sing], sing. cantus, -ús [canó, sing], m., singing, song. capió, capere, cépí, captus, take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt. captívus, -a, -um [capió], captive. caput, capitis, n., head. carcer, -eris, m., prison. carmen, -minis [canó, sing], n., song, charm. caró, carnis, f., flesh. carpó, -ere, -sí, -tus, pluck. Castor, -oris, m., Castor. castra, -órum, n. plur., camp. cású [abl. of cásus], adv., by chance, accidentally. cásus, -ús [cadó], m., fall; chance, accident. caténa, -ae, f., chain. cauda, -ae, f., tail. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; abl. causá, for the sake of. caveó, cavére, cáví, cautus, beware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of. celeber, celebris, celebre, frequented; renowned, celebrated. celeritás, -tátis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, quickness, speed. celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly. céló, -áre, -áví, -átus, hide, conceal. céna, -ae, f., dinner. cénáculum, -í [céna], n., dining-room. Cénaeum, -í, n., Cenaeum (a promontory of Euboea). cénó, -áre, -áví, -átus [céna], dine. cénseó, cénsére, cénsuí, cénsus, think, believe, consider. centaurus, -í, m., centaur. centum, indecl. adj., one hundred. Cépheus, -í, m., Cepheus. Cerberus, -í, m., Cerberus. Ceres, Cereris, f., Ceres. cernó, cernere, créví, certus or crétus, discern, perceive, make out. certámen, -minis [certó, strive], n., struggle, contest. certó [abl. of certus], adv., with certainty, for certain, certainly. certus, -a, -um [part. of cernó], determined, fixed, certain; certiórem facere, to make more certain, inform. cervus, -í, m., stag. céterí, -ae, -a, plur. adj., the other, the remaining, the rest of. Charón, -ontis, m., Charon. cibus, -í, m., food. cingó, cingere, cinxí, cinctus, surround, gird. Circé, -és, f., Circe. Circaeus, -a, -um [Circé], of Circe. circiter, prep. with acc. and adv., about. circum, prep. with acc., around. circum-dó, -dare, -dedí, -datus, put around, surround. circum-stó, -stáre, -stetí, stand around. citerior, -ius [comp. from citrá, on this side of], adj., on this side, hither. cithara, -ae, f., cithara, lute, lyre. citharoedus, -í [cithara], m., citharoedus (one who sings to the accompaniment of the cithara). cívis, -is, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, subject. cívitás, -tátis [cívis], f., state. clámitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of clámó, call out], call out. clamor, -óris [clámó, call out], m., shout, cry. cláva, -ae, f., club. clémentia, -ae [cléméns, merciful], f., mercy, kindness. coepí, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have begun, began. cógitó, -áre, -áví, -átus, consider, think over. cógnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [com- + (g)nóscó, come to know], find out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know. cógó, cógere, coégí, coáctus [co- + agó], drive together, collect; compel. co-hortor, -hortárí, -hortátus, encourage, exhort. Colchí, -órum, m. plur., Colchians. Colchis, -idis, f., Colchis. collum, -í, n., neck. coló, colere, coluí, cultus, till, cultivate; inhabit; worship. color, -óris, m., color. columba, -ae, f., pigeon, dove. columna, -ae, f., column, pillar. comes, -itis [com- + eó], m. and f., companion. commeátus, -ús, m., supplies, provisions. com-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle. com-moror, -morárí, -morátus, tarry, linger, delay, stay. com-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, move, rouse; disturb. com-mútátió, -tiónis, f., change. com-paró, -paráre, -paráví, -parátus, prepare, collect. com-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, drive together, drive. complector, -plectí, -plexus, embrace. com-pleó, -plére, -pléví, -plétus, fill full, fill up. com-plúrés, -plúra, plur. adj., several, many. com-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, carry or bring together, collect. com-prehendó, -prehendere, -prehendí, -prehénsus, seize, catch. comprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [com- + premó], press together, squeeze, compress. cónátus, -ús [cónor], m., attempt, effort. con-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, grant, yield. con-curró, -currere, -currí, -cursus, run, rush, or dash together. con-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put together, found; store away. cón-feró, cónferre, contulí, conlátus, bring together; grant, confer; sé cónferre, to betake oneself, make one's way. cónfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [com- + fació], make or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out. cón-fírmó, -fírmáre, -fírmáví, -fírmátus, strengthen, establish; declare, assert. cón-flígó, -flígere, -flíxí, -flíctus, dash together. conició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [com- + iació], throw together; throw, cast, hurl. con-iungó, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, join together, join. coniúnx, coniugis [coniungó], m. and f., spouse, husband, wife. conligó, -ligere, -légí, -léctus [com- + legó], gather together, collect. con-locó, -locáre, -locáví, -locátus, place together, put, place. conloquium, -í [conloquor, talk together], n., conversation. cónor, -árí, -átus, try, attempt. cónscendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [com- + scandó, climb], climb; návem cónscendere, to climb the ship, go on board, embark. cónsénsus, -ús [cónsentió, agree], m., agreement, consent. cón-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, follow up, follow; overtake. cón-servó, -serváre, -serváví, -servátus, preserve, keep. cón-sídó, -sídere, -sédí, -sessus, sit down. cónsilium, -í [cónsuló], n., advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence. cón-sistó, -sistere, -stití, -stitus, station oneself, take one's stand; consist. cónspectus, -ús [cónspició], m., sight. cónspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [com- + speció, look], behold, perceive, see. cónstituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [com- + statuó], set together or up; appoint; determine. cón-stó, -stáre, -stití, -státúrus, stand together, agree; consist; cónstat, it is agreed, is well known. cón-suéscó, -suéscere, -suéví, -suétus, become accustomed; in tenses of completed action, have become accustomed, be accustomed or wont. cónsuló, -ere, -uí, -tus, consult. cón-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, take completely, use up, consume, spend. con-tegó, -tegere, -téxí, -téctus, cover. con-tendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus, stretch, hasten. continéns, -entis [contineó], f., 'mainland, continent. contineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [com- + teneó], hold together, keep within, shut up in; bound. continuus, -a, -um [contineó], continuous, successive. contrá, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. contróversia, -ae, f., quarrel, dispute, debate. con-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come together, assemble. con-vertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus, turn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight. con-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, call together, summon, assemble. co-orior, -orírí, -ortus, arise. cópia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops. Corinthus, -í, m., Corinth. corium, -í, n., hide, leather. cornú, -ús, n., horn. corpus, corporis, n., body. corripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [com- + rapió], seize, snatch, snatch up. cottídié, adv., daily, every day. crédibilis, -e [crédó], credible. crédó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, believe. creó, -áre, -áví, -átus, elect, appoint. Creón, -ontis, m., Creon. crepítus, -ús [crepó, rattle], m., rattle, clatter. crepundia, -órum [crepó, rattle], n. plur., rattle. Créta, -ae, f., Crete. cruciátus, -ús [crució, torture], m., torture. crúdélis, -e, cruel. crús, crúris, n., leg. cubiculum, -í [cubó], n., bedroom. cubó, -áre, -uí, lie down, lie, recline. culter, cultrí, m., knife. cum, prep, with abl., with. cum, conj., when, while, after; since; although. cúnae, -arum, f. plur., cradle. cupiditás, -tátis [cupidus], f., desire, longing, eagerness. cupidus, -a, -um [cupió], desirous, eager. cupió, -ere, -íví, -ítus, desire, long for, wish. cúr, adv., why. curró, currere, cucurrí, cursus, run. cursus, -ús, m., chariot. cursus, -ús [curró], m., running, course. custódió, -íre, -íví, -ítus [custós, guard], guard. Cyclóps, -is, m., Cyclops Cyzicus, -í, f., Cyzicus.

Cácus, -í, m., Cacus. cadáver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass. cadó, cadere, cecidí, cásúrus, fall. caecus, -a, -um, blind. caedés, -is [caedó, cut], f., cutting down, killing, slaughter. caelum, -í, n., heaven, sky. Calais, -is, m., Calais. calamitás, -tátis, f., misfortune, calamity, disaster. calceus, -í, m., shoe. calefació, -facere, -fécí, -factus [caleó, be hot + fació], make hot. calor, -óris [caleó, be hot], m., heat. campus, -í, m., plain, field. cancer, cancrí, m., crab. canis, -is, m. and f., dog. cantó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of canó, sing], sing. cantus, -ús [canó, sing], m., singing, song. capió, capere, cépí, captus, take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt. captívus, -a, -um [capió], captive. caput, capitis, n., head. carcer, -eris, m., prison. carmen, -minis [canó, sing], n., song, charm. caró, carnis, f., flesh. carpó, -ere, -sí, -tus, pluck. Castor, -oris, m., Castor. castra, -órum, n. plur., camp. cású [abl. of cásus], adv., by chance, accidentally. cásus, -ús [cadó], m., fall; chance, accident. caténa, -ae, f., chain. cauda, -ae, f., tail. causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; abl. causá, for the sake of. caveó, cavére, cáví, cautus, beware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of. celeber, celebris, celebre, frequented; renowned, celebrated. celeritás, -tátis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, quickness, speed. celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly. céló, -áre, -áví, -átus, hide, conceal. céna, -ae, f., dinner. cénáculum, -í [céna], n., dining-room. Cénaeum, -í, n., Cenaeum (a promontory of Euboea). cénó, -áre, -áví, -átus [céna], dine. cénseó, cénsére, cénsuí, cénsus, think, believe, consider. centaurus, -í, m., centaur. centum, indecl. adj., one hundred. Cépheus, -í, m., Cepheus. Cerberus, -í, m., Cerberus. Ceres, Cereris, f., Ceres. cernó, cernere, créví, certus or crétus, discern, perceive, make out. certámen, -minis [certó, strive], n., struggle, contest. certó [abl. of certus], adv., with certainty, for certain, certainly. certus, -a, -um [part. of cernó], determined, fixed, certain; certiórem facere, to make more certain, inform. cervus, -í, m., stag. céterí, -ae, -a, plur. adj., the other, the remaining, the rest of. Charón, -ontis, m., Charon. cibus, -í, m., food. cingó, cingere, cinxí, cinctus, surround, gird. Circé, -és, f., Circe. Circaeus, -a, -um [Circé], of Circe. circiter, prep. with acc. and adv., about. circum, prep. with acc., around. circum-dó, -dare, -dedí, -datus, put around, surround. circum-stó, -stáre, -stetí, stand around. citerior, -ius [comp. from citrá, on this side of], adj., on this side, hither. cithara, -ae, f., cithara, lute, lyre. citharoedus, -í [cithara], m., citharoedus (one who sings to the accompaniment of the cithara). cívis, -is, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, subject. cívitás, -tátis [cívis], f., state. clámitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of clámó, call out], call out. clamor, -óris [clámó, call out], m., shout, cry. cláva, -ae, f., club. clémentia, -ae [cléméns, merciful], f., mercy, kindness. coepí, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have begun, began. cógitó, -áre, -áví, -átus, consider, think over. cógnóscó, -gnóscere, -gnóví, -gnitus [com- + (g)nóscó, come to know], find out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know. cógó, cógere, coégí, coáctus [co- + agó], drive together, collect; compel. co-hortor, -hortárí, -hortátus, encourage, exhort. Colchí, -órum, m. plur., Colchians. Colchis, -idis, f., Colchis. collum, -í, n., neck. coló, colere, coluí, cultus, till, cultivate; inhabit; worship. color, -óris, m., color. columba, -ae, f., pigeon, dove. columna, -ae, f., column, pillar. comes, -itis [com- + eó], m. and f., companion. commeátus, -ús, m., supplies, provisions. com-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle. com-moror, -morárí, -morátus, tarry, linger, delay, stay. com-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, move, rouse; disturb. com-mútátió, -tiónis, f., change. com-paró, -paráre, -paráví, -parátus, prepare, collect. com-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, drive together, drive. complector, -plectí, -plexus, embrace. com-pleó, -plére, -pléví, -plétus, fill full, fill up. com-plúrés, -plúra, plur. adj., several, many. com-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, carry or bring together, collect. com-prehendó, -prehendere, -prehendí, -prehénsus, seize, catch. comprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [com- + premó], press together, squeeze, compress. cónátus, -ús [cónor], m., attempt, effort. con-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, grant, yield. con-curró, -currere, -currí, -cursus, run, rush, or dash together. con-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put together, found; store away. cón-feró, cónferre, contulí, conlátus, bring together; grant, confer; sé cónferre, to betake oneself, make one's way. cónfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [com- + fació], make or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out. cón-fírmó, -fírmáre, -fírmáví, -fírmátus, strengthen, establish; declare, assert. cón-flígó, -flígere, -flíxí, -flíctus, dash together. conició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [com- + iació], throw together; throw, cast, hurl. con-iungó, -iungere, -iúnxí, -iúnctus, join together, join. coniúnx, coniugis [coniungó], m. and f., spouse, husband, wife. conligó, -ligere, -légí, -léctus [com- + legó], gather together, collect. con-locó, -locáre, -locáví, -locátus, place together, put, place. conloquium, -í [conloquor, talk together], n., conversation. cónor, -árí, -átus, try, attempt. cónscendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [com- + scandó, climb], climb; návem cónscendere, to climb the ship, go on board, embark. cónsénsus, -ús [cónsentió, agree], m., agreement, consent. cón-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, follow up, follow; overtake. cón-servó, -serváre, -serváví, -servátus, preserve, keep. cón-sídó, -sídere, -sédí, -sessus, sit down. cónsilium, -í [cónsuló], n., advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence. cón-sistó, -sistere, -stití, -stitus, station oneself, take one's stand; consist. cónspectus, -ús [cónspició], m., sight. cónspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [com- + speció, look], behold, perceive, see. cónstituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [com- + statuó], set together or up; appoint; determine. cón-stó, -stáre, -stití, -státúrus, stand together, agree; consist; cónstat, it is agreed, is well known. cón-suéscó, -suéscere, -suéví, -suétus, become accustomed; in tenses of completed action, have become accustomed, be accustomed or wont. cónsuló, -ere, -uí, -tus, consult. cón-súmó, -súmere, -súmpsí, -súmptus, take completely, use up, consume, spend. con-tegó, -tegere, -téxí, -téctus, cover. con-tendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus, stretch, hasten. continéns, -entis [contineó], f., 'mainland, continent. contineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [com- + teneó], hold together, keep within, shut up in; bound. continuus, -a, -um [contineó], continuous, successive. contrá, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. contróversia, -ae, f., quarrel, dispute, debate. con-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come together, assemble. con-vertó, -vertere, -vertí, -versus, turn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight. con-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, call together, summon, assemble. co-orior, -orírí, -ortus, arise. cópia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops. Corinthus, -í, m., Corinth. corium, -í, n., hide, leather. cornú, -ús, n., horn. corpus, corporis, n., body. corripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [com- + rapió], seize, snatch, snatch up. cottídié, adv., daily, every day. crédibilis, -e [crédó], credible. crédó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, believe. creó, -áre, -áví, -átus, elect, appoint. Creón, -ontis, m., Creon. crepítus, -ús [crepó, rattle], m., rattle, clatter. crepundia, -órum [crepó, rattle], n. plur., rattle. Créta, -ae, f., Crete. cruciátus, -ús [crució, torture], m., torture. crúdélis, -e, cruel. crús, crúris, n., leg. cubiculum, -í [cubó], n., bedroom. cubó, -áre, -uí, lie down, lie, recline. culter, cultrí, m., knife. cum, prep, with abl., with. cum, conj., when, while, after; since; although. cúnae, -arum, f. plur., cradle. cupiditás, -tátis [cupidus], f., desire, longing, eagerness. cupidus, -a, -um [cupió], desirous, eager. cupió, -ere, -íví, -ítus, desire, long for, wish. cúr, adv., why. curró, currere, cucurrí, cursus, run. cursus, -ús, m., chariot. cursus, -ús [curró], m., running, course. custódió, -íre, -íví, -ítus [custós, guard, guard. Cyclóps, -is, m., Cyclops Cyzicus, -í, f., Cyzicus.

D

damnum, -í, n., harm, injury. Danaé, -és, f., Danae. dé, prep, with abl., down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of. débeó, -ére, -uí, -itus [dé+ habeó], owe; with infin., ought. débitus, -a, -um [part, of débeó], owed, due. dé-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, go away, depart. decem, indecl. adj., ten. décidó, -cidere, -cidí [dé + cadó], fall down. decimus, -a, -um [decem], tenth. décipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [dé + capió], catch, deceive. decoró, -áre, -áví, -átus [decus, adornment], adorn, distinguish. dé-curró, -currere, -cucurrí, -cursus, run down. dé-decus, -decoris, n., dishonor, disgrace. dé-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, give away or up. dé-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead down or away, bring; návem dédúcere, to draw down or launch a ship. dé-fendó, -fendere, -fendí, -fénsus, ward off; defend. dé-feró, -ferre, -tulí, -látus, bear or carry away or off. dé-fessus, -a, -um, worn out, exhausted. défició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [dé + fació], fail. Déianíra, -ae, f., Dejanira. déició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [dé + iació], throw down, cast, drive out of one's course. deinde, adv., then, next. dé-lábor, -lábí, -lapsus, slip or fall down. déligó, -ligere, -légí, -léctus [dé + legó], choose out, choose, select. Delphí, -órum, m. plur., Delphi. Delphicus, -a, -um [Delphí], of Delphi, Delphic, Delphian. démissus, -a, -um [part. of démittó], downcast, dejected. dé-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send down, let fall; animós démittere, to lose courage. dé-mónstró, -mónstráre, -mónstráví, -mónstrátus, point out, show; make known. démum, adv., at last. dénique, adv., lastly, finally. déns, dentis, m., tooth. dénsus, -a, -um, thick. dé-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, drive off or away, drive. dé-plóró, -plóráre, -plóráví, -plórátus, lament. dé-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, put down, deposit; lay aside, give up; é memoriá dépónere, to forget. déripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [dé + rapió], snatch away, tear off, pull down. déscendó, -scendere, -scendí, -scénsus [dé + scandó], climb down, descend. dé-seró, -serere, -seruí, -sertus, desert. désertus, -a, -um [part, of déseró], deserted. désíderium, -í [désíderó, desire], n., desire, longing. désilió, -silíre, -siluí, -sultus [dé + salió], leap down. dé-sistó, -sistere, -stití, -stitus, set down; leave off, desist, cease, stop. dé-spéró, -spéráre, -spéráví, -spérátus, despair. dé-super, adv., down from above. dé-terreó, -terrére, -terruí, -territus, frighten off, deter. dé-trahó, -trahere, -tráxí, -tráctus, draw or pull off. deus, -í, m., god. dé-vertó, -vertere, -vertí, turn away or aside. dé-voró, -voráre, -voráví, -vorátus, swallow down, swallow, devour. dexter, -tra, -trum, right. dextra, -ae [dexter], f., right hand (manus understood). Diána, -ae, f., Diana. dícó, dícere, díxí, dictus, say, speak; diem dícere, to appoint or set a day. diés, -éí, m. and f., day. difficilis, -e [dis- + facilis], not easy, difficult. difficultas, -tátis [difficilis], f., difficulty. diffundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus [dis- + fundó], pour forth, spread or shed abroad, diffuse. díligenter [díligéns, careful], adv., carefully, diligently. díligentia, -ae [díligéns, careful], f., care, diligence, industry. dí-lúcéscó, -lúcéscere, -lúxí, grow light, dawn. dílúcidé [dílúcidus, distinct], adv., distinctly, plainly. dí-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose. Diomédés, -is, m., Diomedes. dírus, -a, -um, dreadful. dis-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, go apart, withdraw, depart. discó, discere, didicí, learn. discrímen, -críminis, n., crisis, peril, danger. discus, -í, m., discus, quoit. disició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [dis- + iació], throw apart, scatter. diú, adv., for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp. diútius, longer. dí-velló, -vellere, -vellí, -vulsus, tear apart, rend asunder, tear in pieces. díversus, -a, -um [part. of díverto], turned different ways, opposite, contrary, different. dívidó, -videre, -vísí, -vísus, divide, separate. dó, dare, dedí, datus, give. doceo, -ére, -uí, -tus, teach, explain. dolor, -óris [doleó, be in pain], m., pain, grief; anger. dolus, -í, m., trick, craft. domina, -ae, f., mistress. domus, -ús, f., house, home. dónum, -í [do], n., gift. dormió, -íre, -íví, sleep. dracó, -ónis, m., dragon, serpent. dubitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [dubius], doubt, hesitate. dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, uncertain. dúcó, dúcere, dúxí, ductus [dux], lead; make, dig; with or without in mátrimónium, marry. dúdum, adv., formerly, of old; iam dúdum, this long time. dulcédó, -inis [dulcis], f., sweetness. dulcis, -e, sweet. dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj., two. duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., twelve. duo-dé-vígintí, indecl. adj., eighteen. dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, commander.

E

é, see ex. ébrius, -a, -um, drunk. é-dícó, -dícere, -díxí, -dictus, declare, proclaim, appoint. é-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put forth, give out, utter. é-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead out, draw. effervéscó, -fervéscere, -ferbuí [ex + fervéscó], boil up or over, boil. effició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ex + fació], make or work out, accomplish, effect. effló, -fláre, -fláví, -flátus [ex + fló], breathe out. effugio, -fugere, -fúgí [ex + fugió], flee out or away, escape. effundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus [ex + fundó], pour out. ego, meí, pers. pron., I. égredior, -gredí, -gressus [é + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore, disembark. égregié [égregius, excellent], adv., excellently, splendidly, admirably. Élis, -idis, f., Elis. Elysius, -a, -um, Elysian. é-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send out or forth. enim, conj., for. é-núntió, -núntiáre, -núntiáví, -núntiátus, speak out, announce, make known. eó, íre, ií, itus, go. eó [is], adv., to that place, thither. equus, -í, m., horse. éréctus, -a, -um [part, of érigó], upright, erect. ergá, prep, with acc., toward, for. Ergínus, -í, m., Erginus. Éridanus, -í, m., Eridanus. érigó, -rigere, -réxí, -réctus [é + regó], raise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage. éripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [é + rapió], snatch out or away, rescue. erró, -áre, -áví, -átus, wander, stray; be mistaken. érudió, -rudíre, -rudíví, -rudítus, instruct. Erymanthius, -a, -um, of Erymanthus, Erymanthian. Erythía, -ae, f., Erythia. et, conj., and; et … et, both … and. etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even. et-sí, conj., even if, although. Eunomus, -í, m., Eunomus. Európa, -ae, f., Europe. Eurylochus, -í, m., Eurylochus. Eurystheus, -í, m., Eurystheus. Eurytión, -ónis, m., Eurytion. Eurytus, -í, m., Eurytus. é-vádó, -vádere, -vásí, -vásus, go forth, get away, escape. é-vánéscó, -vánéscere, -vánuí, vanish away. é-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come out; turn out, happen, befall. é-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, call out, challenge. é-vomó, -vomere, -vomuí, -vomitus, vomit forth. ex or é (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), prep. with abl., out of, from; of. ex-animó, -animáre, -animáví, -animátus, put out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust; stupefy; kill. ex-árdéscó, -árdéscere, -ársí, -ársus, blaze out, be inflamed, rage. ex-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, go out or forth, depart. excipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ex + capió], take out or up, receive, welcome, entertain. ex-citó, -citáre, -citáví, -citátus, call out, arouse. ex-clámó, -clámáre, -clámáví, -clámátus, cry out, exclaim. exclúdó, -clúdere, -clúsí, -clúsus [ex + claudó], shut out, hinder, prevent. ex-cógitó, -cógitáre, -cógitáví, -cógitátus, think out, contrive, devise, invent. ex-crució, -cruciáre, -cruciáví, cruciátus, torture. ex-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go out. exerceó, -ercére, -ercuí, -ercitus, exercise. exercitátió, -ónis [exerceó], f., exercise. exercitus, -ús, m., army. ex-haurio, -hauríre, -hausí, -haustus, drink up or off, drain. exístimó, -ístimáre, -ístimáví, -ístimátus [ex + aestimo, value], consider, believe, think. ex-orior, -orírí, -ortus, arise from, spring up, rise. ex-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, drive out, expel. ex-pió, -piáre, -piáví, -piátus, expiate. explórátor, -óris [explóró], m., explorer, scout, spy. ex-plóró, -plóráre, -plóráví, -plórátus, search out, explore. ex-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, put out, set forth; put on shore, land; explain. exprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [ex + premó], press out. exsilió, -silíre, -siluí [ex + salió], leap out or forth. exsilium, -í [exsul, exile], n., exile. ex-spectó, -spectáre, -spectáví, -spectátus, look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait. ex-spíró, -spíráre, -spíráví, -spírátus, breathe out. ex-struó, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, pile or heap up, build, erect. extempló, adv., immediately, straightway, at once. ex-trahó, -trahere, -tráxí, -tráctus, draw or drag out, release, rescue. extrémus, -a, -um, last, extreme, furthest. exuó, -uere, -uí, -útus, put or take off.

é, see ex. ébrius, -a, -um, drunk. é-dícó, -dícere, -díxí, -dictus, declare, proclaim, appoint. é-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put forth, give out, utter. é-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead out, draw. effervéscó, -fervéscere, -ferbuí [ex + fervéscó], boil up or over, boil. effício, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [ex + fació], make or work out, accomplish, effect. effló, -fláre, -fláví, -flátus [ex + fló], breathe out. effugio, -fugere, -fúgí [ex + fugió], flee out or away, escape. effundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus [ex + fundó], pour out. ego, meí, pers. pron., I. égredior, -gredí, -gressus [é + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore, disembark. égregié [égregius, excellent], adv., excellently, splendidly, admirably. Élis, -idis, f., Elis. Elysius, -a, -um, Elysian. é-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send out or forth. enim, conj., for. é-núntió, -núntiáre, -núntiáví, -núntiátus, speak out, announce, make known. eó, íre, ií, itus, go. eó [is], adv., to that place, thither. equus, -í, m., horse. éréctus, -a, -um [part, of érigó], upright, erect. ergá, prep, with acc., toward, for. Ergínus, -í, m., Erginus. Éridanus, -í, m., Eridanus. érigó, -rigere, -réxí, -réctus [é + regó], raise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage. éripió, -ripere, -ripuí, -reptus [é + rapió], snatch out or away, rescue. erró, -áre, -áví, -átus, wander, stray; be mistaken. érudió, -rudíre, -rudíví, -rudítus, instruct. Erymanthius, -a, -um, of Erymanthus, Erymanthian. Erythía, -ae, f., Erythia. et, conj., and; et … et, both … and. etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even. et-sí, conj., even if, although. Eunomus, -í, m., Eunomus. Európa, -ae, f., Europe. Eurylochus, -í, m., Eurylochus. Eurystheus, -í, m., Eurystheus. Eurytión, -ónis, m., Eurytion. Eurytus, -í, m., Eurytus. é-vádó, -vádere, -vásí, -vásus, go forth, get away, escape. é-vánéscó, -vánéscere, -vánuí, vanish away. é-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come out; turn out, happen, befall. é-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, call out, challenge. é-vomó, -vomere, -vomuí, -vomitus, vomit forth. ex or é (the latter never used before words beginning with a vowel or h), prep. with abl., out of, from; of. ex-animó, -animáre, -animáví, -animátus, put out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust; stupefy; kill. ex-árdéscó, -árdéscere, -ársí, -ársus, blaze out, be inflamed, rage. ex-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, go out or forth, depart. excipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [ex + capió], take out or up, receive, welcome, entertain. ex-citó, -citáre, -citáví, -citátus, call out, arouse. ex-clámó, -clámáre, -clámáví, -clámátus, cry out, exclaim. exclúdó, -clúdere, -clúsí, -clúsus [ex + claudó], shut out, hinder, prevent. ex-cógitó, -cógitáre, -cógitáví, -cógitátus, think out, contrive, devise, invent. ex-crució, -cruciáre, -cruciáví, cruciátus, torture. ex-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go out. exerceó, -ercére, -ercuí, -ercitus, exercise. exercitátió, -ónis [exerceó], f., exercise. exercitus, -ús, m., army. ex-haurio, -hauríre, -hausí, -haustus, drink up or off, drain. exístimó, -ístimáre, -ístimáví, -ístimátus [ex + aestimo, value, consider, believe, think. ex-orior, -orírí, -ortus, arise from, spring up, rise. ex-pelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus, drive out, expel. ex-pió, -piáre, -piáví, -piátus, expiate. explórátor, -óris [explóró], m., explorer, scout, spy. ex-plóró, -plóráre, -plóráví, -plórátus, search out, explore. ex-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, put out, set forth; put on shore, land; explain. exprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [ex + premó], press out. exsilió, -silíre, -siluí [ex + salió], leap out or forth. exsilium, -í [exsul, exile], n., exile. ex-spectó, -spectáre, -spectáví, -spectátus, look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait. ex-spíró, -spíráre, -spíráví, -spírátus, breathe out. ex-struó, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, pile or heap up, build, erect. extempló, adv., immediately, straightway, at once. ex-trahó, -trahere, -tráxí, -tráctus, draw or drag out, release, rescue. extrémus, -a, -um, last, extreme, furthest. exuó, -uere, -uí, -útus, put or take off.

F

faber, fabrí, m., smith. fabricor, -árí, -átus [faber], make, fashion. fábula, -ae [for, speak], f., story. facile [facilis, easy], adv., easily. facinus, facinoris [fació], n., deed, crime. fació, facere, fécí, factus, make, do; iter facere, see iter. facultás, -tátis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, opportunity, chance, means. falló, fallere, fefellí, falsus, deceive. falsus, -a, -um [part. of falló], feigned, pretended, false. falx, falcis, f., sickle; curved sword, falchion. fáma, -ae [for, speak], f., report, rumor. famés, -is, abl. famé, f., hunger. fár, farris, n., grain; meal. fátum, -í [part. of for, speak], n., destiny, fate. faucés, -ium, f. plur., throat. fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand. félíciter [félíx, happy], adv., happily, fortunately, successfully. fémina, -ae, f., woman. fera, -ae [ferus, wild], f., wild animal, beast. feré, adv., nearly, about, almost, for the most part. feró, ferre, tulí, látus, bear, bring. feróx, -ócis [ferus, wild], adj., fierce, savage. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum, iron], of iron, iron. ferveó, -ére, boil; glow, burn. fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, worn out, weary. figúra, -ae, f., form, shape, figure. fília, -ae, f., daughter. fílius, -í, m., son. fingó, fingere, finxí, fictus, invent, make up. fínis, -is, m., end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country. fínitimus, -a, -um [fínis], neighboring, adjoining. fíó, fierí, factus sum, be done or made, become, happen. flamma, -ae, f., flame. flúmen, -minis [fluó, flow], n., river. fóns, fontis, m., fountain, spring. forás [foris], adv., out of doors, forth, out. forís [foris], adv., out of doors, without. foris, -is, f., door. fórma, -ae, f., form, appearance; beauty. fórmósus, -a, -um [fórma], beautiful. forte [fors, chance], adv., by chance, accidentally. fortis, -e, brave. fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely. fortúna, -ae [fors, chance], f., fortune. fossa, -ae [part. of fodió, dig], f., ditch, trench. frangó, frangere, frégí, fráctus, break; dash to pieces, wreck. fráter, frátris, m., brother. fraus, fraudis, f., deception, fraud. fremitus, -ús [fremó, roar], m., roaring, roar. frénó, -áre, -áví, -átus [frénum, bridle], bridle, restrain. fretum, -í, n., strait. fróns, frontis, f., forehead. frúctus, -ús [fruor, enjoy], m., enjoyment; fruit. frúmentor, -árí, -átus [frúmentum], fetch grain, forage. frúmentum, -í [fruor, enjoy], n., grain. frústrá, adv., in vain. fuga, -ae, f., flight. fugió, fugere, fúgí, fugitúrus [fuga], flee, run away. fúmus, -í, m., smoke. furor, -óris [furó, rage], m., rage, fury, frenzy, madness. fúrtum, -í [fúr, thief], n., theft.

G

galea, -ae, f., helmet. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. gaudeó, gaudére, gávísus, be glad, rejoice. gaudium, -í [gaudeó], n., gladness, joy. géns, gentis, f., race, nation. genus, generis, n., kind, nature. geró, gerere, gessí, gestus, carry, wear; carry on, do. Géryón, -onis, m., Geryon. gígnó, gígnere, genuí, genitus, produce, bring forth. gladius, -í, m., sword. Glaucé, -és, f., Glauce. glória, -ae, f., glory. Gorgó, -onis, f., Gorgon. Graeae, -árum, f. plur., the Graeae. Graecia, -ae [Graecus], f., Greece. Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. grátia, -ae [grátus], f., favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grátiás agere, to give thanks, thank; grátiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite. grátus, -a, -um, pleasing, grateful. gravis, -e, heavy; severe, grievous, serious. graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously. gubernó, -áre, -áví, -átus, steer. gustó, -áre, -áví, -átus, taste.

H

habeó, -ére, -uí, -itus, have, hold; consider. habitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of habeó], dwell, inhabit. Hádés, -ae, m., Hades. haereó, haerére, haesí, haesúrus, stick; hesitate. haesitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of haereó], hesitate. Hammón, -ónis, m., Hammon. haréna, -ae, f., sand; shore. Harpýiae, -árum, f. plur., Harpies. haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not. haudquáquam [haud + quisquam], adv., in no wise, not at all. haurió, hauríre, hausí, haustus, draw. herba, -ae, f., herb, plant. Herculés, -is, m., Hercules. Hésioné, -és, f., Hesione. Hesperidés, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides. hesternus, -a, -um [herí, yesterday], of yesterday, yesterday's, hesternus diés, yesterday. híc [híc], adv., here; hereupon. híc, haec, hóc, dem. pron., this; ille … híc, that … this, the former … the latter. hinc [híc], adv., from this place, hence. Hippolyté, -és, f., Hippolyte. Hispánia, -ae, f., Spain. Homérus, í-, m., Homer. homó, hominis, m., man. honor, -óris, m., honor. hóra, -ae, f., hour. horribilis, -e [horreó, shudder], dreadful, terrible, horrible. hortor, -árí, -átus, exhort, encourage, urge. hortus, -í, m., garden. hospitium, -í [hospes, host], n., hospitality. hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy, foe. húc [híc], adv., to this place, hither. húmánus, -a, -um [homó], of man, human. humí [loc. of humus, ground], adv., on the ground. Hydra, -ae, f., Hydra. Hylás, -ae, m., Hylas.

habeó, -ére, -uí, -itus, have, hold; consider. habitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of habeó], dwell, inhabit. Hádés, -ae, m., Hades. haereó, haerére, haesí, haesúrus, stick; hesitate. haesitó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of haereó], hesitate. Hammón, -ónis, m., Hammon. haréna, -ae, f., sand; shore. Harpýiae, -árum, f. plur., Harpies. haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not. haudquáquam [haud + quisquam], adv., in no way, not at all. haurió, hauríre, hausí, haustus, draw. herba, -ae, f., herb, plant. Herculés, -is, m., Hercules. Hésioné, -és, f., Hesione. Hesperidés, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides. hesternus, -a, -um [herí, yesterday], of yesterday, yesterday's, hesternus diés, yesterday. híc [híc], adv., here; at this point. híc, haec, hóc, dem. pron., this; ille … híc, that … this, the former … the latter. hinc [híc], adv., from this place, hence. Hippolyté, -és, f., Hippolyte. Hispánia, -ae, f., Spain. Homérus, í-, m., Homer. homó, hominis, m., man. honor, -óris, m., honor. hóra, -ae, f., hour. horribilis, -e [horreó, shudder], dreadful, terrible, horrible. hortor, -árí, -átus, exhort, encourage, urge. hortus, -í, m., garden. hospitium, -í [hospes, host], n., hospitality. hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy, foe. húc [híc], adv., to this place, here. húmánus, -a, -um [homó], of man, human. humí [loc. of humus, ground], adv., on the ground. Hydra, -ae, f., Hydra. Hylás, -ae, m., Hylas.

I

iaceó, -ére, -uí, lie, be prostrate. iació, iacere, iécí, iactus, throw, cast, hurl. iam, adv., now, already. iánua, -ae, f., door. Iásón, -onis, m., Jason. ibi [is], adv., in that place, there. íctus, -ús [ícó, strike], m., blow. ídem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also. idóneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. igitur, conj., therefore. ígnárus, -a, -um [in-, not + gnárus, knowing], ignorant. ígnávus, -a, -um [in-, not + gnávus, active], lazy, cowardly. ígnis, -is, m., fire. ígnóró, -áre, -áví, -átus, be ignorant of. ígnótus, -a, -um [in-, not + nótus], unknown. Ílias, -adis, f., the Iliad. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they; ille … híc, see híc. imber, imbris, m., rain, shower. imbuó, -buere, -buí, -bútus, wet, soak, dip. immánitás, -tátis [immánis, cruel], f., cruelty, barbarity. immittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send or let in. immoló, -moláre, -moláví, -molátus [in + mola], sacrifice (the victim was sprinkled with consecrated meal). impedió, -pedíre, -pedíví, -pedítus [in + pés], hinder, prevent, impede. impelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [in + pelló], drive or urge on, incite, urge. imperátor, -óris [imperó], m., commander, general. imperátum, -í [part, of imperó], n., command, order. imperítus, -a, -um [in-, not + perítus], inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant. imperium, -í [imperó], n., command; sway, rule. imperó, -peráre, -peráví, -perátus, command, order, enjoin. impetró, -petráre, -petráví, -petrátus, gain one's end, obtain (a request). impetus, -ús [in + petó], m., attack; impetum facere, to charge. impónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [in + pónó], place or lay upon, impose; embark. improbus, -a, -um [in-, not + probus, upright], wicked. in, prep, with acc., into, in, to, upon; with abl., in, on. incidó, -cidere, -cidí [in + cadó], fall into or upon. inclúdó, -clúdere, -clúsí, -clúsus [in + claudó, shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison. incola, -ae [incoló], m. and f., inhabitant. in-coló, -colere, -coluí, inhabit. incolumis, -e, unhurt, safe. in-commodum, -í, n., inconvenience. in-crédibilis, e, incredible. in-dúcó, -dúcere, dúxí, -ductus, lead in or on, move, excite. induó, induere, induí, indútus, put on; clothe. in-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go into, enter; adopt. ínfandus, -a, -um [in-, not + ger. of for, speak], unspeakable, monstrous. ínfáns, -fantis [in-, not + part. of for, speak], m. and f., infant, babe. ínfectus, -a, -um [in-, not + part. of fació], not done, undone, unaccomplished. ín-félíx, -félícis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate. ínferí, -órum [ínferus, below], m. plur., inhabitants of the underworld, the dead, the shades. ínferó, ínferre, intulí, inlátus, bring in or against, wage against; inflict. ínféstus, -a, -um, unsafe, dangerous. ínfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [in + fació], stain, dye. ín-fundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus, pour in or upon. ingéns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast. inició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [in +iació], throw in or upon; cause, inspire. inimícus, -a, -um [in-, not + amícus], unfriendly, hostile. initium, -í [ineó], n., beginning. iniúria, -ae [in-, not + iús], f., injury, wrong, hurt, harm. inluviés, -éí, f., dirt, filth. inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say, you say, he says. in-rídeó, -rídére, -rísí, -rísus, laugh at, mock. in-rumpó, -rumpere, -rúpí, -ruptus, burst into or in. in-ruó, -ruere, -ruí, rush in. ínsánia, -ae [ínsánus, mad], f., madness, insanity. ínsciéns, -scientis [in-, not + part. of sció], adj., unknowing, unaware. ín-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, follow upon or up, pursue. ínsidiae, -árum, f. plur., ambush; plot, stratagem. ínspergó, -spergere, -spersí, -spersus [in + spargó], sprinkle on or over. ínspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [in + speció], look into or upon. ínstituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [in + statuó], decide upon, determine. ín-struo, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, build in or into; draw up; equip, furnish, ínsula, -ae, f., island. intellegó, -legere, -léxí, -léctus, perceive, understand. in-tendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus, stretch out; stretch, draw, aim. inter, prep, with acc., among, between. intereá [inter], adv., in the meantime, meanwhile. interfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [inter + fació], put out of the way, kill. interior, -ius [comp. from inter], adj., interior, inner. inter-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -míssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass; pass., be left between, intervene, elapse. inter-sum, -esse, -fuí, -futúrus, be or lie between. intervállum, -í, n., interval, space, distance. intrá [inter], prep. with acc., within. intró, -áre, -áví, -átus [intrá], go within or into, enter. introitus, -ús [introeó, go within], m., entrance. in-tueor, -tuérí, -tuitus, look upon, behold. in-úsitátus, -a, -um, unusual, extraordinary. in-útilis, -e, not useful, useless. in-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come upon, find. invító, -áre, -áví, -átus, invite. invítus, -a, -um, unwilling. Ioláus, -í, m., Iolaus. Iolé, -és, f., Iole. Iovis, gen. of Iuppiter. Íphiclés, -is, m., Iphicles. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very. íra, -ae, f., anger, wrath. íráscor, íráscí, írátus [íra], be angry. írátus, -a, -um [part, of íráscor], angered, enraged, angry, furious. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that. ita [is], adv., in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as. Ítalia, -ae, f., Italy. ita-que, adv., and so, accordingly, therefore. iter, itineris [eó], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march. iterum, adv., again, a second time. Ithaca, -ae, f., Ithaca. iubeó, iubére, iussí, iússus, bid, order, command. iúcundus, -a, -um, sweet, pleasant. iúdex, iúdicis [iús + dícó], m., judge. iugum, -í [iungó], n., yoke. iungó, iungere, iúnxí, iúnctus, join; yoke, harness. Iúnó, -ónis, f., Juno. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. iús, iúris, n., right, justice, law; iús dícere, to pronounce judgment; iús iúrandum, iúris iúrandí [ger. of iúró, swear], oath. iússum, -í [part, of iubeó], n., order, command. iússus, -ús [iubeó], m., bidding, command. iústus, -a, -um [iús], just. iuvenis, -is, m., young man, youth.

iaceó, -ére, -uí, lie down, be prostrate. iació, iacere, iécí, iactus, throw, cast, hurl. iam, adv., now, already. iánua, -ae, f., door. Iásón, -onis, m., Jason. ibi [is], adv., in that place, there. ídctus, -ús [ícó, strike], m., blow. ídem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also. idóneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. igitur, conj., therefore. ígnárus, -a, -um [in-, not + gnárus, knowing], ignorant. ígnávus, -a, -um [in-, not + gnávus, active], lazy, cowardly. ígnis, -is, m., fire. ígnóró, -áre, -áví, -átus, be ignorant of. ígnótus, -a, -um [in-, not + nótus], unknown. Ílias, -adis, f., the Iliad. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they; ille … híc, see híc. imber, imbris, m., rain, shower. imbuó, -buere, -buí, -bútus, wet, soak, dip. immánitás, -tátis [immánis, cruel], f., cruelty, barbarity. immittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send or let in. immoló, -moláre, -moláví, -molátus [in + mola], sacrifice (the victim was sprinkled with consecrated meal). impedió, -pedíre, -pedíví, -pedítus [in + pés], hinder, prevent, impede. impelló, -pellere, -pulí, -pulsus [in + pelló], drive or urge on, incite, push. imperátor, -óris [imperó], m., commander, general. imperátum, -í [part, of imperó], n., command, order. imperítus, -a, -um [in-, not + perítus], inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant. imperium, -í [imperó], n., command; sway, rule. imperó, -peráre, -peráví, -perátus, command, order, enjoin. impetró, -petráre, -petráví, -petrátus, gain one's end, obtain (a request). impetus, -ús [in + petó], m., attack; impetum facere, to charge. impónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [in + pónó], place or lay upon, impose; embark. improbus, -a, -um [in-, not + probus, upright], wicked. in, prep, with acc., into, in, to, upon; with abl., in, on. incidó, -cidere, -cidí [in + cadó], fall into or upon. inclúdó, -clúdere, -clúsí, -clúsus [in + claudó, shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison. incola, -ae [incoló], m. and f., inhabitant. in-coló, -colere, -coluí, inhabit. incolumis, -e, unhurt, safe. in-commodum, -í, n., inconvenience. in-crédibilis, e, incredible. in-dúcó, -dúcere, dúxí, -ductus, lead in or on, move, excite. induó, induere, induí, indútus, put on; clothe. in-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go into, enter; adopt. ínfandus, -a, -um [in-, not + ger. of for, speak], unspeakable, monstrous. ínfáns, -fantis [in-, not + part. of for, speak], m. and f., infant, babe. ínfectus, -a, -um [in-, not + part. of fació], not done, undone, unaccomplished. ín-félíx, -félícis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate. ínferí, -órum [ínferus, below], m. plur., inhabitants of the underworld, the dead, the shades. ínferó, ínferre, intulí, inlátus, bring in or against, wage against; inflict. ínféstus, -a, -um, unsafe, dangerous. ínfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [in + fació], stain, dye. ín-fundó, -fundere, -fúdí, -fúsus, pour in or upon. ingéns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast. inició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [in + iació], throw in or upon; cause, inspire. inimícus, -a, -um [in-, not + amícus], unfriendly, hostile. initium, -í [ineó], n., beginning. iniúria, -ae [in-, not + iús], f., injury, wrong, hurt, harm. inluviés, -éí, f., dirt, filth. inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say, you say, he says. in-rídeó, -rídére, -rísí, -rísus, laugh at, mock. in-rumpó, -rumpere, -rúpí, -ruptus, burst into or in. in-ruó, -ruere, -ruí, rush in. ínsánia, -ae [ínsánus, mad], f., madness, insanity. ínsciéns, -scientis [in-, not + part. of sció], adj., unknowing, unaware. ín-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, follow upon or up, pursue. ínsidiae, -árum, f. plur., ambush; plot, stratagem. ínspergó, -spergere, -spersí, -spersus [in + spargó], sprinkle on or over. ínspició, -spicere, -spéxí, -spectus [in + speció], look into or upon. ínstituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [in + statuó], decide upon, determine. ín-struo, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, build in or into; draw up; equip, furnish. ínsula, -ae, f., island. intellegó, -legere, -léxí, -léctus, perceive, understand. in-tendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus, stretch out; stretch, draw, aim. inter, prep, with acc., among, between. intereá [inter], adv., in the meantime, meanwhile. interfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [inter + fació], put out of the way, kill. interior, -ius [comp. from inter], adj., interior, inner. inter-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -míssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass; pass., be left between, intervene, elapse. inter-sum, -esse, -fuí, -futúrus, be or lie between. intervállum, -í, n., interval, space, distance. intrá [inter], prep. with acc., within. intró, -áre, -áví, -átus [intrá], go within or into, enter. introitus, -ús [introeó, go within], m., entrance. in-tueor, -tuérí, -tuitus, look upon, behold. in-úsitátus, -a, -um, unusual, extraordinary. in-útilis, -e, not useful, useless. in-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come upon, find. invító, -áre, -áví, -átus, invite. invítus, -a, -um, unwilling. Ioláus, -í, m., Iolaus. Iolé, -és, f., Iole. Iovis, gen. of Iuppiter. Íphiclés, -is, m., Iphicles. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very. íra, -ae, f., anger, wrath. íráscor, íráscí, írátus [íra], be angry. írátus, -a, -um [part, of íráscor], angered, enraged, angry, furious. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that. ita [is], adv., in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as. Ítalia, -ae, f., Italy. ita-que, adv., and so, accordingly, therefore. iter, itineris [eó], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march. iterum, adv., again, a second time. Ithaca, -ae, f., Ithaca. iubeó, iubére, iussí, iússus, bid, order, command. iúcundus, -a, -um, sweet, pleasant. iúdex, iúdicis [iús + dícó], m., judge. iugum, -í [iungó], n., yoke. iungó, iungere, iúnxí, iúnctus, join; yoke, harness. Iúnó, -ónis, f., Juno. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. iús, iúris, n., right, justice, law; iús dícere, to pronounce judgment; iús iúrandum, iúris iúrandí [ger. of iúró, swear], oath. iússum, -í [part, of iubeó], n., order, command. iússus, -ús [iubeó], m., bidding, command. iústus, -a, -um [iús], just. iuvenis, -is, m., young man, youth.

L

lábor, lábí, lapsus, slip, glide, fall. labor, -óris, m., labor, toil. labóró, -áre, -áví, -átus [labor], labor, toil. lác, lactis, n., milk. Lacónia, -ae, f., Laconia. lacrima, -ae, f., tear. lacus, -ús, m., lake. laetitia, -ae [laetus, joyful], f., joy. lámenta, -órum, n. plur., lamentation. Láomedón, -ontis, m., Laomedon. lapis, -idis, m., stone. laqueus, -í, m., noose. Lárísa, -ae, f., Larisa. lassitúdó, -inis [lassus, weary], f., weariness. lateó, -ére, -uí, lie hid, be concealed. latró, -ónis, m., robber. látus, -a, -um, broad, wide. légátus, -í [part. of légó, depute], m., ambassador. lénis, -e, gentle. leó, -ónis, m., lion. Lernaeus, -a, -um, of Lerna, Lernean. Léthé, -és, f., Lethe. levis, -e, light, slight. leviter [levis], adv., slightly. libenter [libéns, willing], adv., willingly, gladly. líberí, -órum [líber, free], m. plur., children. líberó, -áre, -áví, -átus [líber, free], set free, free, liberate, release. líbertás, -tátis [líber, free], f., freedom, liberty. Libya, -ae, f., Libya, Africa. licet, -ére, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful or permitted. Lichás, -ae, m., Lichas. lígneus, -a, -um [lígnum], of wood, wooden. lígnum, -í, n., wood. Ligurés, -um, m. plur., Ligurians. Liguria, -ae [Ligurés], f., Liguria. límen, -minis, n., threshold; door. límus, -í, m., mud. linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff. Linus, -í, m., Linus. lítus, lítoris, n., shore. locus, -í, m., plur. loca, -orum, n., place, situation. longé [longus], adv., far. longinquus, -a, -um [longus], distant, remote. longus, -a, -um, long; tedious. loquor, loquí, locútus, speak. lótus, -í, f., lotus. lucrum, -í, n., gain. luctor, -árí, -átus, wrestle, struggle. lúdus, -í, m., game, sport. lúmen, -minis, n., light. lúx, lúcis, f., light.

M

magicus, -a, -um, magic. magis, comp. adv., more, rather. magister, -trí [magis], m., master. mágnificé [mágnificus], adv., splendidly. mágnificentia, -ae [mágnificus], f., splendor, magnificence. mágnificus, -a, -um [mágnus + fació], splendid, magnificent. mágnitúdó, -túdinis [mágnus], f., greatness, size. mágnopere [abl. of mágnum opus], adv., greatly, very much, exceedingly; earnestly. mágnus, -a, -um, large, big, great, mighty; loud. máior, máius, comp. of mágnus. male [malus], adv., badly, ill. máló, málle, máluí [magis + voló], wish rather, prefer. malum, -í [malus], n., evil, mischief. malus, -a, -um, bad. málus, -í, m., mast. mandó, -dáre, -dáví, -dátus [manus + -dó, put], put in hand, intrust, commit; charge, command. máne, adv., in the morning, early in the morning. maneó, manére, mánsí, mánsus, remain. mánés, -ium, m. plur., spirit, shade. manus, -ús, f., hand. mare, maris, n., sea. marítus, -í, m., husband. Márs, Mártis, m., Mars. máter, mátris, f., mother. mátrimónium, -í [máter], n., marriage; in mátrimónium dúcere, marry. mátúró, -áre, -áví, -átus [mátúrus, ripe], ripen; hasten. máximé [máximus], adv., very greatly, exceedingly, especially. máximus, -a, -um, superl. of mágnus. Médéa, -ae, f., Medea. medicámentum, -í [medicó, heal], n., drug; poison, potion. medicína, -ae [medicus, physician], f., art of healing, medicine. medius, -a, -um, mid, middle. Medúsa, -ae, f., Medusa. membrum, -í, n., limb, member. memoria, -ae [memor, remembering], f., memory. memoró, -áre, -áví, -átus [memor, remembering], remind of, mention. mentió, -ónis, f., mention. mercátor, -óris [mercor, trade], m., trader, merchant. mercés, mercédis, f., pay, reward, wages. Mercurius, -í, m., Mercury. mergó, mergere, mersí, mersus, dip, plunge, sink. merídiánus, -a, -um [merídiés], midday, noonday; merídiánum tempus, midday, noon. merídiés, -éí [medius + diés], m., midday, noon; south. meritus, -a, -um [part. of mereó], deserved, due, just. meus, -a, -um [ego, meí], my, mine. míles, mílitis, m., soldier. mílitáris, -e [míles], military, warlike; rés mílitáris, art of war, warfare. mílle, indecl. adj., a thousand; mília, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mília passuum, thousands of paces, miles. minae, -árum, f. plur., threats. Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva. minimé [minimus, least], adv., least, very little; by no means, not at all. minimum [minimus, least], adv., very little, slightly. minitor, -árí, -átus [minae], threaten. Mínós, Mínóis, m., Minos. minus, comp. adv., less. Minyae, -árum, m. plur., Minyae. míráculum, -í [míror], n., wonder, marvel, miracle. míror, -árí, -átus [mírus], wonder, wonder at. mírus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange. misceó, miscére, miscuí, míxtus, mix, mingle. misericordia, -ae [misericors, pitiful], f;, pity, compassion. mittó, mittere, mísí, missus, send. modo [modus], adv., only. modus, -í, m., way, manner. moenia, -ium, n. plur., walls. mola, -ae, f., meal. molestia, -ae [molestus, annoying], f., annoyance. moneó, -ére, -uí, -itus, warn. móns, montis, m., mountain. mónstró, -áre, -áví, -átus [mónstrum], point out, show. mónstrum, -í, n., wonder, monster. mora, -ae, f., delay. mordeó, mordére, momordí, morsus, bite. morior, morí, mortuus, die. moror, -árí, -átus [mora], delay, linger, stay. mors, mortís [morior], f., death. mortális, -e [mors], mortal. mortifer, -fera, -ferum [mors + feró], death-bringing, deadly. mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead. mós, móris, m., way, manner, habit, custom. moveó, movére, móví, mótus, move. mox, adv., soon. múgió, -íre, -íví, low, bellow. múgítus, -ús [múgió], m., lowing, bellowing. mulier, mulieris, f., woman. multitúdó, -túdinis [multus], f., multitude. multó [multus], adv., by much or far, much, far. multum, -í [multus], n., much. multum [multus], adv., much, greatly, far. multus, -a, -um, much, great; plur., many. múnió, -íre, -íví, -ítus [moenia], fortify. múnus, múneris, n., service, office, duty; present, gift. múrus, -í, m., wall. música, -ae, f., music. mútó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of moveó], change. Mýsia, -ae, f., Mysia.

magicus, -a, -um, magic. magis, comp. adv., more, rather. magister, -trí [magis], m., master. mágnificé [mágnificus], adv., splendidly. mágnificentia, -ae [mágnificus], f., splendor, magnificence. mágnificus, -a, -um [mágnus + fació], splendid, magnificent. mágnitúdó, -túdinis [mágnus], f., greatness, size. mágnopere [abl. of mágnum opus], adv., greatly, very much, exceedingly; earnestly. mágnus, -a, -um, large, big, great, mighty; loud. máior, máius, comp. of mágnus. male [malus], adv., badly, ill. máló, málle, máluí [magis + voló], wish rather, prefer. malum, -í [malus], n., evil, mischief. malus, -a, -um, bad. málus, -í, m., mast. mandó, -dáre, -dáví, -dátus [manus + -dó, put], put in hand, entrust, commit; charge, command. máne, adv., in the morning, early in the morning. maneó, manére, mánsí, mánsus, remain. mánés, -ium, m. plur., spirit, shade. manus, -ús, f., hand. mare, maris, n., sea. marítus, -í, m., husband. Márs, Mártis, m., Mars. máter, mátris, f., mother. mátrimónium, -í [máter], n., marriage; in mátrimónium dúcere, marry. mátúró, -áre, -áví, -átus [mátúrus, ripe], ripen; hasten. máximé [máximus], adv., very greatly, exceedingly, especially. máximus, -a, -um, superl. of mágnus. Médéa, -ae, f., Medea. medicámentum, -í [medicó, heal], n., drug; poison, potion. medicína, -ae [medicus, physician], f., art of healing, medicine. medius, -a, -um, mid, middle. Medúsa, -ae, f., Medusa. membrum, -í, n., limb, member. memoria, -ae [memor, remembering], f., memory. memoró, -áre, -áví, -átus [memor, remembering], remind of, mention. mentió, -ónis, f., mention. mercátor, -óris [mercor, trade], m., trader, merchant. mercés, mercédis, f., pay, reward, wages. Mercurius, -í, m., Mercury. mergó, mergere, mersí, mersus, dip, plunge, sink. merídiánus, -a, -um [merídiés], midday, noonday; merídiánum tempus, midday, noon. merídiés, -éí [medius + diés], m., midday, noon; south. meritus, -a, -um [part. of mereó], deserved, due, just. meus, -a, -um [ego, meí], my, mine. míles, mílitis, m., soldier. mílitáris, -e [míles], military, warlike; rés mílitáris, art of war, warfare. mílle, indecl. adj., a thousand; mília, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mília passuum, thousands of paces, miles. minae, -árum, f. plur., threats. Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva. minimé [minimus, least], adv., least, very little; by no means, not at all. minimum [minimus, least], adv., very little, slightly. minitor, -árí, -átus [minae], threaten. Mínós, Mínóis, m., Minos. minus, comp. adv., less. Minyae, -árum, m. plur., Minyae. míráculum, -í [míror], n., wonder, marvel, miracle. míror, -árí, -átus [mírus], wonder, wonder at. mírus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange. misceó, miscére, miscuí, míxtus, mix, mingle. misericordia, -ae [misericors, pitiful], f;, pity, compassion. mittó, mittere, mísí, missus, send. modo [modus], adv., only. modus, -í, m., way, manner. moenia, -ium, n. plur., walls. mola, -ae, f., meal. molestia, -ae [molestus, annoying], f., annoyance. moneó, -ére, -uí, -itus, warn. móns, montis, m., mountain. mónstró, -áre, -áví, -átus [mónstrum], point out, show. mónstrum, -í, n., wonder, monster. mora, -ae, f., delay. mordeó, mordére, momordí, morsus, bite. morior, morí, mortuus, die. moror, -árí, -átus [mora], delay, linger, stay. mors, mortís [morior], f., death. mortális, -e [mors], mortal. mortifer, -fera, -ferum [mors + feró], death-bringing, deadly. mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead. mós, móris, m., way, manner, habit, custom. moveó, movére, móví, mótus, move. mox, adv., soon. múgió, -íre, -íví, low, bellow. múgítus, -ús [múgió], m., lowing, bellowing. mulier, mulieris, f., woman. multitúdó, -túdinis [multus], f., multitude. multó [multus], adv., by much or far, much, far. multum, -í [multus], n., much. multum [multus], adv., much, greatly, far. multus, -a, -um, much, great; plur., many. múnió, -íre, -íví, -ítus [moenia], fortify. múnus, múneris, n., service, office, duty; present, gift. múrus, -í, m., wall. música, -ae, f., music. mútó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of moveó], change. Mýsia, -ae, f., Mysia.

N

nactus, part. of nancíscor. nam, conj., for. nam-que, conj., for. nancíscor, nancíscí, nactus, get, obtain, find. nárró, -áre, -áví, -átus, tell, relate, narrate. nató, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of nó, swim], swim, float. nátúra, -ae [náscor, be born], f., nature, character. nauta, -ae [návis], m., sailor. nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], naval, nautical. návigátió, -ónis [návigó], f., sailing, navigation, voyage. návigó, -áre, -áví, -átus [návis + agó], sail. návis, -is, f., ship. -ne, enclitic introducing a question, untranslatable. né, adv., not; né … quidem, not … even; conj., that not, lest. nec, see neque. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. necó, -áre, -áví, -átus, put to death, slay, kill. neglegó, -legere, -léxí, -léctus [nec + legó, gather], disregard, neglect. negó, -áre, -áví, -átus, say no or not, deny, refuse. negótium, -í [nec + ótium, leisure], n., business, matter; task, trouble, difficulty. Nemeaeus, -a, -um, of Nemea, Nemean. némó, néminis [ne-, not + homó], m. and f., no one, nobody. nepós, nepótis, m., grandson. Neptúnus, -í, m., Neptune. neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not, nor; neque … neque, neither … nor; neque enim, for … not. nervus, -í, m., sinew, muscle. ne-sció, -scíre, -scíví, not know, be ignorant; nesció quis, I know not who, some one or other (nesció is thus used with other interrogative words also). Nessus, -í, m., Nessus. neu, see néve. neuter, neutra, neutrum [ne-, not + uter], neither. néve or neu [né + -ve, or], conj., and that not, and not, nor. niger, nigra, nigrum, black. nihil, n., indecl., nothing. nisi [ne-, not + sí], conj., if not, unless. nix, nivis, f., snow. noctú [nox], adv., at or by night. nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of night, nocturnal; nocturnum tempus, night-time. nóló, nólle, nóluí [ne-, not + voló], not wish, be unwilling. nómen, -minis [nóscó, come to know], n., name (that by which one is known). nón, adv., not. nón-dum, adv., not yet. nón-ne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is expected, not? nón-núllus, -a, -um, not none, some, several. nós, plur. of ego. noster, -tra, -trum [nós], our. nótus, -a, -um [part. of nóscó, come to know], known, well-known, famous_. novem, indecl. adj., nine. novitás, -tátis [novus], f., newness, novelty. novus, -a, -um, new; novissimus, last. nox, noctis, f., night. núbés, -is, f., cloud. núdus, -a, -um, naked, bare. núllus, -a, -um [ne-, not + úllus], not any, none, no. num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expected, untranslatable. numerus, -í, m., number. nummus, -í, m., coin. numquam [ne-, not + umquam, ever], adv., never. nunc, adv., now. núntió, -áre, -áví, -átus [núntius], report, announce. núntius, -í [novus], m., messenger; message. núper [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently. núsquam [ne-, not + úsquam, anywhere], adv., nowhere. nympha, -ae, f., nymph.

nactus, part. of nancíscor. nam, conj., for. nam-que, conj., for. nancíscor, nancíscí, nactus, get, obtain, find. nárró, -áre, -áví, -átus, tell, relate, narrate. nató, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of nó, swim], swim, float. nátúra, -ae [náscor, be born], f., nature, character. nauta, -ae [návis], m., sailor. nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], naval, nautical. návigátió, -ónis [návigó], f., sailing, navigation, voyage. návigó, -áre, -áví, -átus [návis + agó], sail. návis, -is, f., ship. -ne, enclitic introducing a question, untranslatable. né, adv., not; né … quidem, not … even; conj., that not, lest. nec, see neque. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. necó, -áre, -áví, -átus, put to death, slay, kill. neglegó, -legere, -léxí, -léctus [nec + legó, gather], disregard, neglect. negó, -áre, -áví, -átus, say no or not, deny, refuse. negótium, -í [nec + ótium, leisure], n., business, matter; task, trouble, difficulty. Nemeaeus, -a, -um, of Nemea, Nemean. némó, néminis [ne-, not + homó], m. and f., no one, nobody. nepós, nepótis, m., grandson. Neptúnus, -í, m., Neptune. neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not, nor; neque … neque, neither … nor; neque enim, for … not. nervus, -í, m., sinew, muscle. ne-sció, -scíre, -scíví, not know, be ignorant; nesció quis, I know not who, someone or other (nesció is thus used with other interrogative words also). Nessus, -í, m., Nessus. neu, see néve. neuter, neutra, neutrum [ne-, not + uter], neither. néve or neu [né + -ve, or], conj., and that not, and not, nor. niger, nigra, nigrum, black. nihil, n., indecl., nothing. nisi [ne-, not + sí], conj., if not, unless. nix, nivis, f., snow. noctú [nox], adv., at or by night. nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of night, nocturnal; nocturnum tempus, night-time. nóló, nólle, nóluí [ne-, not + voló], not wish, be unwilling. nómen, -minis [nóscó, come to know], n., name (that by which one is known). nón, adv., not. nón-dum, adv., not yet. nón-ne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is expected, not? nón-núllus, -a, -um, not none, some, several. nós, plur. of ego. noster, -tra, -trum [nós], our. nótus, -a, -um [part. of nóscó, come to know], known, well-known, famous_. novem, indecl. adj., nine. novitás, -tátis [novus], f., newness, novelty. novus, -a, -um, new; novissimus, last. nox, noctis, f., night. núbés, -is, f., cloud. núdus, -a, -um, naked, bare. núllus, -a, -um [ne-, not + úllus], not any, none, no. num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expected, untranslatable. numerus, -í, m., number. nummus, -í, m., coin. numquam [ne-, not + umquam, ever], adv., never. nunc, adv., now. núntió, -áre, -áví, -átus [núntius], report, announce. núntius, -í [novus], m., messenger; message. núper [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently. núsquam [ne-, not + úsquam, anywhere], adv., nowhere. nympha, -ae, f., nymph.

O

ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for; in compounds, to, against. obició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ob + iació], throw in the way or to. ob-iúrgó, -iúrgáre, -iúrgáví, -iúrgátus, chide, scold, reproach. ob-linó, -linere, -léví, -litus, daub over, smear. oblítus, -a, -um [part. of oblívíscor], forgetful, unmindful. oblívíscor, -lívíscí, -lítus, forget. obscúró, -scúráre, -scúráví, -scúrátus [obscúrus], darken, hide, conceal. obscúrus, -a, -um, dark. obsecró, -secráre, -secráví, -secrátus, beseech, entreat. ob-seró, -serere, -séví, -situs, sow, plant; cover, fill. obsideó, -sidére, -sédí, -sessus [ob + sedeó], beset, besiege. ob-struó, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, build against, block up. ob-testor, -testárí, -testátus, call to witness; beseech, implore. obtineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [ob + teneó], hold. obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierí, to meet; obviam íre, to go to meet. occásió, -ónis [occidó, fall], f., chance, opportunity. occásus, -ús [occidó, fall], m. setting. occídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [ob + caedó, cut], cut down, kill. occupó, -cupáre, -cupáví, -cupátus [ob + capió], seize; fill. occurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ob + curró], run against, meet. Oceanus, -í, m., Oceanus, the ocean. oculus, -í, m., eye. ódí, ódisse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of tenses of incomplete action, hate. odium, -í [ódí], n., hatred. odor, -óris, m., smell, odor. Oechalia, -ae, f., Oechalia. Oeneus, -í, m., Oeneus. Oeta, -ae, f., Oeta. offendó, -fendere, -fendí, -fénsus, offend. offeró, offerre, obtulí, oblátus [ob + feró], bear to, proffer, offer. officína, -ae, f., workshop, smithy. officium, -í, n., service; duty. ólim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of old. Olympus, -í, m., Olympus. omittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus [ob + mittó], let go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose. omnínó [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely. omnis, -e, all, every. oneró, -áre, -áví, -átus [onus, load], load, burden. opera, -ae [opus], f., effort, work, labor. opínió, -ónis [opínor, think], f., opinion, expectation; reputation. oppidum, -í, n., town. opportúnus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable, convenient, opportune. opprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [ob + premó], press against, overpower, crush. optimus, -a, -um, superl. of bonus. opus, operis, n., work, task. óráculum, -í [óró], n., oracle. órátió, -ónis [óró], f., speech; órátiónem habére, to deliver an oration, speak. orbis, -is, m., circle; orbis terrae or terrárum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world. Orcus, -í, m., Orcus, under-world. órdó, órdinis, m., arrangement, order, rank; ex órdine, in order. orior, -írí, -tus, arise, come forth, spring up; ortá lúce, at dawn. órnó, -áre, -áví, -átus, equip, adorn. óró, -áre, -áví, -átus [ós], speak; beg, pray. Orpheus, -í, m., Orpheus. ós, óris, n., mouth. ostendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus [ob + tendó], stretch out before, show, explain. óstium, -í [ós], n., mouth, doorway, door. ovis, -is, f., sheep.

ob, prep. with acc., because of, for; in compounds, to, against. obició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [ob + iació], throw in the way or to. ob-iúrgó, -iúrgáre, -iúrgáví, -iúrgátus, scold, reproach. ob-linó, -linere, -léví, -litus, daub over, smear. oblítus, -a, -um [part. of oblívíscor], forgetful, unmindful. oblívíscor, -lívíscí, -lítus, forget. obscúró, -scúráre, -scúráví, -scúrátus [obscúrus], darken, hide, conceal. obscúrus, -a, -um, dark. obsecró, -secráre, -secráví, -secrátus, beseech, entreat. ob-seró, -serere, -séví, -situs, sow, plant; cover, fill. obsideó, -sidére, -sédí, -sessus [ob + sedeó], beset, besiege. ob-struó, -struere, -strúxí, -strúctus, build against, block up. ob-testor, -testárí, -testátus, call to witness; beseech, implore. obtineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [ob + teneó], hold. obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposing, face to face; obviam fierí, to meet; obviam íre, to go to meet. occásió, -ónis [occidó, fall], f., chance, opportunity. occásus, -ús [occidó, fall], m. setting. occídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [ob + caedó, cut], cut down, kill. occupó, -cupáre, -cupáví, -cupátus [ob + capió], seize; fill. occurró, -currere, -currí, -cursus [ob + curró], run against, meet. Oceanus, -í, m., Oceanus, the ocean. oculus, -í, m., eye. ódí, ódisse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of tenses of incomplete action, hate. odium, -í [ódí], n., hatred. odor, -óris, m., smell, odor. Oechalia, -ae, f., Oechalia. Oeneus, -í, m., Oeneus. Oeta, -ae, f., Oeta. offendó, -fendere, -fendí, -fénsus, offend. offeró, offerre, obtulí, oblátus [ob + feró], bear to, proffer, offer. officína, -ae, f., workshop, smithy. officium, -í, n., service; duty. ólim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of old. Olympus, -í, m., Olympus. omittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus [ob + mittó], let go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose. omnínó [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely. omnis, -e, all, every. oneró, -áre, -áví, -átus [onus, load], load, burden. opera, -ae [opus], f., effort, work, labor. opínió, -ónis [opínor, think], f., opinion, expectation; reputation. oppidum, -í, n., town. opportúnus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable, convenient, opportune. opprimó, -primere, -pressí, -pressus [ob + premó], press against, overpower, crush. optimus, -a, -um, superl. of bonus. opus, operis, n., work, task. óráculum, -í [óró], n., oracle. órátió, -ónis [óró], f., speech; órátiónem habére, to deliver an oration, speak. orbis, -is, m., circle; orbis terrae or terrárum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world. Orcus, -í, m., Orcus, under-world. órdó, órdinis, m., arrangement, order, rank; ex órdine, in order. orior, -írí, -tus, arise, come forth, spring up; ortá lúce, at dawn. órnó, -áre, -áví, -átus, equip, adorn. óró, -áre, -áví, -átus [ós], speak; beg, pray. Orpheus, -í, m., Orpheus. ós, óris, n., mouth. ostendó, -tendere, -tendí, -tentus [ob + tendó], stretch out before, show, explain. óstium, -í [ós], n., mouth, doorway, door. ovis, -is, f., sheep.

P

pábulum, -í [páscó], n., food, fodder. paene, adv., almost, nearly. palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling-place, gymnasium. pálus, -í, m., stake. palús, -údis, f., swamp, marsh. parátus, -a, -um [part. of paró], prepared, equipped, ready. páreó, -ére, -uí, obey. paró, -áre, -áví, -átus, make ready, prepare. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. parvus, -a, -um, little, small. páscó, páscere, páví, pástus, feed. passus, -ús [pandó, stretch], m., pace_; mília passuum, see mílle. pástor, -tóris [páscó], m., shepherd. patefació, -facere, -fécí, -factus [pateó, be open + fació], throw, or lay open, open. pater, patris, m., father. patior, patí, passus, bear, suffer, allow. patria, -ae [pater], f., fatherland, country. paucí, -ae, -a, plur. adj., few. pauló [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little, somewhat. paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat. pavor, -óris [payeó, be terrified], m., terror, panic. pectus, pectoris, n., breast. pecúnia, -ae [pecus], f., money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times). pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle. pecus, pecudis, f., head of cattle, beast, sheep, goat. Peliás, -ae, m., Pelias. pellis, -is, f., hide, skin, pelt. pelló, pellere, pepulí, pulsus, drive, drive away, beat, rout. pendó, pendere, pependí, pénsus, weigh out, pay. Pénelopé, -és, f., Penelope. per, prep, with ace., through, by means of. percipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [per + capió], feel. percutió, -cutere, -cussí, -cussus [per + quatió], strike through, strike. per-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead or bring through, lead, bring. peregrínus, -í, m., stranger, foreigner. perennis, -e [per + annus], lasting throughout the year, perennial, perpetual. per-eó, -íre, -ii, -itúrus, pass away, perish. per-feró, -ferre, -tulí, -látus, bear through, bear, endure; weather. perfició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [per + fació], do or make through, accomplish. per-fló, -fláre, blow through or over. per-fodió, -fodere, -fódí, -fossus, dig or pierce through, transfix. perículum, -í, n., danger, peril, risk. per-lústró, -lústráre, -lústrávi, -lústrátus, look over, examine, survey. per-maneó, -manére, -mánsi, -mánsus, remain. perpetuus, -a, -um [per + petó], continuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever. per-rumpó, -rumpere, -rúpí, -ruptus, break or burst through, break. per-scríbó, -scríbere, -scrípsí, scríptus, write through or in full, describe fully, recount. per-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, follow up, pursue. Perseus, -í, m., Perseus. per-solvó, -solvere, -solví, -solútus, pay completely, pay. per-suádeó, -suádére, -suási, -suásus, persuade, prevail upon, induce. per-terreó, -terrére, -terrui, -territus, thoroughly frighten, terrify. per-turbó, -turbáre, -turbávi, -turbátus, greatly disturb, disturb, agitate, throw into confusion. per-venió, -veníre, -véní, -ventus, come through, come, arrive, reach. pés, pedis, m., foot. petó, -ere, -íví or -ií, -ítus, seek, ask; attack. Phásis, -idis, m., Phasis. Phíneus, -í, m., Phineus. Pholus, -í, m., Pholus. Phrixus, -í, m., Phrixus. pinguis, -e, fat. piscátor, -tóris [piscor, fish], m., fisherman. plausus, -ús [plaudó, clap], m., applause. plúrés, -a [comp. of multus], plur. adj., more, many, several. plúrimus, -a, -um, superl. of multus. Plútó, -ónis, m., Pluto. póculum, -í [pótó, drink], n., cup. poena, -ae, f., penalty, punishment. poéta, -ae, m., poet. polliceor, -licérí, -licitus, promise. Polydectés, -is, m., Polydectes. Polyphémus, -í, m., Polyphemus. pómum, -í, n., fruit, apple. pondus, ponderis [pendó], n., weight. pónó, pónere, posuí, positus, place, put; póní with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on. póns, pontis, m., bridge. porcus, -í, m., pig, hog, swine. porta, -ae, f., gate; door. portus, -ús, m., harbor, haven, port. póscó, póscere, popóscí, ask, demand. possideó, -sidére, -sédí, -sessus, hold, possess. possum, posse, potuí [potis, able + sum], be able, have power, can. post, adv., after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind. posteá [post], adv., after this, afterwards. posterus, -a, -um [post], following, next. post-quam, conj., later than, after, when. postrémus, -a, -um [superl. of posterus], last. postrídié [posterus + diés], adv., the day after, the next day. postuló, -áre, -áví, -átus, ask, request, demand. potior, -írí, -ítus [potis, able], become master of, get possession of. prae-acútus, -a, -um, sharp at the end, pointed, sharp. praebeó, -ére, -uí, -itus [prae, before + habeó], hold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit. prae-caveó, -cavére, -cáví, -cautus, beware beforehand, beware, be on one's guard. praecipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [prae, before + capió], take beforehand, anticipate; order, charge. praecipué [praecipuus, especial], adv., especially. prae-clárus, -clára, -clárum, very bright; splendid, remarkable, famous. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder. prae-dícó, -dícere, -díxí, -dictus, say beforehand, foretell, predict. praedor, -árí, -átus [praeda], plunder. praemium, -í, n., reward. praeséns, -sentis [part. of praesum], adj., present, immediate, imminent. praesentia, -ae [praeséns], f., the present. praeses, praesidis, m., protector. praesidium, -í [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort. praestáns, -stantis [part. of praestó], adj., preëminent, remarkable. prae-stó, -stáre, -stití, -stitus, stand in front; show. prae-sum, -esse, -fuí, be before, preside over, have charge of, command. praeter [prae, before], prep. with acc., before, past, by; besides, except. praetereá [praeter], adv., besides this, besides, moreover. praeter-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, pass by. precés, -um, f. plur., prayer, entreaty. prehendó, -hendere, -hendí, -hénsus, seize. premó, premere, pressí, pressus, press, check, restrain. pretium, -í, n., price, charge. prímó [prímus], adv., at first. prímum [prímus], adv., first, in the first place. prímus, -a, -um [superl. from pró], first, foremost. prístinus, -a, -um [prius], former. prius [prior, former], adv., before, first. prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, before. pró, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for. procul, adv., at or from a distance, far. proelium, -í, n., battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle. profectió, -ónis [proficíscor], f., departure, start. proficíscor, -ficíscí, -fectus [prófició, make progress], set out, depart, start, march_. prógredior, -gredí, -gressus [pró + gradior], go forward, advance. prohibeó, -hibére, -hibuí, -hibitus [pró + habeó], hold back, prevent, hinder. próició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [pró + iació], throw forth or down, cast away, throw. pró-mittó, -mittere, -mísí, -missus, send or put forth, promise. prómó, prómere, prómpsí, prómptus [pró + emó], take or bring out, produce. prómunturium, -í, n., headland, promontory. properó, -áre, -áví, -átus, hasten. pró-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, put or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say. propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of. próra, -ae, f., prow, bow. pró-sequor, -sequí, -secútus, follow forward, follow. Próserpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, Proserpine. pró-sternó, -sternere, -stráví, -strátus, strew or spread before, throw or knock down. pró-sum, pródesse, prófuí, be of advantage, profit, avail, assist. pró-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, carry forward. pró-vocó, -vocáre, -vocáví, -vocátus, call forth or out, challenge. proximus, -a, -um [superl. from prope, near], nearest, next. prúdentia, -ae [prúdéns, prudent], f., prudence. puella, -ae [puer], f., girl, maiden. puer, puerí, m., boy. pueritia, -ae [puer], f., boyhood. púgna, -ae, f., fighting, battle, combat. púgnó, -áre, -áví, -átus [púgna], fight. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. pulsó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of pelló], push or strike against, knock, knock at. punctum, -í [pungó, prick], n., point, instant, moment. púrgó, -áre, -áví, -átus [púrus, clean + agó], make clean, clean, cleanse. putó, -áre, -áví, -átus, think. Pýthia, -ae, f., Pythia.

pabulum, -i [pasco], n., food, fodder. paene, adv., almost, nearly. palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling space, gym. palus, -i, m., stake. palus, -udis, f., swamp, marsh. paratus, -a, -um [part. of paro], prepared, equipped, ready. pareo, -ere, -ui, obey. paro, -are, -avi, -atus, make ready, prepare. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. parvus, -a, -um, little, small. pasco, pascere, pavi, pastus, feed. passus, -us [pando, stretch], m., pace_; mília passuum, see mille. pastor, -toris [pasco], m., shepherd. patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus [pateo, be open + facio], throw, or lay open, open. pater, patris, m., father. patior, pati, passus, bear, suffer, allow. patria, -ae [pater], f., fatherland, country. pauci, -ae, -a, plur. adj., few. paulo [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little, somewhat. paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat. pavor, -oris [paveo, be terrified], m., terror, panic. pectus, pectoris, n., breast. pecunia, -ae [pecus], f., money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times). pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle. pecus, pecudis, f., head of cattle, beast, sheep, goat. Pelias, -ae, m., Pelias. pellis, -is, f., hide, skin, pelt. pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus, drive, drive away, beat, rout. pendó, pendere, pependi, pensus, weigh out, pay. Penelope, -es, f., Penelope. per, prep, with ace., through, by means of. percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [per + capio], feel. percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus [per + quatió], strike through, strike. per-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, lead or bring through, lead, bring. peregrinus, -i, m., stranger, foreigner. perennis, -e [per + annus], lasting throughout the year, perennial, perpetual. per-eo, -ire, -ii, -iturus, pass away, perish. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, bear through, bear, endure; weather. perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [per + facio], do or make through, accomplish. per-flo, -fláre, blow through or over. per-fodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossus, dig or pierce through, transfix. periculum, -i, n., danger, peril, risk. per-lustro, -lustrare, -lustravi, -lustratus, look over, examine, survey. per-maneo, -manere, -mansi, -mansus, remain. perpetuus, -a, -um [per + peto], continuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever. per-rumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptus, break or burst through, break. per-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, scriptus, write through or in full, describe fully, recount. per-sequor, -sequi, -secutus, follow up, pursue. Perseus, -i, m., Perseus. per-solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solutus, pay completely, pay. per-suadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -suasus, persuade, prevail upon, induce. per-terreo, -terrere, -terrui, -territus, thoroughly frighten, terrify. per-turbo, -turbare, -turbavi, -turbatus, greatly disturb, disturb, agitate, throw into confusion. pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, come through, come, arrive, reach. pes, pedis, m., foot. peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, seek, ask; attack. Phasis, -idis, m., Phasis. Phineus, -i, m., Phineus. Pholus, -i, m., Pholus. Phrixus, -i, m., Phrixus. pinguis, -e, fat. piscator, -toris [piscor, fish], m., fisherman. plausus, -us [plaudo, clap], m., applause. plures, -a [comp. of multus], plur. adj., more, many, several. plurimus, -a, -um, superl. of multus. Pluto, -onis, m., Pluto. poculum, -i [poto, drink], n., cup. poena, -ae, f., penalty, punishment. poeta, -ae, m., poet. polliceor, -liceri, -licitus, promise. Polydectes, -is, m., Polydectes. Polythemus, -i, m., Polyphemus. pomum, -i, n., fruit, apple. pondus, ponderis [pendó], n., weight. pono, ponere, posui, positus, place, put; poní with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on. pons, pontis, m., bridge. porcus, -i, m., pig, hog, swine. porta, -ae, f., gate; door. portus, -us, m., harbor, haven, port. posco, poscere, poposci, ask, demand. possidere, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, hold, possess. possum, posse, potui [potis, able + sum], be able, have power, can. post, adv., after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind. postea [post], adv., after this, afterwards. posterus, -a, -um [post], following, next. postquam, conj., later than, after, when. postremus, -a, -um [superl. of posterus], last. postridie [posterus + dies], adv., the day after, the next day. postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask, request, demand. potior, -iri, -itus [potis, able], become master of, get possession of. prae-acutus, -a, -um, sharp at the end, pointed, sharp. praebeó, -ere, -ui, -itus [prae, before + habeo], hold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit. prae-caveo, -cavere, -cavi, -cautus, beware beforehand, beware, be on one's guard. praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [prae, before + capio], take beforehand, anticipate; order, charge. praecipue [praecipuus, especial], adv., especially. prae-clarus, -a, -um, very bright; splendid, remarkable, famous. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder. prae-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus, say beforehand, foretell, predict. praedor, -ari, -atus [praeda], plunder. praemium, -i, n., reward. praesens, -sentis [part. of praesum], adj., present, immediate, imminent. praesentia, -ae [praesens], f., the present. praeses, praesidis, m., protector. praesidium, -i [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort. praestans, -stantis [part. of praesto], adj., preëminent, remarkable. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus, stand in front; show. praesum, -esse, -fui, be before, preside over, have charge of, command. praeter [prae, before], prep. with acc., before, past, by; besides, except. praeterea [praeter], adv., besides this, besides, moreover. praeter-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, pass by. preces, -um, f. plur., prayer, entreaty. prehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensus, seize. premo, premere, pressi, pressus, press, check, restrain. pretium, -i, n., price, charge. primo [primus], adv., at first. primum [primus], adv., first, in the first place. primus, -a, -um [superl. from pro], first, foremost. pristinus, -a, -um [prius], former. prior [prior, former], adv., before, first. prior-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, before. pro, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for. procul, adv., at or from a distance, far. proelium, -i, n., battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle. profectio, -onis [proficiscor], f., departure, start. proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus [proficio, make progress], set out, depart, start, march. progredior, -gredi, -gressus [pro + gradior], go forward, advance. prohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus [pro + habeo], hold back, prevent, hinder. proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [pro + iacio], throw forth or down, cast away, throw. promitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, send or put forth, promise. promo, promere, prompse, promptus [pro + emo], take or bring out, produce. promuntorium, -i, n., headland, promontory. properare, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten. propono, -ponere, -posui, -positus, put or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say. propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of. prora, -ae, f., prow, bow. prosequi, -sequi, -secutus, follow forward, follow. Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, Proserpine. prosternere, -sternere, -stravi, -stratus, strew or spread before, throw or knock down. prosus, prodesse, profui, be of advantage, profit, avail, assist. provehó, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus, carry forward. provoco, -vocare, -vocavi, -vocatus, call forth or out, challenge. proximus, -a, -um [superl. from prope, near], nearest, next. prudentia, -ae [prudens, prudent], f., prudence. puella, -ae [puer], f., girl, maiden. puer, pueri, m., boy. pueritia, -ae [puer], f., boyhood. pugna, -ae, f., fighting, battle, combat. pugno, -are, -avi, -atus [pugna], fight. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. pulso, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of pello], push or strike against, knock, knock at. punctum, -i [pungo, prick], n., point, instant, moment. purgo, -are, -avi, -atus [purus, clean + ago], make clean, clean, cleanse. puto, -are, -avi, -atus, think. Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia.

Q

quá [quí], adv., in which place, where. quaeró, quaerere, quaesíví, quaesítus, seek; ask, inquire. quális, -e, of what sort? what kind of? quam [quis and quí], adv., how? as; than; with superl., as … as possible. quam-quam, conj., however much, although. quantum [quantus], adv., how much? how? quantus, -a, -um, how great or much? quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth. quasi [quí + sí], conj., as if. quattuor, indecl. adj., four. -que, enclitic conj., and. quí, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which. quí, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj., what? quídam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., a certain, certain. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; né … quidem, not … even. quiés, quiétis, f., rest, repose. quín, conj., so that … not, but that, but. quínquágintá [quínque, five], indecl. adj., fifty. quíntus, -a, -um [quínque, five], fifth. quis, quid, interrog. pron., who? which? what? quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something. quis-nam, quaenam, quidnam, interrog. pron., who, which, or what, pray? who? which? what? quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one, anything. quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each. quó [quis and quí], adv., to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quó úsque, till when? how long? quod [quí], conj., that, in that, because. quoniam [cum + iam], conj., since now, since. quoque [quí + -que], adv., also. quotannís [quot, how many + annus], adv., every year, yearly, annually. quotiéns [quot, how many, adv., as often as.

quá [quí], adv., in which place, where. quaeró, quaerere, quaesíví, quaesítus, seek; ask, inquire. quális, -e, of what sort? what kind of? quam [quis and quí], adv., how? as; than; with superl., as … as possible. quam-quam, conj., however much, although. quantum [quantus], adv., how much? how? quantus, -a, -um, how great or much? quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth. quasi [quí + sí], conj., as if. quattuor, indecl. adj., four. -que, enclitic conj., and. quí, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which. quí, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj., what? quídam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., a certain, certain. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; né … quidem, not … even. quiés, quiétis, f., rest, repose. quín, conj., so that … not, but that, but. quínquágintá [quínque, five], indecl. adj., fifty. quíntus, -a, -um [quínque, five], fifth. quis, quid, interrog. pron., who? which? what? quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something. quis-nam, quaenam, quidnam, interrog. pron., who, which, or what, pray? who? which? what? quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., anyone, anything. quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each. quó [quis and quí], adv., to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quó úsque, till when? how long? quod [quí], conj., that, in that, because. quoniam [cum + iam], conj., since now, since. quoque [quí + -que], adv., also. quotannís [quot, how many + annus], adv., every year, yearly, annually. quotiéns [quot, how many, adv., as often as.

R

rámus, -í, m., branch, bough. rapió, -ere, -uí, -tus, seize, snatch. ratió, -ónis [reor, think], f., plan, means, method, manner_. recipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [re- + capió], take or get back, recover; sé recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover. re-creó, -creáre, -creáví, -creátus, make anew, renew, refresh. réctus, -a, -um [part. of regó, direct], direct, straight. re-cumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, lie back or down. recuperó, -áre, -áví, -átus, recover. recúsó, -cúsáre, -cúsáví, -cúsátus [re- + causa], give a reason against, refuse. reddó, -dere, -didí, -ditus [re- + dó], give back, return, restore; render. redeó, -íre, -ií, -itus [re- + eó], go back, return. redintegró, -integráre, -integráví, -integrátus [re- + integró, make whole], make whole again, renew. reditus, -ús [redeó], m., return. re-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead or bring back; restore. re-feró, referre, rettulí, relátus, bring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grátiam referre, see grátia. refició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [re- + fació], make anew, renew, repair. re-fugió, -fugere, -fúgí, flee back, run away, retreat. re-fulgeó, -fulgére, -fulsí, flash back, shine. régia, -ae [régius, royal], f., palace. régína, -ae [réx], f., queen. regió, -ónis [regó, direct], f., direction; country, region. régnó, -áre, -áví, -átus [régnum], reign, rule. régnum, -í [réx], n., royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm. regredior, -gredí, -gressus [re- + gradior], go back, return. re-linquó, -linquere, -líquí, -lictus, leave behind, leave. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquó], left, the remaining, the other, the rest of. remedium, -í [re- + medeor, heal], n., remedy. rémigó, -áre [rémex, rower], row. re-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, move back, remove. rémus, -í, m., oar. re-núntió, -núntiáre, -núntiáví, -núntiátus, bring back word, report, announce. re-pelló, repellere, reppulí, repulsus, drive back or away, repulse, repel. reperió, reperíre, repperí, repertus, find, discover. repertor, -óris [reperió], m., discoverer, inventor. re-pleó, -plére, -pléví, -plétus, fill again or up, fill. re-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, put or set back; store up or away. re-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, carry or bring back. re-púgnó, -púgnáre, -púgnáví, -púgnátus, fight against, struggle, resist. rés, reí, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; ré vérá, in truth, in fact, really. re-sistó, -sistere, -stití, stand back, resist. re-spíró, -spíráre, -spíráví, -spírátus, breathe back or out, breathe. re-spondeó, -spondére, -spondí, -spónsus, reply, answer. respónsum, -í [part. of respondeó], n., reply, answer, response. restituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [re- + statuó], set up again, put back, restore. retineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [re- + teneó], hold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast. revertor, -vertí, -versus, perf. act. -vertí [re- + vertó], turn back, return. réx, régis [regó, direct], m., king. Rhadamanthus, -í, m., Rhadamanthus. rídeó, rídére, rísí, rísus, laugh. rípa, -ae, f., bank. ríte [rítus, rite], adv., duly, fitly. róbur, róboris, n., oak. rogó, -áre, -áví, -átus, ask. rogus, -í, m., funeral pile, pyre. Róma, -ae, f., Rome. róstrum, -í [ródó, gnaw], n., beak. ruó, -ere, -í, -itúrus, rush. rúpés, -is, f., rock, cliff; reef. rúrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv., again.

rámus, -í, m., branch, bough. rapió, -ere, -uí, -tus, seize, snatch. ratió, -ónis [reor, think], f., plan, means, method, manner. recipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [re- + capió], take or get back, recover; sé recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover. re-creó, -creáre, -creáví, -creátus, make anew, renew, refresh. réctus, -a, -um [part. of regó, direct], direct, straight. re-cumbó, -cumbere, -cubuí, lie back or down. recuperó, -áre, -áví, -átus, recover. recúsó, -cúsáre, -cúsáví, -cúsátus [re- + causa], give a reason against, refuse. reddó, -dere, -didí, -ditus [re- + dó], give back, return, restore; render. redeó, -íre, -ií, -itus [re- + eó], go back, return. redintegró, -integráre, -integráví, -integrátus [re- + integró, make whole], make whole again, renew. reditus, -ús [redeó], m., return. re-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, lead or bring back; restore. re-feró, referre, rettulí, relátus, bring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grátiam referre, see grátia. refició, -ficere, -fécí, -fectus [re- + fació], make anew, renew, repair. re-fugió, -fugere, -fúgí, flee back, run away, retreat. re-fulgeó, -fulgére, -fulsí, flash back, shine. régia, -ae [régius, royal], f., palace. régína, -ae [réx], f., queen. regió, -ónis [regó, direct], f., direction; country, region. régnó, -áre, -áví, -átus [régnum], reign, rule. régnum, -í [réx], n., royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm. regredior, -gredí, -gressus [re- + gradior], go back, return. re-linquó, -linquere, -líquí, -lictus, leave behind, leave. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquó], left, the remaining, the other, the rest of. remedium, -í [re- + medeor, heal], n., remedy. rémigó, -áre [rémex, rower], row. re-moveó, -movére, -móví, -mótus, move back, remove. rémus, -í, m., oar. re-núntió, -núntiáre, -núntiáví, -núntiátus, bring back word, report, announce. re-pelló, repellere, reppulí, repulsus, drive back or away, repulse, repel. reperió, reperíre, repperí, repertus, find, discover. repertor, -óris [reperió], m., discoverer, inventor. re-pleó, -plére, -pléví, -plétus, fill again or up, fill. re-pónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus, put or set back; store up or away. re-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, carry or bring back. re-púgnó, -púgnáre, -púgnáví, -púgnátus, fight against, struggle, resist. rés, reí, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; ré vérá, in truth, in fact, really. re-sistó, -sistere, -stití, stand back, resist. re-spíró, -spíráre, -spíráví, -spírátus, breathe back or out, breathe. re-spondeó, -spondére, -spondí, -spónsus, reply, answer. respónsum, -í [part. of respondeó], n., reply, answer, response. restituó, -stituere, -stituí, -stitútus [re- + statuó], set up again, put back, restore. retineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [re- + teneó], hold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast. revertor, -vertí, -versus, perf. act. -vertí [re- + vertó], turn back, return. réx, régis [regó, direct], m., king. Rhadamanthus, -í, m., Rhadamanthus. rídeó, rídére, rísí, rísus, laugh. rípa, -ae, f., bank. ríte [rítus, rite], adv., duly, fitly. róbur, róboris, n., oak. rogó, -áre, -áví, -átus, ask. rogus, -í, m., funeral pile, pyre. Róma, -ae, f., Rome. róstrum, -í [ródó, gnaw], n., beak. ruó, -ere, -í, -itúrus, rush. rúpés, -is, f., rock, cliff; reef. rúrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv., again.

S

saccus, -í, m., bag, sack. sacerdós, -dótis [sacer, holy + dó], m. and f., priest, priestess. sacrificium, -í [sacrifice], n., sacrifice. sacrificó, -áre, -áví, -átus [sacer, holy + fació], sacrifice. saepe, adv., often, frequently. saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage. sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. sál, salis, m., salt. Salmydéssus, -í, m., Salmydessus. salsus, -a, -um [sál], salted, salt. salús, salútis [salvus, safe], f., safety, deliverance, escape. sánctus, -a, -um [part, of sanció, make sacred], consecrated, sacred. sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. sánitás, -tátis [sánus, sound], f., soundness; right reason, sanity. satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. saxum, -í, n., rock, stone. scapha, -ae, f., boat, skiff. scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, crime. scientia, -ae [sció], f., knowledge, skill. sció, -íre, -íví, -ítus, know. scríbó, scríbere, scrípsí, scríptus, write. scútum, -í, n., shield. sé-cédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus, go apart, withdraw. secundus, -a, -um [sequor], following, favorable. sed, conj., but. sedeó, sedére, sédí, sessus, sit. sédés, -is [sedeó], f., seat, abode. sémentis, -is [semen, seed], f., seeding, sowing. semper, adv., always. senex, senis, m., old man. sententia, -ae [sentió], f., opinion; purpose. sentió, sentíre, sénsí, sénsus, perceive, feel. sepelió, sepelíre, sepelíví, sepultus, bury. septimus, -a, -um [septem, seven],seventh. sepultúra, -ae [sepelió], f., burial. sequor, sequí, secútus, follow. Seríphus, -í, f., Seriphos. sermó, -ónis [seró, interweave], m., conversation, talk, speech. seró, serere, séví, satus, sow, plant. serpéns, -entis [part, of serpó, crawl], f., serpent. servió, -ire, -íví, -ítus [servus], be subject to, serve. servitús, -tútis [servus], f., slavery, servitude. servó, -áre, -áví, -átus, save, preserve. servus, -í, m., slave, servant. sí, conj., if. síc, adv., so, thus. Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. sígnum, -í, n., sign, signal. silva, -ae, f., wood, forest. simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as. sine, prep. with abl., without. sinister, -tra, -trum, left. sinistra, -ae [sinister], f., left hand (manus understood). sinus, -ús, m., bosom, lap. situs, -a, -um [part. of sinó], placed, situated. sí-ve or seu, conj., or if; síve … síve, whether … or. socius, -í [sequor], m., companion, comrade, ally. sól, sólis, m., sun. solium, -í [sedeó], n., seat, throne. sollicitúdó, -túdinis [sollicitus], f., anxiety, care, apprehension. sollicitus, -a, -um, troubled, anxious. sólus, -a, -um, alone. solvó, solvere, solví, solútus, loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without návem, cast off, set sail, put to sea. somnus, -í, m., sleep, drowsiness. sonitus, -ús [sonó, sound], m. sound, noise. sonórus, -a, -um [sonó, sound], sounding, loud, noisy. soror, -óris, f., sister. sors, sortis, f., lot. sortior, -írí, -ítus [sors], cast or draw lots. spargó, spargere, sparsí, sparsus, scatter, sprinkle. spatium, -í, n., space, interval; space of time, time. speciés, -éí [speció, look], f., sight, appearance, shape. spectátor, -óris [spectó], m., looker-on, spectator. spectó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of speció, look], look at or on. speculum, -í [speció, look], n., looking-glass, mirror. spélunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern. spernó, spernere, spréví, sprétus, despise, scorn. spéró, -áre, -áví, -átus [spés], hope. spés, speí, f., hope. sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meá, tuá, suá, of one's own accord, voluntarily. squálor, -óris [squáleó, be dirty], m., dirt, filth. stabulum, -í [stó], n., standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure. statim [stó], adv., on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately. statuó, statuere, statuí, statútus [stó], cause to stand; decide, resolve. stípendium, -í, n., tax, tribute. stó, stáre, stetí, status, stand. stringó, stringere, strinxí, strictus, draw, unsheathe. studeó, -ére, -uí, be eager, give attention, apply oneself. studiósus, -a, -um [studium], eager, diligent, studious. studium, -í [studeó], n., eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit. stupeó, -ére, -uí, be stunned, astounded, or amazed. Stymphálus, -í, m., Stymphalus. Stymphális, -idis [Stymphálus], adj., of Stymphalus, Stymphalian. Styx, Stygis, f., Styx. suávis, -e, sweet, pleasant. sub, prep. with acc. and abl., under; sub vesperum, towards evening. sub-dó, -dere, -didí, -ditus, put under, apply. sub-dúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus, draw up, beach. sub-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure. subició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [sub + iació], throw or place under. subitó [subitus, unexpected], adv., unexpectedly, suddenly. sub-levó, -leváre, -leváví, -levátus, lift from beneath, lift, raise. sub-mergó, -mergere, -mersí, -mersus, plunge under, sink, overwhelm. subsidium, -í [sub + sedeó], n., reserve, reinforcement, support, help. succédó, -cédere, -cessí, -cessus [sub + cédó], go or come under, follow after, succeed. succendó, -cendere, -cendí, -cénsus, kindle beneath, set on fire. succídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus [sub + caedó], cut below or down. súcus, -í, m., juice. suí, sibi, sé or sésé, reflexive pron., himself, herself, itself, themselves. sum, esse, fuí, futúrus, be. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper], uppermost, highest, greatest. súmó, súmere, súmpsí, súmptus [sub + emó], take under or up, take; poenam súmere, to exact or inflict punishment. superior, -ius [comp. of superus, upper], adj., higher; former, previous, preceding. superó, -áre, -áví, -átus [superus, upper], overcome, defeat, conquer. super-sum, -esse, -fuí, be over or left, remain. supplicium, -í [supplex, kneeling], n., punishment, torture. suppónó, -pónere, -posuí, -positus [sub + pónó], place or put under. suprá [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with acc., above, before. suprémus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper], highest, last. suscipió, -cipere, -cépí, -ceptus [sub + capió], undertake. suspendó, -pendere, -pendí, -pénsus [sub + pendó], hang up, hang. suspíció, -ónis [suspició, look askance at], f., suspicion. suspicor, -spicárí, -spicátus [suspició, look askance at], suspect. sustineó, -tinére, -tinuí, -tentus [sub + teneó], hold or bear up, sustain, withstand. suus, -a, -um [suí], his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their. Symplégadés, -um, f. plur., the Symplegades.

T

taceó, -ére, -uí, -itus, be silent. tacitus, -a, -um [part. of taceó], silent. Taenarus, -í, m., Taenarus. tálária, -ium [tálus, ankle], n. plur., winged shoes. tális, -e, such. tam, adv., so. tamen, adv., however, yet, nevertheless. tandem, adv., at length or last, finally. tangó, tangere, tetigí, táctus, touch. tantum [tantus], adv., so much or far, only. tantus, -a, -um, so great or much. Tartarus, -í, m., Tartarus. taurus, -í, m., bull. tegó, tegere, téxí, téctus, cover. télum, -í, n., missile, spear, weapon. temeré, adv., rashly. tempestás, -tátis [tempus], f., weather; storm, tempest. templum, -í, n., sanctuary, temple. temptó, -áre, -áví, -átus, try, attempt. tempus, temporis, n., time, season. teneó, -ére, -uí, -tus, hold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop. tenuis, -e, thin. tergum, -í, n., back. terra, -ae, f., land, earth. terreó, -ére, -uí, -itus, frighten, terrify. terribilis, -e [terreó], dreadful, terrible. terror, -óris [terreó], m., terror, fright. tertium [tertius], adv., the or a third time. tertius, -a, -um [trés], third. texó, -ere, -uí, -tus, weave. Thébae, -árum, f. plur., Thebes. Thébání, -órum [Thébae], m. plur., Thebans. Thermódón, -ontis, m., Thermodon. Théseus, -í, m., Theseus. Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly. Thrácia, -ae, f., Thrace. Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber. timeó, -ére, -uí, fear. timor, -óris [timeó], m., fear. tingó, tingere, tinxí, tinctus, wet, soak, dye. Tíryns, Tírynthis, f., Tiryns. tolló, tollere, sustulí, sublátus, lift, raise; take away, remove; ancorás tollere, to weigh anchor. torqueó, torquére, torsí, tortus, turn. tótus, -a, -um, all the, the whole or entire. tráctó, -áre, -áví, -átus [freq. of trahó], handle, touch, feel. trádó, -dere, -didí, -ditus [trans + do], give across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report. trádúcó, -dúcere, -dúxí, -ductus [tráns + dúcó], lead across. trahó, trahere, tráxí, tráctus, draw, drag. tráició, -icere, -iécí, -iectus [tráns + iació], throw across, strike through, pierce. tráiectus, -ús [tráició], m., crossing over, passage. tránó, -náre, -náví [tráns + nó, swim], swim across or over. tranquillitás, -tátis [tranquillus], f., calm. tranquillus, -a, -um, calm. tráns, prep. with acc., across, over. tráns-eó, -íre, -ií, -itus, go across or over, cross. tráns-fígó, -fígere, -fíxí, -fíxus, thrust or pierce through, transfix. tráns-portó, -portáre, -portáví, -portátus, carry across or over, transport. tráns-vehó, -vehere, -vexí, -vectus, carry across or over. trés, tria, plur. adj., three. tribútum, -í [part. of tribuó, contribute], n., contribution, tribute. trístitia, -ae [trístis, sad], f., sadness. Tróia, -ae, f., Troy. Tróiání, -órum [Tróia], m. plur., Trojans. tú, tuí, pers. pron., thou, you. tum, adv., then, at that time. turbó, -áre, -áví, -átus [turba, confusion], confuse, throw into disorder, disturb, trouble. turbó, turbinis [turbó], m., whirlwind, hurricane. turpis, -e, disgraceful. tútus, -a, -um [part. of tueor, watch over], safe. tuus, -a, -um [tú], thy, thine, your.

U

ubi, adv., where; conj., when. ulcíscor, ulcíscí, ultus, avenge. úllus, -a, -um, any. últerior, -ius [comp. from últrá, beyond], adj., farther. Ulixés, -is, m., Ulysses. umbra, -ae, f., shadow, shade. umerus, -í, m., shoulder. umquam, adv., ever. unda, -ae, f., wave. unde, adv., whence. úndecimus, -a, -um [úndecim, eleven], eleventh. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all sides. ungó, ungere, únxí, únctus, smear, anoint. unguentum, -í [ungó], n., ointment. úniversus, -a, -um [únus + vertó], all together, whole, entire, all. únus, -a, -um, one; only, alone. urbs, urbis, f., city. úró, úrere, ússí, ústus, burn. úsque, adv., all the time; úsque ad, as far as, until; quó úsque, see quó. úsus, -ús [útor], m., use; experience. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as. uter, utra, utrum, which? of two. úter, útris, m., wine-skin. uter-que, utraque, utrumque, each, either, both. útor, útí, úsus, use. utrimque [uterque], adv., on either side or both sides. uxor, -óris, f., wife.

ubi, adv., where; conj., when. ulcíscor, ulcíscí, ultus, avenge. úllus, -a, -um, any. últterior, -ius [comp. from últrá, beyond], adj., farther. Ulixés, -is, m., Ulysses. umbra, -ae, f., shadow, shade. umerus, -í, m., shoulder. umquam, adv., ever. unda, -ae, f., wave. unde, adv., whence. úndecimus, -a, -um [úndecim, eleven], eleventh. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all sides. ungó, ungere, únxí, únctus, smear, anoint. unguentum, -í [ungó], n., ointment. úniversus, -a, -um [únus + vertó], all together, whole, entire, all. únus, -a, -um, one; only, alone. urbs, urbis, f., city. úró, úrere, ússí, ústus, burn. úsque, adv., all the time; úsque ad, as far as, until; quó úsque, see quó. úsus, -ús [útor], m., use; experience. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as. uter, utra, utrum, which? of two. úter, útris, m., wine-skin. uter-que, utraque, utrumque, each, either, both. útor, útí, úsus, use. utrimque [uterque], adv., on either side or both sides. uxor, -óris, f., wife.

V

vacuus, -a, -um [vacó, be empty], empty. valeó, -ére, -uí, -itúrus, be strong or effectual, have effect, prevail. validus, -a, -um [valeó], strong. vallis, -is, f., valley. varius, -a, -um, various. vás, vásis, n., plur. vása, -órum, vessel. vástó, -áre, -áví, -átus [vástus], lay waste. vástus, -a, -um, waste, huge, enormous, vast. vehementer [veheméns, violent], adv., violently, vehemently; earnestly; exceedingly, greatly. vehó, vehere, vexí, vectus, carry. vellus, velleris, n., fleece. véló, -áre, -áví, -átus [vélum, veil], veil, cover. vel-ut, even or just as, as. vénátió, -ónis [vénor, hunt], f., hunting. venénum, -í, n., poison. venió, veníre, véní, ventus, come. venter, ventris, m., belly. ventus, -í, m., wind. verbum, -í, n., word. vereor, -érí, -itus, fear. véró [vérus], adv., in truth, indeed; however. versor, -árí, -átus [freq. of vertó], keep turning, be busy or employed, be. vertó, vertere, vertí, versus, turn. vérus, -a, -um, true; ré vérá, in truth, in fact. véscor, -í, feed on, eat. vesper, vesperí, m., evening. vester, -tra, -trum [vós], your. vestígium, -í [vestígó, track], n., track, foot-print. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe. vestítus, -ús [vestió, clothe], m., clothing. via, -ae, f., road, way. viátor, -tóris [via], m., wayfarer, traveler. victima, -ae [vincó, overcome], f., victim. victória, -ae [vincó, overcome], f., victory. víctus, -ús [vívó], m., sustenance, food. vícus, -í, m., village. videó, vidére, vídí, vísus, see; pass., seem. vigilia, -ae [vigil, awake], f., watch. vígintí, indecl. adj., twenty. vílla, -ae, f., country-house, villa. vímen, -minis, n., osier. vinció, vincíre, vinxí, vinctus, bind. vinculum, -í [vinció], n., bond, chain. vínum, -í, n., wine. vir, virí, m., man. virgó, virginis, f., maiden. virtús, -tútis [vir], f., manliness, courage, bravery. vís, vís, f., violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vírés, -ium, strength; omnibus víribus, with all one's strength, with might and main. vísus, -ús [videó], m., sight. víta, -ae [vívó], f., life. vító, -áre, -áví, -átus, avoid, escape. vívó, vívere, víxí, víctus, live. vívus, -a, -um [vívó], alive, living. vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely. vocó, -áre, -áví, -átus [vóx], call, summon. Volcánus, -í, m., Vulcan. voló, -áre, -áví, -átúrus, fly. voló, velle, voluí, wish. volucris, -is [voló], f., bird. voluntás, -tátis [voló], f., wish, will. voluptás, -tátis [voló], f., pleasure. vós, plur. of tú. voró, -áre, -áví, -átus, swallow whole, devour. vóx, vócis, f., voice; word. vulneró, -áre, -áví, -átus [vulnus], wound. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.

vacuus, -a, -um [vacó, be empty], empty. valeó, -ére, -uí, -itúrus, be strong or effective, have effect, prevail. validus, -a, -um [valeó], strong. vallis, -is, f., valley. varius, -a, -um, various. vás, vásis, n., plur. vása, -órum, vessel. vástó, -áre, -áví, -átus [vástus], lay waste. vástus, -a, -um, waste, huge, enormous, vast. vehementer [veheméns, violent], adv., violently, vehemently; earnestly; exceedingly, greatly. vehó, vehere, vexí, vectus, carry. vellus, velleris, n., fleece. véló, -áre, -áví, -átus [vélum, veil], veil, cover. vel-ut, even or just as, as. vénátió, -ónis [vénor, hunt], f., hunting. venénum, -í, n., poison. venió, veníre, véní, ventus, come. venter, ventris, m., belly. ventus, -í, m., wind. verbum, -í, n., word. vereor, -érí, -itus, fear. véró [vérus], adv., in truth, indeed; however. versor, -árí, -átus [freq. of vertó], keep turning, be busy or employed, be. vertó, vertere, vertí, versus, turn. vérus, -a, -um, true; ré vérá, in truth, in fact. véscor, -í, feed on, eat. vesper, vesperí, m., evening. vester, -tra, -trum [vós], your. vestígium, -í [vestígó, track], n., track, foot-print. vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress, robe. vestítus, -ús [vestió, clothe], m., clothing. via, -ae, f., road, way. viátor, -tóris [via], m., wayfarer, traveler. victima, -ae [vincó, overcome], f., victim. victória, -ae [vincó, overcome], f., victory. víctus, -ús [vívó], m., sustenance, food. vícus, -í, m., village. videó, vidére, vídí, vísus, see; pass., seem. vigilia, -ae [vigil, awake], f., watch. vígintí, indecl. adj., twenty. vílla, -ae, f., country-house, villa. vímen, -minis, n., osier. vinció, vincíre, vinxí, vinctus, bind. vinculum, -í [vinció], n., bond, chain. vínum, -í, n., wine. vir, virí, m., man. virgó, virginis, f., maiden. virtús, -tútis [vir], f., manliness, courage, bravery. vís, vís, f., violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vírés, -ium, strength; omnibus víribus, with all one's strength, with might and main. vísus, -ús [videó], m., sight. víta, -ae [vívó], f., life. vító, -áre, -áví, -átus, avoid, escape. vívó, vívere, víxí, víctus, live. vívus, -a, -um [vívó], alive, living. vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely. vocó, -áre, -áví, -átus [vóx], call, summon. Volcánus, -í, m., Vulcan. voló, -áre, -áví, -átúrus, fly. voló, velle, voluí, wish. volucris, -is [voló], f., bird. voluntás, -tátis [voló], f., wish, will. voluptás, -tátis [voló], f., pleasure. vós, plur. of tú. voró, -áre, -áví, -átus, swallow whole, devour. vóx, vócis, f., voice; word. vulneró, -áre, -áví, -átus [vulnus], wound. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.

RITCHIE'S FABULAE FACILES

A FIRST LATIN READER

EDITED WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY

THE LITTLE THAT IS MINE IN THIS LITTLE BOOK I GRATEFULLY DEDICATE TO PROFESSOR JOSEPH HETHERINGTON M'DANIELS TEACHER AND FRIEND

PREFACE

CONTENTS

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. THE MYTHS IN ART. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. PERSEUS. HERCULES. THE ARGONAUTS. ULYSSES. NOTES. VOCABULARY.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

PERSEUS

HERCULES

THE ARGONAUTS

ULYSSES

THE MYTHS IN ART

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

PERSEUS

1. THE ARK

2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON

3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS

4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT

5. THE GORGON'S HEAD

6. THE SEA-SERPENT

7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE

8. THE RESCUE

9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

II. THE ORACLE FULFILLED

HERCULES

12. THE HATRED OF JUNO

13. HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS

14. THE MUSIC-LESSON

15. HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE

16. A CRUEL DEED

17. THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE

18. MADNESS AND MURDER

19. HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE

20. THE ORACLE'S REPLY

21. FIRST LABOR: THE NEMEAN LION

22. SECOND LABOR: THE LERNEAN HYDRA

23. THIRD LABOR: THE CERYNEAN STAG

24. FOURTH LABOR: THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR

25. HERCULES AT THE CENTAUR'S CAVE

26. THE FIGHT WITH THE CENTAURS

27. THE FATE OF PHOLUS

28. FIFTH LABOR: THE AUGEAN STABLES

29. SIXTH LABOR: THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS

30. SEVENTH LABOR: THE CRETAN BULL

31. EIGHTH LABOR: THE MAN-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDE

32. NINTH LABOR: THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE

33. THE GIRDLE IS REFUSED

34. THE BATTLE

35. THE DEFEAT OF THE AMAZONS

36. LAOMEDON AND THE SEA-MONSTER

37. THE RESCUE OF HESIONE

38. TENTH LABOR: THE OXEN OF GERYON

39. THE GOLDEN SHIP

40. A MIRACULOUS HAIL-STORM

41. THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS

42. CACUS STEALS THE OXEN

43. HERCULES DISCOVERS THE THEFT

44. HERCULES AND CACUS

45. ELEVENTH LABOR: THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES

46. HERCULES ASKS AID OF ATLAS

47. HERCULES BEARS UP THE HEAVENS

48. THE RETURN OF ATLAS

49. TWELFTH LABOR: CERBERUS THE THREE-HEADED DOG

50. CHARON'S FERRY

51. THE REALM OF PLUTO

52. HERCULES CROSSES THE STYX

53. THE LAST LABOR IS ACCOMPLISHED

54. THE CENTAUR NESSUS

55. THE POISONED ROBE

56. THE DEATH OF HERCULES

THE ARGONAUTS

57. THE WICKED UNCLE

58. A FATEFUL ACCIDENT

59. THE GOLDEN FLEECE

60. THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO

61. THE ANCHOR IS WEIGHED

62. A FATAL MISTAKE