This text is a revised and corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version (available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML) presents the original text as printed. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented vowels with the exception of y-circumflex (ŷ), which is replaced by y-acute (ý) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text is internally inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. The file you are reading is this revised version. Notes from the source text that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gæst vs. gǣst in l. 102, etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use this file. To tell if your browser supports the necessary characters, check the table of vowel equivalents below. If you see any empty boxes or question marks in the "revised" columns, you should use the basic version.
This text is a revised and corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two main formats. The base version (available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML) presents the original text as it was printed. It maintains the source text's unique use of accented vowels, except for y-circumflex (ŷ), which is substituted with y-acute (ý) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. Unintentional errors in the text have been corrected, but generally, this has only happened when the text is inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary doesn’t match the main text). Forms that reflect a deliberate editorial choice haven’t been changed, even if they seem incorrect. (For instance, some of the markings of vowel length do not match the current scholarly consensus.) If an uncorrected issue could confuse the reader, I’ve added a note explaining the problem, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is included at the end of the file. To make the text more useful for today's readers, I've also created a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. The file you are reading is this revised version. Notes from the source text indicating changes made in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Additionally, long vowels are marked with macrons, which is common practice in most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some words has been updated to the values currently accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gæst vs. gǣst in l. 102, etc.). A list of these adjusted quantities appears at the end of the corrections list. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use this file. To check if your browser supports the necessary characters, refer to the table of vowel equivalents below. If you see any empty boxes or question marks in the "revised" columns, you should use the base version.
Explanation of the Vowel Accenting
In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (ēo, ēa, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the second vowel (eó, eá, etc.).
In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to indicate long vowels. However, for ash, the actual character 'æ' represents the long vowel. Short ash is represented with an a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (ēo, ēa, etc.) are shown with an acute accent over the second vowel (eó, eá, etc.).
Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions:
Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions:
| Orig. | Revised | Orig. | Revised |
| ä | æ | Ô | Ō |
| Ä | Æ | û | ū |
| æ | ǣ | Û | Ū |
| Æ | Ǣ | ý | ȳ |
| â | ā | Ý | Ȳ |
| Â | Ā | eá | ēa |
| ê | ē | Eá | Ēa |
| Ê | Ē | eó | ēo |
| î | ī | Eó | Ēo |
| Î | Ī | ié | īe |
| ô | ō | ió | īo |
I. BĒOWULF:
AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM.
An Anglo-Saxon Poem.
II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:
A FRAGMENT.
A FRAGMENT.
WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE
WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE
BASIS OF M. HEYNE.
M. Heyne's foundation.
EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY
UPDATED, FIXED, AND EXPANDED, BY
JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,
JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES,
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES,
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
Washington and Lee University,
AND
AND
ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),
ROBERT SHARP, Ph.D. (Lips.)
PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH,
Greek and English Professor,
TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.
Tulane University
FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.
Fourth Edition. Revised, with notes.
GINN & COMPANY
GINN & COMPANY
BOSTON—NEW YORK—CHICAGO—LONDON
BOSTON—NEW YORK—CHICAGO—LONDON
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by
JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP
JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress in Washington.
DEDICATED
Committed
TO
To
PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH,
PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH
OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,
Lafayette College, PA
AND
AND
FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.
FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.
FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY,"
FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY,"
THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.
THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC.
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
The favor with which the successive editions of "Bēowulf" have been received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archæological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the Notes.
The positive reception of the successive editions of "Bēowulf" over the past thirteen years encourages the editors to continue revising for a fourth edition, which includes a substantial amount of explanatory Notes, now added for the first time. These Notes mainly focus on new textual readings and include various grammatical, geographical, and archaeological points that seemed worth explaining. Comparisons of parallels and related passages are consistently made to help the poem illustrate and clarify itself. The editors suggest a few edits and textual changes with great caution; numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable sections from previous Appendices have been incorporated into the Notes.
For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition of "Bēowulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented.
For the Notes, the editors are very grateful to the various German periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent works of Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition of "Bēowulf." No changes have been made to the system of accentuation, although a few errors in quantity have been fixed. The editors are looking forward to a future fifth edition, which will feature a completely new text.
October, 1893.
October 1893.
NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
This third edition of the American issue of Bēowulf will, the editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of Bēowulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beiträge, X. 209-314).
This third edition of the American version of Beowulf aims to be more accurate and useful than the previous editions. The editors have made further corrections to the text and glossary, and you’ll find some new readings and suggestions in two short appendices at the end of the book. Students studying the metrical system of Beowulf will find plenty of material in Sievers' detailed essay on the topic (Beiträge, X. 209-314).
Socin's edition of Heyne's Bēowulf (called the fifth edition) has been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wülker's new edition (in the Grein Bibliothek) is of the highest value, however one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beiträge contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem.
Socin's edition of Heyne's Bēowulf (known as the fifth edition) has been somewhat used in this edition, although it unfortunately arrived too late to be used extensively. While it carries over many of the omissions and errors from Heyne's fourth edition, it offers a lot of valuable material for students, especially in the notes and commentary. Those studying the poem, which has faced significant scrutiny over the last decade, will also find special assistance from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge regarding challenging issues related to it. Wülker's new edition (in the Grein Bibliothek) is extremely valuable, despite any disagreements one might have with specific textual interpretations presented in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beiträge present a diverse collection of hints, corrections, and suggestions, mainly reflecting the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of which are highlighted in the appendices of this and the previous edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia have significantly aided in the poem's textual and metrical interpretation.
The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beiträge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (mē, wē, þū, þē, gē, hē); the adverb nū, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them marked.
The topic of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been covered in several insightful essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beiträge, XI.), and others; however, there is still a lot of uncertainty in this area. As a result, the editors have decided to keep the vowel markings from the original text unchanged while noting the current scholarly opinions on the quantity of the personal pronouns (mē, wē, þū, þē, gē, hē); the adverb nū, etc., in the appendices. It may be best to completely eliminate all attempts to mark quantities, except in cases where the manuscript has them marked.
An approximately complete Bibliography of Bēowulf literature will be found in Wülker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation of the poem.
An almost complete bibliography of Bēowulf literature can be found in Wülker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation of the poem.
JAMES A. HARRISON,
JAMES A. HARRISON,
ROBERT SHARP.
ROBERT SHARP.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.
NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.
The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition of Bēowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,—errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern single letters, or occupy very small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wülker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt passages.
The editors are really encouraged by the positive response to their edition of Bēowulf (1883), so despite its many flaws, they’ve decided to prepare a second revised edition of the book to broaden its usefulness. About twenty errors, despite careful proofreading, slipped into the text—errors in individual letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been fixed, and it’s hoped that the text is now generally accurate and reliable. In the List of Names, a couple of corrections have been made, and in the Glossary, many mistakes regarding gender, classification, and translation, which seem unavoidable in a first edition, have been corrected. Where these mistakes involve single letters or take up very little space, they’ve been fixed in the plates; where the corrections are longer and it would have been very costly to fix them in the plates, the editors decided it would be best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which can be found at the back of the book. Students should refer to this Appendix for significant longer corrections and additions. It’s believed that the book’s value has been greatly improved by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on recent critiques and essays from Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wülker, and Sweet. A confused student consulting these suggested readings will often find significant help in clarifying obscure or corrupted passages.
The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing them without entirely recasting the plates.
The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have been kept in the revised edition because it's impossible to remove them without completely redoing the plates.
In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided in the correction of the text,—particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English throughout the land.
In conclusion, the editors want to express their deep gratitude to the friends and critics whose insights and feedback have significantly helped in correcting the text—especially to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the staff at Cornell University for lending the periodicals essential for completing the revision. Although the second revised edition still has areas for improvement, the editors sincerely hope that it represents progress over the previous edition and will continue to promote the study of Old English across the country.
JUNE, 1885.
JUNE 1885.
NOTE I.
The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of "Bēowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the same text.
The current work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition (Paderborn, 1879), is aimed mainly at college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent researchers or those looking for a restored or ideal text. There has been a long-standing need for an American edition of "Bēowulf," as students have previously had to either order a text from Germany or go through a lot of trouble to find one of the scarce and costly English editions. Heyne's first edition was published in 1863, followed by a second and a third edition in 1867 and 1873, all three featuring essentially the same text.
So many important contributions to the "Bēowulf" literature were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique "Bēowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Kölbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English Metrik is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of Schipper and others.
So many important contributions to the "Bēowulf" literature were made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to release a new edition in 1879. In this updated edition, the text underwent careful revision and was enhanced by the insights, contributions, and critiques of other dedicated scholars. It incorporated the collation of the unique "Bēowulf" manuscript (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as compiled by E. Kölbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56; 1876), wherever the current state of the manuscript needed to be discussed; and the research of Bugge, Bieger, and others on specific passages was utilized. The analysis of the poem's metrical structure found in the second and third editions was omitted in the fourth due to the numerous controversies still surrounding the topic. The current editor has decided to do the same, although fortunately, the subject of Old English Metrik is gradually being clarified thanks to the work of Schipper and others.
Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.
Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in this edition, where, just like in the overall revision of the text, the editor has been generously assisted by Prof. J.M. Garnett, former Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.
In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wülker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing.
In preparing this current school edition, we decided to leave out Heyne's notes, as they mainly focus on speculative changes, replacing one text with another, and discussions about the state of the manuscript. Until Wülker's text and the photographic facsimile of the original manuscript are accessible to all scholars, it’s best not to bring these topics into the classroom, where they would confuse rather than teach.
For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes.
For easy reference, the editor has added a headline to each "fit" of the poem to help with understanding its episodes.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.
NOTE II.
The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Bēowulf." The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the coöperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.
The editors are excited to present a complete text and a fairly comprehensive glossary of "Bēowulf." This edition is the first published in America and the first of its kind available to the English public. It is the inaugural volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," which will be edited under the same guidance and in collaboration with prominent scholars in this country. Notable scholars involved include Professors F.A. March from Lafayette College, T.K. Price from Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill from Vanderbilt University.
In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.
In preparing the Glossary, the editors realized they needed to move away from a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons. For one, Heyne seems to have made mistakes in translating some of his illustrative quotations and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The spelling in his glossary is quite different from that in his text. He doesn't accurately differentiate the meanings of many words in his vocabulary, while criticism that has emerged since his last edition (1879) has clarified or disproven several of his translations. The references were frequently found to be incorrect, requiring verification in each case as much as possible, with only a few that resisted all attempts to verify them marked with a question mark (?). The number of references is extremely high, making the task of verifying them quite labor-intensive. For many entries in the Glossary, where Heyne's translations couldn't be completely trusted, the editors have included alternative translations of phrases, sentences, or specific words; they've been supported in this by a careful study of the text and by comparing and utilizing the insights of Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who uses Grein as his foundation). Many new references have been added, and the various cases where Heyne fails to clarify whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to specify the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected to align with the overall structure of the work. Numerous typos in the glossary have also been fixed, and a brief glossary for the Finnsburh fragment, created by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne and refined and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been included.
The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places,—"Bēowulf" is a most difficult poem,—but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly consulted.
The editors believe that it's fair to claim they offer more than just a re-translation of a translation: this edition is, as much as they could manage, an adaptation, correction, and expansion of the work of the great German scholar whose deep appreciation for the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While largely following his typically reliable and careful guidance and mainly using his findings, they thought it best to diverge from him in the ways mentioned above whenever they felt he was mistaken. A careful reader will immediately notice the question marks that highlight these deviations or introduce a perspective that adds to, or complements, the one provided by the German editor. It's likely that the editors are mistaken in several areas themselves—"Bēowulf" is an extremely challenging poem—but their interpretation can at least be supported by referring to the original text, which they have diligently and consistently consulted.
A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.
A number of related Modern English words have been introduced throughout the Glossary for illustration, and other additions can be found in brackets and parentheses.
It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.
It is hoped that this edition of the most famous Old English poem will help encourage a valuable and interesting study.
JAMES A. HARRISON, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.
JAMES A. HARRISON, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.
ROBERT SHARP, University of Louisiana, New Orleans.
ROBERT SHARP, University of Louisiana, New Orleans.
April, 1883.
April 1883.
The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the Text, and for the Glossary from hrīnan on; S. for the List of Names, and for the Glossary as far as hrīnan.
The responsibilities of the editors are as follows: H. is in charge of the Text and the Glossary from hrīnan onward; S. is responsible for the List of Names and for the Glossary up to hrīnan.
ARGUMENT.
The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Bēowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:—The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroðgar. Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Bēowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors—to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, during which Bēowulf is taunted by the envious Hunferhð about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Bēowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferhð. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Bēowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Bēowulf's companions; is attacked by Bēowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Bēowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Bēowulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend and councillor of Hroðgar, during the absence of Bēowulf. Hroðgar appeals to Bēowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Bēowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroðgar. He then takes leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the accession of Bēowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and destroys Bēowulf's palace with fire. Bēowulf sets out in quest of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Bēowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Bēowulf's shield of iron. Bēowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Bēowulf cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Bēowulf, and receives his last commands. Bēowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Bēowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.—H. Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's History of English Literature.
The only complete national [Anglo-Saxon] epic that has survived is Bēowulf. Here’s a brief summary of the story: The poem begins with a few lines praising the Danish kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. It recounts his death and briefly traces his descendants down to Hroðgar. Filled with pride from his wealth and victories in battle, Hroðgar builds a grand hall called Heorot. In this hall, Hroðgar and his warriors live happily and celebrate, until a sinister creature named Grendel, jealous of their joy, comes at night and takes thirty of Hroðgar's men, devouring them in his moorland lair. This destruction continues for twelve years. Bēowulf, a warrior loyal to Hygelac, King of the Goths, hears about Hroðgar's troubles and sails from Sweden with fourteen fighters to assist him. They land safely on the Danish coast, and after a lively exchange with Hroðgar's coastguard, who initially mistakes them for pirates, they are allowed to go to the royal hall, where Hroðgar welcomes them. A feast follows, during which Bēowulf is mocked by the envious Hunferhð about his swimming match with Breca, the King of the Brondings. Bēowulf provides the true details of the contest, putting Hunferhð in his place. As night falls, the King leaves Bēowulf in charge of the hall. Soon, Grendel bursts in, grabs and eats one of Bēowulf's friends; Bēowulf confronts Grendel, who loses an arm in the fight and escapes to the marshes. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes is celebrated, and several episodes are presented, with Bēowulf and his companions receiving lavish gifts. The following night, Grendel's mother avenges her son by snatching AEschere, Hroðgar's friend and advisor, while Bēowulf is away. Hroðgar asks Bēowulf for revenge, describing the lairs of Grendel and his mother. They all head there; the beautiful scenery of the lake and the terrifying creatures living in it are described. Bēowulf dives into the water and confronts Grendel's mother in her lair at the bottom of the lake. Ultimately, he defeats her and beheads her, along with Grendel, bringing their heads back to Hroðgar. After that, he bids farewell to Hroðgar, returns to Sweden, and shares his adventures with Hygelac. This marks the end of the first half of the poem. The second half begins with Bēowulf ascending the throne after the deaths of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules successfully for fifty years until a dragon, guarding a hidden treasure, starts terrorizing the land and destroys Bēowulf's palace with fire. Bēowulf embarks on a quest to find the dragon’s lair with twelve men. Sensing he is near the end of his life, he reflects on his past achievements. He then says goodbye to each of his followers and approaches the dragon alone. Unable to enter the cave due to the heat, he calls out, and the dragon emerges. The dragon's scaly skin resists Bēowulf's sword, putting him in a tough spot. Then, Wiglaf, one of his loyal warriors, comes forth to assist him. Wiglaf's shield disintegrates from the dragon's fiery breath, forcing him to take cover under Bēowulf's iron shield. Bēowulf's sword breaks, and he is caught by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Bēowulf slices it in half with his dagger. Aware that he is close to death, Bēowulf asks Wiglaf to bring out the treasure from the cave so he can see it before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described in detail, and returns to Bēowulf to receive his final instructions. Bēowulf passes away, and Wiglaf angrily criticizes his comrades for their cowardice. The terrible consequences of Bēowulf's death are then predicted, and the poem concludes with his funeral.—H. Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's History of English Literature.
BĒOWULF.
II. THE HALL HEOROT.
† 55III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.
115IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.
† †190V. THE ERRAND.
† 260VI. BĒOWULF'S SPEECH.
†320VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.
† † 375VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.
† 460IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BĒOWULF.
† 500X. BĒOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.—THE FEAST.
560XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.
665XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.
† 715XIII. BĒOWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.
† 795XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.
840XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.
† 930XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.
† †995XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET—THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.
1055XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.
†1130XIX. BĒOWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.
† 1195XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.
† † †1255XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH
1325XXII. BĒOWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.
1385XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.
1475XXIV. BĒOWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.
1560XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.
1655XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.—BĒOWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.
† †1750XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.
1820XXVIII. BĒOWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.—THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.
1890XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.
1965XXX. BĒOWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.
2035XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BĒOWULF REIGNS.
2145XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.
† † †2225XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.
2315XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BĒOWULF.—STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.
† †2395XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.—THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.
2465XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BĒOWULF IN THE FEUD
† 2605XXXVII. BĒOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.
2695XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.
2755XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.
2825XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.
2895XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS
†2950XLII. WĪGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.
†3060XLIII. BĒOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.
3140APPENDIX
†THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG.‡
† †5LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
| m.: | masculine. |
| f.: | feminine. |
| n.: | neuter. |
| nom., gen.: | nominative, genitive, etc. |
| w.: | weak. |
| w. v.: | weak verb. |
| st.: | strong. |
| st. v.: | strong verb. |
| I., II., III.: | first, second, third person. |
| comp.: | compound. |
| imper.: | imperative. |
| w.: | with. |
| instr.: | instrumental. |
| G. and Goth.: | Gothic. |
| O.N.: | Old Norse. |
| O.S.: | Old Saxon. |
| O.H.G.: | Old High German. |
| M.H.G.: | Middle High German. |
| The vowel | æ = a in glad | } | |
| The diphthong | ǣ = a in hair | } | approximately. |
The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.
The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, and others refer to writers of revisions.
Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word.
Words starting with ge- will be located under their root word.
Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.
Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.
LIST OF NAMES.
Ābel, Cain's brother, 108.
Abel, Cain's brother, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
Bān-stān, father of Breca, 524.
Banstan, father of Breca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
Bēo-wulf (Bīowulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Bēowulfes, 857, etc., Bīowulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Bēowulfe, 610, etc., Bīowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Gēatas. His father is the Wǣgmunding Ecgþēow (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with Hrēðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelāc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Gēatas to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrōðgār, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrōðgār (1818-1888), and returns to Hygelāc, 1964 ff.—After Hygelāc's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes Dæghrefn, one of the Hūgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time Hygelāc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the government as guardian of the young Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc, 2378 ff. After Heardrēd's death, the kingdom falls to Bēowulf, 2208, 2390.—Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrēd, he kills the Scylfing, Ēadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. —His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff.
Bēo-wulf (Bīowulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Bēowulfes, 857, etc., Bīowulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Bēowulfe, 610, etc., Bīowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Gēatas. His father is the Wǣgmunding Ecgþēow (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with Hrēðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelāc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Gēatas to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrōðgār, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrōðgār (1818-1888), and returns to Hygelāc, 1964 ff.—After Hygelāc's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes Dæghrefn, one of the Hūgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time Hygelāc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the government as guardian of the young Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc, 2378 ff. After Heardrēd's death, the kingdom falls to Bēowulf, 2208, 2390.—Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrēd, he kills the Scylfing, Ēadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. —His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff.
Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), Breca, their leader, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
Brōsinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.
Brōsinga mene, possibly a corruption of, or as Müllenhoff suggests, mistakenly written for, Breosinga mene (Old Norse, Brisinga men, see Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), refers to a collar that the Brisingas once owned.
Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrēðmen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gār-Dene, 1, 1857, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: Ēast-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sūð-Dene, 463, Norð-Dene, 784.—Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on Scedenigge," 1687, "be sǣm twēonum," 1686.
Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrēðmen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gār-Dene, 1, 1857, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: Ēast-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sūð-Dene, 463, Norð-Dene, 784.—Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on Scedenigge," 1687, "be sǣm twēonum," 1686.
Ecg-lāf (gen. Ecglāfes, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), Hunferð's dad, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
Ecg-þēow (nom. Ecgþēow, 263, Ecgþēo, 373; gen. Ecgþēowes, 529, etc., Ecgþīowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Gēatas, of the house of the Wǣgmundings. Bēowulf is the son of Ecgþēow, by the only daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolāf (460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, Hrōðgār, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470.
Ecg-þēow (nom. Ecgþēow, 263, Ecgþēo, 373; gen. Ecgþēowes, 529, etc., Ecgþīowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Gēatas, of the house of the Wǣgmundings. Bēowulf is the son of Ecgþēow, by the only daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolāf (460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, Hrōðgār, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470.
Earna-næs, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gēatas, where occurred Bēowulf's fight with the drake, 3032.
Earna-næs, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gēatas, where occurred Bēowulf's fight with the drake, 3032.
The sons of Ōhthere, Ēanmund and Ēadgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from Swīorīce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Gēatas to Heardrēd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against Heardrēd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Heardrēd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Ēanmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Wēohstān brings death." Wēohstān takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Ēanmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Wēohstān does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.—After Heardrēd's and Ēanmund's death, the descendant of Ongenþēow, Ēadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Bēowulf, who has, since Heardrēd's death, ascended the throne of the Gēatas, 2390. But Bēowulf remembers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Ēadgils makes an invasion into the land of the Gēatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Bēowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Swēonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a satisfactory sense).
The sons of Ōhthere, Ēanmund and Ēadgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from Swīorīce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Gēatas to Heardrēd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against Heardrēd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Heardrēd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Ēanmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Wēohstān brings death." Wēohstān takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Ēanmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Wēohstān does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.—After Heardrēd's and Ēanmund's death, the descendant of Ongenþēow, Ēadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Bēowulf, who has, since Heardrēd's death, ascended the throne of the Gēatas, 2390. But Bēowulf remembers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Ēadgils makes an invasion into the land of the Gēatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Bēowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Swēonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a satisfactory sense).
Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hōc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hōcing, Hnæf, a relative—perhaps a brother—of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnæf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnæf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnæf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. Gūðlāf and Oslāf avenge Hnæf's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160.
Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hōc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hōcing, Hnæf, a relative—perhaps a brother—of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnæf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnæf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnæf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. Gūðlāf and Oslāf avenge Hnæf's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160.
Finna land. Bēowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580.
Finna land. Bēowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580.
Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his companion in arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signȳ. Cf. more at length Leo on Bēowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.)
Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his companion in arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signȳ. Cf. more at length Leo on Bēowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.)
Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), Finn's dad, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
Frēsan, Frȳsan (gen. Frēsena, 1094, Frȳsna, 1105, Frēsna, 2916: dat. Frȳsum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and Hūgas, in the war against whom Hygelāc falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frȳsland, 1127; that of the latter, Frēsna land, 2916.
Frēsan, Frȳsan (gen. Frēsena, 1094, Frȳsna, 1105, Frēsna, 2916: dat. Frȳsum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and Hūgas, in the war against whom Hygelāc falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frȳsland, 1127; that of the latter, Frēsna land, 2916.
Fr..es wæl (in Fr..es wæle, 1071), mutilated proper name.
Fr..es wæl (in Fr..es wæle, 1071), mutilated proper name.
Frōda (gen. Frōdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Frēaware, 2026.
Frōda (gen. Frōdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Frēaware, 2026.
Gēatas (gen. Gēata, 205, etc.; dat. Gēatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called Wedergēatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Gūðgēatas, 1539; Sǣgēatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrēðel; Hæðcyn, second son of Hrēðel; Hygelāc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc; then Bēowulf.
Gēatas (gen. Gēata, 205, etc.; dat. Gēatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called Wedergēatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Gūðgēatas, 1539; Sǣgēatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrēðel; Hæðcyn, second son of Hrēðel; Hygelāc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc; then Bēowulf.
Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hrōðgār's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bēowulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Æschere, 1295. Bēowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), and brings it to Hrōðgār, 1648.
Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hrōðgār's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bēowulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Æschere, 1295. Bēowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), and brings it to Hrōðgār, 1648.
Gūð-lāf and Oslāf, Danish warriors under Hnæf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149.
Gūð-lāf and Oslāf, Danish warriors under Hnæf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149.
Hāma wrests the Brōsinga mene from Eormenrīc, 1199.
Hāma takes the Brōsinga mene from Eormenrīc, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
Hæðcyn (dat. Hæðcynne, 2483), second son of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hrēðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, 2925. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelāc, 2944 ff., 2992.
Hæðcyn (dat. Hæðcynne, 2483), second son of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hrēðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, 2925. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelāc, 2944 ff., 2992.
Heard-rēd (dat. Heardrēde, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Bēowulf, as nephew of Heardrēd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ōhthere's sons, 2386. This murder Bēowulf avenges on Ēadgils, 2396-97.
Heard-rēd (dat. Heardrēde, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Bēowulf, as nephew of Heardrēd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ōhthere's sons, 2386. This murder Bēowulf avenges on Ēadgils, 2396-97.
Heaðo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Frōda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King Hrōðgār has given his daughter, Frēawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frōda, a marriage that does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 (Wīdsīð, 45-49).
Heaðo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Frōda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King Hrōðgār has given his daughter, Frēawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frōda, a marriage that does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 (Wīdsīð, 45-49).
Heaðo-rǣmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bēowulf, 519.
Heaðo-rǣmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bēowulf, 519.
Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), Heorogār's son, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hrōðgār's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. In it occurs Bēowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western.
Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hrōðgār's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. In it occurs Bēowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western.
Hrēðel (gen. Hrēðles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Gēatas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþēow, and has borne him Bēowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelāc, 2435. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, Hrēðel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475.
Hrēðel (gen. Hrēðles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Gēatas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþēow, and has borne him Bēowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelāc, 2435. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, Hrēðel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475.
Heorot, son of Hrothgar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
Hrēosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Gēatas, near which Ongenþēow's sons, Ōhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the country after Hrēðel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which Hrēðel's son, King Hæcyn, fell, 2478 ff.
Hrēosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Gēatas, near which Ongenþēow's sons, Ōhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the country after Hrēðel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which Hrēðel's son, King Hæcyn, fell, 2478 ff.
Hrōð-gār (gen. Hrōðgāres, 235, etc.; dat. Hrōðgāre, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogār, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogār was king of the Danes before Hrōðgār, or whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþēow (613), of the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund (1190), and a daughter, Frēaware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Bēowulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hrōðgār's rich gifts to Bēowulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.—Other information about Hrōðgār's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþēow, Bēowulf's father, committed upon Heaðolāf, 460, 470; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Frēaware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, 2021-2070.—Treachery of his brother's son, Hrōðulf, intimated, 1165-1166.
Hrōð-gār (gen. Hrōðgāres, 235, etc.; dat. Hrōðgāre, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogār, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogār was king of the Danes before Hrōðgār, or whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþēow (613), of the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund (1190), and a daughter, Frēaware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Bēowulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hrōðgār's rich gifts to Bēowulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.—Other information about Hrōðgār's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþēow, Bēowulf's father, committed upon Heaðolāf, 460, 470; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Frēaware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, 2021-2070.—Treachery of his brother's son, Hrōðulf, intimated, 1165-1166.
Hrōð-mund, Hrōðgār's son, 1190.
Hrōð-mund, Hrōðgār's son, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
Hrōð-ulf, probably a son of Hālga, the younger brother of King Hrōðgār, 1018, 1182. Wealhþēow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hrōðgār, Hrōð-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hrōðgār's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hrōð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrōðgār.
Hrōð-ulf, probably a son of Hālga, the younger brother of King Hrōðgār, 1018, 1182. Wealhþēow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hrōðgār, Hrōð-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hrōðgār's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hrōð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrōðgār.
[H]ūn-ferð, the son of Ecglāf, þyle of King Hrōðgār. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Bēowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unferð.
[H]ūn-ferð, the son of Ecglāf, þyle of King Hrōðgār. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Bēowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unferð.
Hyge-lāc (gen. Hige-lāces, 194, etc., Hygelāces, 2387; dat. Higelāce, 452, Hygelāce, 2170), king of the Gēatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrēðel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Hæðcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Bēowulf, 374, 375. After his brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþēow, he undertakes the government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþēow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Bēowulf from his expedition to Hrōðgār, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Hæreð, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrēd, 2203, 2376, 2387.—Hygelāc falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17.
Hyge-lāc (gen. Hige-lāces, 194, etc., Hygelāces, 2387; dat. Higelāce, 452, Hygelāce, 2170), king of the Gēatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrēðel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Hæðcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Bēowulf, 374, 375. After his brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþēow, he undertakes the government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþēow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Bēowulf from his expedition to Hrōðgār, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Hæreð, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrēd, 2203, 2376, 2387.—Hygelāc falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17.
Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Frōda, the Heaðobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Frēawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, 2025-30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wīdsīð, 45-59).
Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Frōda, the Heaðobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Frēawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, 2025-30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wīdsīð, 45-59).
Onela (gen. Onelan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), Ōhthere's brother, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
Ongen-þēow (nom. -þēow, 2487, -þīo, 2952; gen. -þēowes, 2476, -þīowes, 2388; dat. -þīo, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ōhthere, 2933. She is taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþēow (2931), who kills Hæðcyn, 2925, and encloses the Gēatas, now deprived of their leader, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelāc, 2944. A battle then follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþēow's army. Ongenþēow himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff.
Ongen-þēow (nom. -þēow, 2487, -þīo, 2952; gen. -þēowes, 2476, -þīowes, 2388; dat. -þīo, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ōhthere, 2933. She is taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþēow (2931), who kills Hæðcyn, 2925, and encloses the Gēatas, now deprived of their leader, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelāc, 2944. A battle then follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþēow's army. Ongenþēow himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff.
Ōs-lāf, a warrior of Hnæf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 f.
Ōs-lāf, a warrior of Hnæf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 f.
Scēf or Scēaf. See Note.
Scēf or Scēaf. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scēfing. 4. His son is Bēowulf, 18, 53: his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hrōðgār, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff.—Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name.
Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scēfing. 4. His son is Bēowulf, 18, 53: his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hrōðgār, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff.—Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name.
Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Ār-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þēod-Scyldingas, 1020; Here-Scyldingas, 1109.
Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Ār-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þēod-Scyldingas, 1020; Here-Scyldingas, 1109.
Scylf.
|
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Wǣgmund. .......
| |
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Ecgþēow. Wēohstān. Ongenþēow.
| | |
-------- -------- ---------------
Bēowulf. Wīglāf. Onela. Ōhthere.
|
-----------------
Ēaumund. Ēadgils.
Scylf.
|
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Wǣgmund. .......
| |
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Ecgþeow. Wēohstan. Ongenþēow.
| | |
-------- -------- ---------------
Beowulf. Wiglaf. Onela. Ōhthere.
|
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Ēamund. Ēadgils.Wæls (gen. Wælses, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), father of Sigemund, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgār. See Wulfgār. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea.
Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgār. See Wulfgār. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea.
Wēoh-stān (gen. Wēox-stānes, 2603, Wēoh-stānes, 2863, Wih-stānes, 2753, 2908, etc.), a Wǣgmunding (2608), father of Wīglāf, 2603. In what relationship to him Ælfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear.—Wēohstān is the slayer of Ēanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrēd. See Ēanmund.
Wēoh-stān (gen. Wēox-stānes, 2603, Wēoh-stānes, 2863, Wih-stānes, 2753, 2908, etc.), a Wǣgmunding (2608), father of Wīglāf, 2603. In what relationship to him Ælfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear.—Wēohstān is the slayer of Ēanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrēd. See Ēanmund.
Wīg-lāf, Wēohstān's son, 2603, etc., a Wǣgmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Ælfhere, 2605. For his relationship to Bēowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.—He supports Bēowulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff.
Wīg-lāf, Wēohstān's son, 2603, etc., a Wǣgmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Ælfhere, 2605. For his relationship to Bēowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.—He supports Bēowulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff.
Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Gēatas, Wonrēd's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of Hygelāc and Ongenþēow with Ongenþēow himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþēow, by a stroke of his sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongenþēow a mortal blow, 2978 ff.
Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Gēatas, Wonrēd's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of Hygelāc and Ongenþēow with Ongenþēow himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþēow, by a stroke of his sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongenþēow a mortal blow, 2978 ff.
Yrmen-lāf, younger brother of Æschere, 1325.
Yrmen-lāf, Æschere's younger brother, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ABBREVIATIONS.
ABBREVS.
| B.: | Bugge. |
| Br.: | S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. |
| C.: | Cosijn. |
| E.: | Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose. |
| G.: | Garnett, Translation of Beowulf |
| Gr.: | Grein. |
| H.: | Heyne. |
| Ha.: | Hall, Translation of Beowulf. |
| H.-So.: | Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. |
| Ho.: | Holder. |
| K.: | Kemble. |
| Kl.: | Kluge. |
| Müllenh.: | Müllenhoff. |
| R.: | Rieger. |
| S.: | Sievers. |
| Sw.: | Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed. |
| Ten Br.: | Ten Brink. |
| Th.: | Thorpe. |
| Z.: | Zupitza. |
PERIODICALS.
MAGAZINES.
| Ang.: | Anglia. |
| Beit.: | Paul und Branne's Beiträge. |
| Eng. Stud.: | Englische Studien. |
| Germ.: | Germania. |
| Haupts Zeitschr.: | Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. |
| Mod. Lang. Notes: | Modern Language Notes. |
| Tidskr.: | Tidskrift for Philologi. |
| Zachers Zeitschr.: | Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. |
NOTES.
l. 1. "Gār was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."—Br. 124. Cf. Maldon, l. 296; Judith, l. 224; Gnom. Verses, l. 22; etc.
l. 1. "Gār was the javelin, and the warrior went into battle armed with two of them, which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It had barbs."—Br. 124. Cf. Maldon, l. 296; Judith, l. 224; Gnom. Verses, l. 22; etc.
l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen."—E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.
l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; because it doesn't make sense, even in myth, to give a family name to a foundling. In the original version of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he arrived on shore with a sheaf of corn, and that’s how he got his name. This version is maintained in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here, the foundling is Scyld, so we have to assume he was found along with the sheaf, and that's where his name comes from."—E., p. 105. Compare with the stories of Romulus and Remus, Moses, Cyrus, etc.
S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured."
S. translates: "For God had seen the urgent needs that those without rulers had experienced."
l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth,—the story of the first culture-hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"—Br., p. 78. Cf. A.-S. Chron. an. 855.
l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw from the Anglo-Saxon family trees, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth—the story of the first culture hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"—Br., p. 78. Cf. A.-S. Chron. an. 855.
H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., Beit. ix. 135) eaferan; cf. Fata Apost.: lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna.
H.-So. omits parenthesis and reads (after S., Beit. ix. 135) eaferan; see Fata Apost.: lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna.
"The name Bēowulf means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. beorn, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and bēohata, 'warrior,' in Cǣdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with bēowulf."—Sw.
"The name Bēowulf literally means 'Bee-wolf,' a wolf or raider of bees, which refers to a bear. Compare beorn, meaning 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and bēohata, 'warrior,' in Cǣdmon, which literally means 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and thus has the same meaning as bēowulf."—Sw.
Cf.
See also.
Cf. M. Müller, Science of Lang., Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's Daniel, 104.
Cf. M. Müller, Science of Lang., Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's Daniel, 104.
l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = Scania, in Sweden(?).
l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = Scania, in Sweden(?).
l. 31. The object of āhte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum wēold of l. 30.—H.-So.
l. 31. The object of āhte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum wēold of l. 30.—H.-So.
R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: Beit. xii. 80, ix. 188; Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests lǣndagas for lange.
R., Kl., and B. all have different interpretations of this passage: Beit. xii. 80, ix. 188; Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 382, etc. Kl. proposes lǣndagas as an alternative to lange.
l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."—Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, 1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. 1863).
l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."—Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, 1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. 1863).
l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."—Br., p. 168.
l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is even clearer from the many names given to the ship—names that reflect their pride and love. It’s the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."—Br., p. 168.
l. 51. (1) sele-rǣdende (K., S., C.); (2) sēle-rǣdenne (H.); (3) sele-rǣdende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha.
l. 51. (1) sele-rǣdende (K., S., C.); (2) sēle-rǣdenne (H.); (3) sele-rǣdende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha.
l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.
l. 51. E. compares this canto to Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial journey of St. James of Compostela, around 800.
l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable þā, four with the verb gewītan, nine with the formula Hrōðgār (Bēowulf, Unferð) maðelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in general (him, swā, sē, hwæt, þā, heht, wæs, mæg, cwōm, strǣt).
l. 53. The actual poem starts with "Once upon a time," with the first 52 lines serving as a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable þā, four with the verb gewītan, nine with the formula Hrōðgār (Bēowulf, Unferð) maðelode, and twenty-four with various monosyllables in general (him, swā, sē, hwæt, þā, heht, wæs, mæg, cwōm, strǣt).
l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic forms and words, such as mec for mé, the possessive sín, gamol, dógor, swát for eald, dǣg, blód, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenǣdre (war-adder) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (gold-giver) for 'king,' ... goldwine gumena (goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men) for 'king,'" etc.—Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (men), etc.
l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry include the use of old forms and words, like mec for mé, the possessive sín, gamol, dógor, swát for eald, dǣg, blód, etc., after they had fallen out of use in the prose language, and the use of unique compounds and phrases, such as hildenǣdre (war-adder) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (gold-giver) for 'king,' ... goldwine gumena (goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men) for 'king,' " etc.—Sw. Other poetic words include ides, ielde (men), etc.
l. 68. For hē, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted in subord. clauses.—Sw.
l. 68. For hē, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted in subord. clauses.—Sw.
ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered bravely in the sun."—Br., p. 32.
ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular wooden building with a high roof, its long sides oriented north and south. The two gables at each end featured stag horns at their peaks, curving forward, and these, along with the ridge of the roof, were likely covered in shiny metal, gleaming brightly in the sunlight."—Br., p. 32.
l. 84. Son-in-law and father-in-law; B., a so-called dvanda compound. Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means uncle and nephew; and Wīdsīð's suhtorfǣdran, used of the same persons.
l. 84. Son-in-law and father-in-law; B., a so-called dvanda compound. Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means uncle and nephew; and Wīdsīð's suhtorfǣdran, used of the same persons.
l. 88. "The word drēam conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and more particularly the sound of music and singing."—E. Cf. l. 3021; and Judith, l. 350; Wanderer, l. 79, etc.
l. 88. "The word drēam conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and more particularly the sound of music and singing."—E. Cf. l. 3021; and Judith, l. 350; Wanderer, l. 79, etc.
ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.
ll. 90-98 are likely an addition by a Christian scribe.
ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in Bēowulf] is the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."—Br. 71.
ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in Bēowulf] is the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."—Br. 71.
l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national dragon-slayer, St. George.
l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national dragon-slayer, St. George.
l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fēond on healle; cf. l. 142.—Beit. xii.
l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fēond on healle; cf. l. 142.—Beit. xii.
ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (a bolt or bar).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence a fiend. ... Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the name with grindan, to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy. Grendel is then the tearer, the destroyer."—Br., p. 83.
ll. 101-151. "Grimm links [Grendel] to the Anglo-Saxon grindel (a bolt or bar).... It carries the idea of the bolts and bars of hell, and therefore a fiend. ... Ettmüller was the first ... to associate the name with grindan, to grind, to crush to pieces, to completely destroy. Grendel is then the tearer, the destroyer."—Br., p. 83.
l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ... drihten in parenthesis.
l. 106. S. destroys the period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ... drihten in parentheses.
l. 131. E. translates, majestic rage; adopting Gr.'s view that swyð is = Icel. sviði, a burn or burning. Cf. l. 737.
l. 131. E. translates, majestic rage; adopting Gr.'s view that swyð is = Icel. sviði, a burn or burning. Cf. l. 737.
l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l. 101.—Beit. xii. 80. See Gūðlāc, l. 1042.
l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l. 101.—Beit. xii. 80. See Gūðlāc, l. 1042.
l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and therefore it could not be touched.
l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and therefore it could not be touched.
l. 169. myne wisse occurs in Wanderer, l. 27.
l. 169. myne wisse appears in Wanderer, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both mōd-ceare and mǣl-ceare as accus., others as instr.
l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both mōd-ceare and mǣl-ceare as accus., others as instr.
l. 200. See Andreas, Elene, and Juliana for swan-rād (= sea). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." —E. Cf. ganotes bæð, l. 1862.
l. 200. See Andreas, Elene, and Juliana for swan-rād (= sea). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." —E. Cf. ganotes bæð, l. 1862.
and Scott's
and Scott's
l 218. MS. and Ho. read fāmi-heals.
l 218. MS. and Ho. read fāmi-heals.
l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in Bēowulf the earliest sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is Sǣ.... To this they added Wǣter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, Ganotes-bǣð."—Br., p. 163-166.
l. 239. "A collection of simple words conveys in Bēowulf the earliest maritime thoughts of the English.... The most basic term is Sǣ.... They also included Wǣter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, Ganotes-bǣð."—Br., p. 163-166.
l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in Bēowulf, see S. A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. For general "Old Teutonic Life in Bēowulf," see J. A. Harrison, Overland Monthly.
l. 250. For an impressive look at armor and weapons in Bēowulf, check out S. A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. For a general overview of "Old Teutonic Life in Bēowulf," refer to J. A. Harrison, Overland Monthly.
l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for close quarters."—Br., p. 121.
l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle wearing a helmet with a boar crest, carrying a round shield made of linden wood, and dressed in a chainmail shirt... with either two javelins or a single spear made of ash that was about eight to ten feet long, alongside a long double-edged sword either drawn or in a decorative scabbard.... He also had a short, heavy single-edged sword, or more accurately, a long knife called the seax... used for fighting up close."—Br., p. 121.
l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; Grimm, Myth. 195; Tacitus, Germania, 45. "It was the symbol of their [the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preservative from hard knocks."—E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's Short History, Harper & Bros.
l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; Grimm, Myth. 195; Tacitus, Germania, 45. "It was the symbol of their [the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preservative from hard knocks."—E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's Short History, Harper & Bros.
l. 303. "See Kemble, Saxons in England, chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's Teutonic Mythology, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which Freyr rode, and his worship."—Br., p. 128. Cf. Elene, l. 50.
l. 303. "Check out Kemble, Saxons in England, the chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's Teutonic Mythology, the chapter on Freyr, for the link these and other authors make between the Boar-sign and the golden boar that Freyr rode, as well as his worship."—Br., p. 128. See also Elene, l. 50.
l. 304. Gering proposes hlēor-bergan = cheek-protectors; cf. Beit. xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the hlēor-bergan."—E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. heals, neck + beorgan, to cover or protect; and harbor, < A.-S. here, army + beorgan, id.—Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's Exod. l. 175.
l. 304. Gering suggests hlēor-bergan = cheek-protectors; see Beit. xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden depicts two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek guards underneath; these are the hlēor-bergan."—E. Also see hauberk, with its smaller version habergeon, < A.-S. heals, neck + beorgan, to cover or protect; and harbor, < A.-S. here, army + beorgan, same meaning.—Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 123. Also see cinberge, Hunt's Exod. l. 175.
l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and Andreas, l. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." —E.
l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and Andreas, l. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." —E.
l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called våkenhus,... i.e. weapon-house, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."—E., after G. Stephens.
l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called våkenhus,... i.e. weapon-house, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."—E., after G. Stephens.
l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn.
l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn.
l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same bēod-genēatas,—"the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."—E. Cf. Andreas (K.), l. 2177.
l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same bēod-genēatas,—"the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."—E. Cf. Andreas (K.), l. 2177.
l. 353. sīð here, and at l. 501, probably means arrival. E. translates the former by visit, the latter by adventure.
l. 353. sīð here, and at l. 501, probably means arrival. E. translates the former by visit, the latter by adventure.
l. 358. ēode is only one of four or five preterits of gān (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. gēong (gīong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that ēode is "probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, Gen. ll. 626, 834; Exod. (Hunt) l. 102.
l. 358. ēode is only one of four or five preterits of gān (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. gēong (gīong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that ēode is "probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, Gen. ll. 626, 834; Exod. (Hunt) l. 102.
l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of knight."—E.
l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of knight."—E.
l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach it."—Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168.
l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach it."—Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168.
l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in 1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of one kind, but of different lengths.'"—Br., p. 126.
l. 405. "At Benty Grange in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon burial mound, excavated in 1848, revealed a suit of armor. 'The iron chain work is made up of many links of two types connected by small rings half an inch in diameter; one type is flat and diamond-shaped ... the others are all the same type but vary in length.'"—Br., p. 126.
l. 414. Gr. translates hādor by receptaculum; cf. Gering, Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.
l. 414. Gr. translates hādor as receptaculum; see Gering, Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. overlooks Gr.'s suggestion.
l. 420. R. reads þǣra = of them, for þǣr.—Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 399; Beit. xii. 367.
l. 420. R. reads þǣra = of them, for þǣr.—Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 399; Beit. xii. 367.
l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158.
l. 420. "niht has a genitive, nihtes, primarily used adverbially and almost definitely considered masculine."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158.
l. 441. þe hine = whom, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.—Sw.
l. 441. þe hine = whom, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.—Sw.
l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: thou wilt not need my head to hide (i.e. bury). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head! H.-So. supposes hēafod-weard, a guard of honor, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hȳdan; hence, you need not give me any guard, etc. Cf. Schmid, Gesetze der A., 370-372.
l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: thou wilt not need my head to hide (i.e. bury). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head! H.-So. supposes hēafod-weard, a guard of honor, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hȳdan; hence, you need not give me any guard, etc. Cf. Schmid, Gesetze der A., 370-372.
l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."— Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.—Walks in London, ii. 228.
l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially those who forged swords, were wrapped in legend and treated as divine figures. Weland is the prime example, the husband of a swan maiden, who later became almost a god."—Br., p. 120. See A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was knighted," which hung in Westminster Abbey until relatively recently.—Walks in London, ii. 228.
l. 455. This is the ǣlces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd bið swīðost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in Bēowulf.
l. 455. This is the fate of every man according to Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the fate is strongest in Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in Bēowulf.
l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of l. 685 seq.
l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of l. 685 seq.
l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.
l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.
l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hrēð-secgum, = disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes. Others, as Körner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on sǣl = think upon happiness. But cf. onband beadu-rūne, l. 501. B. supposes onsǣl meoto =speak courteous words. Tidskr. viii. 292; Haupts Zeitschr. xi. 411; Eng. Stud. ii. 251.
l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hrēð-secgum, = disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes. Others, as Körner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on sǣl = think upon happiness. But cf. onband beadu-rūne, l. 501. B. supposes onsǣl meoto =speak courteous words. Tidskr. viii. 292; Haupts Zeitschr. xi. 411; Eng. Stud. ii. 251.
l. 501. sīð = arrival (?); cf. l. 353.
l. 501. sīð = arrival (?); cf. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant dwelt, and through which he acted."—Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English term eagre still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his Threnod. Angust. 'But like an eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's Boethius, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's Cǣdmon, 69, etc.
l. 513. "Eagor-stream could be interpreted as the stream of Eagor, the terrifying and stormy sea where the fearsome [Scandinavian] giant lived, and through which he operated."—Br., p. 164. He comments, "The English word eagre still exists in some regional dialects for the tide-wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his Threnod. Angust. 'But like an eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.' However, we need to be careful," etc. Cf. Fox's Boethius, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's Cǣdmon, 69, etc.
l. 545 seq. "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a tribe mentioned in Wīdsíth. The story seems legendary, not mythical."—Br., pp. 60, 61.
l. 545 seq. "Beowulf and Breca spent five nights together, not swimming but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), when a storm separated them ... Breca later becomes the leader of the Brondings, a tribe mentioned in Wīdsíth. The story appears to be legendary, not mythical."—Br., pp. 60, 61.
l. 612. seq. Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."—E.
l. 612. seq. Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."—E.
l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at l. 1164.
l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at l. 1164.
Cf. giddy.
Cf. excited.
l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service.—E.
l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service.—E.
l. 682. gōdra = advantages in battle (Gr.), battle-skill (Ha.), skill in war (H.-So.). Might not nāt be changed to nah = ne + āh (cf. l. 2253), thus justifying the translation ability (?) —he has not the ability to, etc.
l. 682. gōdra = advantages in battle (Gr.), battle-skill (Ha.), skill in war (H.-So.). Might not nāt be changed to nah = ne + āh (cf. l. 2253), thus justifying the translation ability (?) —he has not the ability to, etc.
l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."—E., who compares the Greek Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. 1943. Cf. Kent's Elene, l. 88; Wīdsīð, l. 6, etc.
l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."—E., who compares the Greek Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. 1943. Cf. Kent's Elene, l. 88; Wīdsīð, l. 6, etc.
l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is written with Grendel in the writer's mind,—þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian āna inuan lande, the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."—Br. p. 36.
l. 711. "Maybe the Gnomic verse that talks about Thyrs, the giant, was penned with Grendel in mind,—þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian āna inuan lande, the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."—Br. p. 36.
l. 717. Dietrich, in Haupt. xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, Hom. ii. 498: hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum, he covered the arches with gold-leaf,—a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. oriel = aureolum, a gilded room.—E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.
l. 717. Dietrich, in Haupt. xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, Hom. ii. 498: hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum, he covered the arches with gold-leaf,—a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. oriel = aureolum, a gilded room.—E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.
l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest hell-thane (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.
l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest hell-thane (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.
l. 769. The foreign words in Bēowulf (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like Cain, Abel, etc.) dēofol (diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrīfan (for- ge-), segn (l. 47), gīgant (l. 113), mīl- (l. 1363), strǣt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim (l. 2073), etc.
l. 769. The foreign words in Bēowulf (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like Cain, Abel, etc.) dēofol (diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrīfan (for- ge-), segn (l. 47), gīgant (l. 113), mīl- (l. 1363), strǣt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim (l. 2073), etc.
l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rǣden, etc. (cf. meodu-scerpen in Andreas, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, a great scare under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout; one might compare bescerwan, to deprive, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-scerwen would = a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer.—H.-So., p. 93. See B., Tidskr. viii. 292.
l. 770. The manuscript reads cerwen, a term thought by B. and others to be part of a feminine compound: -scerwen similar to -wenden in ed-wenden, -rǣden, etc. (see meodu-scerpen in Andreas, l. 1528); corrected to -scerwen, a significant scare represented by an accident at a drinking party; one might consider bescerwan, to deprive, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), thus ealu-scerwen would mean a sudden removal or loss of the beer.—H.-So., p. 93. See B., Tidskr. viii. 292.
ll. 850, 851. S. reads dēop for dēog and erases semicolon after wēol, = the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore; cf. l. 1424. B. reads dēað-fǣges dēop, etc., = the deep welled with the doomed one's gore.—Beit. xii. 89.
ll. 850, 851. S. reads dēop for dēog and erases semicolon after wēol, = the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore; cf. l. 1424. B. reads dēað-fǣges dēop, etc., = the deep welled with the doomed one's gore.—Beit. xii. 89.
l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mēaras below, l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his blancke" = steed, l. 23900; Kent's Elene, l. 1185.
l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mēaras below, l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his blancke" = steed, l. 23900; Kent's Elene, l. 1185.
ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wælsinges gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."—Br., p. 63. Cf. Nibelung. Lied, l. 739.
l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gān, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to indicate independent action."—Sw. Cf. hafað ... geworden, l. 2027.
l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gān, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to indicate independent action."—Sw. Cf. hafað ... geworden, l. 2027.
l. 895. "brūcan (enjoy) always has the genitive."—Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, A.-S. Gram., p. 151.
l. 895. "brūcan (enjoy) always has the genitive."—Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, A.-S. Gram., p. 151.
l. 898. Scherer proposes hāte, = from heat, instr. of hāt, heat; cf. l. 2606.
l. 898. Scherer proposes hāte, = from heat, instr. of hāt, heat; cf. l. 2606.
l. 902. Heremōdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = the valiant; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and the bad one, l. 1710 seq.—B. however holds fast to Heremōd.—Beit. xii. 41. on fēonda geweald, l. 904,—into the hands of devils, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, 2267; Christ, l. 1416; Andreas, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwōd, cf. Gen. l. 2579; Hunt's Dan. 17: hīe wlenco anwōd.
l. 902. Heremōdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = the valiant; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and the bad one, l. 1710 seq.—B. however holds fast to Heremōd.—Beit. xii. 41. on fēonda geweald, l. 904,—into the hands of devils, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, 2267; Christ, l. 1416; Andreas, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwōd, cf. Gen. l. 2579; Hunt's Dan. 17: hīe wlenco anwōd.
l. 902 seq. "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a chieftain."—Br., p. 66.
l. 902 seq. "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the wisdom, patience, generosity, and kindness of Beowulf as a leader."—Br., p. 66.
l. 927. May not stēapne here = bright, from its being immediately followed by golde fāhne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen stepe," Prol. l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's Ste. Marherete, pp. 9, 108; St. Kath., l. 1647.
l. 927. May not stēapne here = bright, because it's immediately followed by golde fāhne? See Chaucer's "his eyen stepe," Prol. l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's Ste. Marherete, pp. 9, 108; St. Kath., l. 1647.
l. 959. H. explains wē as a "plur. of majesty," which Bēowulf throws off at l. 964.
l. 959. H. explains wē as a "plur. of majesty," which Bēowulf throws off at l. 964.
l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, means simply injury, mischief, hatred, and the prose meaning sin is only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only hater, but persecutor, enemy, just as nīð is both hatred and violence, strength; heard is sharp as well as hard."—Sw.
l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in poetry have a very broad range of meanings, often quite different from their prose usage. For example, synn simply means injury, mischief, hatred, while the prose meaning sin is only a secondary interpretation. Similarly, hata in poetry doesn't just mean hater, but also persecutor, enemy. In the same way, nīð can mean both hatred and violence, strength; heard means sharp as well as hard."—Sw.
l. 986. Miller (Anglia, xii. 3) corrects to ǣghwylene, in apposition to fingras.
l. 986. Miller (Anglia, xii. 3) corrects to ǣghwylene, in apposition to fingras.
l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sǣl and mǣl, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind your seals and meals," = times and occasions, i.e. have your wits about you.—E.
l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sǣl and mǣl, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind your seals and meals," = times and occasions, i.e. have your wits about you.—E.
l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language.
Cf. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ for similar wording.
For Ingwin, see List of Names.
For Ingwin, see Names List.
l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wǣre here, is comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029.
l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wǣre here, is comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029.
l. 1108. Körner suggests ecge, = sword, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear (Eng. Stud. i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = bright gold; B., andīege = Goth, andaugjo, evidently. Cf. incge lāfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= young men) gold āhōfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's Exod. l. 190.
l. 1108. Körner suggests ecge, = sword, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear (Eng. Stud. i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = bright gold; B., andīege = Goth, andaugjo, evidently. Cf. incge lāfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= young men) gold āhōfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's Exod. l. 190.
ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (hēt þā ...) bānfatu bærnan ond on bǣl dōn, earme on eaxe = to place the arms in the ashes, reading gūðrēc = battle-reek, for -rinc (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (Beit. xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and Beit. viii. 568. For gùðrinc āstāh, cf. Old Norse, stiga á bál, "ascend the bale-fire."
ll. 1115-1120. R. suggests (he then ...) burn the weapons and throw them in the fire, poor on the ground = to place the arms in the ashes, interpreting gūðrēc = battle-smoke, for -rinc (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (Beit. xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 330), C., and others propose different corrections. See H.-So., p. 97, and Beit. viii. 568. For gùðrinc āstāh, see Old Norse, stiga á bál, "ascend the bale-fire."
l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rēc āstāh, l. 3145; and Exod. (Hunt), l. 450: wǣlmist āstāh.
l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rēc āstāh, l. 3145; and Exod. (Hunt), l. 450: wǣlmist āstāh.
l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = loyally and without contest, as at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.
l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = loyally and without contest, as at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.
l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn Lāfing, = military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast (the sword) Lāfing. There is a sword Laufi, Lövi in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the leaving (lāf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc.
l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn Lāfing, = military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast (the sword) Lāfing. There is a sword Laufi, Lövi in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the leaving (lāf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc.
l. 1152. roden = reddened (B., Tidskr. viii. 295).
l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, Alteng. Volksepos, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, Anz. f. dtsch. Altert., 10, 226; B., Beit. xii. 29-37. Cf. Wīdsīð, l. 33, etc.
l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, Alteng. Volksepos, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, Anz. f. dtsch. Altert., 10, 226; B., Beit. xii. 29-37. Cf. Wīdsīð, l. 33, etc.
ll. 1160, 1161. lēoð (lied = song, lay) and gyd here appear synonyms.
ll. 1160, 1161. lēoð (lied = song, lay) and gyd here seem to be synonyms.
ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one another."—Br., p. 18.
ll. 1162-1165. "In the midst of wars and tribal movements, and the struggles of the powerful, this poem shows us the constant, everyday life of home—the feelings and thoughts of people, how they communicated, interacted, celebrated, drank, lived, and loved with each other and for each other."—Br., p. 18.
l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt fōtum, etc., where Unferð is first introduced.
l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt fōtum, etc., where Unferð is first introduced.
l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. Brisinga men) is the necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. Elder Edda, Hamarshemt. Hāma stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. Traveller's Song, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelāc's history,—a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.
l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. Brisinga men) is the necklace of the goddess Freya; see Elder Edda, Hamarshemt. Hāma stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrīc; see Traveller's Song, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to hint at Hygelāc's story,—a suggestion of the poem's mixed structure.
l. 1200. For Brōsinga mene, cf. B., Beit. xii. 72. C. suggests flēah, = fled, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making hē subject of flēah and gecēas.
l. 1200. For Brōsinga mene, see B., Beit. xii. 72. C. suggests flēah, meaning fled, for fealh, placing a semicolon after byrig, and making hē the subject of flēah and gecēas.
l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.
l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.
l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = wasted; Kolbing reads furode; but cf. wēsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.
l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = wasted; Kolbing reads furode; but cf. wēsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.
l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."—Br., p. 41.
l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and monsters and their descent from "Cain."
l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and monsters and their descent from "Cain."
l. 1261. The MS. has sē þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and savageness.—H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, etc.
l. 1261. The MS. has sē þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and savageness.—H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, etc.
l. 1270. āglǣca = Grendel, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. 1513.—Sw.
l. 1270. āglǣca = Grendel, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. 1513.—Sw.
l. 1298. be sǣm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's Exod. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to us-ward, etc.—Earle's Philol., p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.
l. 1298. be sǣm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's Exod. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to us-ward, etc.—Earle's Philol., p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.
l. 1321. C. suggests nēad-lāðum for nēod-laðu, after crushing hostility; but cf. frēond-laðu, l. 1193.
l. 1321. C. suggests nēad-lāðum for nēod-laðu, after crushing hostility; but cf. frēond-laðu, l. 1193.
l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = rejoicing in her fill, a parallel to ǣse wlanc, l. 1333.
l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = rejoicing in her fill, a parallel to ǣse wlanc, l. 1333.
l. 1347. Cf. sele-rǣdende at l. 51.
l. 1347. Cf. sele-rǣdende at __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
l. 1360. firgenstrēam occurs also in the Phoenix (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; Andreas, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); Gnomic Verses, l. 47, etc.
l. 1360. firgenstrēam is also found in the Phoenix (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; Andreas, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); Gnomic Verses, l. 47, etc.
l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrīmige edoras behrofene, rimy, roofless halls.
l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, frost-covered homes, icy, roofless halls.
l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.—Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swāt (l. 2694), etc., for eald, blōd.
l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.—Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swāt (l. 2694), etc., for eald, blōd.
ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gān (Goth, gaggida). Cf. Andreas, l. 1096, etc.
ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the weak form of the past tense of gān (Goth, gaggida). See Andreas, l. 1096, etc.
l. 1421. Cf. oncȳð, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals (l. 1438), etc.
l. 1421. Cf. oncȳð, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals (l. 1438), etc.
l. 1457. lēon is the inf. of lāh; cf. onlāh (< onlēon) at l. 1468. līhan was formerly given as the inf.; cf. lǣne = lǣhne.
l. 1457. lēon is the inf. of lāh; cf. onlāh (< onlēon) at l. 1468. līhan was formerly given as the inf.; cf. lǣne = lǣhne.
l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle with the giant in the cave. hæft-mēce may be = Icel. heptisax (Anglia, iii. 83), "hip-knife."
l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga story of Grettir's fight with the giant in the cave. hæft-mēce might be equivalent to Icel. heptisax (Anglia, iii. 83), "hip-knife."
l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide."—Br., p. 45.
l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide."—Br., p. 45.
l. 1543. and-lēan (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lēan.
l. 1543. and-lēan (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lēan.
l. 1599. gewearð, impers. vb., = agree, decide = many agreed upon this, that, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1599. gewearð, impers. vb., = agree, decide = many agreed upon this, that, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1611. wæl-rāpas = water-ropes = bands of frost (l. 1610) (?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. weele, whirlpool. Cf. wǣl, gurges, Wright, Voc., Gnom. Verses, l. 39.—E.
l. 1611. wæl-rāpas = water-ropes = bands of frost (l. 1610) (?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. weele, whirlpool. Cf. wǣl, gurges, Wright, Voc., Gnom. Verses, l. 39.—E.
l. 1611. wǣgrāpas (Sw.) = wave-bands (Ha.).
l. 1611. wǣgrāpas (Sw.) = wave bands (Ha.).
l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., Beit. xii. 369); cf. l. 290.
l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc, Gnomic Verses, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.
l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc, Gnomic Verses, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.
ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."—E. Cf. Mohammedan usage.
l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ὓβρις, or overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743).
l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ὓβρις, or overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743).
l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wōh, wrong = gen. wōs or wōges, dat. wō(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wōra, dat. wō(u)m, etc.; and cf. declension of hēah, hrēoh, rūh, etc.
l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for the declension of wōh, wrong = gen. wōs or wōges, dat. wō(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wōra, dat. wō(u)m, etc.; and cf. the declension of hēah, hrēoh, rūh, etc.
l. 1748. wergan gāstes; cf. Blickl. Hom. vii.; Andreas, l. 1171. "Auld Wearie is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."—E. Bede's Eccles. Hist. contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.
l. 1748. wergan gāstes; cf. Blickl. Hom. vii.; Andreas, l. 1171. "Auld Wearie is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."—E. Bede's Eccles. Hist. contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.
ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the experience and doctrine of the eighth century."—E.
ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal depiction of international friendship based on the experiences and teachings of the eighth century."—E.
l. 1865. B. proposes geþōhte, = with firm thought, for geworhte; cf. l. 611.
l. 1865. B. proposes geþōhte, = with firm thought, for geworhte; cf. l. 611.
l. 1876. gesēon = see again (Kl., Beit. ix. 190). S. and B. insert nā to modify gesēon and explain Hrōðgār's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. l. 567.
l. 1876. gesēon = see again (Kl., Beit. ix. 190). S. and B. insert nā to modify gesēon and explain Hrōðgār's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. l. 567.
l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, barn, = burned?—S., Th.
l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, barn, = burned?—S., Th.
l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of Hrōðgār's men; at l. 1901 the bāt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."—E. This circumstance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb ān-tīd ōþres dōgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both passages (fāmig-heals, clifu, næssas, sǣlde, brim, etc.).—The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.
l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of Hrōðgār's men; at l. 1901 the bāt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."—E. This circumstance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb ān-tīd ōþres dōgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both passages (fāmig-heals, clifu, næssas, sǣlde, brim, etc.).—The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.
l. 1904. R. proposes, gewāt him on naca, = the vessel set out, on alliterating as at l. 2524 (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1904. R. proposes, gewāt him on naca, = the vessel set out, on alliterating as at l. 2524 (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1927 seq. "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity."—Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, l. 1932 seq.
l. 1927 seq. "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity."—Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, l. 1932 seq.
l. 1933. C. suggests frēcnu, = dangerous, bold, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. 902 seq., Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit. iv. 279; Müllenhoff, Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, Beit. iv. 500-521; R. Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402; B., ibid. iv. 206; Körner, Eng. Stud. i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.
l. 1933. C. suggests frēcnu, = dangerous, bold, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. 902 seq., Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit. iv. 279; Müllenhoff, Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, Beit. iv. 500-521; R. Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402; B., ibid. iv. 206; Körner, Eng. Stud. i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.
l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorðan, = agree, be pleased with (Ha.); appear (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).
l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorðan, = agree, be pleased with (Ha.); appear (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).
ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = gave) wǣre æfter lēod-hryre: lȳtle hwīle bongār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge = oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be. Cf. Kl., Beit. ix. 190; B., Beit. xii. 369; R., Zachers Zeitschr. in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.
ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. suggests: often rarely ( = gives) were after a prince's fall: for a short time the murder-spear rests, even though the bride is excellent. = often a treaty has been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the murder-spear rests, however excellent the bride may be. Cf. Kl., Beit. ix. 190; B., Beit. xii. 369; R., Zachers Zeitschr. in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.
l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note.
l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = prince, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-hēafodsegn, = helm; cf. l. 1245.
l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = prince, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-hēafodsegn, = helm; cf. l. 1245.
l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed: "Beowulf lēofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: wudu selesta, etc.
l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed: "Beowulf lēofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: wudu selesta, etc.
l. 2158. ǣrest is possibly the verbal subs. from ārīsan, to arise, = arising, origin. R. suggested ǣrist, arising, origin. Cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) resurrection. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's Chronicle, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., Beit. x. 222; and cf. l. 2166.
l. 2158. ǣrest is possibly the verbal subs. from ārīsan, to arise, = arising, origin. R. suggested ǣrist, arising, origin. Cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) resurrection. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's Chronicle, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., Beit. x. 222; and cf. l. 2166.
l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and was passionate for adventure."—Br., p. 22.
l. 2188. "At first, the boy was lazy, and the Geats considered him a weak prince, looking down on him for a long time. Then, like many lazy third sons in folk tales, something changed; he suddenly showed incredible bravery and became eager for adventure."—Br., p. 22.
l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., Beit. ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that þūsendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, Ges. der Angl, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration.
l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., Beit. ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that þūsendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, Ges. der Angl, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration.
l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" [throne].—E.
l. 2196. "A huge estate of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a throne." —E.
l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.
l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.
l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."—Br., p. 50.
l. 2215. "The dragon curls around the treasures in a cave, just like Fafnir, who lay coiled over his hoard like a Python. This behavior was so common among dragons that gold is referred to as Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, and Worms' bed-fire. Even in India, cobras ... are known to guard treasure."—Br., p. 50.
l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.
l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.
l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = hard to find; (2) hord-wynne dǣl,—a deal of treasure-joy (cf. l. 2271).—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 211; Beit. xii. 102.
l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = hard to find; (2) hord-wynne dǣl,—a deal of treasure-joy (cf. l. 2271).—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 211; Beit. xii. 102.
The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in Eng. Stud. xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary.
The editors greatly appreciate E. Koeppel (in Eng. Stud. xiii. 3) for many corrections in the text and glossary.
l. 2264. Cf. Maldon, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.
l. 2264. Cf. Maldon, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to falconry.
l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = carry off, with on- = E. un—(un-bind, -loose, -tie, etc.), G. ent-. The negro still pronounces on-do, etc.
l. 2285. onberan is also found at line 991, meaning carry off, with on- = E. un—(un-bind, -loose, -tie, etc.), G. ent-. The African American community still pronounces on-do, etc.
l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares Guy of Warwick, ll. 49, 376.
l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares Guy of Warwick, ll. 49, 376.
l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 seq.
l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 seq.
l. 2362. Gr. inserts āna, = lone-going, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Krüger, Beit. ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.
l. 2362. Gr. inserts āna, = lone-going, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Krüger, Beit. ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.
l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."—Br., p. 48.
l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original story. Here, the new creator has him carry away thirty suits of armor."—Br., p. 48.
l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelāc in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 seq., 2917, etc.
l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelāc in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 seq., 2917, etc.
l. 2380. hyne—Heardrēd; so him, l. 2358.
l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swīo-rīce as identical with the modern Sverige = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.
l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swīo-rīce as identical with the modern Sverige = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.
l. 2391. Cf. l. 11.
l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mūllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that Ēadgils, Ōhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fēond. G. translates friend.—Beit. xii. 13; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 177.
l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mūllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that Ēadgils, Ōhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fēond. G. translates friend.—Beit. xii. 13; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 177.
l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As Bēowulf is essentially the Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero.
l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As Bēowulf is essentially the Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero.
l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75.
l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75.
(2) B. proposes:
B. suggests:
ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescīfe (MS. to gscipe) = German schief, "crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, bent, coiled? cf. l. 2568, þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after tō and read gescæpe, = his fate; cf. l. 26: him þā Scyld gewāt tō gescæp-hwīle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.
ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescīfe (MS. to gscipe) = German schief, "crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, bent, coiled? cf. l. 2568, þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after tō and read gescæpe, = his fate; cf. l. 26: him þā Scyld gewāt tō gescæp-hwīle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.
l. 2589. grund-wong = the field, not the earth (so B.); H.-So., cave, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.
l. 2589. grund-wong = the field, not the earth (so B.); H.-So., cave, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.
l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wītan, to go, used like Mod. Eng. let us + inf., Lat. eamus, Ital. andiamo, Fr. allons; M. E. (Layamon) uten. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, A.-S. Gram., pp. 104, 196.
l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wītan, to go, used like Mod. Eng. let us + inf., Lat. eamus, Ital. andiamo, Fr. allons; M. E. (Layamon) uten. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, A.-S. Gram., pp. 104, 196.
l. 2650. B. suggests hāt for hyt,.—Beit. xii. 105.
ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrūd, as at l. 453, = battle-shirt? B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrūd and bām gemǣne. B. reads bȳwdu, = handsome, etc. Gr. suggests unc nū, = to us two now, for ūrum; and K. and Grundt. read bēon gemǣne for bām, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.
ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrūd, as at l. 453, = battle-shirt? B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrūd and bām gemǣne. B. reads bȳwdu, = handsome, etc. Gr. suggests unc nū, = to us two now, for ūrum; and K. and Grundt. read bēon gemǣne for bām, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.
l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.
l. 2688. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ for similar language.
l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.
l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.
l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlāfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (Tidskr. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlāforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlāford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ǣrgescōd as a compd. = ǣre calceatus, sheathed in brass. Ha. translates ǣrgescōd as vb. and adv.
l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlāfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (Tidskr. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlāforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlāford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ǣrgescōd as a compd. = ǣre calceatus, sheathed in brass. Ha. translates ǣrgescōd as vb. and adv.
l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes æt ende; landes æt ende, Exod. (Hunt).
l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes æt ende; landes æt ende, Exod. (Hunt).
l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-nǣs)."—Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.
l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-nǣs)."—Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.
l. 2840. gerǣsde = pret. of gerǣsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as rǣsan; cf. l. 2691.
l. 2840. gerǣsde = pret. of gerǣsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as rǣsan; cf. l. 2691.
Cf. S., Beit. ix. 143. gētan = cause blood to be shed.
Cf. S., Beit. ix. 143. gētan = cause someone to bleed.
l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., Beit. xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's bis senas gentes and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelāc, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongenthēow, with jewels, enormous estates, and his only daughter's hand."
l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., Beit. xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's bis senas gentes and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelāc, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongenthēow, with jewels, enormous estates, and his only daughter's hand."
l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing Ēadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.—Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 239.
l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing Ēadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.—Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 239.
l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and Exod. (Hunt.) l. 293.
l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and Exod. (Hunt.) l. 293.
and from Percy, "The word glee, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."
and from Percy, "The word glee, which specifically referred to their art (the minstrels'), is still present in our language ... it is used today in a musical sense and refers to a particular type of composition."
Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [þǣr] before gesēgan.
Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [there] before say.
l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fāh].
l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fāh].
ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [dēaðe] hwār þonne eorl ellenrof ende gefēre = let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture, etc.—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwār and dependent upon wundur, = a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people.—Beit. ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?—Zachers Zeitschr. xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:
ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [dēaðe] hwār þonne eorl ellenrof ende gefēre = let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture, etc.—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwār and dependent upon wundur, = a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people.—Beit. ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?—Zachers Zeitschr. xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:
in which hwæt would = þurh hwæt at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. ... So Bēowulf knew not (wondered how) through what his end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwār read wǣre: Wundur wǣre þonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's.
in which hwæt would = þurh hwæt at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. ... So Bēowulf knew not (wondered how) through what his end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwār read wǣre: Wundur wǣre þonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's.
l. 3053. galdre bewunden, spell-bound, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoðo-cræftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."
l. 3053. galdre bewunden, spell-bound, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoðo-cræftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."
l. 3073. herh, hearh, temple, is conjectured by E. to survive in Harrow. Temple, barrow, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Bīowulfes biorh of l. 2808.
l. 3073. herh, hearh, temple, is conjectured by E. to survive in Harrow. Temple, barrow, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Bīowulfes biorh of l. 2808.
l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = ravage, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = tread.
l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = ravage, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = tread.
(lēc from lācan, see Gloss.).—Beit. xii. 110. Why not windblonda lāc?
(lēc from lācan, see Gloss.).—Beit. xii. 110. Why not windblonda lāc?
NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.
The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, Alteng. Epos, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (Beit. xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnæf fell, i.e. as described in Bēowulf as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Altert.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in Bēowulf, l. 1086, he is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125.
The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, Alteng. Epos, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (Beit. xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnæf fell, i.e. as described in Bēowulf as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Altert.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in Bēowulf, l. 1086, he is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125.
"The Fight at Finnsburg and the lays from which our Bēowulf was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths."—Br., p. 101.
"The Fight at Finnsburg and the songs that inspired our Bēowulf were, as I see it, performed by the English living in the northern part of Denmark and the southern part of Sweden, who were known as the Jutes or Goths."—Br., p. 101.
l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." —Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnað nǣfre. So. G.—Beit. xii. 22; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. x. 229.
l. 1. R. suggests [hor]nas and imagines an opening conversation like this: "Is it lightening up in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying around, or are the towers of some castle on fire?" The king denies each of these in order. Then he states positively, "instead, they are warriors marching whose armor shines in the moonlight." —Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch, 1861. Heinzel and B. speculate, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnað nǣfre. So. G.—Beit. xii. 22; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. x. 229.
He compares Saxo, p. 95, cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant, as explanatory of l. 6.—Beit. xii. 22. But see Brooke, Early Eng. Literature, who supposes fugelas = raven and eagle, while grǣg-hama is = wulf (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.
He compares Saxo, p. 95, cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant, as explanatory of l. 6.—Beit. xii. 22. But see Brooke, Early Eng. Literature, who supposes fugelas = raven and eagle, while grǣg-hama is = wulf (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.
GLOSSARY
āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, trouble, O.N. agi, terror, + lāc, gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble; hence): 1) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.—2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), 1513; of Bēowulf and the drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, 2593.
āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, trouble, O.N. agi, terror, + lāc, gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble; hence): 1) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.—2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), 1513; of Bēowulf and the drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, 2593.
ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's servant, 674.
ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's servant, 674.
ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor-cable: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.
ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor-cable: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.
and-lang, -long, adj., very long. hence 1) at whole length, raised up high: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) continual, entire; andlangne dæg, 2116, the whole day; andlonge niht, 2939.
and-lang, -long, adj., very long. hence 1) at whole length, raised up high: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) continual, entire; andlangne dæg, 2116, the whole day; andlonge niht, 2939.
atelīc, adj., terrible, dreadful: atelīc horror, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
attor-sceaða, w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon: gen. sg. -sceaðan, 2840.
attor-sceaða, w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon: gen. sg. -sceaðan, 2840.
ādl, st. f. sickness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
āðum-swerian, m. pl., son-in-law and father-in-law: dat. pl., 84.
āðum-swerian, m. pl., son-in-law and father-in-law: dat. pl., 84.
āgend-frēa, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, 1884.
āgend-frēa, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, 1884.
ān, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) this, that, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.—2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb āne niht (the next night), 135; þurh ānes cræft, 700; þāra ānum, 1038; ān æfter ānum, one for the other (Hrēðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ān æfter eallum, 2269; ānes hwæt, some single thing, a part, 3011; se ān lēoda duguðe, the one of the heroes of the people, 2238; ānes willan, for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc.—Hence, again, 3) alone, distinguished, 1459, 1886.—4) a, in the sense of an indefinite article: ān ... fēond, 100; gen. sg. ānre bēne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ān ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ānra, in connection with a pronoun, single; ānra gehwylces, every single one, 733; ānra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, except a few single ones, 1082.—6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, alone of the warriors of the Gēatas, 2658.—7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see ǣn.—Comp. nān.
ān, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) this, that, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.—2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb āne niht (the next night), 135; þurh ānes cræft, 700; þāra ānum, 1038; ān æfter ānum, one for the other (Hrēðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ān æfter eallum, 2269; ānes hwæt, some single thing, a part, 3011; se ān lēoda duguðe, the one of the heroes of the people, 2238; ānes willan, for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc.—Hence, again, 3) alone, distinguished, 1459, 1886.—4) a, in the sense of an indefinite article: ān ... fēond, 100; gen. sg. ānre bēne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ān ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ānra, in connection with a pronoun, single; ānra gehwylces, every single one, 733; ānra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, except a few single ones, 1082.—6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, alone of the warriors of the Gēatas, 2658.—7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see ǣn.—Comp. nān.
ān-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449.
ān-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449.
ānunga, adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ār, st. m., ambassador, messenger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
æðeling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hrōðgār, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bēowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn, 2507;—then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Æschere, 1295; Hrōðgār's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremōd's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bēowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. —Comp. sib-æðeling.
æðeling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hrōðgār, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bēowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn, 2507;—then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Æschere, 1295; Hrōðgār's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremōd's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bēowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. —Comp. sib-æðeling.
æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.—ic him æfter sceal, I shall go after them, 2817; in word æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; æfter māððum-welan, after (obtaining) the treasure, 2751.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to: æfter rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swāte, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607; æfter wælnīðe, in consequence of mortal enmity, 85; in accordance with, on account of, after, about: æfter æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.)frægn, asked about the descent, 332; ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, ask not after my welfare, 1323; æfter sincgyfan grēoteð, weeps for the giver of treasure, 1343; him æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880; ān æfter ānum, one for the other, 2462, etc.—3) (local), along: æfter gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945; sōhte bed æfter būrum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlāt, looked along the hall, 1573; stone æfter stāne, smelt along the rocks, 2289; æfter lyfte, along the air through the air, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.
æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.—ic him æfter sceal, I shall go after them, 2817; in word æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; æfter māððum-welan, after (obtaining) the treasure, 2751.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to: æfter rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swāte, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607; æfter wælnīðe, in consequence of mortal enmity, 85; in accordance with, on account of, after, about: æfter æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.)frægn, asked about the descent, 332; ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, ask not after my welfare, 1323; æfter sincgyfan grēoteð, weeps for the giver of treasure, 1343; him æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880; ān æfter ānum, one for the other, 2462, etc.—3) (local), along: æfter gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945; sōhte bed æfter būrum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlāt, looked along the hall, 1573; stone æfter stāne, smelt along the rocks, 2289; æfter lyfte, along the air through the air, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.
æppel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel, or apple-yellow: nom. pl. æppel-fealuwe mēaras, apple-yellow steeds, 2166.
æppel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel, or apple-yellow: nom. pl. æppel-fealuwe mēaras, apple-yellow steeds, 2166.
ærn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þrȳð-, win-ærn.
ærn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þrȳð-, win-ærn.
æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) with, near, at, on, in (rest): æt hȳðe, in harbor, 32; æt symle, at the meal, 81, æt āde, on the funeral-pile, 1111, 1115; æt þē ānum, with thee alone, 1378; æt wīge, in the fight, 1338; æt hilde, 1660, 2682; æt ǣte, in eating, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271; gehēton æt hærgtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþēon, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebād grynna æt Grendle, from Grendel, 931; æt mīnum fæder genam, took me from my father to himself, 2430.—2) temporal, at, in, at the time of: æt frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45; æt ende, at an end, 224; fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791; similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; æt sīðestan, finally, 3014.
æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) with, near, at, on, in (rest): æt hȳðe, in harbor, 32; æt symle, at the meal, 81, æt āde, on the funeral-pile, 1111, 1115; æt þē ānum, with thee alone, 1378; æt wīge, in the fight, 1338; æt hilde, 1660, 2682; æt ǣte, in eating, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271; gehēton æt hærgtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþēon, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebād grynna æt Grendle, from Grendel, 931; æt mīnum fæder genam, took me from my father to himself, 2430.—2) temporal, at, in, at the time of: æt frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45; æt ende, at an end, 224; fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791; similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; æt sīðestan, finally, 3014.
æt-grǣpe, adj., grabbing, prehendens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ǣdre, ēdre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Bēow.), vein (not in Bēow.), stream, violent pouring forth: dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, 2967; blōd ēdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743.
ǣdre, ēdre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Bēow.), vein (not in Bēow.), stream, violent pouring forth: dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, 2967; blōd ēdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743.
ǣdre, adv., hastily, directly, immediately, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
ǣfen-lēoht, st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., 413.
evening light, st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ǣfen-sprǣc, st. f., evening-talk: acc. sg. gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760.
ǣfen-sprǣc, st. f., evening-talk: acc. sg. gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760.
ǣg-hwæðer (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) each (of two): nom. sg. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, each of the two (Bēowulf and the drake) had reached the end, 2845; dat. sg. ǣghwæðrum wæs brōga fram ōðrum, to each of the two (Bēowulf and the drake) was fear of the other, 2565; gen. sg. ǣghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.—2) each (of several): dat. sg. heora ǣghwæðrum, 1637.
ǣg-hwæðer (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) each (of two): nom. sg. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, each of the two (Bēowulf and the drake) had reached the end, 2845; dat. sg. ǣghwæðrum wæs brōga fram ōðrum, to each of the two (Bēowulf and the drake) was fear of the other, 2565; gen. sg. ǣghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.—2) each (of several): dat. sg. heora ǣghwæðrum, 1637.
ǣg-hwilc (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, every (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. ǣg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. ǣghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, each one (of two) true to the other, 1166.
ǣg-hwilc (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, every (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. ǣg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. ǣghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, each one (of two) true to the other, 1166.
ǣht (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) possession, power: acc. sg. on flōdes ǣht, 42; on wæteres ǣht, into the power of the water, 516; on ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, 1680.—2) property, possessions, goods: acc. pl. ǣhte, 2249.—Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht.
ǣht (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) possession, power: acc. sg. on flōdes ǣht, 42; on wæteres ǣht, into the power of the water, 516; on ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, 1680.—2) property, possessions, goods: acc. pl. ǣhte, 2249.—Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht.
ǣled-lēoma, w. m., (fire-light), torch: acc. sg. lēoman, 3126. See lēoma.
ǣled-lēoma, w. m., (fire-light), torch: acc. sg. lēoman, 3126. See lēoma.
ǣr (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., for a long time, 2596; eft swā ǣr, again as formerly, 643; ǣr nē siððan, neither sooner nor later, 719; ǣr and sīð, sooner and later (all times), 2501; nō þȳ ǣr (not so much the sooner), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.—2) conjunct., before, ere: a) with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr fēran, before you travel farther, 252; ǣr hē on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; ǣr þon dæg cwōme, ere the day break, 732; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr hē feorh seleð, aldor an ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will ..., 1372.—3) prepos. with dat., before ǣr dēaðe, before death, 1389; ǣr dæges hwīle, before daybreak, 2321; ǣr swylt-dæge, before the day of death, 2799.
ǣr (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., for a long time, 2596; eft swā ǣr, again as formerly, 643; ǣr nē siððan, neither sooner nor later, 719; ǣr and sīð, sooner and later (all times), 2501; nō þȳ ǣr (not so much the sooner), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.—2) conjunct., before, ere: a) with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr fēran, before you travel farther, 252; ǣr hē on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; ǣr þon dæg cwōme, ere the day break, 732; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr hē feorh seleð, aldor an ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will ..., 1372.—3) prepos. with dat., before ǣr dēaðe, before death, 1389; ǣr dæges hwīle, before daybreak, 2321; ǣr swylt-dæge, before the day of death, 2799.
ǣror, comp. adv., sooner, beforehand, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__; formerly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
ǣr-gestrēon, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestrēon.
ǣr-gestrēon, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestrēon.
ǣr-geweorc, st. n., work dating from old times: nom. sg. enta ǣr-geweorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.
ǣr-geweorc, st. n., work dating from old times: nom. sg. enta ǣr-geweorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.
ǣttren (see attor), adj., poisonous: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt, ǣttren ellorgāst, se ǣr inne swealt, so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618
ǣttren (see attor), adj., poisonous: the blood was so hot, a venomous alien spirit, who died in it, so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618
for-bærnan, w. v., consume with fire: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston ... brondefor-bærnan, they (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Æschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127.
for-bærnan, w. v., consume with fire: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston ... brondefor-bærnan, they (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Æschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127.
ge-bǣdan, w. v., to press hard: pret. part. bysigum gebǣded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drive, to send forth: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, the storm of arrows sent with strength, 3118; overcome: draca ... bealwe gebǣded, the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle, 2827.
ge-bǣdan, w. v., to press hard: pret. part. bysigum gebǣded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drive, to send forth: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, the storm of arrows sent with strength, 3118; overcome: draca ... bealwe gebǣded, the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle, 2827.
bǣl (O.N. bāl), st. n., fire, flames: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, passed (through the air) with fire, 2309; hæfde landwara līge befangan, bǣle and bronde, with fire and burning, 2323.—Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, 1110, 1117, 2127; ǣr hē bǣl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), 2819; hātað ... hlǣw gewyrcean ... æfter bǣle, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Bēowulf's words), 2804.
bǣl (O.N. bāl), st. n., fire, flames: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, passed (through the air) with fire, 2309; hæfde landwara līge befangan, bǣle and bronde, with fire and burning, 2323.—Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, 1110, 1117, 2127; ǣr hē bǣl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), 2819; hātað ... hlǣw gewyrcean ... æfter bǣle, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Bēowulf's words), 2804.
ge-bǣran, w. v., to conduct one's self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment, 1013; hē on eorðan geseah þone lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825.
ge-bǣran, w. v., to conduct one's self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment, 1013; hē on eorðan geseah þone lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825.
be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, near by, near, at, on (rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, held by the hand (Bēowulf held Grendel), 815; be sǣm tweonum, in the circuit of both the seas, 859, 1686; be mæste, on the mast, 1906; by fȳre, by the fire, 2220; be næsse, at the promontory, 2244; sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, sat by the two brothers, 1192; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā bið mægða cræft be wǣpnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.—2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by: gefēng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; ālēdon lēofne þēoden be mæste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873; wǣpen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1757, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, on account of, for, according to: ic þis gid be þē āwræc, I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724; þū þē lǣr be þon, learn according to this, from this, 1723; be fæder lāre, according to her father's direction, 1951.—4) temporal, while, during: be þē lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See bī.
be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, near by, near, at, on (rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, held by the hand (Bēowulf held Grendel), 815; be sǣm tweonum, in the circuit of both the seas, 859, 1686; be mæste, on the mast, 1906; by fȳre, by the fire, 2220; be næsse, at the promontory, 2244; sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, sat by the two brothers, 1192; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā bið mægða cræft be wǣpnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.—2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by: gefēng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; ālēdon lēofne þēoden be mæste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873; wǣpen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1757, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, on account of, for, according to: ic þis gid be þē āwræc, I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724; þū þē lǣr be þon, learn according to this, from this, 1723; be fæder lāre, according to her father's direction, 1951.—4) temporal, while, during: be þē lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See bī.
bēgen, fem. bā, both: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bā healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bām, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum bām, 2661; gen. n. bēga, 1874, 2896; bēga gehwæðres, each one of the two, 1044; bēga folces, of both peoples, 1125.
bēgen, fem. bā, both: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bā healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bām, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum bām, 2661; gen. n. bēga, 1874, 2896; bēga gehwæðres, each one of the two, 1044; bēga folces, of both peoples, 1125.
ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell), to irritate: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.
ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell), to irritate: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.
bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer: in comp. hleor-bera.
bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer: in comp. hleor-bera.
beran, st. v. w. acc., to carry; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone māððum byreð, carries the treasure (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fǣted wǣge, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pl. bǣron, 213, 1636, etc.; bǣran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.—The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms go, come: þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, 2654; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; ic gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes hringnet beran, 2755; wīgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bǣron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas bǣran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.
beran, st. v. w. acc., to carry; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone māððum byreð, carries the treasure (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fǣted wǣge, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pl. bǣron, 213, 1636, etc.; bǣran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.—The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms go, come: þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, 2654; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; ic gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes hringnet beran, 2755; wīgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bǣron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas bǣran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.
æt-beran, to carry to: inf. tō beadulāce (battle) ætberan, 1562; pret. þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up ætbær, the sea bore him up to the Heaðorǣmas, 519; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær brought Bēowulf the mead-cup, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær cyninge mīnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pl. hī hyne ætbǣron tō brimes faroðe, 28.—2) bear away: æt līc ætbær, 2128.
æt-beran, to carry to: inf. tō beadulāce (battle) ætberan, 1562; pret. þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up ætbær, the sea bore him up to the Heaðorǣmas, 519; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær brought Bēowulf the mead-cup, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær cyninge mīnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pl. hī hyne ætbǣron tō brimes faroðe, 28.—2) bear away: æt līc ætbær, 2128.
for-beran, to hold, to suppress: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878.
for-beran, to hold, to suppress: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878.
ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. þæt lā mæg secgan sē þe sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wǣre geboren betera (that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), 1704.
ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. þæt lā mæg secgan sē þe sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wǣre geboren betera (that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), 1704.
oð-beran, to bring hither: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbær on Finna land, 579.
oð-beran, to bring hither: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbær on Finna land, 579.
on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, to carry off, to take away: inf. īren ǣrgōd þæt þæs āhlǣcan blōdge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sāwl-berend.
on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, to carry off, to take away: inf. īren ǣrgōd þæt þæs āhlǣcan blōdge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sāwl-berend.
for-berstan, break, to fly asunder: pret. Nægling forbærst, Nægling (Bēowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681.
for-berstan, break, to fly asunder: pret. Nægling forbærst, Nægling (Bēowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681.
ge-betan: 1) to make good, to remove: pret. ac þū Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan wihte gebēttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known afar, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, removed all trouble, 831. —2) to avenge: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan fǣhðe gebētan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466.
ge-betan: 1) to make good, to remove: pret. ac þū Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan wihte gebēttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known afar, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, removed all trouble, 831. —2) to avenge: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan fǣhðe gebētan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466.
beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.
beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.
beado-grīma, w. m., (battle-mask), helmet: acc. pl. -grīman, 2258.
beado-grīma, w. m., (battle-mask), helmet: acc. pl. -grīman, 2258.
beado-hrægl, st. n., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552.
beado-hrægl, st. n., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552.
beado-lēoma, w. m., (battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524.
beado-lēoma, w. m., (battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524.
beado-mēce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, 1455.
beado-mēce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, 1455.
beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110.
beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110.
beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705.
beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705.
beadu-scrūd, st. n., (battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pl. beaduscrūda betst, 453.
beadu-scrūd, st. n., (battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pl. beaduscrūda betst, 453.
beadu-serce, w. f., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756.
beadu-serce, w. f., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756.
beado-weorc, st. n., (battle-work), battle: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300.
beado-weorc, st. n., (battle-work), battle: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300.
bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword(?), 2266.
bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword(?), 2266.
bealo-hycgende, pres. part., thinking of death, meditating destruction: gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.
bealo-hycgende, pres. part., thinking of death, meditating destruction: gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.
bealo-hȳdig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction: of Grendel, 724.
bealo-hȳdig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction: of Grendel, 724.
bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.—2) figuratively, possession, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumfæt mǣre, came into his possession, 2405.
bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.—2) figuratively, possession, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumfæt mǣre, came into his possession, 2405.
bearn, st. n., 1) child, son: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglāfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.—2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant: nom. sg. Ongenþēow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, children of men, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.—Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn.
bearn, st. n., 1) child, son: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglāfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.—2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant: nom. sg. Ongenþēow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, children of men, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.—Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn.
bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Bēowulf), 947.
bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Bēowulf), 947.
bēag, st. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. bēah (neck-ring), 1212; acc. sg. bēah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bēg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1164; gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bēagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.— Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.
bēag, st. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. bēah (neck-ring), 1212; acc. sg. bēah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bēg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1164; gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bēagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.— Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.
bēag-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps: nom. sg. bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164, 624.
bēag-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps: nom. sg. bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164, 624.
bēah-wriða, w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, 2019.
bēah-wriða, w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, 2019.
bēam, st. m., tree, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glēo-bēam.
bēam, st. m., tree, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glēo-bēam.
beorh, st. m.: 1) mountain, rock: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.—2) grave-mound, tomb-hill: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.—Comp. stān-beorh.
beorh, st. m.: 1) mountain, rock: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.—2) grave-mound, tomb-hill: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.—Comp. stān-beorh.
beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. hēafod-beorh.
beorh, noun, veil, covering, cap; only in the compound hēafod-beorh.
ymb-beorgan, to surround protectingly: pret. sg. bring ūtan ymb-bearh, 1504.
ymb-beorgan, to surround protectingly: pret. sg. bring ūtan ymb-bearh, 1504.
beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tō þǣre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, 2778. —2) excellent, remarkable: gen. sg. beorhtre bōte, 158. —Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.
beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tō þǣre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, 2778. —2) excellent, remarkable: gen. sg. beorhtre bōte, 158. —Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.
beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, 1518.
brightly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 1881, (Bēowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and his companions), 211, (Hrōðgār's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bēowulf's liege-men), 2405.—Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.
beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 1881, (Bēowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and his companions), 211, (Hrōðgār's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bēowulf's liege-men), 2405.—Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.
ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698.
ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
beorn-cyning, st. m., king of warriors, king of heroes: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149.
beorn-cyning, st. m., king of warriors, king of heroes: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149.
bēodan, st. v.: 1) to announce, to inform, to make known: inf. bīodan, 2893.—2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086; pret. part. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, then was pursuit offered the Swedish people, 2958; inf. ic þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas bēodan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385.
bēodan, st. v.: 1) to announce, to inform, to make known: inf. bīodan, 2893.—2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086; pret. part. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, then was pursuit offered the Swedish people, 2958; inf. ic þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas bēodan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385.
ge-bēodan: 1) to command, to order: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..., 3111.—2) to offer: him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce, offered him the treasure and the chief power, 2370; inf. gūðe gebēodan, to offer battle, 604.
ge-bēodan: 1) to command, to order: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..., 3111.—2) to offer: him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce, offered him the treasure and the chief power, 2370; inf. gūðe gebēodan, to offer battle, 604.
bēod-genēat, st. m., table-companion: nom. and acc. pl. genēatas, 343, 1714.
bēod-genēat, st. m., table-companion: nom. and acc. pl. genēatas, 343, 1714.
bēon, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be: pres. sg. I. gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826; sg. III. wā bið þǣm þe sceal..., woe to him who...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gād (no wish will be denied thee), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, if thou shalt need the warriors, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, 1941; eft sōna bið will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, then are broken, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, hasten! 386, 2748; bēo wið Gēatas glæd, be gracious to the Gēatas, 1174.
bēon, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be: pres. sg. I. gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826; sg. III. wā bið þǣm þe sceal..., woe to him who...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gād (no wish will be denied thee), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, if thou shalt need the warriors, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, 1941; eft sōna bið will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, then are broken, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, hasten! 386, 2748; bēo wið Gēatas glæd, be gracious to the Gēatas, 1174.
bēor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer: gen. pl. bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they served the Gēatas at meals), 1241.
bēor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer: gen. pl. bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they served the Gēatas at meals), 1241.
biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. dōð swā ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē biddan wille ānre bēne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. swā hē selfa bæd, as he himself had requested, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre bēorþege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618; ic þē lange bæd þæt þū..., begged you a long time that you, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, begged his lord for protection (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, asked that you..., 3097; pl. wordum bǣdon þæt..., 176.
biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. dōð swā ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē biddan wille ānre bēne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. swā hē selfa bæd, as he himself had requested, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre bēorþege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618; ic þē lange bæd þæt þū..., begged you a long time that you, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, begged his lord for protection (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, asked that you..., 3097; pl. wordum bǣdon þæt..., 176.
bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.
bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.
ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, where I had bound five(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand sōðe gebunden, the king's man found (after many had already praised Bēowulf's deed) other words (also referring to Bēowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gūðwīga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 2112.
ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, where I had bound five(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand sōðe gebunden, the king's man found (after many had already praised Bēowulf's deed) other words (also referring to Bēowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gūðwīga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 2112.
on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose: pret. onband, 501.
on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose: pret. onband, 501.
ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters: in comp. īs-gebind.
ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters: in comp. īs-gebind.
bitre, adv., bitterly (morally), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) near, at, on, about, by (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; ārās bī ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2539; bī wealle gesæt, sat by the wall, 2718. With a freer position: him big stōdan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048.—2) to, towards (motion): hwearf þā bī bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; gēong bī sesse, went to the seat, 2757.
bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) near, at, on, about, by (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; ārās bī ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2539; bī wealle gesæt, sat by the wall, 2718. With a freer position: him big stōdan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048.—2) to, towards (motion): hwearf þā bī bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; gēong bī sesse, went to the seat, 2757.
bīdan, st. v.: 1) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait: inf. nō on wealle leng bīdan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in þȳstrum bād, remained in darkness, 87; flota stille bād, the craft lay still, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; þǣr se snottra bād, where the wise man (Hrōðgār) waited, 1314; hē on searwum bād, he (Bēowulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, some remained, waited there, 400.—2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wīges bīdan, await the combat, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, would await no answer, 1495; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, awaited the event of the battle, 710; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan līges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.
bīdan, st. v.: 1) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait: inf. nō on wealle leng bīdan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in þȳstrum bād, remained in darkness, 87; flota stille bād, the craft lay still, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; þǣr se snottra bād, where the wise man (Hrōðgār) waited, 1314; hē on searwum bād, he (Bēowulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, some remained, waited there, 400.—2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wīges bīdan, await the combat, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, would await no answer, 1495; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, awaited the event of the battle, 710; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan līges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.
ge-bīdan: 1) to tarry, to wait: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, 1929.—2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, shall live my last day, 639; ne wēnde ... bōte gebīdan, did not hope ... to live to see reparation, 935; fela sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, experience much good and much affliction, 1061; ende gebīdan, 1387, 2343; pret. hē þæs frōfre gebād, received consolation (compensation) therefore, 7; gebād wintra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tō gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, to await another heir, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre rīde on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, 2446; pret. drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., joyless he experienced it, that he..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that..., 1780.
ge-bīdan: 1) to tarry, to wait: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, 1929.—2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, shall live my last day, 639; ne wēnde ... bōte gebīdan, did not hope ... to live to see reparation, 935; fela sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, experience much good and much affliction, 1061; ende gebīdan, 1387, 2343; pret. hē þæs frōfre gebād, received consolation (compensation) therefore, 7; gebād wintra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tō gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, to await another heir, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre rīde on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, 2446; pret. drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., joyless he experienced it, that he..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that..., 1780.
on-bīdan, to wait, to await: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce oð þæt ǣfen cwōm, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303.
on-bīdan, to wait, to await: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce oð þæt ǣfen cwōm, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303.
ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., mixture, heaving mass, a turning.—Comp.: sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.
ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., mixture, heaving mass, a turning.—Comp.: sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.
blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-headed, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.
blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-headed, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.
blǣd, st. m.: 1) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne hwīle, now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time, 1762.—2) reputation, renown, knowledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18; (þīn) blǣd is ārǣred, thy renown is spread abroad, 1704.
blǣd, st. m.: 1) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne hwīle, now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time, 1762.—2) reputation, renown, knowledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18; (þīn) blǣd is ārǣred, thy renown is spread abroad, 1704.
blǣd-āgend, pt., having renown, renowned: nom. pl. blǣd-āgende, 1014.
blǣd-āgend, pt., having renown, renowned: nom. pl. blǣd-āgende, 1014.
blēat, adj., miserable, helpless; only in comp. wæl-blēat.
blēat, adj., miserable, helpless; only in comp. wæl-blēat.
blēate, adv., miserably, helplessly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
blīð-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., 1803.
blīð-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., 1803.
blōd-fāg, adj., spotted with blood, bloody, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
blōdig-tōð, adj., with bloody teeth: nom. sg. bona blōdig-tōð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.
blōdig-tōð, adj., with bloody teeth: nom. sg. bona blōdig-tōð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.
be-bod, st. n., command, order; in comp. wundor-bebod.
be-bod, st. n., command, order; in comp. wundor-bebod.
boga, w. m., bow, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flān-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.
boga, w. m., bow, in a bent shape; here referring to the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; used as a weapon for shooting, in comp. flān-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.
bold-āgend, pt., house-owner, property-holder: gen. pl. monegum boldāgendra, 3113.
bold-āgend, pt., house-owner, property-holder: gen. pl. monegum boldāgendra, 3113.
bolgen-mōd, adj., angry at heart, angry, 710, 1714.
bolgen-mōd, adj., angry at heart, angry, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora.
bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora.
bord-hæbbend, pt., one having a shield, shield-bearer: nom. pl. hæbbende, 2896.
bord-hæbbend, pt., one having a shield, shield-bearer: nom. pl. hæbbende, 2896.
bord-hrēoða, w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204.
bord-hrēoða, w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204.
bord-rand, n. m., shield: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
bord-weall, st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields: acc. sg., 2981.
bord-weall, st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields: acc. sg., 2981.
brand, brond, st. m.: 1) burning, fire: nom. sg. þā sceal brond fretan (the burning of the body), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mōston ... bronde forbærnan (could not bestow upon him the solemn burning), 2127; hæfde landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323.—2) in the passage, þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrōðgār (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.
brand, brond, st. m.: 1) burning, fire: nom. sg. þā sceal brond fretan (the burning of the body), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mōston ... bronde forbærnan (could not bestow upon him the solemn burning), 2127; hæfde landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323.—2) in the passage, þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrōðgār (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.
brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going-high, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.
brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going-high, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.
brecan, st. v.: 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bānhringas bræc, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, that no one should break the agreement, 1101; pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene ... āð-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064.—2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum heresyrcan bræc, many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.—3) to break out, to spring out: inf. geseah ... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, saw a stream break out from the rocks, 2547; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981.—4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, curiosity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.
brecan, st. v.: 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bānhringas bræc, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, that no one should break the agreement, 1101; pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene ... āð-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064.—2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum heresyrcan bræc, many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.—3) to break out, to spring out: inf. geseah ... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, saw a stream break out from the rocks, 2547; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981.—4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, curiosity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.
bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: 1) to swing: inf. under sceadu bregdan, swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 708; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, swung the old weapon, 796; brægd feorh-genīðlan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. brōden (brogden) mǣl, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, to weave a waylaying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brōden, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.
bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: 1) to swing: inf. under sceadu bregdan, swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 708; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, swung the old weapon, 796; brægd feorh-genīðlan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. brōden (brogden) mǣl, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, to weave a waylaying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brōden, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.
ā-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up ā-bræd, swung, raised his hand, 2576.
ā-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up ā-bræd, swung, raised his hand, 2576.
ge-bregdan: 1) swing: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, swung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, to draw out of the sheath: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, had drawn the sword before, 2563.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, 1444.
ge-bregdan: 1) swing: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, swung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, to draw out of the sheath: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, had drawn the sword before, 2563.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, 1444.
on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open: pret. onbræd þā recedes mūðan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.
on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open: pret. onbræd þā recedes mūðan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.
brego-stōl, st. m., throne, figuratively for rule: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stōl, seven thousand see under sceat), a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; þǣr him Hygd gebēad ... brego-stōl, where H. offered him the chief power, 2371; lēt þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, gave over to Bēowulf the chief power (did not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), 2390.
brego-stōl, st. m., throne, figuratively for rule: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stōl, seven thousand see under sceat), a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; þǣr him Hygd gebēad ... brego-stōl, where H. offered him the chief power, 2371; lēt þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, gave over to Bēowulf the chief power (did not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), 2390.
brēost, st. n.: 1) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þæt mīne brēost wereð, which protects my breast, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl brōden on brēostum læg. 552.—2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551.
brēost, st. n.: 1) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þæt mīne brēost wereð, which protects my breast, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl brōden on brēostum læg. 552.—2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551.
brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast-thought, secret thought: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.
brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast-thought, secret thought: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.
brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., breast-clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.
brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., breast-clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.
brēost-hord, st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.
brēost-hord, st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.
brēost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. brēost-net brōden, 1549.
brēost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. brēost-net brōden, 1549.
brēost-weorðung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast: acc. sg. brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelāc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.
brēost-weorðung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast: acc. sg. brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelāc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.
brēost-wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom: acc. sg, 1878.
brēost-wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom: acc. sg, 1878.
ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. þā þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; hī hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708.
ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. þā þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; hī hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708.
brim-līðend, pt, sea-farer, sailor acc. p. -līðende, 568.
brim-līðend, pt, sea-farer, sailor acc. p. -līðende, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
brim-strēam, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea: acc. pl. ofer brim-strēamas, 1911.
brim-strēam, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea: acc. pl. ofer brim-strēamas, 1911.
brim-wylm, st. m., sea-wave: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, bring to your assistance thousands of warriors, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and luftācen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654.
bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, bring to your assistance thousands of warriors, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and luftācen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654.
ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on ādfære, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 3010.
ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on ādfære, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 3010.
brūcan, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe hēr worolde brūceð, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, make use of many rewards, give good rewards, 1179; to enjoy: inf. þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac līfgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, 1488; imp. brūc þisses bēages, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles well, 2163.
brūcan, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe hēr worolde brūceð, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, make use of many rewards, give good rewards, 1179; to enjoy: inf. þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac līfgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, 1488; imp. brūc þisses bēages, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles well, 2163.
bryne-lēoma, w. m., light of a conflagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., 2314.
bryne-lēoma, w. m., light of a conflagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., 2314.
bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.
bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.
bunden-stefna, w. m., (that which has a bound prow), the framed ship: nom. sg., 1911.
bunden-stefna, w. m., (that which has a bound prow), the framed ship: nom. sg., 1911.
burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.
burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.
ge-būan, w. acc., to occupy a house, to take possession: pret. part. hēan hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117.—With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-būend.
ge-būan, w. acc., to occupy a house, to take possession: pret. part. hēan hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117.—With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-būend.
būgan, st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hȳ on holt bugon, fled to the wood, 2599.
būgan, st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hȳ on holt bugon, fled to the wood, 2599.
ā-būgan, to bend off, to curve away from: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776.
ā-būgan, to bend off, to curve away from: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776.
ge-būgan, to bend, to bow, to sink: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah, sank on the floor, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, then sank the king, 2981; þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (when the drake at once coiled itself up), 2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, advanced with curved body (the drake), 2570.—b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.
ge-būgan, to bend, to bow, to sink: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah, sank on the floor, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, then sank the king, 2981; þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (when the drake at once coiled itself up), 2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, advanced with curved body (the drake), 2570.—b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.
būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: būtan his līc swice, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. following, but: būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, except: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston būton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, 880; ne nom hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton þone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone, 1615.—2) prep, with dat., except: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē, 658; ealle būton ānum, 706.
būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: būtan his līc swice, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. following, but: būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, except: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston būton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, 880; ne nom hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton þone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone, 1615.—2) prep, with dat., except: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē, 658; ealle būton ānum, 706.
be-bycgan, to sell: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life), 2800.
be-bycgan, to sell: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life), 2800.
ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.
ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.
byrdu-scrūd, st. n., shield-ornament, design upon a shield(?): nom. sg., 2661.
byrdu-scrūd, st. n., shield-ornament, design upon a shield(?): nom. sg., 2661.
ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.
ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.
byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, large coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141.—Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, īsern-byrne.
byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, large coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141.—Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, īsern-byrne.
bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, difficulty, opposition: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.
bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, difficulty, opposition: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.
bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig.
bysig, adj., against, in need, in the compounds life-busy, sign-busy.
ā-cennan, to bear: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.
ā-cennan, to bear: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.
cearig, adj., troubled, sad: in comp. sorh-cearig.
cearig, adj., upset, unhappy: in comp. sorh-cearig.
ceaster-būend, pt, inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār's castle, 769.
ceaster-būend, pt, inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār's castle, 769.
ge-cēosan, to choose, to elect: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne (sēlran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, choose thee the better (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.
ge-cēosan, to choose, to elect: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne (sēlran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, choose thee the better (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.
clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.
clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.
clif, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, 1912.—Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.
clif, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, 1912.—Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.
on-cnāwan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555.
on-cnāwan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555.
cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535.
cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535.
collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, 2786.
collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, 2786.
cofa, w. m., apartment, sleeping-room, couch: in comp. bān-cofa.
cofa, w. m., apartment, bedroom, sofa: in comp. bān-cofa.
cræft, st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) physical strength: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.—2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, with secret (magic) art, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes cræfte, with thief's craft, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, by devil's art (sorcery), 2089.—3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.—Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.
cræft, st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) physical strength: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.—2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, with secret (magic) art, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes cræfte, with thief's craft, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, by devil's art (sorcery), 2089.—3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.—Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.
cuman, st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, if thou comest from there, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, 721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.
cuman, st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, if thou comest from there, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, 721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.
be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syððan niht becōm, after the night had come, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, that had come over the people, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, when this time of battle came over him, 2884.
be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syððan niht becōm, after the night had come, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, that had come over the people, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, when this time of battle came over him, 2884.
ofer-cuman, to overcome, to compel: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora ... ofercōmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, compelled by combats, 846.
ofer-cuman, to overcome, to compel: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora ... ofercōmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, compelled by combats, 846.
cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.
cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.
cund, adj., originating in, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.
cund, adj., originating from, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.
cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, men do not know whither..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, knew him, 372; cūðe hē duguð þēaw, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., he himself did not know through what..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.—2) with inf. following, can, to be able: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.
cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, men do not know whither..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, knew him, 372; cūðe hē duguð þēaw, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., he himself did not know through what..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.—2) with inf. following, can, to be able: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.
cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.
cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.
cūð, adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, 150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.—2) renowned: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.—3) also, friendly, dear, good (see un-cūð).—Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.
cūð, adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, 150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.—2) renowned: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.—3) also, friendly, dear, good (see un-cūð).—Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.
cwalu, st. f., murder, fall: in comp. dēað-cwalu.
cwalu, f. murder, death: in combination dēað-cwalu.
cweðan, st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bēore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042.—b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.—c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.—d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.
cweðan, st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bēore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042.—b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.—c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.—d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.
cwealm-bealu, st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., 1941.
cwealm-bealu, st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., 1941.
cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.
cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.
cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.
cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying: in combinations gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.
cyn, st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.—Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.
cyn, st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.—Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.
cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.
cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.
cyst (choosing, see cēosan), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; acc. sg. īrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, known through excellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.
cyst (choosing, see cēosan), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; acc. sg. īrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, known through excellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.
ge-cȳðan (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecȳðan, to give answer, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), 257; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt ... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, the arrival of B. was quickly announced, 1972; similarly, 2325.—2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (my father was known to warriors), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, 924.
ge-cȳðan (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecȳðan, to give answer, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), 257; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt ... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, the arrival of B. was quickly announced, 1972; similarly, 2325.—2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (my father was known to warriors), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, 924.
cȳð (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cȳð.
cȳð (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cȳð.
dæg, st. m., day: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; andlangne dæg, the whole day, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (the whole morning), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, 2321; hwīl dæges, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; dæges and nihtes, day and night, 2270; dæges, by day, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, in ten days, 3161.—Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lǣn-, līf-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.
dæg, st. m., day: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; andlangne dæg, the whole day, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (the whole morning), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, 2321; hwīl dæges, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; dæges and nihtes, day and night, 2270; dæges, by day, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, in ten days, 3161.—Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lǣn-, līf-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.
dǣl, st. m., part, portion: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dǣlas, 1733.—Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bīowulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.
dǣl, st. m., part, portion: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dǣlas, 1733.—Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bīowulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.
ge-dǣlan: 1) to distribute: inf. (w. acc. of the thing distributed); bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him, 71.—2) to divide, to separate, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra gehwylces līf wið līce, 732.
ge-dǣlan: 1) to distribute: inf. (w. acc. of the thing distributed); bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him, 71.—2) to divide, to separate, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra gehwylces līf wið līce, 732.
ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) proper, appropriate: nom. sg. swā hit gedēfe wæs (bið), as was appropriate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176.—2) good, kind, friendly; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, be friendly to my son by deeds (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.—Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.
ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) proper, appropriate: nom. sg. swā hit gedēfe wæs (bið), as was appropriate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176.—2) good, kind, friendly; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, be friendly to my son by deeds (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.—Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.
dēmend, judge: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181.
judge: God's judgment, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
dēað-cwalu, st. f., violent death, ruin and death: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, 1713.
dēað-cwalu, st. f., violent death, ruin and death: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, 1713.
dēað-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder: nom. sg. 1671.
dēað-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder: nom. sg. 1671.
dēað-scūa, w. m., death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death: nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.
dēað-scūa, w. m., death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death: nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.
dēað-wīc, st. n. death's house, home of death: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwīc sēon (had died), 1276.
dēað-wīc, st. n. death's house, home of death: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwīc sēon (had died), 1276.
dēogol, dȳgol, adj., concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond, inaccessible land, 1358.
dēogol, dȳgol, adj., concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond, inaccessible land, 1358.
dīope, adj., deep: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070.
dīope, adj., deep: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070.
dēor, st. n., animal, wild animal: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.
dēor, st. n., animal, wild animal: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.
dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) dear, costly (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren, 2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.—2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., æðelum dīore, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, 1310.
dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) dear, costly (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren, 2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.—2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., æðelum dīore, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, 1310.
dol-sceaða, w. m., bold enemy: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.
dol-sceaða, w. m., bold enemy: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.
dōgor, st. m. n., day; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntīd ōðres dōgores, at the same time of the next day, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, the morning-light of the second day, 606.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, during this day, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore, 1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce, 1091; dōgera dægrim, the number of his days (the days of his life), 824.—3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, in later days, times, 2201, 2393.—Comp. ende-dōgor.
dōgor, st. m. n., day; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntīd ōðres dōgores, at the same time of the next day, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, the morning-light of the second day, 606.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, during this day, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore, 1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce, 1091; dōgera dægrim, the number of his days (the days of his life), 824.—3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, in later days, times, 2201, 2393.—Comp. ende-dōgor.
dōgor-gerīm, st. n., series of days: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, 2729.
dōgor-gerīm, st. n., series of days: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, 2729.
dōm, st. m.: I., condition, state in general; in comp. cyne-, wis-dōm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) judgment, judicial opinion: instr. sg. weotena dōme, according to the judgment of the Witan, 1099. 2) custom: æfter dōme, according to custom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.—III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence: 4) choice, free will: acc. sg. on sīnne sylfes dōm, according to his own choice, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) might, power: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm unlȳtel, not a little glory, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his dōm ālæg, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, make renown for myself, 1492; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, here he lost his reputation, 1471; dōme gewurðad, adorned with glory, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, the glory of the saints, 2821.
dōm, st. m.: I., condition, state in general; in comp. cyne-, wis-dōm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) judgment, judicial opinion: instr. sg. weotena dōme, according to the judgment of the Witan, 1099. 2) custom: æfter dōme, according to custom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.—III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence: 4) choice, free will: acc. sg. on sīnne sylfes dōm, according to his own choice, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) might, power: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm unlȳtel, not a little glory, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his dōm ālæg, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, make renown for myself, 1492; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, here he lost his reputation, 1471; dōme gewurðad, adorned with glory, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, the glory of the saints, 2821.
dōn, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic bidde, do as I beg, 1232.—2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde īsernbyrnan, took off the iron corselet, 672; (þonne) him Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength, 2349; pl. hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments, 3165.—3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nū gīt dēð, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swā þū ǣr dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often did (devoured) the bloom of the Hrēðmen, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ... þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44.
dōn, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic bidde, do as I beg, 1232.—2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde īsernbyrnan, took off the iron corselet, 672; (þonne) him Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength, 2349; pl. hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments, 3165.—3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nū gīt dēð, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swā þū ǣr dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often did (devoured) the bloom of the Hrēðmen, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ... þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44.
ge-dōn, to do, to make, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so subject that ..., 1733; inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan ... gedōn wolde, wished to place me in there, 2091.
ge-dōn, to do, to make, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so subject that ..., 1733; inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan ... gedōn wolde, wished to place me in there, 2091.
drēam, st. m., rejoicing, joyous actions, joy: nom. sg. hæleða drēam, 497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking-carouse), who art joyous, 1228: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; drēamum bedǣled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.
drēam, st. m., rejoicing, joyous actions, joy: nom. sg. hæleða drēam, 497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking-carouse), who art joyous, 1228: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; drēamum bedǣled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.
drēam-lēas, adj., without rejoicing, joyless: nom. sg. of King Heremōd, 1721.
drēam-lēas, adj., without rejoicing, joyless: nom. sg. of King Heremōd, 1721.
drēogan, st. v.: 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition: pret. drēah æfter dōme, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler (?), 15.—2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (do a heroic deed), 1471; pret. sundnytte drēah (had the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (fought), 799; hī sīð drugon, made the way, went, 1967.—3) to experience, to bear, to suffer: scealt werhðo drēogan, shall suffer damnation, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, bore sorrow for his heroes, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.
drēogan, st. v.: 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition: pret. drēah æfter dōme, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler (?), 15.—2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (do a heroic deed), 1471; pret. sundnytte drēah (had the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (fought), 799; hī sīð drugon, made the way, went, 1967.—3) to experience, to bear, to suffer: scealt werhðo drēogan, shall suffer damnation, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, bore sorrow for his heroes, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.
ā-drēogan, to suffer, to endure: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079.
ā-drēogan, to suffer, to endure: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079.
ge-drēogan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.
ge-drēogan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.
drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, the men drank wine, 1234; þǣr guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg heorð-genēatas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.
drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, the men drank wine, 1234; þǣr guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg heorð-genēatas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.
to-drīfan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, 545.
to-drīfan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, 545.
dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors; noble band: in comp. mago-driht.
dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, group of warriors; noble group: in comp. mago-driht.
dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.
dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.
dryhten, drihten, st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.—b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.
dryhten, drihten, st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.—b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.
dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār's warriors).
dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār's warriors).
dryht-māðum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, 2844.
dryht-māðum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, 2844.
dryht-scipe, st. m., (lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, to do a heroic deed, 1471.
dryht-scipe, st. m., (lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, to do a heroic deed, 1471.
dryht-sele, st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.
dryht-sele, st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.
dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, especially is the prince capable, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; þē him selfa dēah, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in battle, 526.
dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, especially is the prince capable, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; þē him selfa dēah, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in battle, 526.
duguð (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeðum, in ability(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, praised with all their might(?), 3176.—2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, before the heroes, 2021; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; lēoda duguðe on lāst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.—3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.
duguð (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeðum, in ability(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, praised with all their might(?), 3176.—2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, before the heroes, 2021; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; lēoda duguðe on lāst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.—3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.
þurh-dūfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. wæter up þurh-dēaf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.
þurh-dūfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. wæter up þurh-dēaf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.
dyrne, adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.—2) secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358.—Comp. un-dyrne.
dyrne, adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.—2) secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358.—Comp. un-dyrne.
dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880.
dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880.
ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, that he survives the battle in safety, 300; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, could not endure the deep without burning (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.
ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, that he survives the battle in safety, 300; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, could not endure the deep without burning (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.
ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.—Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (not the sword killed him), 2507; sīo ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;—blade: ecg wæs īren, 1460.—Comp.: brūn-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.
ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.—Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (not the sword killed him), 2507; sīo ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;—blade: ecg wæs īren, 1460.—Comp.: brūn-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.
efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, just so much as, 1093; efne swā sīde swā, 1224; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, by so much the less as ..., 1284; lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, 1250.
efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, just so much as, 1093; efne swā sīde swā, 1224; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, by so much the less as ..., 1284; lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, 1250.
eft, adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna bið, then it happens immediately, 1763; bōt eft cuman, help come again, 281.—2) again, on the other side: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, that in old age again (also on their side) willing companions should be attached to him, 22;—anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swā ǣr, again as formerly, 643.—3) retro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (did not believe that he would come back), 1597.
eft, adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna bið, then it happens immediately, 1763; bōt eft cuman, help come again, 281.—2) again, on the other side: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, that in old age again (also on their side) willing companions should be attached to him, 22;—anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swā ǣr, again as formerly, 643.—3) retro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (did not believe that he would come back), 1597.
egesa, egsa (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors(?), 1758.—2) terror, horror, fear: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.—Comp.: glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.
egesa, egsa (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors(?), 1758.—2) terror, horror, fear: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.—Comp.: glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.
ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, show bravery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (Wīglāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him wæs elnes þearf, 2877.—Comp. mægen-ellen.
ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, show bravery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (Wīglāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him wæs elnes þearf, 2877.—Comp. mægen-ellen.
ellen-gǣst, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.
ellen-gǣst, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.
ellen-līce, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123.
ellen-līce, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829, 1472.
ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829, 1472.
ellen-sēoc, adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf), 2788.
ellen-sēoc, adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf), 2788.
ellen-weorc, st. n., (strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.
ellen-weorc, st. n., (strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.
ellor, adv., to another place, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
ellor-gāst, -gǣst, st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, 1350.
ellor-gāst, -gǣst, st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, 1350.
ende, st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende, 823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes æt ende, 224.—2) boundary: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende geþencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735.—3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), 2022.—Comp. woruld-ende.
ende, st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende, 823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes æt ende, 224.—2) boundary: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende geþencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735.—3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), 2022.—Comp. woruld-ende.
ende-dōgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897.
ende-dōgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897.
þurh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050.
þurh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050.
ēðel, st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.—In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wīsdōme hēold ēðel sīnne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom, 1961.
ēðel, st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.—In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wīsdōme hēold ēðel sīnne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom, 1961.
ēðel-weard, st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (king), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), 617.
ēðel-weard, st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (king), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), 617.
ēðel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, 2494.
ēðel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, 2494.
ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.
ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.
ēg-strēam, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, in the sea-floods, 577. See ēagor-strēam.
ēg-strēam, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, in the sea-floods, 577. See ēagor-strēam.
ēst, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara and māðma (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearwor hæfde āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (to present), 2150; him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum geēawed (presented), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum miclum fremedon, 959.
ēst, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara and māðma (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearwor hæfde āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (to present), 2150; him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum geēawed (presented), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum miclum fremedon, 959.
eafoð, st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel) have withstood him, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfed, shall rob of strength, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, made him great through strength, 1718.
eafoð, st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel) have withstood him, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfed, shall rob of strength, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, made him great through strength, 1718.
eahtian, w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. rǣd eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, the best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408.—2) to speak with reflection of (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175.
eahtian, w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. rǣd eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, the best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408.—2) to speak with reflection of (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175.
eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mǣst, 77; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grāpe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall ... lissa, all favor, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, 2728. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, all distress, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wīde-ferhð, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, 2740; brūc ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend ... ealle, 706; wē ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hīe dēað fornam, 2237; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. āna wið eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728.
eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mǣst, 77; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grāpe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall ... lissa, all favor, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, 2728. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, all distress, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wīde-ferhð, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, 2740; brūc ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend ... ealle, 706; wē ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hīe dēað fornam, 2237; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. āna wið eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728.
eald, adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes ūhtflogan (dragon), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ōmig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (sword), 796, 1489; ealde wīsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), 2775; acc. pl. ealde māðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.
eald, adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes ūhtflogan (dragon), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ōmig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (sword), 796, 1489; ealde wīsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), 2775; acc. pl. ealde māðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.
eald-fæder, st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. 373.
eald-fæder, st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. 373.
eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870.
eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870.
eald-gesīð, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854.
eald-gesīð, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854.
eald-gestrēon, st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459.
eald-gestrēon, st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459.
eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.
eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.
eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on account of services rendered during many years: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle gnorn þrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658.
eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on account of services rendered during many years: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle gnorn þrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658.
eald-hlāford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), 2779.
eald-hlāford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), 2779.
eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. 946.
eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. 946.
ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewāt, went out of life, died, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwēna, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.—Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, 1780; tō aldre (for life), always, 2006, 2499; āwa tō aldre, for ever and ever, 956.
ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewāt, went out of life, died, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwēna, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.—Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, 1780; tō aldre (for life), always, 2006, 2499; āwa tō aldre, for ever and ever, 956.
ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. þū ... ondrǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677.
ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. þū ... ondrǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677.
ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, 907.
ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, 907.
ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. nǣfre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum ǣr (in former days), 758.
ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. nǣfre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum ǣr (in former days), 758.
ealdor-gedāl, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedāl, 806.
ealdor-gedāl, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedāl, 806.
ealdor-gewinna, w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.
ealdor-gewinna, w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.
ealdor-lēas, adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15.
ealdor-lēas, adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15.
ealdor-lēas, adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588; ealdor-lēasne, 3004.
ealdor-lēas, adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588; ealdor-lēasne, 3004.
ealdor-þegn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.
ealdor-þegn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.
eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.
eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.
eal-īrenne, adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339.
eal-īrenne, adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339.
ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.
ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.
eal-wealda, w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.
eal-wealda, w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.
eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him wæs bām ... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it. 2199; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; similarly, ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, 1130; eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prǣdium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, land and the enjoyment of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. ēacne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.
eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him wæs bām ... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it. 2199; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; similarly, ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, 1130; eard gīt ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prǣdium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, land and the enjoyment of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. ēacne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.
eardian, w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, 3051.—2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.
eardian, w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, 3051.—2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.
earfoð-þrāg, st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -þrāge, 283.
earfoð-þrāg, st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -þrāge, 283.
earm-hrēad, st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hrēade twā, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).
earm-hrēad, st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hrēade twā, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).
earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.
earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.
eaxl, st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.
eaxl, st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.
eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.
eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.
ēac, conj., also: __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, etc.; ēc, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.
ēacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, broad plains, 1622.—great, heavy: eald sweord ēacen, 1664; dat. pl. ēacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.—great, mighty, powerful: æðele and ēacen, of Bēowulf, 198.
ēacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, broad plains, 1622.—great, heavy: eald sweord ēacen, 1664; dat. pl. ēacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.—great, mighty, powerful: æðele and ēacen, of Bēowulf, 198.
ēacen-cræftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052.
ēacen-cræftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052.
ēadig-līce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100.
ēadig-līce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100.
ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, no pleasant way, 2587; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, no easy purchase, 2416; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, not easy (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), 1003.
ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, no pleasant way, 2587; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, no easy purchase, 2416; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, not easy (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), 1003.
easily, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
ēagor-strēam, st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. 513.
ēagor-strēam, st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. 513.
ēawan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. ēaweð ... uncūðne nīð, shows evil enmity, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan.
ēawan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. ēaweð ... uncūðne nīð, shows evil enmity, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan.
ge-ēawan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum ge-ēawed, was graciously presented, 1195.
ge-ēawan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum ge-ēawed, was graciously presented, 1195.
eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038.—2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.
eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038.—2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.
eofer, st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, 1113.—2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.
eofer, st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, 1113.—2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.
eofor-sprēot, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438.
eofor-sprēot, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438.
eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.
eoguð, ioguð. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
eorclan-stān, st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stānas, 1209.
eorclan-stān, st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stānas, 1209.
eorð-cyning, st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.
eorð-cyning, st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.
eorð-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.
eorð-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.
eorðe, w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wīde geond eorðan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.—2) earth, ground: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, fell to the ground, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (in the bosom of the earth), 3050.
eorðe, w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wīde geond eorðan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.—2) earth, ground: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, fell to the ground, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (in the bosom of the earth), 3050.
eorð-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. 2720.
eorð-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. 2720.
eorð-scræf, st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.
eorð-scræf, st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.
eorð-weall, st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under eorðweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; þā mē wæs ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 3091.
eorð-weall, st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under eorðweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; þā mē wæs ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 3091.
eorð-weard, st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. 2335.
eorð-weard, st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. 2335.
eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.
eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.
eorl-gestrēon, st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona ... hardfyrdne dǣl, 2245.
eorl-gestrēon, st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona ... hardfyrdne dǣl, 2245.
eorl-gewǣde, st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443.
eorl-gewǣde, st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443.
eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. 2894.
eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. 2894.
eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.
eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.
eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.
eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.
eormen-lāf, st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) 2235.
eormen-lāf, st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) 2235.
ēored-geatwe, st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., 2867.
ēored-geatwe, st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., 2867.
ēowan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, 1739. See ēawan, ȳwan.
ēowan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, 1739. See ēawan, ȳwan.
ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to experience: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302; þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dǣda gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.
ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to experience: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302; þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dǣda gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.
faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. tō hām faran, to go home, 124; lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 865; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, 2916; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, 1405; sǣgenga fōr, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pl. þæt ... scawan scīrhame tō scipe fōron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896.
faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. tō hām faran, to go home, 124; lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 865; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, 2916; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, 1405; sǣgenga fōr, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pl. þæt ... scawan scīrhame tō scipe fōron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896.
gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hū se mānsceaða under fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739.
gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hū se mānsceaða under fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739.
ūt faran, to go out: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, 2552.
ūt faran, to go out: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, 2552.
faru, st. f., way, passage, expedition: in comp. ād-faru.
faru, st. f., path, route, journey: in comp. ād-faru.
fācen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, 1019.
fācen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, 1019.
fāh, fāg, adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (covered with blood), 420; blōde fāh, 935; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fāh (saddle artistically ornamented with gold), 1039; sweord swāte fāh, 1287; brim blōde fāh, 1595; wældrēore fāg, 1632; (draca) fȳrwylmum fāh (because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fāh and fǣted, 2702; blōde fāh, 2975; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, 447; goldsele fǣttum fāhne, 717; on fāgne flōr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrōf golde fāhne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þā hilt since fāge, 1616; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, 586.—Comp. bān-, blōd-, brūn-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, wæl-, wyrm-fāh.
fāh, fāg, adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (covered with blood), 420; blōde fāh, 935; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fāh (saddle artistically ornamented with gold), 1039; sweord swāte fāh, 1287; brim blōde fāh, 1595; wældrēore fāg, 1632; (draca) fȳrwylmum fāh (because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fāh and fǣted, 2702; blōde fāh, 2975; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, 447; goldsele fǣttum fāhne, 717; on fāgne flōr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrōf golde fāhne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þā hilt since fāge, 1616; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, 586.—Comp. bān-, blōd-, brūn-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, wæl-, wyrm-fāh.
fāh, fāg, fā, adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða, 554; hē wæs fāg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fāne (the dragon), 2656; gen. pl. fāra, 578, 1464.—2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fāg, 1264; māne fāh, outlawed through crime, 979; fyren-dǣdum fāg, 1002.—Comp. nearo-fāh.
fāh, fāg, fā, adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða, 554; hē wæs fāg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fāne (the dragon), 2656; gen. pl. fāra, 578, 1464.—2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fāg, 1264; māne fāh, outlawed through crime, 979; fyren-dǣdum fāg, 1002.—Comp. nearo-fāh.
fāmig-heals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fāmig-heals, 218; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, 1910.
fāmig-heals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fāmig-heals, 218; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, 1910.
fædera, w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gefæderan.
fædera, w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gefæderan.
fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, 912.
fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, 912.
fæderen-mǣg, st. m., kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264.
fæderen-mǣg, st. m., kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264.
fæðm, st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. fēondes fæð[mum], 2129.—2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. līges fæðm, 782; acc. sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.—3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tō fæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.—4) power, property: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.—Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.
fæðm, st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. fēondes fæð[mum], 2129.—2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. līges fæðm, 782; acc. sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.—3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tō fæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.—4) power, property: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.—Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.
fæger, fǣger, adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, 774; fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.—Comp. un-fǣger.
fæger, fǣger, adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, 774; fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.—Comp. un-fǣger.
fæst, adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fæst, 1743; acc. sg. frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwǣre, 1097.—The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām (sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, (held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, fast in the forged hinges, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879.—Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fæst.
fæst, adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fæst, 1743; acc. sg. frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwǣre, 1097.—The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām (sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, (held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, fast in the forged hinges, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879.—Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fæst.
fæste, adv., fæst __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.—Comp. fæstor, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.
fǣge, adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. fǣge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fūs and fǣge, 1242; acc. sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fǣgum, 2078; gen. sg. fǣges, 1528.—2) dead: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026.—Comp.: dēað-, un-fǣge.
fǣge, adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. fǣge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fūs and fǣge, 1242; acc. sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fǣgum, 2078; gen. sg. fǣges, 1528.—2) dead: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026.—Comp.: dēað-, un-fǣge.
fǣhð (state of hostility, see fāh), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. fǣhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fǣhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fǣhðe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, 2690.—Comp. wæl-fǣhð.
fǣhð (state of hostility, see fāh), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. fǣhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fǣhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fǣhðe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, 2690.—Comp. wæl-fǣhð.
fǣringa, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
fǣt, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fǣttum fāhne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, 2257.
fǣt, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fǣttum fāhne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, 2257.
fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras fǣted-hlēore (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), 1037.
fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras fǣted-hlēore (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), 1037.
feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. (feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120.
feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. (feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120.
fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tō fela micles ... Denigea lēode, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncūðes fela, 877; fela lāðes, 930; fela lēofes and lāðes, 1061.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela māðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.—Comp. eal-fela.
fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tō fela micles ... Denigea lēode, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncūðes fela, 877; fela lāðes, 930; fela lēofes and lāðes, 1061.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela māðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.—Comp. eal-fela.
II., adverb, very, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
fela-mōdig, adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -mōdigra, 1638, 1889.
fela-mōdig, adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -mōdigra, 1638, 1889.
fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.
fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.
æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough, 969.
æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough, 969.
fen-freoðo, st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.
fen-freoðo, st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.
fen-ge-lād, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. frēcne fengelād (fens difficult of access), 1360.
fen-ge-lād, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. frēcne fengelād (fens difficult of access), 1360.
ferhð, st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., each of them trusted to his (Hunferð's) heart, that ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, happy at heart, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum frēoge, that one ... heartily love, 3178.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.
ferhð, st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., each of them trusted to his (Hunferð's) heart, that ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, happy at heart, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum frēoge, that one ... heartily love, 3178.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.
ferhð-frec, adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.
ferhð-frec, adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.
ferhð-genīðla, w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, 2882.
ferhð-genīðla, w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, 2882.
æt-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum ætferede, 1669.
æt-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum ætferede, 1669.
ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē) geferian frēan ūserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret. þæt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, 3131; pret. part. hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361.
ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē) geferian frēan ūserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret. þæt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, 3131; pret. part. hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361.
oð-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. unsōfte þonan feorh oð-ferede, 2142.
oð-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. unsōfte þonan feorh oð-ferede, 2142.
of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ōðer swylc ūt offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584.
of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ōðer swylc ūt offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584.
fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)
fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)
ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles lāfe, caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought, 2191.
ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles lāfe, caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought, 2191.
fēðe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.
fēðe-cempa, m., foot soldier: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
fēran, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. fēran on frēan wǣre (to die), 27; gewiton him þā fēran (set out upon their way), 301; mǣl is mē tō fēran, 316; fēran ... gang scēawigan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; wīde fēran, 2262; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; fērdon forð, 1633.
fēran, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. fēran on frēan wǣre (to die), 27; gewiton him þā fēran (set out upon their way), 301; mǣl is mē tō fēran, 316; fēran ... gang scēawigan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; wīde fēran, 2262; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; fērdon forð, 1633.
ge-fēran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefēre līfgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845.—2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt ..., 1222, 1856.—3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frēcne gefērdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692.
ge-fēran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefēre līfgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845.—2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt ..., 1222, 1856.—3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frēcne gefērdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692.
ge-feohan, ge-fēon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefǣgon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; þēodnes gefēgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sǣlāce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hæfde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, 1625.
ge-feohan, ge-fēon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefǣgon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; þēodnes gefēgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sǣlāce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hæfde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, 1625.
feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. þǣre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21.
feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. þǣre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21.
feohte, w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.
feohte, w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.
feor-būend, pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. gē feor-būend, 254.
feor-būend, pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. gē feor-būend, 254.
feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, life expelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, 2857; feorh ālegde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, ǣr hē feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, tore away her life, 2142; oð þæt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lindplegan swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fēore, 1294, 1549; tō wīdan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swā geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. fēores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, 73; frēonda fēorum, 1307.—Also, body, corpse: þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelāc) fell into the power of the Franks, 1211. —Comp. geogoð-feorh.
feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, life expelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, 2857; feorh ālegde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, ǣr hē feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, tore away her life, 2142; oð þæt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lindplegan swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fēore, 1294, 1549; tō wīdan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swā geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. fēores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, 73; frēonda fēorum, 1307.—Also, body, corpse: þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelāc) fell into the power of the Franks, 1211. —Comp. geogoð-feorh.
feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.
feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.
feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.
feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.
feorh-genīðla, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -genīðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genīðlan, 970; acc. sg. brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) pursued his mortal enemies, 2934.
feorh-genīðla, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -genīðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genīðlan, 970; acc. sg. brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) pursued his mortal enemies, 2934.
feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) bebohte frōde feorh-lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801.
feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) bebohte frōde feorh-lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801.
feorh-lāst, st. m., trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death : acc. pl. feorh-lāstas bær, 847.
feorh-lāst, st. m., trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death : acc. pl. feorh-lāstas bær, 847.
feorh-sēoc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821.
feorh-sēoc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
feorh-sweng, st. m., (stroke robbing of life), fatal blow: acc. sg., 2490.
feorh-sweng, st. m., (stroke robbing of life), fatal blow: acc. sg., 2490.
feorh-wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.
feorh-wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.
feormend-lēas, adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, 2762.
feormend-lēas, adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, 2762.
ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. sōna hæfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fēt and folma, 745.
ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. sōna hæfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fēt and folma, 745.
feorran, adv., from afar: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fērdon folctogan feorran and nēan, from far and from near, 840; similarly, nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne ... nēan and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318.—b) temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (since remote antiquity), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.
feorran, adv., from afar: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fērdon folctogan feorran and nēan, from far and from near, 840; similarly, nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne ... nēan and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318.—b) temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (since remote antiquity), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.
feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.
feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
fēond-grāp, st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. fēond-grāpum fæst, 637.
fēond-grāp, st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. fēond-grāpum fæst, 637.
fēond-sceaða, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða (a hostile sea-monster), 554.
fēond-sceaða, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða (a hostile sea-monster), 554.
fēond-scipe, st. m., hostility: nom. sg., 3000.
fēond-scipe, n., hostility: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
fēower-tȳne, num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. fēowertȳne Gēata, 1642.
fēower-tȳne, num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. fēowertȳne Gēata, 1642.
findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hīe at Finnes-hām findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þǣr fela frēonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swā hyt weorðlīcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ōðer fand, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (discovered), 7.—b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.—c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne wer wīges bīdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt hē fyrgen-bēamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þā sāwullēasne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.—d) with dependent clause: inf. nō þȳ ǣr fēasceafte findan meahton æt þām æðelinge þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre (could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374.
findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hīe at Finnes-hām findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þǣr fela frēonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swā hyt weorðlīcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ōðer fand, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (discovered), 7.—b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.—c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne wer wīges bīdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt hē fyrgen-bēamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þā sāwullēasne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.—d) with dependent clause: inf. nō þȳ ǣr fēasceafte findan meahton æt þām æðelinge þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre (could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374.
on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892; pret. part. þā hēo onfunden wæs (was discovered), 1294.—b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde, the stranger (Bēowulf) perceived that the sword would not cut, 1523; sōna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., immediately perceived that..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498.
on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892; pret. part. þā hēo onfunden wæs (was discovered), 1294.—b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde, the stranger (Bēowulf) perceived that the sword would not cut, 1523; sōna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., immediately perceived that..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498.
firen, fyren, st. f., cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fǣhðe, 153; fǣhðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.
firen, fyren, st. f., cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fǣhðe, 153; fǣhðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.
firen-þearf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14.
firen-þearf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14.
firgen-bēam, st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-bēamas, 1415.
firgen-bēam, st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-bēamas, 1415.
firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.
firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.
firgen-strēam, st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-strēam, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.
firgen-strēam, st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-strēam, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.
flǣsc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flǣsc-homan, 1569.
flǣsc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flǣsc-homan, 1569.
flet, st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. hēo on flet gebēah, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1569.—2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.
flet, st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. hēo on flet gebēah, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1569.—2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.
flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.
flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.
flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., 476.
flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., 476.
ofer-flēon, w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferflēon fōtes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526.
ofer-flēon, w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferflēon fōtes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526.
flēotan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542; pret. sǣgenga flēat fāmigheals forð ofer ȳðe, floated away over the waves, 1910.
flēotan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542; pret. sǣgenga flēat fāmigheals forð ofer ȳðe, floated away over the waves, 1910.
ofer-flītan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. hē þē æt sunde oferflāt (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), 517.
ofer-flītan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. hē þē æt sunde oferflāt (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), 517.
floga, w. m., flyer; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, ūht-, wid-floga.
floga, w. m., flyer; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, ūht-, wid-floga.
flyht, fliht, st. m., flight: nom. sg. gāres fliht, flight of the spear, 1766.
flyht, fliht, st. m., flight: nom. sg. gāres fliht, flight of the spear, 1766.
folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sūðdene folc, 464; folc and rīce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ sīde, went with a band of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.—The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frēawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwēn, 1933.—The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018.—Comp. sige-folc.
folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sūðdene folc, 464; folc and rīce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ sīde, went with a band of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.—The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frēawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwēn, 1933.—The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018.—Comp. sige-folc.
folc-āgend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-āgende, 3114.
folc-āgend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-āgende, 3114.
folc-beorn, st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.
folc-beorn, st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.
folc-cyning, st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.
folc-cyning, st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.
folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.
folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.
folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fāra (the battle-field), 1464.
folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fāra (the battle-field), 1464.
fold-būend, pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-būend, 2275; fold-būende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-būendum, 309.
fold-būend, pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-būend, 2275; fold-būende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-būendum, 309.
for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; for hlāwe, 1121.—b) before, coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, 1027; for þǣm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, before the noble band of warriors, 2021.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhȳdum, 434; for onmēdlan, 2927, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for þrēanȳdum, 833; for þrēanēdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrōfsele hrīnan ne mehte fǣr-gripe flōdes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 1516; līg-egesan wæg for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mīnum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967; ne meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþræce māðmas bēodan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, gave often reward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, to the assistance, 382, 458.—2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: hē hine feor forwræc for þȳ mane, 110.—3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu frēogan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349.
for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; for hlāwe, 1121.—b) before, coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, 1027; for þǣm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, before the noble band of warriors, 2021.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhȳdum, 434; for onmēdlan, 2927, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for þrēanȳdum, 833; for þrēanēdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrōfsele hrīnan ne mehte fǣr-gripe flōdes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 1516; līg-egesan wæg for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mīnum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967; ne meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþræce māðmas bēodan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, gave often reward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, to the assistance, 382, 458.—2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: hē hine feor forwræc for þȳ mane, 110.—3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu frēogan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349.
foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: siððan ... scēawedon fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc (each before himself), 985; þæt wæs ān foran ealdgestrēona, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, bore their shields forward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365.
foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: siððan ... scēawedon fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc (each before himself), 985; þæt wæs ān foran ealdgestrēona, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, bore their shields forward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365.
forð: 1) local, forth, hither, near: forð near ætstōp, approached nearer, 746; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wīsade, led him (Bēowulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further: gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; hē tō forð gestōp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewāt, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; mē ... forð-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480; fērdon forð, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne hē forð scile, when he must (go) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719.—2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furðum and furðor.
forð: 1) local, forth, hither, near: forð near ætstōp, approached nearer, 746; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wīsade, led him (Bēowulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further: gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; hē tō forð gestōp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewāt, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; mē ... forð-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480; fērdon forð, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne hē forð scile, when he must (go) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719.—2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furðum and furðor.
forð-gerīmed, pres. part., in unbroken succession, 59.
forð-gerīmed, pres. part., in unbroken succession, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
forð-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1751.
forð-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1751.
fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: hēo fore þǣm werede spræc, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; fore fæder dǣdum, because of the father's deeds, 2060,—Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, song and music about Healfdene's general (the song of Hnæf), 1065.
fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: hēo fore þǣm werede spræc, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; fore fæder dǣdum, because of the father's deeds, 2060,—Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, song and music about Healfdene's general (the song of Hnæf), 1065.
fore-mihtig, adj., able beyond (others), prǣpotens: nom. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970.
fore-mihtig, adj., able beyond (others), prǣpotens: nom. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970.
fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.
fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.
fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: hē fyrmest læg, 2078.
fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: hē fyrmest læg, 2078.
fōn, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fēhð ōðer tō, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, 439; pret. sg. him tōgēanes fēng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w. dat. hē þām frætwum fēng, received the rich adornments (Ongenþēow's equipment), 2990.
fōn, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fēhð ōðer tō, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, 439; pret. sg. him tōgēanes fēng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w. dat. hē þām frætwum fēng, received the rich adornments (Ongenþēow's equipment), 2990.
be-fōn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sār hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; hēo æðelinga ānne hæfde fæste befangen (had seized him firmly), 1296; helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fȳre befongen, encircled by fire, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara līge befangen, encompassed by fire, 2322.
be-fōn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sār hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; hēo æðelinga ānne hæfde fæste befangen (had seized him firmly), 1296; helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fȳre befongen, encircled by fire, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara līge befangen, encompassed by fire, 2322.
ge-fōn, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. hē gefēng slǣpendne rinc, 741; gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, 1502; gefēng þā be eaxle ... Gūðgēata lēod Grendles mōdor, 1538; gefēng þā fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefēng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091.
ge-fōn, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. hē gefēng slǣpendne rinc, 741; gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, 1502; gefēng þā be eaxle ... Gūðgēata lēod Grendles mōdor, 1538; gefēng þā fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefēng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091.
on-fōn, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ... scolde fæder-æðelum onfōn, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng, who received the ship's lading, 52; hlēor-bolster onfēng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swēge onfēng, the hall received the loud noise, 1215; hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum, he (Bēowulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, 749.
on-fōn, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ... scolde fæder-æðelum onfōn, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng, who received the ship's lading, 52; hlēor-bolster onfēng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swēge onfēng, the hall received the loud noise, 1215; hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum, he (Bēowulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, 749.
þurh-fōn, w. acc., to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping: inf. þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, 1505.
þurh-fōn, w. acc., to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping: inf. þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, 1505.
wið-fōn, w. dat., (to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him fæste wið-fēng, 761.
wið-fōn, w. dat., (to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him fæste wið-fēng, 761.
ymbe-fōn, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum, encircled his (Bēowulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), 2692.
ymbe-fōn, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum, encircled his (Bēowulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), 2692.
fōt-gemearc, st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (fifty feet long), 3043.
fōt-gemearc, st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (fifty feet long), 3043.
fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: þǣr fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesīðas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife hafelan bǣron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: hē hine feor forwræc ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something: þā ic cwōm ... from fēondum, 420; ǣghwæðrum wæs ... brōga fram ōðrum, 2566.—Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sægdest from his sīðe, 532; nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, 581; þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., away, thence: nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from ǣrest cwōm oruð āglǣcean ūt of stāne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock 2557.
fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: þǣr fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesīðas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife hafelan bǣron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: hē hine feor forwræc ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something: þā ic cwōm ... from fēondum, 420; ǣghwæðrum wæs ... brōga fram ōðrum, 2566.—Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sægdest from his sīðe, 532; nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, 581; þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., away, thence: nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from ǣrest cwōm oruð āglǣcean ūt of stāne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock 2557.
fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. sīð-fram.—2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.—Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.
fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. sīð-fram.—2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.—Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.
frætwe, st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly, originally carved objects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214; beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stānas, 1208; frætwe,... brēost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelāc's collar; frætwe and fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þām frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, 2055; frætwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþēow's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... frætwa, 37; þāra frætwa (drake's treasure), 2795; frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134.
frætwe, st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly, originally carved objects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214; beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stānas, 1208; frætwe,... brēost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelāc's collar; frætwe and fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þām frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, 2055; frætwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþēow's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... frætwa, 37; þāra frætwa (drake's treasure), 2795; frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134.
ge-frǣgnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Æschere), 1334?
ge-frǣgnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Æschere), 1334?
freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwēn, of Þrȳðo, 1933(?).
freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwēn, of Þrȳðo, 1933(?).
fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an object, fremme sē þe wille, let him do (it) whoever will, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce fremman, 2500; fǣhðe ... mǣrðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hū þā æðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fācenstafas ... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, 2135. —2) to help on, to support: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.
fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an object, fremme sē þe wille, let him do (it) whoever will, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce fremman, 2500; fǣhðe ... mǣrðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hū þā æðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fācenstafas ... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, 2135. —2) to help on, to support: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.
ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorlīc ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, to give help, 2450; æfter wēaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, tō gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nū scealc hafað ... dǣd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þū þē self hafast dǣdum gefremed, þæt ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955.
ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorlīc ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, to give help, 2450; æfter wēaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, tō gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nū scealc hafað ... dǣd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þū þē self hafast dǣdum gefremed, þæt ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955.
boldly, audaciously, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
frēa, w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frēa, 2286; acc. sg. frēan, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frēan, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. frēan, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frēan ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. frēan, 27.— Comp.: āgend-, līf-, sin-frēa.
frēa, w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frēa, 2286; acc. sg. frēan, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frēan, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. frēan, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frēan ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. frēan, 27.— Comp.: āgend-, līf-, sin-frēa.
frēa-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. frēa-drihtnes, 797.
frēa-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. frēa-drihtnes, 797.
frēa-wrāsn, st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum, 1452; see wrāsn.
frēa-wrāsn, st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum, 1452; see wrāsn.
freoðu, friðu, f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, who may obtain an asylum in God's arms, 188; nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175.—Comp. fen-freoðo.
freoðu, friðu, f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, who may obtain an asylum in God's arms, 188; nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175.—Comp. fen-freoðo.
freoðo-burh, st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522.
freoðo-burh, st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522.
freoðo-wong, st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.
freoðo-wong, st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.
freoðo-wǣr, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.
freoðo-wǣr, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.
freoðo-webbe, w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.
freoðo-webbe, w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.
frēod, st. f., friendship: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557; —favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.
frēod, st. f., friendship: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557; —favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.
frēo-dryhten (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, 2628.
frēo-dryhten (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, 2628.
frēond-laðu, st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bewægned, 1193.
frēond-laðu, st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bewægned, 1193.
frēond-lār, st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. frēond-lārum, 2378.
frēond-lār, st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. frēond-lārum, 2378.
frēond-līce, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. frēond-līcor, 1028.
frēond-līce, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. frēond-līcor, 1028.
frēond-scipe, st. m., friendship: acc. sg. frēond-scipe fæstne, 2070.
frēond-scipe, st. m., friendship: acc. sg. frēond-scipe fæstne, 2070.
fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan sīnne geseldan fægre fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107.
fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan sīnne geseldan fægre fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107.
friðo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see freoðo-webbe), peace-bringer: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018.
friðo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see freoðo-webbe), peace-bringer: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018.
ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration. pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn Grendles dǣda, 194; nō ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebǣran, I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne gefrūnon hringas dǣlan, 1970; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ærn micel (greater) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon, 70; pret. part. hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, 2953; hæfdon gefrūnen þæt..., had learned that ..., 695; hæfde gefrūnen hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās, 2404; healsbēaga mǣst þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197.
ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration. pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn Grendles dǣda, 194; nō ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebǣran, I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne gefrūnon hringas dǣlan, 1970; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ærn micel (greater) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon, 70; pret. part. hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, 2953; hæfdon gefrūnen þæt..., had learned that ..., 695; hæfde gefrūnen hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās, 2404; healsbēaga mǣst þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197.
frōd, adj.: 1) ǣtate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frōd, 2626, 2951; frōd cyning, 1307, 2210; frōd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frōd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frōda, 2929; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (the laying down of my old life), 2801; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.—2) mente excellentior, intelligent, experienced, wise: nom. sg. frōd, 1367; frōd and gōd, 279; on mōde frōd, 1845.—Comp.: in-, un-frōd.
frōd, adj.: 1) ǣtate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frōd, 2626, 2951; frōd cyning, 1307, 2210; frōd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frōd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frōda, 2929; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (the laying down of my old life), 2801; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.—2) mente excellentior, intelligent, experienced, wise: nom. sg. frōd, 1367; frōd and gōd, 279; on mōde frōd, 1845.—Comp.: in-, un-frōd.
fruma (see forma), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. wæs se fruma egeslīc lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sāre geendod (the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bēowulf), 2310.—2) he who stands first, prince; in comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma.
fruma (see forma), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. wæs se fruma egeslīc lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sāre geendod (the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bēowulf), 2310.—2) he who stands first, prince; in comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma.
frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45.
frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45.
fullǣstian, w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic þē fullǣstu, 2669.
fullǣstian, w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic þē fullǣstu, 2669.
furðum, adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465; þā hīe tō sele furðum ... gangan cwōmon, 323; ic þǣr furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, 2010;—before, previously: ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon, 1708.
furðum, adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465; þā hīe tō sele furðum ... gangan cwōmon, 323; ic þǣr furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, 2010;—before, previously: ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon, 1708.
fūs, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. nū ic eom sīðes fūs, 1476; lēofra manna fūs, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sūðan fūs, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120; nom. pl. wǣron ... eft to lēodum fūse tō farenne, 1806.—Sometimes fūs means ready for death, moribundus: fūs and fǣge, 1242.—Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs.
fūs, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. nū ic eom sīðes fūs, 1476; lēofra manna fūs, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sūðan fūs, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120; nom. pl. wǣron ... eft to lēodum fūse tō farenne, 1806.—Sometimes fūs means ready for death, moribundus: fūs and fǣge, 1242.—Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs.
fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved.—Comp. hard-fyrde.—Leo.
fyrde, adj., able to be moved.—Comp. hard-fyrde.—Leo.
fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in battle: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874
fyrd-gestealla, w. m., partner on a journey, teammate in combat: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874
fyrd-hrægl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528.
fyrd-hrægl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528.
fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fūslīc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, 232.
fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fūslīc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, 232.
fyrd-wyrðe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), 1317.
fyrd-wyrðe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), 1317.
fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (in old times), 1452.
fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (in old times), 1452.
fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fīra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.
fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fīra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.
fyrn-gewin, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. ōr fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690.
fyrn-gewin, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. ōr fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690.
fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. næs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewāt, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fīf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þȳ fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, 76.
fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. næs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewāt, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fīf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þȳ fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, 76.
fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.
fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.
ge-fȳsan (fūs), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefȳsed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fȳre gefȳsed, provided with fire, 2310; þā wæs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefȳsed sæcce tō sēceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, ready for battle, determined to fight, 631.
ge-fȳsan (fūs), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefȳsed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fȳre gefȳsed, provided with fire, 2310; þā wæs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefȳsed sæcce tō sēceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, ready for battle, determined to fight, 631.
fȳr-lēoht, noun, fire-light: accusative singular, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ā-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmǣl āgōl grǣdig gūðlēoð, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, 1522.
ā-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmǣl āgōl grǣdig gūðlēoð, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, 1522.
gamen-wāð, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, 855.
gamen-wāð, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, 855.
gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, 2109.
gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, 2109.
gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old; of persons, having lived many years, gray: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þām gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.—Also, late, belonging to former time: gen. pl. gomelra lāfe (legacy), 2037.—Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.
gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old; of persons, having lived many years, gray: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þām gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.—Also, late, belonging to former time: gen. pl. gomelra lāfe (legacy), 2037.—Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.
gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., 609.
gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., 609.
gān, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel, 455; gǣð eft ... tō medo, 605; þonne hē ... on flett gǣð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, let him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. gā nū tō setle, 1783; nū þū lungre geong, hord scēawian, under hārne stān, 2744; inf. in gān, to go in, 386, 1645 'forð gān, to go forth, to go thither, 1164; þat hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; tō sele ... gangan cwōmon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nū gē mōton gangan ... Hrōðgār gesēon, 395; þā cōm of mōre ... Grendel gongan, there came Grendel (going) from the fen, 712; ongēan gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; cwōm ... tō hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tō, let us go thither, 2649.—As preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tō healle gēong, 926; similarly, 2019; sē þe on orde gēong, who went at the head, went in front, 3126; on innan gīong, went in, 2215; hē ... gīong tō þæs þe hē eorðsele ānne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; þā se æðeling, gīong, þæt hē bī wealle gesæt, then went the prince (Bēowulf) that he might sit down by the wall, 2716.—2) gang: tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þā æfter flōre, went along the floor, along the hall, 1317.—3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): hē ... beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.—4) from another stem, ēode (Goth. iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], went towards the door of the hall, 390; ēode Wealhþēow forð, went forth, 613; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 641; ēode yrremōd, went with angry feeling, 727; ēode ... tō sele, 919; similarly, 1233; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād, 1313; ēode weorð Denum æðeling tō yppan, the prince (Bēowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; ēode ... under inwit-hrōf, 3124; pl. þǣr swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, 493; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, went to meet him, 1627; ēodon under Earna næs, 3032.
gān, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel, 455; gǣð eft ... tō medo, 605; þonne hē ... on flett gǣð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, let him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. gā nū tō setle, 1783; nū þū lungre geong, hord scēawian, under hārne stān, 2744; inf. in gān, to go in, 386, 1645 'forð gān, to go forth, to go thither, 1164; þat hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; tō sele ... gangan cwōmon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nū gē mōton gangan ... Hrōðgār gesēon, 395; þā cōm of mōre ... Grendel gongan, there came Grendel (going) from the fen, 712; ongēan gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; cwōm ... tō hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tō, let us go thither, 2649.—As preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tō healle gēong, 926; similarly, 2019; sē þe on orde gēong, who went at the head, went in front, 3126; on innan gīong, went in, 2215; hē ... gīong tō þæs þe hē eorðsele ānne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; þā se æðeling, gīong, þæt hē bī wealle gesæt, then went the prince (Bēowulf) that he might sit down by the wall, 2716.—2) gang: tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þā æfter flōre, went along the floor, along the hall, 1317.—3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): hē ... beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.—4) from another stem, ēode (Goth. iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], went towards the door of the hall, 390; ēode Wealhþēow forð, went forth, 613; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 641; ēode yrremōd, went with angry feeling, 727; ēode ... tō sele, 919; similarly, 1233; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād, 1313; ēode weorð Denum æðeling tō yppan, the prince (Bēowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; ēode ... under inwit-hrōf, 3124; pl. þǣr swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, 493; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, went to meet him, 1627; ēodon under Earna næs, 3032.
ā-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. swā bit āgangen wearð eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235.
ā-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. swā bit āgangen wearð eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235.
full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte hēold, feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, 3120.
full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte hēold, feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, 3120.
ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his mōdor ... gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, 1278; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld elne geēode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pl. elne geēodon tō þæs þe ..., went quickly thither where ..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hīe tō-gædre gegān hæfdon, when they (Wīglāf and the drake) had come together, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823; þā wæs endedæg gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning ... swealt, 3037.—2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geēodon ... þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde ... gegongen þæt, had attained it, that ..., 894; hord ys gescēawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.—3) to occur, to happen: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., if that happen, that ..., 1847; pret. sg. þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlæmmum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Gēatas), 2201; pret. part. þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlīce þæt, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that ..., 2822.
ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his mōdor ... gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, 1278; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld elne geēode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pl. elne geēodon tō þæs þe ..., went quickly thither where ..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hīe tō-gædre gegān hæfdon, when they (Wīglāf and the drake) had come together, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823; þā wæs endedæg gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning ... swealt, 3037.—2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geēodon ... þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde ... gegongen þæt, had attained it, that ..., 894; hord ys gescēawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.—3) to occur, to happen: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., if that happen, that ..., 1847; pret. sg. þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlæmmum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Gēatas), 2201; pret. part. þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlīce þæt, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that ..., 2822.
oð-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oð þæt hī oðēodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935.
oð-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oð þæt hī oðēodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935.
ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621.
ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621.
gār-cēne, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gār-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gār-cwealm gumena, 2044.
gār-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gār-cwealm gumena, 2044.
gār-wīgend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gār-wīgend, 2642.
gār-wīgend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gār-wīgend, 2642.
together, united: __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__; samod ætgædere, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__.
tō-gadere, adv., together, 2631.
tō-gadere, adv., together, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.—Comp.: fēðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).
gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.—Comp.: fēðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).
gegn-cwide, st. m., reply: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, 367.
gegn-cwide, st. m., reply: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, 367.
gehðu, geohðu, st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. giohðo mǣnde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.
gehðu, geohðu, st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. giohðo mǣnde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.
gēn (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn, þæt ..., it was not then long before ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071; nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), 2082; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; þā gēn, then again, 2678, 2703; swā hē nū gēn dēð, as he still does, 2860; furður gēn, further still, besides, 3007; nū gēn, now again, 3169; ne gēn, no more, no farther: ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735.
gēn (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn, þæt ..., it was not then long before ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071; nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), 2082; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; þā gēn, then again, 2678, 2703; swā hē nū gēn dēð, as he still does, 2860; furður gēn, further still, besides, 3007; nū gēn, now again, 3169; ne gēn, no more, no farther: ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735.
gēna, still: cwico wæs þā gēna, was still living, 3094.
gēna, still: cwico wæs þā gēna, was still living, 3094.
genga, w. m., goer; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.
genga, w. m., goer; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.
gēnunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.—2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum (dressed himself in the armor), 1442.
gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.—2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum (dressed himself in the armor), 1442.
ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode ād ... unwāclīcne, 3138; pret. part. glōf ... eall gegyrwed dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum, 2088.—2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. cēol gegyrwan hilde-wǣpnum and heaðowǣdum, 38; hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, had (his) good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment: pret. part. syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.—3) to endow, to provide, to adorn: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lāfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mādmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029.
ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode ād ... unwāclīcne, 3138; pret. part. glōf ... eall gegyrwed dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum, 2088.—2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. cēol gegyrwan hilde-wǣpnum and heaðowǣdum, 38; hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, had (his) good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment: pret. part. syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.—3) to endow, to provide, to adorn: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lāfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mādmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029.
on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, 1596.
together, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gealg-trēow, st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-trēowu[m], 2941.
gealg-trēow, st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-trēowu[m], 2941.
geard, st. m., residence; in Bēowulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265.—Comp. middan-geard.
geard, st. m., residence; in Bēowulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265.—Comp. middan-geard.
gearo, adj., properly, made, prepared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mǣst, 77; wiht unhǣlo ... gearo sōna wæs, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bǣl gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1110; þēod (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231; hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gūð-freca, 2415; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre geæfned, let the bier be made ready at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, ready for revenge for harm done, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.
gearo, adj., properly, made, prepared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mǣst, 77; wiht unhǣlo ... gearo sōna wæs, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bǣl gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1110; þēod (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231; hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gūð-freca, 2415; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre geæfned, let the bier be made ready at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, ready for revenge for harm done, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.
gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., completely, entirely: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), 265; wisse hē gearwe þæt ..., he knew very well that ..., 2340, 2726; þæt ic ... gearo scēawige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wāt geare þæt ..., 2657.—Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077.—Superl. gearwost, 716.
gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., completely, entirely: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), 265; wisse hē gearwe þæt ..., he knew very well that ..., 2340, 2726; þæt ic ... gearo scēawige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wāt geare þæt ..., 2657.—Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077.—Superl. gearwost, 716.
gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, 2086.
gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress; in comp. feðer-gearwe.
gearwe, st. f., gear, attire; in comp. feðer-gearwe.
geat, st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.
geat, st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.
gēan (from gegn), adv. in
gēan (from gegn), adv. in
tō-gēanes, tō-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle tōgēanes, towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grāp þā tōgēanes, she grasped at (Bēowulf), 1502; similarly, him tōgēanes fēng, 1543; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, went towards him, 1627; hēt þā gebēodan ... þæt hīe bǣl-wudu feorran feredon gōdum tōgēnes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Bēowulf lay), 3115.
tō-gēanes, tō-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle tōgēanes, towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grāp þā tōgēanes, she grasped at (Bēowulf), 1502; similarly, him tōgēanes fēng, 1543; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, went towards him, 1627; hēt þā gebēodan ... þæt hīe bǣl-wudu feorran feredon gōdum tōgēnes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Bēowulf lay), 3115.
geār-dagas, st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) geār-dagum, 1, 1355.
geār-dagas, st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) geār-dagum, 1, 1355.
geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gēotende, the streaming flood, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.
geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gēotende, the streaming flood, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.
geogoð, st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.—2) contrasted with duguð, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.
geogoð, st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.—2) contrasted with duguð, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.
geoguð-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fēore, 537, 2665.
geoguð-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fēore, 537, 2665.
geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.
geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.
geond, prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond þisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, went along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.
geond, prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond þisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, went along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.
geong, adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gūðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swā geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.—Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.
geong, adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gūðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swā geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.—Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.
georne, adv., readily, willingly: þæt him wine-māgas georne hȳrdon, 66; georne truwode, 670.—zealously, eagerly: sōhte georne æfter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295.—carefully, industriously: nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough), 969.—completely, exactly: comp. wiste þē geornor, 822.
georne, adv., readily, willingly: þæt him wine-māgas georne hȳrdon, 66; georne truwode, 670.—zealously, eagerly: sōhte georne æfter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295.—carefully, industriously: nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough), 969.—completely, exactly: comp. wiste þē geornor, 822.
geō-man, iū-man, st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. iū-manna, 3053.
geō-man, iū-man, st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. iū-manna, 3053.
geō-meowle, w. f., (formerly a virgin), wife: acc. sg. īo-meowlan, 2932.
geō-meowle, w. f., (formerly a virgin), wife: acc. sg. īo-meowlan, 2932.
geōmor-gid, st. n., dirge: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, 3151.
geōmor-gid, st. n., dirge: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, 3151.
geōmor-līc, adj., sad, painful: swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle tō gebīdanne þæt..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., 2445.
geōmor-līc, adj., sad, painful: swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle tō gebīdanne þæt..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., 2445.
geōmor-mōd, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giōmor-mōd, 2268.
geōmor-mōd, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giōmor-mōd, 2268.
geō-sceaft, st. f., (fixed in past times), fate: acc. sg. geōsceaft grimme, 1235.
geō-sceaft, st. f., (fixed in past times), fate: acc. sg. geōsceaft grimme, 1235.
geōsceaft-gāst, st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.
geōsceaft-gāst, st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.
gid, gyd, st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; lēoð wæs āsungen, glēomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, 1161; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid āwræc, 1724; gyd āwræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne hē gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.—Comp.: geōmor-, word-gid.
gid, gyd, st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; lēoð wæs āsungen, glēomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, 1161; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid āwræc, 1724; gyd āwræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne hē gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.—Comp.: geōmor-, word-gid.
gifa, geofa, w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).
gifa, geofa, w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).
gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bēagas geaf Denum, 1720; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, 49; pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, 64; þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), 1949.
gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bēagas geaf Denum, 1720; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, 49; pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, 64; þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), 1949.
for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him þæs līf-frēa ... worold-āre forgeaf, 17; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan dōhtor (gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; hē mē lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.
for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him þæs līf-frēa ... worold-āre forgeaf, 17; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan dōhtor (gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; hē mē lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.
of-gifan, (to give up), to leave: inf. þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), 2589; pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrēam ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; þæt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, 2252.
of-gifan, (to give up), to leave: inf. þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), 2589; pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrēam ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; þæt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, 2252.
gifeðe, adj., given, granted: Gūðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., 299; similarly, 2682; swā mē gifeðe wæs, 2492; þǣr mē gifeðe swā ǣnig yrfeweard æfter wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731.—Neut. as subst.: wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð, þē þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.—Comp. un-gifeðe.
gifeðe, adj., given, granted: Gūðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., 299; similarly, 2682; swā mē gifeðe wæs, 2492; þǣr mē gifeðe swā ǣnig yrfeweard æfter wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731.—Neut. as subst.: wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð, þē þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.—Comp. un-gifeðe.
gift, st. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift.
gift, noun, gift, present: in combination feoh-gift.
gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.—Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu.
gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.—Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu.
gild, gyld, st. n., reparation: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).
gild, gyld, st. n., reparation: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).
gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 11; hē mid gōde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðorǣsas geald mēarum and māðmum, repaid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermāðmum, repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures, 2992.
gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 11; hē mid gōde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðorǣsas geald mēarum and māðmum, repaid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermāðmum, repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures, 2992.
an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald ǣfenræste, one (Æschere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, 1252.
an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald ǣfenræste, one (Æschere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, 1252.
for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 957; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; hē ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se lāða līge forgyldan drinc-fæt dȳre, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, he gave them the reward therefore, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wælhlem þone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969.
for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 957; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; hē ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se lāða līge forgyldan drinc-fæt dȳre, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, he gave them the reward therefore, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wælhlem þone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969.
gilp, gylp, st. m., speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech: acc. sg. hæfde ... Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; þæt ic wið þone gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrīpan (fulfil my promise of battle), 2522.—Comp. dol-gilp.
gilp, gylp, st. m., speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech: acc. sg. hæfde ... Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; þæt ic wið þone gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrīpan (fulfil my promise of battle), 2522.—Comp. dol-gilp.
gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently: pres. sg. I. nō ic þæs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ǣnig ... ūhthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior, 2875; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.
gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently: pres. sg. I. nō ic þæs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ǣnig ... ūhthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior, 2875; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.
gilp-cwide, st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance: nom. sg., 641.
gilp-cwide, st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance: nom. sg., 641.
gilp-hlæden, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869.
gilp-hlæden, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869.
gilp-sprǣc, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-sprǣce, 982.
gilp-sprǣc, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-sprǣce, 982.
gimme-rīce, adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-rīce hord-burh hæleða, 466.
gimme-rīce, adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-rīce hord-burh hæleða, 466.
ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in
ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in
on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. oð þæt ān ongan fyrene fremman fēond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þā þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; Higelāc ongan sīnne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, began with propriety to question his companion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lindhæbbende, no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, 409.
on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. oð þæt ān ongan fyrene fremman fēond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þā þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; Higelāc ongan sīnne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, began with propriety to question his companion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lindhæbbende, no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, 409.
gistran, adv., yesterday: yesterday night, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in
gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in
be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þā hine wīg beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman lange begeāte, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief, 2131.
be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þā hine wīg beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman lange begeāte, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief, 2131.
for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. hē þā forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.
for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. hē þā forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.
an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292.—2) to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. þæt ic ǣrwelan ... ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Gēata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman gealdor ongeāton, 2945.
an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292.—2) to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. þæt ic ǣrwelan ... ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Gēata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman gealdor ongeāton, 2945.
gio-, giō-. see geo-, geō-.
gio-, giō-. see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
glēd-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. glēd-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651.
glēd-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. glēd-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651.
glēaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., considerate, well-bred, of social conduct; in comp. un-glēaw.
glēaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., thoughtful, well-mannered, regarding social behavior; in comparison un-glēaw.
glēo-drēam, st. m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety: acc. sg. gamen and glēo-drēam, 3022.
glēo-drēam, st. m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety: acc. sg. gamen and glēo-drēam, 3022.
tō-glīdan (to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder: pret. gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.
tō-glīdan (to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder: pret. gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.
be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlāfordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, 3180.
be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlāfordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, 3180.
gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hǣðen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brād gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fǣttan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fāhne (hrōf), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scīran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. —Comp. fæt-gold.
gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hǣðen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brād gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fǣttan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fāhne (hrōf), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scīran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. —Comp. fæt-gold.
gold-hroden, pret. part., (covered with gold), ornamented with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.
gold-hroden, pret. part., (covered with gold), ornamented with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.
gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.
gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.
gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. gūðrinc goldwlanc (Bēowulf rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his victory), 1882.
gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. gūðrinc goldwlanc (Bēowulf rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his victory), 1882.
gomban, gomel, gomen. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.
gong, gongan. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gōd, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frōd and gōd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gōd, the king noble in birth, 1871; gumcystum gōd, 2544; w. gen. wes þū ūs lārena gōd, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gōda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gōdne, 1487; neut. gōd, 1563; dat. sg. gōdum, 3037, 3115; þǣm gōdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gōde, 2250; þā gōdan, 1164; acc. pl. gōde, 2642; dat. pl. gōdum dǣdum, 2179; gen. pl. gōdra gūðrinca, 2649.—Comp. ǣr-gōd.
gōd, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frōd and gōd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gōd, the king noble in birth, 1871; gumcystum gōd, 2544; w. gen. wes þū ūs lārena gōd, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gōda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gōdne, 1487; neut. gōd, 1563; dat. sg. gōdum, 3037, 3115; þǣm gōdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gōde, 2250; þā gōdan, 1164; acc. pl. gōde, 2642; dat. pl. gōdum dǣdum, 2179; gen. pl. gōdra gūðrinca, 2649.—Comp. ǣr-gōd.
gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.
gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.
gram-hȳdig, adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhȳdig, 1750.
gram-hȳdig, adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhȳdig, 1750.
græs-molde, w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, went over the grass-plot, 1882.
græs-molde, w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, went over the grass-plot, 1882.
grētan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine swā gōdne grētan, 347; Hrōðgār grētan, 1647, 2011; ēowic grētan hēt (bade me bring you his last greeting), 3096; pret. sg. grētte Gēata lēod, 626; grētte þā guma ōðerne, 653; Hrōðgār grētte, 1817.— 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstōl grētan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; næs se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec gūðwinum grētan dorste (attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd ... sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; nō hē mid hearme ... gæstas grētte, did not approach the strangers with insults, 1894; gomenwudu grētte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt þū þone wælgǣst wihte ne grētte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne grētte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066.
grētan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine swā gōdne grētan, 347; Hrōðgār grētan, 1647, 2011; ēowic grētan hēt (bade me bring you his last greeting), 3096; pret. sg. grētte Gēata lēod, 626; grētte þā guma ōðerne, 653; Hrōðgār grētte, 1817.— 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstōl grētan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; næs se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec gūðwinum grētan dorste (attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd ... sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; nō hē mid hearme ... gæstas grētte, did not approach the strangers with insults, 1894; gomenwudu grētte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt þū þone wælgǣst wihte ne grētte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne grētte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066.
ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegrētte mēaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517.—2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862.
ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegrētte mēaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517.—2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862.
for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde līgdraca lēoda fæsten ... glēdum forgrunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; þā his āgen (scyld) wæs glēdum forgrunden, since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678.
for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde līgdraca lēoda fæsten ... glēdum forgrunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; þā his āgen (scyld) wæs glēdum forgrunden, since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678.
grīma, w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.
grīma, w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.
for-grīpan (to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, 2354. wið-grīpan, w. dat., (to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect: inf. hū wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522.
for-grīpan (to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, 2354. wið-grīpan, w. dat., (to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect: inf. hū wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522.
grund, st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte ... æfter grunde, sought along the ground, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.—2) bottom, the lowest part: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) 1552; dat. sg. tō grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund.
grund, st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte ... æfter grunde, sought along the ground, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.—2) bottom, the lowest part: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) 1552; dat. sg. tō grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund.
grund-būend, pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-būendra, 1007.
grund-būend, pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-būendra, 1007.
grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137.
grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137.
grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in þām [grund]sele, 2140.
grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in þām [grund]sele, 2140.
grund-wang, st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589.
grund-wang, st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589.
grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.
grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.
gryre, st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hīe Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swā fela gryra, 592.—Comp.: fǣr-, wīg-gryre.
gryre, st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hīe Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swā fela gryra, 592.—Comp.: fǣr-, wīg-gryre.
gryre-brōga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ō]g[a], 2229.
gryre-brōga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ō]g[a], 2229.
gryre-gæst, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þām gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.
gryre-gæst, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þām gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.
gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.
gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.
gryre-lēoð, st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehȳrdon gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), 787.
gryre-lēoð, st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehȳrdon gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), 787.
gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643.
gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643.
gūð-byrne, n. sing., battle corset: __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gūð-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.
gūð-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.
gūð-fremmend, pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. gūð-fremmendra, 246; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Bēowulf), 299.
gūð-fremmend, pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. gūð-fremmendra, 246; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Bēowulf), 299.
gūð-geweorc, st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.
gūð-geweorc, st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.
gūð-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. þā gūð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, 395.
gūð-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. þā gūð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, 395.
guth-helmet, battle-helmet: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gūth-hrēð, st. f., battle-fame: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gūð-lēoð, st. n., battle song: acc., sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gūð-sceaða, w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.
gūð-sceaða, w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.
gūð-scearu, st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. æfter gūð-sceare, 1214.
gūð-scearu, st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. æfter gūð-sceare, 1214.
gūð-sweord, st. n., battle-sword: acc. sg., 2155.
guth-sword, battle-sword: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. tō gyrn-wræce, 1139; gen. sg. þā wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 2119.
gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. tō gyrn-wræce, 1139; gen. sg. þā wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 2119.
habban, w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (as I hope), 383; þē ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic mē on hafu bord and byrnan, have on me shield and coat of mail, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað wē ... micel ǣrende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þæt hē þrīttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þæt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne, that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; hæbbe ic ... geāhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede, 940; hæfde se gōda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.
habban, w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (as I hope), 383; þē ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic mē on hafu bord and byrnan, have on me shield and coat of mail, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað wē ... micel ǣrende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þæt hē þrīttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þæt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne, that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; hæbbe ic ... geāhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede, 940; hæfde se gōda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.
wið-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. þæt se wīnsele wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773.
wið-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. þæt se wīnsele wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773.
hafela, heafola, w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; nā þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; þonne wē on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, 1328; se hwīta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.—Comp. wīg-heafola.
hafela, heafola, w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; nā þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; þonne wē on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, 1328; se hwīta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.—Comp. wīg-heafola.
hama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, līc-hama, scīr-ham (adj.).
hama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. flesh-, army-, body-dress, bright-dress (adj.).
hand-gemōt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1527; nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōta, 2356.
hand-gemōt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1527; nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōta, 2356.
hand-gesella, w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.
hand-gesella, w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.
hand-gestealla, w. m., (one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.
hand-gestealla, w. m., (one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.
hand-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.
hand-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.
hand-gewriðen, pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938.
hand-gewriðen, pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938.
hand-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.
hand-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.
hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.
hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.
hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.
hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.
hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra mǣst, 2769.
hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra mǣst, 2769.
hādre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572.
hādre, adv., clearly, brightly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
hām, st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. hām, 1408; Hrōðgāres hām, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him hām, betook himself home, 1602; tō hām, 124, 374, 2993; fram hām, at home, 194; æt hām, at home, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hāmes, 2367; acc. pl. hāmas, 1128.—Comp. Finnes-hām, 1157.
hām, st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. hām, 1408; Hrōðgāres hām, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him hām, betook himself home, 1602; tō hām, 124, 374, 2993; fram hām, at home, 194; æt hām, at home, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hāmes, 2367; acc. pl. hāmas, 1128.—Comp. Finnes-hām, 1157.
hām-weorðung, st. f., honor or ornament of home: acc. sg. hām-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.
hām-weorðung, st. f., honor or ornament of home: acc. sg. hām-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.
hātan, st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mīne hāte ... flotan ēowerne ārum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hāt in gān ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þæt healreced hātan wolde ... men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon, gave command to bring eight horses into the hall, 1036; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054; heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), 2893; swā se snottra heht, as the wise (Hrōðgār) directed, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hēt: hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, hēt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þā wæs hāten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrætwod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.—2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. þæt hit sǣlīðend ... hātan Bīowulfes biorh, that mariners may call it Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2807; pret. part. wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.
hātan, st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mīne hāte ... flotan ēowerne ārum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hāt in gān ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þæt healreced hātan wolde ... men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon, gave command to bring eight horses into the hall, 1036; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054; heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), 2893; swā se snottra heht, as the wise (Hrōðgār) directed, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hēt: hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, hēt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þā wæs hāten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrætwod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.—2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. þæt hit sǣlīðend ... hātan Bīowulfes biorh, that mariners may call it Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2807; pret. part. wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.
ge-hātan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit þē gehāte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. hē mē mēde gehēt, promised me reward, 2135; him fægre gehēt lēana (gen. pl.), promised them proper reward, 2990; wēan oft gehēt earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pl. gehēton æt hærgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods, 175; þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde þæt ..., when we promised our lord that..., 2635; pret. part. sīo gehāten [wæs] ... gladum suna Frōdan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025.
ge-hātan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit þē gehāte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. hē mē mēde gehēt, promised me reward, 2135; him fægre gehēt lēana (gen. pl.), promised them proper reward, 2990; wēan oft gehēt earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pl. gehēton æt hærgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods, 175; þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde þæt ..., when we promised our lord that..., 2635; pret. part. sīo gehāten [wæs] ... gladum suna Frōdan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025.
hæft-mēce, st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. þǣm hæft-mēce, 1458. See Note.
hæft-mēce, st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. þǣm hæft-mēce, 1458. See Note.
hæg-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. hæg-stealdra, 1890.
hæg-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. hæg-stealdra, 1890.
hǣð-stapa, w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369
hǣð-stapa, w. m., that which roams the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369
hē, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.—he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.
hē, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.—he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.
ā-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: wæs ... icge gold āhafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1109; þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, a cry of distress raised, 128
ā-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: wæs ... icge gold āhafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1109; þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, a cry of distress raised, 128
helm, st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.—2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brūn-fāgne, gold-fāhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.—3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm (the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.—Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.
helm, st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.—2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brūn-fāgne, gold-fāhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.—3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm (the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.—Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.
helm-berend, pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643.
helm-berend, pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643.
helpan, st. v., to help: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, 2341; þæt him īrenna ecge mihton helpan æt hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. þǣr hē his mǣges (MS. mægenes) healp, 2699.
helpan, st. v., to help: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, 2341; þæt him īrenna ecge mihton helpan æt hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. þǣr hē his mǣges (MS. mægenes) healp, 2699.
here, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, etc.; hither, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_8__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_9__.
here-brōga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-brōgan, 462.
here-brōga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-brōgan, 462.
here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444.
here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444.
here-grīma, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grīman, 396, 2050, 2606.
here-grīma, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grīman, 396, 2050, 2606.
here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta hēap, 335.
here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta hēap, 335.
here-strǣl, st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., 1436.
here-strǣl, st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., 1436.
here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.
here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.
here-wǣsma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-wǣsmum, 678.—Leo.
here-wǣsma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-wǣsmum, 678.—Leo.
herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fæst), 3073.
herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fæst), 3073.
hated
: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005.
hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005.
hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.
hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.
hēdan, ge-hēdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698.—2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehēdde, 505.
hēdan, ge-hēdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698.—2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehēdde, 505.
herian, w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend: with reference to God, to adore: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, 1072; pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177.
herian, w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend: with reference to God, to adore: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, 1072; pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177.
heaðo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553.
heaðo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553.
heaðo-dēor, adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaðo-dēorum, 773.
heaðo-dēor, adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaðo-dēorum, 773.
heaðo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548.
heaðo-grim, adj., grim in battle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heaðo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).
heaðo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).
heaðo-mǣre, adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -mǣre, 2803.
heaðo-mǣre, adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -mǣre, 2803.
heaðo-rēaf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (kept the equipments), 401.
heaðo-rēaf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (kept the equipments), 401.
heaðo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrēðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, 370.
heaðo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrēðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, 370.
heaðo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830.
heaðo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830.
heaðo-sēoc, adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -sīocum, 2755.
heatho-sick: dat. sg. -sīocum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heaðo-stēap, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-stēapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, 2154, both times of the helmet.
heaðo-stēap, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-stēapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, 2154, both times of the helmet.
heaðo-swāt, st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaðo-swāte, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hātost heaðo-swāta, 1669.
heaðo-swāt, st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaðo-swāte, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hātost heaðo-swāta, 1669.
heaðo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. æfter heaðu-swenge, 2582.
heaðo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. æfter heaðu-swenge, 2582.
heaðo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554.
heaðo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554.
heaðo-weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., 2893.
heaðo-weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., 2893.
heaðo-wylm, st. m., hostile (flame-) wave: acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82.
heaðo-wylm, st. m., hostile (flame-) wave: acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82.
heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., 1067.
heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., 1067.
heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: acc. sg., 68.
heal-reced, noun, hall-building: accusative singular, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.
heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.
healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hēold hine to fæste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, supported him with friendly advice, 2378.—2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, mægen mid mōdes snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions, 2248; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ārum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. drēam healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; ǣgwearde hēold, I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea, 241; so, 305; hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hēold, 2184; gold-māðmas hēold, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; hēold mīn tela, protected well mine own, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hēold, had employment, was employed, 3119; hēold mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pl. hēafodbeorge ... walan ūtan hēold, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif þū healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hēold, 57, 2738.—4) to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, 2390; gerund. tō healdanne hlēoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hēold, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, at night-time had the enjoyment of the air, 3044; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, the Gēatas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne, in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy, 1080.—5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon hēah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085.
healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hēold hine to fæste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, supported him with friendly advice, 2378.—2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, mægen mid mōdes snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions, 2248; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ārum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. drēam healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; ǣgwearde hēold, I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea, 241; so, 305; hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hēold, 2184; gold-māðmas hēold, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; hēold mīn tela, protected well mine own, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hēold, had employment, was employed, 3119; hēold mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pl. hēafodbeorge ... walan ūtan hēold, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif þū healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hēold, 57, 2738.—4) to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, 2390; gerund. tō healdanne hlēoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hēold, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, at night-time had the enjoyment of the air, 3044; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, the Gēatas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne, in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy, 1080.—5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon hēah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085.
for-healdan, w. acc., (to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382.
for-healdan, w. acc., (to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382.
ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. sē þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294; pres. subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 317; inf. ne meahte hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857.—2) to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra, 2621; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004.—3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), 2209.
ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. sē þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294; pres. subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 317; inf. ne meahte hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857.—2) to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra, 2621; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004.—3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), 2209.
healf, st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on þā healfe, towards this side, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; acc. pl. on twā healfa, upon two sides, mutually, 1096; on bā healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; on two sides, on both sides, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801.
healf, st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on þā healfe, towards this side, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; acc. pl. on twā healfa, upon two sides, mutually, 1096; on bā healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; on two sides, on both sides, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801.
healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heals-bēah, st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. þone heals-bēah, 2173; gen. pl. heals-bēaga, 1196.
heals-bēah, st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. þone heals-bēah, 2173; gen. pl. heals-bēaga, 1196.
heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.
heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.
heard, adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hēap, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wīges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nīða heardum, 2171.—2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-strǣl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lāfe, 2830; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrōht ... heard, 2915; here-nīð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan cēape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.—Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, scūr-heard.
heard, adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hēap, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wīges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nīða heardum, 2171.—2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-strǣl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lāfe, 2830; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrōht ... heard, 2915; here-nīð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan cēape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.—Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, scūr-heard.
hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439.
hearde, adv., hard, very, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heard-fyrde, adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.—Leo.
heard-fyrde, adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.—Leo.
heard-hycgend, pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.
heard-hycgend, pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.
hearg-træf, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum (MS. hrǣrg trafum), 175.
hearg-træf, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum (MS. hrǣrg trafum), 175.
hearm-sceaða, w. m., enemy causing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767.
hearm-sceaða, w. m., enemy causing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767.
hēaðu-līðend, pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -līðende, 1799; dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), 2956.
hēaðu-līðend, pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -līðende, 1799; dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), 2956.
hēafod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. hēafod-beorge, 1031.
hēafod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. hēafod-beorge, 1031.
hēafod-mǣg, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. hēafod-mǣgum (brothers), 589; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, 2152.
hēafod-mǣg, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. hēafod-mǣgum (brothers), 589; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, 2152.
hēafod-segn, st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., 2153.
hēafod-segn, st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., 2153.
hēafod-weard, st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdeð ... hēafod-wearde lēofes and lāðes, for the friend and the foe (Bēowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.
hēafod-weard, st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdeð ... hēafod-wearde lēofes and lāðes, for the friend and the foe (Bēowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.
hēah, hēa, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hēah Healfdene, 57; hēa (Higelāc), 1927; hēah (sele), 82; hēah hlǣw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. hēah (segn), 48, 2769; hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, 984; dat. sg. in (tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920; gen. sg. hēan hūses, 116.—high, heavy: acc. hēah gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), 3085.
hēah, hēa, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hēah Healfdene, 57; hēa (Higelāc), 1927; hēah (sele), 82; hēah hlǣw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. hēah (segn), 48, 2769; hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, 984; dat. sg. in (tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920; gen. sg. hēan hūses, 116.—high, heavy: acc. hēah gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), 3085.
hēah-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrōðgār), 1040.
hēah-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrōðgār), 1040.
hēah-gestrēon, st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestrēona, 2303.
hēah-gestrēon, st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestrēona, 2303.
hēah-stede, st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on hēah-stede, 285.
hēah-stede, st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on hēah-stede, 285.
ge-hēawan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, 683.
ge-hēawan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.
heorde, adj. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heoro-blāc, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blāc, 2489.
heoro-blāc, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blāc, 2489.
heoru-drēor, st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-drēore, 487; heoro-drēore, 850.
heoru-drēor, st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-drēore, 487; heoro-drēore, 850.
heoro-drēorig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-drēorigne, 1781, 2721.
heoro-drēorig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-drēorigne, 1781, 2721.
heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.
heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.
heoro-gīfre, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499.
heoro-gīfre, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499.
heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.
heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.
heoro-hōcihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, 1439.
heoro-hōcihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, 1439.
heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.
heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.
heoro-sweng, st. m., sword-stroke: acc. sg. 1591.
heoro-sweng, st. m., sword stroke: acc. sg. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
heoro-weallende, pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.
heoro-weallende, pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.
heoro-wearh, st. m. he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword: nom. sg., 1268.
heoro-wearh, st. m. he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword: nom. sg., 1268.
hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.
hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.
hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.
hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.
hilde-freca, w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.
hilde-freca, w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.
hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.
hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.
hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.
hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.
hilde-grāp, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.
hilde-grāp, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... hilde-hlæmmum, it happened to the warriors (the Gēatas), 2202.
hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... hilde-hlæmmum, it happened to the warriors (the Gēatas), 2202.
hilde-lēoma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -lēoman, 2584.—2) the gleaming sword: acc. sg. -lēoman, 1144.
hilde-lēoma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -lēoman, 2584.—2) the gleaming sword: acc. sg. -lēoman, 1144.
hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.
hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.
hilde-mēce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -mēceas, 2203.
hilde-mēce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -mēceas, 2203.
hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.
hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.
hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., 2156.
hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., 2156.
hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.
hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., 2114.
hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., 2114.
hilde-swāt, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hāt hilde-swāt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.
hilde-swāt, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hāt hilde-swāt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.
hilde-wǣpen, st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, 39.
hilde-wǣpen, st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, 39.
hilde-wīsa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, Healfdene's general (Hnæf), 1065.
hilde-wīsa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, Healfdene's general (Hnæf), 1065.
hild-freca. See hilde-freca
child freca. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
hild-fruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þæs hild-fruman, 2836.
hild-fruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þæs hild-fruman, 2836.
hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., 1023.
hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., 1023.
hirde, hyrde, st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rīces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rīces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hūses hyrdas, 1667.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.
hirde, hyrde, st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rīces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rīces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hūses hyrdas, 1667.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.
hladan, st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on bǣl hladan lēofne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, laid upon the wain, 3135.—2) to load, to burden: pret. part. þā wæs ... sǣgēap naca hladen herewǣdum, loaded with armor, 1898.—Comp. gilp-hlæden.
hladan, st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on bǣl hladan lēofne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, laid upon the wain, 3135.—2) to load, to burden: pret. part. þā wæs ... sǣgēap naca hladen herewǣdum, loaded with armor, 1898.—Comp. gilp-hlæden.
ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd (MS gehleod), 896.
ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd (MS gehleod), 896.
hlāford-lēas; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlāford-lēase, 2936.
hlāford-lēas; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlāford-lēase, 2936.
hlāw, hlǣw, st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hlǣw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlāwe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlāw [under] hrūsan, 2277; hlǣw under hrūsan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlǣwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.
hlāw, hlǣw, st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hlǣw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlāwe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlāw [under] hrūsan, 2277; hlǣw under hrūsan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlǣwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.
hlem, st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, ūht-, wæl-hlem.
hlem, st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, ūht-, wæl-hlem.
hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls; see hilde-hlemma.
hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls; see hilde-hlemma.
ā-hleapan, to spring up: past tense āhlēop, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
hlēoðor-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980.
hlēoðor-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980.
hlēor, st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).
hlēor, st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).
hlēor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlēor-beran (visor?), 304.
hlēor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlēor-beran (visor?), 304.
hlēor-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., 689.
hlēor-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., 689.
hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.
hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.
hnāh, adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, 678; dat. sg. hnāhran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953.—2) familiarly intimate: nom. sg. næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Gēatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), 1930.
hnāh, adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, 678; dat. sg. hnāhran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953.—2) familiarly intimate: nom. sg. næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Gēatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), 1930.
hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelāce wæs ... nefa swȳðe hold, to H. was his nephew (Bēowulf) very much attached, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.
hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelāce wæs ... nefa swȳðe hold, to H. was his nephew (Bēowulf) very much attached, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.
hop, st. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, mōr-hop.
hop, st. n., safe place, refuge, hiding spot, in the compounds fen-, mōr-hop.
hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bēaga hord, 2285; māðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sāwle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782; hǣðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.—Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.
hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bēaga hord, 2285; māðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sāwle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782; hǣðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.—Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.
hord-gestrēon, st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestrēonum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrēona, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093.
hord-gestrēon, st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestrēonum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrēona, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093.
hord-māððum, st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.
hord-māððum, st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.
hord-weorðung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.—weorðunge, 953.
hord-weorðung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.—weorðunge, 953.
horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.
horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.
hōciht, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hōciht.
hōciht, adj., equipped with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hōciht.
, st. n., corpse: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
hrædlīce, adv., quickly, right away, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
hræfn, hrefn, st. m., raven: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.
hræfn, hrefn, st. m., raven: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.
hreðer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (it surged in his breast), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.—Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. þæt wæs ... hreðre hygemēðe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447.
hreðer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (it surged in his breast), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.—Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. þæt wæs ... hreðre hygemēðe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447.
hreðer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt: acc. sg., 1344.
hreðer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt: acc. sg., 1344.
hrēð, st. f., glory; in composition, gūð-hrēð; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrēð.
hrēð, st. f., glory; in composition, gūð-hrēð; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrēð.
hrēð-sigor, st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hrēð-sigora, 2584.
hrēð-sigor, st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hrēð-sigora, 2584.
hrēoða, w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hrēoða.
hrēoða, w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hrēoða.
hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þām gōdan wæs hrēow on hreðre, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329; hrēo wǣron ȳða, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; næs him hrēoh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, of sad heart, 1308; on hrēoum mōde, angry at heart, 2582.
hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þām gōdan wæs hrēow on hreðre, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329; hrēo wǣron ȳða, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; næs him hrēoh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, of sad heart, 1308; on hrēoum mōde, angry at heart, 2582.
be-hrēosan, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.
be-hrēosan, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.
hring-boga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.
hring-boga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.
hringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.
hringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.
hring-īren, st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., 322.
hring-īren, st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., 322.
hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863.
hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863.
hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.
hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.
hring-weorðung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.
hring-weorðung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.
hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. þæt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), 989; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte fǣrgripe flōdes (the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 1516; þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste gumena ǣnig (so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum [hr]ān (as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723; oð þæt dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan (seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund hrīne (although he was wounded), 2977.—2) (O.N. hrīna, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle: pres. part. nom. pl. hrīnde bearwas (for hrīnende) 1364; but see Note.
hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. þæt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), 989; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte fǣrgripe flōdes (the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 1516; þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste gumena ǣnig (so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum [hr]ān (as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723; oð þæt dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan (seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund hrīne (although he was wounded), 2977.—2) (O.N. hrīna, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle: pres. part. nom. pl. hrīnde bearwas (for hrīnende) 1364; but see Note.
hū, adv., how, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__, etc.
hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.
hwanan, hwanon, adv., where from: hwanan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__; hwanon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
hwā, interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hwā, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwæt, 173; ānes hwæt (a part only), 3011; hwæt þā men wǣron (who the men were), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra (what armed men are ye?), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (from (?) any man), 155; neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, 1477; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.), fǣr-nīða (what shame and sudden woes), 474; so, hwæt þū worn fela (how very much thou), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... ārna, 1187; dat. m. hwām, 1697.—Comp. ǣg-hwā.
hwā, interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hwā, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwæt, 173; ānes hwæt (a part only), 3011; hwæt þā men wǣron (who the men were), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra (what armed men are ye?), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (from (?) any man), 155; neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, 1477; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.), fǣr-nīða (what shame and sudden woes), 474; so, hwæt þū worn fela (how very much thou), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... ārna, 1187; dat. m. hwām, 1697.—Comp. ǣg-hwā.
what! lo! indeed! __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
ge-hwā, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda gehwone, 294; nīða gehwane, 2398; mēca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, 88; æt nīða gehwām, 883; þegna gehwām, 2034; eorla gehwǣm, 1421; fem. in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, 25; nihta gehwǣm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dǣda gehwæs, 2839.
ge-hwā, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda gehwone, 294; nīða gehwane, 2398; mēca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, 88; æt nīða gehwām, 883; þegna gehwām, 2034; eorla gehwǣm, 1421; fem. in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, 25; nihta gehwǣm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dǣda gehwæs, 2839.
ge-hwæðer, each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer ōðrum lifigende lāð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig, 2172; nē gehwæðer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þāra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bēga gehwæðres, 1044.
ge-hwæðer, each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer ōðrum lifigende lāð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig, 2172; nē gehwæðer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þāra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bēga gehwæðres, 1044.
ge-hwǣr, everywhere: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte (everywhere good in battle), 526.
ge-hwǣr, everywhere: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte (everywhere good in battle), 526.
hwergen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes mōd-geþonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fæder ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), 55; hwearf þā hrædlīce þǣr Hrōðgār sæt, 356; hwearf þā bī bence (turned then to the bench), 1189; so, hwearf þā be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf (not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), 264.
hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes mōd-geþonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fæder ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), 55; hwearf þā hrædlīce þǣr Hrōðgār sæt, 356; hwearf þā bī bence (turned then to the bench), 1189; so, hwearf þā be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf (not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), 264.
and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548.
and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548.
æt-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf (at times returned to the mountain), 2300.
æt-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf (at times returned to the mountain), 2300.
geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.
geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.
hwīl, st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl micel (it was a long time), 146; þā wæs hwīl dæges (the space of a day), 1496; acc. sg. hwīle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwīle, a long while, 16, 2781; āne hwīle, a while, 1763; lȳtle hwīle, brief space, 2031, 2098; ǣnige hwīle, any while, 2549; lǣssan hwīle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwīlum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often: hwīlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, 2108-9-10.—Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.
hwīl, st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl micel (it was a long time), 146; þā wæs hwīl dæges (the space of a day), 1496; acc. sg. hwīle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwīle, a long while, 16, 2781; āne hwīle, a while, 1763; lȳtle hwīle, brief space, 2031, 2098; ǣnige hwīle, any while, 2549; lǣssan hwīle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwīlum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often: hwīlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, 2108-9-10.—Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.
hwylc, pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nāt hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, 1987.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, 3058.—Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, wēl-hwylc.
hwylc, pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nāt hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, 1987.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, 3058.—Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, wēl-hwylc.
ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dōgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.
ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dōgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.
for-hycgan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic þæt þonne for-hicge þæt ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., 435.
for-hycgan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic þæt þonne for-hicge þæt ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., 435.
ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa fengel þæt hē þone wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346.
ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa fengel þæt hē þone wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346.
hȳdig (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. ān-, bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig.
hȳdig (for hygdig), adj., thoughtful, of a particular mindset: comp. ān-, bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þríst-hȳdig.
hyge-geōmor, adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, 2409.
hyge-geōmor, adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, 2409.
hyge-þȳhtig, adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Bēowulf), 747. See þȳhtig.
hyge-þȳhtig, adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Bēowulf), 747. See þȳhtig.
hȳran, w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, 876; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (I heard of no better hoard-jewel), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde ic þæt ..., 62, 2164, 2173.—2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. oð þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, 10; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, 2755; Pret. pl. þæt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, 66.
hȳran, w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, 876; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (I heard of no better hoard-jewel), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde ic þæt ..., 62, 2164, 2173.—2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. oð þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, 10; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, 2755; Pret. pl. þæt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, 66.
in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þǣm gūðsele, 443; in bēorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mǣgða gehwǣre, 25; in þȳstrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in campe (in battle), 2506; hiora in ānum (in one of them), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstōle, 1953; in þām wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in bǣlstede, 3098. Temporal: in geār-dagum, 1.—2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), in, into: in woruld, 60; in fȳres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), 2228.
in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þǣm gūðsele, 443; in bēorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mǣgða gehwǣre, 25; in þȳstrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in campe (in battle), 2506; hiora in ānum (in one of them), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstōle, 1953; in þām wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in bǣlstede, 3098. Temporal: in geār-dagum, 1.—2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), in, into: in woruld, 60; in fȳres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), 2228.
II. adv., in (here or there), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__; inn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_8__.
in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., 1156.
in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., 1156.
innan-weard, adv., inwards, inside, within, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.
innan-weard, adv., inwards, inside, within, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__; inne-weard, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in
inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, crafty hostility, as in
inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., 1448.
inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., 1448.
inwit-gæst, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., 2671.
inwit-gæst, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., 2671.
inwit-hrōf, st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hrōf, 3124.
inwit-hrōf, st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hrōf, 3124.
inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.
inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.
inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.
inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.
inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.
inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.
inwit-þanc, adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749.
inwit-þanc, adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749.
on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, 722.
on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, 722.
īdel-hende, adj., empty-handed, 2082.
īdel-hende, adj., empty-handed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
īren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, 2987. See īsern-byrne.
īren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, 2987. See īsern-byrne.
īren-heard, adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., 1113.
īren-heard, adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., 1113.
īren-þrēat, st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., 330.
īren-þrēat, st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., 330.
īsern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. īsern-byrnan, 672. See īren-byrne.
īsern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. īsern-byrnan, 672. See īren-byrne.
īsern-scūr, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, 3117.
īsern-scūr, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, 3117.
io-mew. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
laðu, st. f., invitation.—Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.
laðu, st. f., invitation.—Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.
lagu-cræftig, adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon (pilot), 209.
lagu-cræftig, adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon (pilot), 209.
lagu-strǣt, st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strǣte, 239.
lagu-strǣt, st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strǣte, 239.
lagu-strēam, st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-strēamas, 297.
lagu-strēam, st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-strēamas, 297.
land, st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), 2311, 2837; at near, land, shore, 1914; tō lande (to the land, ashore), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), 311.—Comp.: el-, ēa-land.
land, st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), 2311, 2837; at near, land, shore, 1914; tō lande (to the land, ashore), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), 311.—Comp.: el-, ēa-land.
land-būend, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-būend, 1346; dat. pl. land-būendum, 95.
land-būend, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-būend, 1346; dat. pl. land-būendum, 95.
land-fruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., 31.
land-fruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., 31.
land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., 209.
land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., 209.
land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. lēoda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.
land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. lēoda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.
land-weard, st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891.
land-weard, st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891.
lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, 2094; næs þā long (lang) tō þon (not long after), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwīle (for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114, 1258; lange tīd, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.—2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, 3044.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.
lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, 2094; næs þā long (lang) tō þon (not long after), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwīle (for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114, 1258; lange tīd, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.—2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, 3044.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.
lang-ge-strēon, st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestrēona, 2241.—Leo.
lang-ge-strēon, st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestrēona, 2241.—Leo.
lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709.
lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-lata.
lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly person; in comparison with hild-lata.
lā, interj., yes! definitely! __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
for-lācan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda geweald forð forlācen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904.
for-lācan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda geweald forð forlācen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904.
ge-lād, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, 1411.
ge-lād, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, 1411.
lāð, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lāð, 816; lāð lyft-floga, 2316; lāð (enemy), 440; nē lēof nē lāð, 511; neut. lāð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lāðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lāðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lāðes (much evil), 930; so, 1062; lāðan līges, 83; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þæs lāðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, 550; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lāðum dǣdum (with evil deeds), 2468; lāðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lāðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lāðra (the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lāðra ... beorn, 2433.
lāð, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lāð, 816; lāð lyft-floga, 2316; lāð (enemy), 440; nē lēof nē lāð, 511; neut. lāð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lāðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lāðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lāðes (much evil), 930; so, 1062; lāðan līges, 83; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þæs lāðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, 550; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lāðum dǣdum (with evil deeds), 2468; lāðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lāðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lāðra (the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lāðra ... beorn, 2433.
lāð-getēona, w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lāð-getēonan, 559.
lāð-getēona, w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lāð-getēonan, 559.
lāf, st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fēla lāfe (the leavings of files = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lāfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lāfe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.—2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lāfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lāfe, 2578.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf.
lāf, st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fēla lāfe (the leavings of files = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lāfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lāfe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.—2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lāfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lāfe, 2578.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf.
for-1ǣdan, to mislead: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, 2440 (?).
for-1ǣdan, to mislead: past plural for-lǣddan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ (?).
ge-lǣdan, lead, bring: part. pret. ge-lǣded, 37.
ge-lǣdan, lead, bring: past part. ge-lǣded, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ge-lǣstan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr and oft gelǣste, 2501.—2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesīðas, þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (render war service), 24; inf. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. bēot ... gelǣste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gelǣste swā (kept his word), 2991; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast), 830.
ge-lǣstan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr and oft gelǣste, 2501.—2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesīðas, þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (render war service), 24; inf. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. bēot ... gelǣste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gelǣste swā (kept his word), 2991; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast), 830.
for-lǣtan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lēt, 971; pret. pl. for-lēton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlēo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793.—2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt (where he had previously left him), 2788.
for-lǣtan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lēt, 971; pret. pl. for-lēton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlēo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793.—2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt (where he had previously left him), 2788.
on-lǣtan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder on-lǣteð (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.
on-lǣtan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder on-lǣteð (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.
ā-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dēor hond ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, 835; þæt hē on Bēowulfes bearm ā-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; ā-legdon þā tō middes mǣrne þēoden (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142.—2) to lay aside, give up: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde (laid down his life, died), 852; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen and glēo-drēam (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021.
ā-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dēor hond ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, 835; þæt hē on Bēowulfes bearm ā-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; ā-legdon þā tō middes mǣrne þēoden (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142.—2) to lay aside, give up: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde (laid down his life, died), 852; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen and glēo-drēam (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021.
ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... līce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), 2733.
ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... līce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), 2733.
let, st. m., place of rest, sojourn? in comp. eo-let (voyage?).
let, st. m., resting place, temporary stay? in comp. eo-let (journey?).
leahtre. See or-leahtre.
leahtre. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
lēafnes-word, st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., 245.
lēafnes-word, st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., 245.
be-lēan, to dissuade, prevent: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte sorhfullne sīð (no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey), 511.
be-lēan, to dissuade, prevent: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte sorhfullne sīð (no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey), 511.
lēasig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-lēasig(?).
lēasig, adj., hiding oneself; in comp. sin-lēasig(?).
leoðo-cræft, st. m., the art of weaving or working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cræftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770.
leoðo-cræft, st. m., the art of weaving or working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cræftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770.
leoðo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark): acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, 1891.
leoðo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark): acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, 1891.
lēod, st. f., people: gen. sg. lēode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. lēode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (people of the race of the Gēatas), 260; acc. pl. lēode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. lēoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.
lēod, st. f., people: gen. sg. lēode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. lēode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (people of the race of the Gēatas), 260; acc. pl. lēode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. lēoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.
lēod-bealo, st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. lēod-bealewa, 1947.
lēod-bealo, st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. lēod-bealewa, 1947.
lēod-cyning, st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., 54.
lēod-cyning, st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., 54.
lēod-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. lēod-fruman, 2131.
lēod-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. lēod-fruman, 2131.
lēod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269.
lēod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269.
lēod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. æfter lēod-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas, Frōda, cf. 2051, 2031; gen. sg. þæs lēod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389, 2392.
lēod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. æfter lēod-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas, Frōda, cf. 2051, 2031; gen. sg. þæs lēod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389, 2392.
lēod-sceaða, w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. þām lēod-sceaðan, 2094.
lēod-sceaða, w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. þām lēod-sceaðan, 2094.
lēod-scipe, st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on þām lēod-scipe, 2198.
lēod-scipe, st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on þām lēod-scipe, 2198.
lēof, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., lēofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lēofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. lēofum, 1074; gen. pl. lēofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. lēofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lēofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone lēofestan, 2824.
lēof, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., lēofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lēofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. lēofum, 1074; gen. pl. lēofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. lēofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lēofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone lēofestan, 2824.
ā-lēogan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. hē bēot ne ā-lēh (he left not his promise unfulfilled), 80.
ā-lēogan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. hē bēot ne ā-lēh (he left not his promise unfulfilled), 80.
ge-lēogan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah (hope deceived him), 2324.
ge-lēogan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah (hope deceived him), 2324.
be-lēosan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (hēo) wearð beloren lēofum bearnum and brōðrum (was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074.
be-lēosan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (hēo) wearð beloren lēofum bearnum and brōðrum (was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074.
for-lēosan, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. þǣr hē dōme for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þām þe ǣr his elne for-lēas (to him who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þām lēanum for-loren hæfde (not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146.
for-lēosan, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. þǣr hē dōme for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þām þe ǣr his elne for-lēas (to him who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þām lēanum for-loren hæfde (not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146.
libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, 945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þē lifigendum (in thy lifetime), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende.
libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, 945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þē lifigendum (in thy lifetime), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende.
licgan, st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nū sēo hand ligeð (now the hand lies low), 1344; nū se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. læg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan Heardrēd læg (after Heardrēd had fallen), 2389; pret. pl. lāgon, 3049; lǣgon, 566.—2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. nǣfre on ōre læg wīd-cūðes wīg (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; syððan wiðer-gyld læg (after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052.
licgan, st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nū sēo hand ligeð (now the hand lies low), 1344; nū se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. læg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan Heardrēd læg (after Heardrēd had fallen), 2389; pret. pl. lāgon, 3049; lǣgon, 566.—2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. nǣfre on ōre læg wīd-cūðes wīg (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; syððan wiðer-gyld læg (after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052.
ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, 3147.
ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, 3147.
lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ȳð-lida.
lida, w. m., boat, ship (when moving); in compound: sund-, ȳð-lida.
be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sīo sār belamp, 2469.
be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sīo sār belamp, 2469.
ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þæt..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þæt..., 76; swā him ful-oft gelamp (as often happened to them), 1253; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp þæt ... (because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; frōfor eft gelamp sārig-mōdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, 825.
ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þæt..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þæt..., 76; swā him ful-oft gelamp (as often happened to them), 1253; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp þæt ... (because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; frōfor eft gelamp sārig-mōdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, 825.
lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., 1974.
lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., 1974.
lind-hæbbend, pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -hæbbende, 245; gen. pl. hæbbendra, 1403.
lind-hæbbend, pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -hæbbende, 245; gen. pl. hæbbendra, 1403.
lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040.
lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040.
lifetime: acc.-days, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
līf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.
līf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.
on-lēoon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þā hē þæs wǣpnes on-lāh sēlran sweord-frecan, 1468.
on-lēoon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þā hē þæs wǣpnes on-lāh sēlran sweord-frecan, 1468.
loca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. bān-, burh-loca.
loca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. bān-, burh-loca.
lond, long. See land, lang.
lond, long. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
lufe, w. f., love: in comp. hēah-, mōd-, wīf-lufe.
lufe, w. f., love: in comp. high-, mood-, woman-love.
be-lūcan: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter ȳðe be-lēac īs-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133.— 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac manegum mǣgða (I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe), 1771. Cf. mē wīge belūc wrāðum fēondum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.
be-lūcan: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter ȳðe be-lēac īs-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133.— 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac manegum mǣgða (I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe), 1771. Cf. mē wīge belūc wrāðum fēondum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.
ge-lūcan, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.
ge-lūcan, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.
on-lūcan, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), 259.
on-lūcan, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), 259.
tō-lucan, (to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy: inf., 782.
tō-lucan, (to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy: inf., 782.
lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.
lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.
lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914.
lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914.
lȳt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan (few escaped homeward), 2366; lȳt ǣnig (none at all), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lȳt, 1928; lȳt ... hēafod-māga, 2151; wergendra tō lȳt (too few defenders), 2883; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella (he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings), 2898; dat. sg. lȳt manna (too few of men), 2837.
lȳt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan (few escaped homeward), 2366; lȳt ǣnig (none at all), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lȳt, 1928; lȳt ... hēafod-māga, 2151; wergendra tō lȳt (too few defenders), 2883; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella (he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings), 2898; dat. sg. lȳt manna (too few of men), 2837.
lȳfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in
lȳfan, w. v., (basic meaning to believe, trust) in
ge-lȳfan, w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr gelȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God, i.e. in the contest between Bēowulf and Grendel), 440.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), 609; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde fyrena frōfre (that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (who trusted in him as a help out of evils), 910; him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde (relied for himself on the help of God), 1273.
ge-lȳfan, w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr gelȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God, i.e. in the contest between Bēowulf and Grendel), 440.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), 609; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde fyrena frōfre (that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (who trusted in him as a help out of evils), 910; him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde (relied for himself on the help of God), 1273.
magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. mæg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þū, 2048; subj. pres. mǣge, 2531, 2750; þēah ic eal mǣge (even though I could), 681; subj. pl. wē mǣgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mæg, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.
magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. mæg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þū, 2048; subj. pres. mǣge, 2531, 2750; þēah ic eal mǣge (even though I could), 681; subj. pl. wē mǣgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mæg, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.
mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.
mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.
man, mon, st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wīd-cūðne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.—2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ. man): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.—Comp.: fyrn-, glēo-, gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man.
man, mon, st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wīd-cūðne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.—2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ. man): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.—Comp.: fyrn-, glēo-, gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man.
manig, monig, adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (many a young man), 855; monig snellīc sǣ-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mǣgðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum māðmum, 2104; monegum mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mēda, 1179.—2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, 1772; monegum fīra, 2002; hæleða monegum bold-āgendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (māðm)-ǣhta monige, 1614.
manig, monig, adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (many a young man), 855; monig snellīc sǣ-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mǣgðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum māðmum, 2104; monegum mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mēda, 1179.—2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, 1772; monegum fīra, 2002; hæleða monegum bold-āgendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (māðm)-ǣhta monige, 1614.
māðum, māððum, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. māððum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. māðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. māðmas, 1861; acc. pl. mādmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. māðmum, mādmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. māðma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mādma, 36, 41.—Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-māðum.
māðum, māððum, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. māððum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. māðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. māðmas, 1861; acc. pl. mādmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. māðmum, mādmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. māðma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mādma, 36, 41.—Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-māðum.
māððum-fæt, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406.
māððum-fæt, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406.
māðm-gestrēon, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. māðm-gestrēona, 1932.
māðm-gestrēon, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. māðm-gestrēona, 1932.
māðum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. æfter māððum-gife, 1302.
māðum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. æfter māððum-gife, 1302.
māðum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. māððum-sigla, 2758.
māðum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. māððum-sigla, 2758.
māðum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.
māðum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.
māðum-wela, w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. æfter-māððum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751.
māðum-wela, w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. æfter-māððum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751.
mān-for-dǣdla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. mān-for-dǣdlan, 563.
mān-for-dǣdla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. mān-for-dǣdlan, 563.
māra (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. māra, 1354, 2556; neut. māre, 1561; acc. sg. m. māran, 2017; mund-gripe māran (a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pl. māran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), 247; fem. māran, 533, 1012; neut. māre, 518; with gen. pl. morð-beala māre (more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. māran, 1824.
māra (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. māra, 1354, 2556; neut. māre, 1561; acc. sg. m. māran, 2017; mund-gripe māran (a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pl. māran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), 247; fem. māran, 533, 1012; neut. māre, 518; with gen. pl. morð-beala māre (more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. māran, 1824.
mǣst (superl. of micel, māra), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mǣst, 78, 193; fem. mǣst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fǣhðe mǣste, 459; mǣste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, 2646; hond-wundra mǣst, 2769; bǣl-fȳra mǣst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mǣste cræfte, 2182.
mǣst (superl. of micel, māra), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mǣst, 78, 193; fem. mǣst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fǣhðe mǣste, 459; mǣste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, 2646; hond-wundra mǣst, 2769; bǣl-fȳra mǣst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mǣste cræfte, 2182.
mægen, st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. mægen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mægenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; mægnes, 671, 1762; mægenes strang, strengest (great in strength), 1845, 196; mægenes rōf (id.), 2085.—2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. swā hē oft (i.e. etan) dyde mægen Hrēðmanna (the best of the Hreðmen), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga (from(?) any of the men of the Danes), 155.—Comp. ofer-mægen.
mægen, st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. mægen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mægenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; mægnes, 671, 1762; mægenes strang, strengest (great in strength), 1845, 196; mægenes rōf (id.), 2085.—2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. swā hē oft (i.e. etan) dyde mægen Hrēðmanna (the best of the Hreðmen), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga (from(?) any of the men of the Danes), 155.—Comp. ofer-mægen.
mægen-āgend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -āgendra, 2838.
mægen-āgend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -āgendra, 2838.
mægen-byrðen, st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. mægen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.
mægen-byrðen, st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. mægen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.
mægen-cræft, st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., 380.
mægen-cræft, st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., 380.
mægen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.
mægen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.
mægen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pl. næs þæt þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.
mægen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pl. næs þæt þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.
mægen-strengo, st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., 2679.
mægen-strengo, st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., 2679.
mægen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.
mægen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.
mǣðum. See māðum, hyge-mǣðum.
mǣðum. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
mǣg, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. mǣg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (brother), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mǣg (son), 1340; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mǣge, 1979; gen. sg. mǣges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. māgas, 1016; acc. pl. māgas, 2816; dat. pl. māgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1168; mǣgum, 2354; gen. pl. māga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.—Comp.: fæderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg.
mǣg, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. mǣg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (brother), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mǣg (son), 1340; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mǣge, 1979; gen. sg. mǣges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. māgas, 1016; acc. pl. māgas, 2816; dat. pl. māgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1168; mǣgum, 2354; gen. pl. māga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.—Comp.: fæderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg.
mǣl, st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. 316; þā wæs sǣl and mǣl (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; acc. sg. mǣl, 2634; instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mǣla, 1250; sǣla and mǣla, 1612; mǣla gehwylce (each time, without intermission), 2058.—2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. brōden (brogden) mǣl (the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) mole, spot, mark.—Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl.
mǣl, st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. 316; þā wæs sǣl and mǣl (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; acc. sg. mǣl, 2634; instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mǣla, 1250; sǣla and mǣla, 1612; mǣla gehwylce (each time, without intermission), 2058.—2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. brōden (brogden) mǣl (the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) mole, spot, mark.—Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl.
mǣl-gesceaft, st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bād mǣl-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738.
mǣl-gesceaft, st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bād mǣl-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738.
ge-mǣne, adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gemǣne, 2474; þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm bām gemǣne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemǣne, 1861; dat. pl. þæt þām folcum sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela māðma gemǣnra (we two shall share many treasures together), 1785.
ge-mǣne, adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gemǣne, 2474; þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm bām gemǣne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemǣne, 1861; dat. pl. þæt þām folcum sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela māðma gemǣnra (we two shall share many treasures together), 1785.
mǣre, adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. mǣre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mǣra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mǣra, 1475; nom. fem. mǣru, 2017; mǣre, 1953; neut. mǣre, 2406; acc. sg. m. mǣrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mǣre, 1024; dat. sg. mǣrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tō þǣm mǣran, 270; gen. sg. mǣres, 798; mǣran, 1730; nom. pl. mǣre, 3071; superl. mǣrost, 899,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mǣre.
mǣre, adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. mǣre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mǣra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mǣra, 1475; nom. fem. mǣru, 2017; mǣre, 1953; neut. mǣre, 2406; acc. sg. m. mǣrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mǣre, 1024; dat. sg. mǣrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tō þǣm mǣran, 270; gen. sg. mǣres, 798; mǣran, 1730; nom. pl. mǣre, 3071; superl. mǣrost, 899,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mǣre.
mecg, mæcg, st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, ōret-mecg, wræc-mæcg.
mecg, mæcg, st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, ōret-mecg, wræc-mæcg.
medu-drēam, st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. 2017.
medu-drēam, st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. 2017.
medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup: acc. sg. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
medu-scenc, st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.
medu-scenc, st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.
meðel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083.
meðel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083.
meðel-word, st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, 236.
meðel-word, st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, 236.
mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.
mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.
mere-hrægl, st. n., -sea-garment, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrægla sum, 1906.
mere-hrægl, st. n., -sea-garment, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrægla sum, 1906.
mere-līðend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-līðende, 255.
mere-līðend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-līðende, 255.
mere-strǣt, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-strǣta 514.
mere-strǣt, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-strǣta 514.
mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., 533.
mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., 533.
ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemæt.(measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall), 925.
ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemæt.(measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall), 925.
metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.—2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tō metod-sceafte, 2816.
metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.—2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tō metod-sceafte, 2816.
mēðe, adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, sǣ-mēðe.
mēðe, adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, sǣ-mēðe.
ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. fōt-, mīl-ge-mearc.
ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. fōt-, mīl-ge-mearc.
mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.
mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.
micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. māre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ærn micel ... (māre) þone yldo beam ǣfre ge-frūnon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (by much, much); micle lēofre (far dearer), 2652; efne swā micle (lǣssa), ([less] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrðne gedōn (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tō fela micles (far too much, many), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see māra.
micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. māre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ærn micel ... (māre) þone yldo beam ǣfre ge-frūnon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (by much, much); micle lēofre (far dearer), 2652; efne swā micle (lǣssa), ([less] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrðne gedōn (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tō fela micles (far too much, many), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see māra.
mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently union, community, with, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) with, in company, community, with; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrōðgāre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesīðum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his frēo-drihtne, 2628; mid þǣm lācum (with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hǣle (with good luck!), 1218; mid bǣle fōr (sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), 41; with him, 1626; ne wæs him Fitela mid (was not with him), 890. b) with, among: mid Gēatum (among the Gēatas), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dæge (at dawn), 126.—2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid ār-stafum (through his grace), 317; so, 2379; mid grāpe (with the fist), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-þoncum (through his hatred), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gōde (with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid þǣre sorge (with [through?] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With instr.: mid þȳ wīfe (through [marriage with] the woman), 2029.—3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mīnne gold-gyfan, 2653.
mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently union, community, with, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) with, in company, community, with; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrōðgāre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesīðum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his frēo-drihtne, 2628; mid þǣm lācum (with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hǣle (with good luck!), 1218; mid bǣle fōr (sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), 41; with him, 1626; ne wæs him Fitela mid (was not with him), 890. b) with, among: mid Gēatum (among the Gēatas), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dæge (at dawn), 126.—2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid ār-stafum (through his grace), 317; so, 2379; mid grāpe (with the fist), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-þoncum (through his hatred), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gōde (with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid þǣre sorge (with [through?] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With instr.: mid þȳ wīfe (through [marriage with] the woman), 2029.—3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mīnne gold-gyfan, 2653.
middel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.
middel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.
mīl-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. mīl-gemearces, 1363.
mīl-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. mīl-gemearces, 1363.
molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. græs-molde.
molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. græs-molde.
morð-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder: gen. pl. morð-beala, 136.
morð-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder: gen. pl. morð-beala, 136.
morðor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. wæs þām yldestan ... morðor-bed strēd (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.
morðor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. wæs þām yldestan ... morðor-bed strēd (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.
morðor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743.
morðor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743.
morðor-hete, st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. þæs morðor-hetes, 1106.
morðor-hete, st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. þæs morðor-hetes, 1106.
morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gār morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023.
morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gār morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023.
morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne dæg (the whole forenoon), 2895.
morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne dæg (the whole forenoon), 2895.
morgen-lēoht, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., 605, 918.
morning light, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
morgen-swēg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., 129.
morgen-swēg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., 129.
morgen-tīd, st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-tīde, 484, 818(?)
morgen-tīd, st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-tīde, 484, 818(?)
mōd, st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., 50, 731; wǣfre mōd (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), 1151; acc. sg. on mōd (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. mōde geþungen (of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on mōde (in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hrēoum mōde (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blīðe (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, mōdes milde, 1230; mōdes sēoce (depressed in mind), 1604.—2) boldness, courage: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., 549.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, geōmor-, glæd-, gūð-, hrēoh-, sārig-, stīð-, swīð-, wērig-, yrre-mōd.
mōd, st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., 50, 731; wǣfre mōd (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), 1151; acc. sg. on mōd (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. mōde geþungen (of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on mōde (in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hrēoum mōde (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blīðe (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, mōdes milde, 1230; mōdes sēoce (depressed in mind), 1604.—2) boldness, courage: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., 549.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, geōmor-, glæd-, gūð-, hrēoh-, sārig-, stīð-, swīð-, wērig-, yrre-mōd.
mōd-gehygd, st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. mōd-gehygdum, 233
mōd-gehygd, st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. mōd-gehygdum, 233
mōd-ge-þanc, st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. mōd-ge-þonc, 1730.
mōd-ge-þanc, st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. mōd-ge-þonc, 1730.
mōd-giōmor, adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895.
mōd-giōmor, adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895.
mōdig, adj., courageous: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509; se mōdega, 814; dat. sg. mid þām mōdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mōdges, 502; mōdiges, 2699; Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), 671; nom. pl. mōdge, 856; mōdige, 1877; gen. pl. mōdigra, 312, 1889.—Comp, fela-mōdig.
mōdig, adj., courageous: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509; se mōdega, 814; dat. sg. mid þām mōdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mōdges, 502; mōdiges, 2699; Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), 671; nom. pl. mōdge, 856; mōdige, 1877; gen. pl. mōdigra, 312, 1889.—Comp, fela-mōdig.
ge-mōt, st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mōt.
ge-mōt, st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mōt.
mōtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can: pres. sg. I., III. mōt, 186, 442, 604; II. mōst, 1672; pl. mōton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mōte, 431; III. sē þe mōte, 1388; pret sg. mōste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. mōston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þū hine selfne gesēon mōste (mightest see), 962.—2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. mōt, 2887; pret. sg. mōste, 1940; þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf, hrēð æt hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.
mōtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can: pres. sg. I., III. mōt, 186, 442, 604; II. mōst, 1672; pl. mōton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mōte, 431; III. sē þe mōte, 1388; pret sg. mōste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. mōston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þū hine selfne gesēon mōste (mightest see), 962.—2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. mōt, 2887; pret. sg. mōste, 1940; þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf, hrēð æt hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.
ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc (each of the knowing ones still remembers him well), 265; ic þē þæs lēan geman (I shall not forget thy reward for this), 1221; ic þæt eall gemon (I remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif hē þæt eall gemon hwæt ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), 1186; ic þæt mǣl gemon hwǣr... (I remember the time when...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce (recalled his evening speech), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), 1142; so, hond gemunde fǣhðo genōge (his hand remembered strife enough), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglāfes þæt ... (remembered not that which ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mōd-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), 179.
ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc (each of the knowing ones still remembers him well), 265; ic þē þæs lēan geman (I shall not forget thy reward for this), 1221; ic þæt eall gemon (I remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif hē þæt eall gemon hwæt ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), 1186; ic þæt mǣl gemon hwǣr... (I remember the time when...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce (recalled his evening speech), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), 1142; so, hond gemunde fǣhðo genōge (his hand remembered strife enough), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglāfes þæt ... (remembered not that which ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mōd-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), 179.
on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ūsic mǣrða (exhorted us to deeds of glory), 2641.
on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ūsic mǣrða (exhorted us to deeds of glory), 2641.
mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; æfter mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), 1939.
mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; æfter mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), 1939.
murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life), 1443.—2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him wæs ... murnende mōd, 50; pres. subj., þonne hē fela murne (than that he should mourn much), 1386.
murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life), 1443.—2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him wæs ... murnende mōd, 50; pres. subj., þonne hē fela murne (than that he should mourn much), 1386.
murn-līce. See un-murn-līce.
mournfully. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. tō gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd.
ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. tō gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd.
ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sīð (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451.
ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sīð (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451.
myrð, st. f., joy, mirth: dat. (instr.) sg. mōdes myrðe, 8n.
myrð, st. f., joy, happiness: dat. (instr.) sg. mōdes myrðe, 8n.
nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.
nalas, nales, nallas. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
nāt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wāt-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nāt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nāt-hwylces (þāra banena), 2054; niða nāt-hwylces(?), 2216; nāt-hwylces hæleða bearna, 2225.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, 1514.
nāt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wāt-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nāt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nāt-hwylces (þāra banena), 2054; niða nāt-hwylces(?), 2216; nāt-hwylces hæleða bearna, 2225.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, 1514.
ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nōðer ... ne, 2125; swā hē ne mihte nō ... (so that he absolutely could not), 1509.
ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nōðer ... ne, 2125; swā hē ne mihte nō ... (so that he absolutely could not), 1509.
nē ... nē, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nō ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan (neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; sūð nē norð (south nor north), 859; ādl nē yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum nē worcum (neither by word nor deed), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (knew not and weened not), 1605.
nē ... nē, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nō ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan (neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; sūð nē norð (south nor north), 859; ādl nē yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum nē worcum (neither by word nor deed), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (knew not and weened not), 1605.
nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (unless God himself, etc.), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (unless his face belie him), 250; næfne hē wæs māra (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.—b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-frēa (except the husband), 1935; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl.) sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, 2534.—2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne fēaum ānum, 1082.
nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (unless God himself, etc.), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (unless his face belie him), 250; næfne hē wæs māra (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.—b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-frēa (except the husband), 1935; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl.) sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, 2534.—2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne fēaum ānum, 1082.
ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000.—2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. sē þā sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic ... gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swā hē nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.
ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000.—2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. sē þā sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic ... gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swā hē nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.
net, st. n., net: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
net, st. n., net: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
nēdla, w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. þrēa-nēdla.
nēdla, w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. þrēa-nēdla.
ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (none durst undertake to ...), 1934; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde frēcne dǣde (he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genēðde fela gūða (ventured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power), 961.
ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (none durst undertake to ...), 1934; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde frēcne dǣde (he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genēðde fela gūða (ventured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power), 961.
nearwe, adv., narrowly, 977.
narrowly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
nearo-cræft, st. m., art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.
nearo-cræft, st. m., art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.
nearo-þearf, st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.
nearo-þearf, st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.
ge-nēat, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat.
ge-nēat, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat.
niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., down, downward: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; nyðer, 3045.
niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., down, downward: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; nyðer, 3045.
niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (yester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (sometimes at night, in the hours of the night), 3045; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.
niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (yester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (sometimes at night, in the hours of the night), 3045; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.
niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.
niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.
niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.
niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.
niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman, 2117.—2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð (he whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nȳd-bāde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hē ... māðm-ǣhta mā (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. þā wæs ... sēo cwēn numen (the queen carried off), 1154.
niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman, 2117.—2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð (he whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nȳd-bāde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hē ... māðm-ǣhta mā (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. þā wæs ... sēo cwēn numen (the queen carried off), 1154.
be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887.
be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887.
ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873.—2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303; segn ēac genom, 2777; þā mec sinca baldor ... æt mīnum fæder genam (took me at my father's hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.
ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873.—2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303; segn ēac genom, 2777; þā mec sinca baldor ... æt mīnum fæder genam (took me at my father's hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.
nīwe, nīowe, adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. swēg up ā-stāg nīwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), 784; beorh ... nīwe (a newly-raised(?) grave-mound), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. nīwan stefne (properly, novā voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; nīowan stefne (again), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra spella (new tidings), 2899.
nīwe, nīowe, adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. swēg up ā-stāg nīwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), 784; beorh ... nīwe (a newly-raised(?) grave-mound), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. nīwan stefne (properly, novā voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; nīowan stefne (again), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra spella (new tidings), 2899.
nīw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.
nīw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.
nīð, st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), 423; dat. sg. wið (æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.—Comp.: bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð.
nīð, st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), 423; dat. sg. wið (æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.—Comp.: bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð.
battle-dragon, w. m., nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
nīð-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.
nīð-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.
ge-nīðla, w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genīðla.
ge-nīðla, w. m., enemy, tormentor, ambusher: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genīðla.
nīð-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., 1366.
nīð-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., 1366.
nōðer (from nā-hwæðer), neg., and not, nor, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
nū, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nū gȳt (up to now, hitherto), 957; nū gēn (now still, yet), 2860; (now yet, still), 3169.—2) conj., since, inasmuch as: nū þū lungre geong ... nū se wyrm ligeð (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (as I now..., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021.
nū, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nū gȳt (up to now, hitherto), 957; nū gēn (now still, yet), 2860; (now yet, still), 3169.—2) conj., since, inasmuch as: nū þū lungre geong ... nū se wyrm ligeð (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (as I now..., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021.
nȳd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.
nȳd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.
oððe, conj.: 1) or; otherwise, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.—2) and(?), till(?), 650, 2476, 3007.
oððe, conj.: 1) or; otherwise, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, etc.—2) and(?), till(?), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_8__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_9__.
of, prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (shineth from heaven), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (from the cliff's projection), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (from which light streamed), 2770; þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum ... gelǣded (from distant lands), 37; þā cōm of mōre (from the moor), 711, 922.—2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of searwum cōm (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum ... word ūt faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (presented wine from wondrous vessels), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), 672.
of, prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (shineth from heaven), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (from the cliff's projection), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (from which light streamed), 2770; þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum ... gelǣded (from distant lands), 37; þā cōm of mōre (from the moor), 711, 922.—2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of searwum cōm (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum ... word ūt faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (presented wine from wondrous vessels), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), 672.
ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (over the earth, among mankind), 900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowǣge (over the beer-cup, drinking), 481.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer ȳðe (over the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rāde (over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (over many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (along upon (under?) the high roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle (over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; so, 1718;—606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc (over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (through the night, by night), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: hē ofer benne spræc, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer mīn ge-met (beyond my power), 2880;—hence, against, contrary to: hē ofer willan gīong (went against his will), 2410; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;—also, without: wīg ofer wǣpen (war sans, dispensing with, weapons), 686;—temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), 1782.
ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (over the earth, among mankind), 900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowǣge (over the beer-cup, drinking), 481.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer ȳðe (over the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rāde (over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (over many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (along upon (under?) the high roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle (over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; so, 1718;—606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc (over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (through the night, by night), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: hē ofer benne spræc, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer mīn ge-met (beyond my power), 2880;—hence, against, contrary to: hē ofer willan gīong (went against his will), 2410; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;—also, without: wīg ofer wǣpen (war sans, dispensing with, weapons), 686;—temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), 1782.
ofer-māðum, st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994.
ofer-māðum, st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994.
ofer-mægen, st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-mægene, 2918.
ofer-mægen, st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-mægene, 2918.
ofer-þearf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227.
ofer-þearf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227.
on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on hēah-stede (in the high place), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (in my native place), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (on earth), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence (on the mead-bench), 1053; beornas on blancum (the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc.; on ræste (in bed), 1299; on stapole (at, near, the pillar), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (on the wall), 1663; on þǣm wæl-stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (on him shone the corselet), 405; on ōre (at the front), 1042; on corðre (at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), 303; þæt hē on heoðe ge-stōd (until he stood in the hall), 404; on fæder stǣle (in a father's place), 1480; on ȳðum (on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc.; on flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358.—b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (in which the mighty one abode), 310; on Heorote (in Heorot), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (in my mind), 473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.—c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; on gemonge (among the troop), 1644; on þām lēod-scipe (among the people), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), 783;—in, with, touched by, possessing something: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (she was in haste), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (too powerful in speed), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on gylpsprǣce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982;—in; full of, representing, something: on weres wæstmum (in man's form), 1353.—d) attaching to, hence proceeding from; from something: ge-hȳrde on Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; þæt hē ne mētte ... on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;—hence, with verbs of taking: on ræste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton (took it before from thee), 2249.—e) with: swā hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), 2312.—f) by: mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold), 1485.—g) to, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.
on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on hēah-stede (in the high place), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (in my native place), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (on earth), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence (on the mead-bench), 1053; beornas on blancum (the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc.; on ræste (in bed), 1299; on stapole (at, near, the pillar), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (on the wall), 1663; on þǣm wæl-stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (on him shone the corselet), 405; on ōre (at the front), 1042; on corðre (at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), 303; þæt hē on heoðe ge-stōd (until he stood in the hall), 404; on fæder stǣle (in a father's place), 1480; on ȳðum (on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc.; on flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358.—b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (in which the mighty one abode), 310; on Heorote (in Heorot), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (in my mind), 473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.—c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; on gemonge (among the troop), 1644; on þām lēod-scipe (among the people), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), 783;—in, with, touched by, possessing something: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (she was in haste), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (too powerful in speed), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on gylpsprǣce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982;—in; full of, representing, something: on weres wæstmum (in man's form), 1353.—d) attaching to, hence proceeding from; from something: ge-hȳrde on Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; þæt hē ne mētte ... on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;—hence, with verbs of taking: on ræste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton (took it before from thee), 2249.—e) with: swā hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), 2312.—f) by: mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold), 1485.—g) to, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.
With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan lǣteð hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?), 1729; him on mōd bearn (came into his mind, occurred to him), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (rushed on the powerful one), 2691; (cwōm) on worðig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.—b) towards, on: gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.—c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on: on þearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (said to him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (on the pyre ready), 1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (for help), 2663; wearð on bīd wrecen (forced to wait), 2963.—d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (swore no oaths unjustly, falsely), 2740; on spēd (skilfully), 874; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sīnne selfes dōm (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (according to his will), 1740.—e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800.—f) of, as to: ic on Higelāce wāt, Gēata dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa (on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft ... on þā healfe (from, on this side), 1676.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: næs ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (there was no better jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (dearest of men as, in the character of, follower, etc.), 1298.
With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan lǣteð hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?), 1729; him on mōd bearn (came into his mind, occurred to him), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (rushed on the powerful one), 2691; (cwōm) on worðig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.—b) towards, on: gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.—c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on: on þearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (said to him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (on the pyre ready), 1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (for help), 2663; wearð on bīd wrecen (forced to wait), 2963.—d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (swore no oaths unjustly, falsely), 2740; on spēd (skilfully), 874; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sīnne selfes dōm (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (according to his will), 1740.—e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800.—f) of, as to: ic on Higelāce wāt, Gēata dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa (on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft ... on þā healfe (from, on this side), 1676.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: næs ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (there was no better jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (dearest of men as, in the character of, follower, etc.), 1298.
II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appointed), 76; on ūhtan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (on the way), 1988; on gange (in going, en route), 1885; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582.—b) w. acc., towards, about: on undern-mǣl (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (far oftener than once), 1580.
II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appointed), 76; on ūhtan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (on the way), 1988; on gange (in going, en route), 1885; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582.—b) w. acc., towards, about: on undern-mǣl (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (far oftener than once), 1580.
III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (in there), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its case: þē ic hēr on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; þē gē þǣr on standað (that ye there stand in), 2867.
III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (in there), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its case: þē ic hēr on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; þē gē þǣr on standað (that ye there stand in), 2867.
or-leg-hwīl, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwīl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, 2428.
or-leg-hwīl, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwīl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, 2428.
or-leahtre, adj., blameless: nom. sg 1887.
or-leahtre, adj., blameless: nom. sg __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
or-wearde, adj., unguarded, without watch or guard: adv., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ōðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ōðer, 2062; ōðer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelāc), 2482; ōðer ... ōðer (the one ... the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: ōðer ... mihtig mān-sceaða (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to 1350, 1339; se ōðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht ōðer, 2118; neut. ōðer geār (the next, second, year), 1134; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986; neut. ōðer swylc(another such, an equal number), 1584; instr. sg. ōðre sīðe (for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ōðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ōðres dōgores, 219, 606; neut. ōðres, 1875.—2) another, a different one, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, 1756; ōðer nǣnig (no other), 860. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ōðer in (a different house or room), 1301; acc. sg. ōðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ōðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan (ale drinkers said other things), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, 871.
ōðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ōðer, 2062; ōðer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelāc), 2482; ōðer ... ōðer (the one ... the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: ōðer ... mihtig mān-sceaða (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to 1350, 1339; se ōðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht ōðer, 2118; neut. ōðer geār (the next, second, year), 1134; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986; neut. ōðer swylc(another such, an equal number), 1584; instr. sg. ōðre sīðe (for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ōðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ōðres dōgores, 219, 606; neut. ōðres, 1875.—2) another, a different one, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, 1756; ōðer nǣnig (no other), 860. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ōðer in (a different house or room), 1301; acc. sg. ōðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ōðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan (ale drinkers said other things), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, 871.
ofost-līce, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131.
ofost-līce, adv., in haste, speedily, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ō-hwǣr, adv., anywhere, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
raðe, adv., quickly, immediately, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, Cf. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
rand-hæbbend, pres. part., shield-bearer, i.e. man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862.
rand-hæbbend, pres. part., shield-bearer, i.e. man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862.
rād, st. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rād.
rād, f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rād.
rǣd, st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nū is rǣd gelong eft æt þē ānum (now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; acc. sg. rǣd, 172, 278, 3081.—2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (counts that a gain), 2028; ēcne rǣd (the eternal gain, everlasting life), 1202; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, 1761.—Comp.: folc-rǣd, and adj., ān-, fæst-rǣd.
rǣd, st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nū is rǣd gelong eft æt þē ānum (now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; acc. sg. rǣd, 172, 278, 3081.—2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (counts that a gain), 2028; ēcne rǣd (the eternal gain, everlasting life), 1202; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, 1761.—Comp.: folc-rǣd, and adj., ān-, fæst-rǣd.
rǣdan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera rǣdend (the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), 2057; wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum (God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), 2859. See sele-rǣdend.
rǣdan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera rǣdend (the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), 2057; wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum (God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), 2859. See sele-rǣdend.
rǣden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-rǣden(?).
rǣden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-rǣden(?).
reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91; gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... (too long to tell how I...), 2094; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), 2107.
reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91; gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... (too long to tell how I...), 2094; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), 2107.
regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.
regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.
regnian, rēnian, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about: inf. dēað rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169.
regnian, rēnian, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about: inf. dēað rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169.
ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.
ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.
regn-, rēn-weard, st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. rēn-weardas (of Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.
regn-, rēn-weard, st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. rēn-weardas (of Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.
rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg. on ræste (genam) (from his resting-place), 1299, 1586; tō ræste (to bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.—2) repose, rest; in comp. ǣfen-ræst.
rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg. on ræste (genam) (from his resting-place), 1299, 1586; tō ræste (to bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.—2) repose, rest; in comp. ǣfen-ræst.
ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.
ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.
rēaf, st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-rēaf.
rēaf, st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the defeated): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-rēaf.
ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. þā wæs eft swā ǣr ... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789
ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. þā wæs eft swā ǣr ... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789
rēoc, adj., savage, furious: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ricone, fast, quickly, right away, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
riht, st. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), 1556; sōð and riht (truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (in accordance with right), 1050; syllīc spell rehte æfter rihte (told a wondrous tale truthfully), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), 2331; —Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.
riht, st. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), 1556; sōð and riht (truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (in accordance with right), 1050; syllīc spell rehte æfter rihte (told a wondrous tale truthfully), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), 2331; —Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.
rightly, correctly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__. See at-__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
rīdan, st. v., to ride: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, 2458; inf. wicge rīdan, 234; mēarum rīdan, 856; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, 1884; him tō-gēanes rād (rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan (rode round the grave-mound), 3171.
rīdan, st. v., to ride: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, 2458; inf. wicge rīdan, 234; mēarum rīdan, 856; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, 1884; him tō-gēanes rād (rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan (rode round the grave-mound), 3171.
ge-rīdan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. sē þe næs ge-rād (who rode over the promontory), 2899.
ge-rīdan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. sē þe næs ge-rād (who rode over the promontory), 2899.
rīm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm.
rīm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm.
ge-rīm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim.
ge-rīm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim.
ge-rīman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerīmed.
ge-rīman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerīmed.
rūm, adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīc-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.—2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. þurh rūmne sefan, 278.
rūm, adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīc-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.—2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. þurh rūmne sefan, 278.
big-hearted, noble-spirited: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
roomy, adj., comfortable: compar. roomy-er, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ge-rȳman, w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, 1087; pret. part. þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum ... benc gerȳmed, 492; so, 1976.—2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. þā mē ge-rȳmed wæs (sīð) (as access was permitted me), 3089; þā him gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston, 2984.
ge-rȳman, w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, 1087; pret. part. þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum ... benc gerȳmed, 492; so, 1976.—2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. þā mē ge-rȳmed wæs (sīð) (as access was permitted me), 3089; þā him gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston, 2984.
ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe (gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.
ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe (gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.
sadol-beorht, adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.
sadol-beorht, adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.
sāre, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re gesceōd (who injured him sorely), 2224.
sāre, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re gesceōd (who injured him sorely), 2224.
sārig-ferð, adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), 2864.
sārig-ferð, adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), 2864.
sāwl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. sāwl-berendra, 1005.
sāwl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. sāwl-berendra, 1005.
sāwul-drēor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sāwul-drīore, 2694.
sāwul-drēor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sāwul-drīore, 2694.
sāwul-lēas, adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. sāwol-lēasne, 1407; sāwul-lēasne, 3034.
sāwul-lēas, adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. sāwol-lēasne, 1407; sāwul-lēasne, 3034.
sæce, sæcce. See sacu.
sæce, sæcce. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sæd, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-sæd.
sæd, adj., fully satisfied, fatigued: in comp. hilde-sæd.
sǣ-båt, st. m., sea-boat: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
ge-sǣlan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-bēaga fela searwum ge-sǣled (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.
ge-sǣlan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-bēaga fela searwum ge-sǣled (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.
on-sǣlan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-sǣl meoto, sige-hrēð secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage; or, thy presage of victory?), 489.
on-sǣlan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-sǣl meoto, sige-hrēð secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage; or, thy presage of victory?), 489.
sǣ-rinc, st. m., sea warrior or hero: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away: pres. sg. þonne mīn sceaceð līf of līce, 2743; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc (the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strǣla storm ... scōc ofer scild-weall (when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (their bravest men had passed away), 1125; þā wæs winter scacen (the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.
scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away: pres. sg. þonne mīn sceaceð līf of līce, 2743; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc (the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strǣla storm ... scōc ofer scild-weall (when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (their bravest men had passed away), 1125; þā wæs winter scacen (the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.
scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.
scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.
scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.
scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.
scadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651.
scadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651.
ge-scæp-hwīle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?): dat. sg. tō gescæp-hwīle (at the fated hour), 26.
ge-scæp-hwīle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?): dat. sg. tō gescæp-hwīle (at the fated hour), 26.
ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild æt Heorote, 1588; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (who injured him sorely), 2224; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd hālan līce, 1503; bill ǣr gescōd eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs (the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ǣr and gescōd form compound).
ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild æt Heorote, 1588; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (who injured him sorely), 2224; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd hālan līce, 1503; bill ǣr gescōd eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs (the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ǣr and gescōd form compound).
sceaðen-mǣl, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.
sceaðen-mǣl, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.
sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scōp him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part. wæs sīo wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, syððan Hygelāc cwōm (the contest with the Hūgas became sharp after H. had come), 2915.
sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scōp him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part. wæs sīo wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, syððan Hygelāc cwōm (the contest with the Hūgas became sharp after H. had come), 2915.
ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna gehwylcum, 97.
ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna gehwylcum, 97.
scēawian, w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. scēawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scēawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scēawige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scēawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. scēawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.
scēawian, w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. scēawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scēawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scēawige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scēawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. scēawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.
ge-scēotan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gescēat (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320.
ge-scēotan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gescēat (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320.
of-scēotan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... blōdigan gāre (killed his brother with bloody dart), 2440.
of-scēotan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... blōdigan gāre (killed his brother with bloody dart), 2440.
scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.
scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.
scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.
scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.
scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.
scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.
scild-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288.
scild-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288.
scræf, st. n., hole in the earth, cavern: in comp. eorð-scræf.
scræf, st. n., hole in the ground, cave: in comp. eorð-scræf.
for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106.
for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106.
ge-scrīfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (as Weird did not permit him), 2575.
ge-scrīfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (as Weird did not permit him), 2575.
scrūd, st. m., clothing, covering; ornament: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrūd.
scrūd, noun, clothing, covering; ornament: in compounds beadu-, byrdu-scrūd.
sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.—2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal bēodan (shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.—3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. hē ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), 2276; pret. sg. sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (was to awake), 85; sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde (was to, should, approach), 2422; þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.—4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þū forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. ge-swīcan), 2586.
sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.—2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal bēodan (shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.—3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. hē ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), 2276; pret. sg. sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (was to awake), 85; sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde (was to, should, approach), 2422; þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.—4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þū forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. ge-swīcan), 2586.
scūfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. þā wæs morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, 919.—2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See wīd-scofen(?)
scūfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. þā wæs morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, 919.—2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See wīd-scofen(?)
be-scūfan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fæðm (woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), 184.
be-scūfan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fæðm (woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), 184.
scūr, st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. īsern-scūr.
scūr, st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. īsern-scūr.
scūr-heard, adj., fight-hardened? (file-hardened?): nom. pl. scūr-heard, 1034.
scūr-heard, adj., fight-hardened? (file-hardened?): nom. pl. scūr-heard, 1034.
scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.
scyld, scyldan. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sē, se, pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, sēo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;—relative: sē (who), 1611, 2866; sē þe (he who), 2293; sēo þe (she who), 1446; sē þe (for sēo þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, 2422; dat. sg. þām (for þām þe), 2780.
sē, se, pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, sēo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;—relative: sē (who), 1611, 2866; sē þe (he who), 2293; sēo þe (she who), 1446; sē þe (for sēo þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, 2422; dat. sg. þām (for þām þe), 2780.
secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bēowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgār), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (Wīglāf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.
secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bēowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgār), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (Wīglāf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.
secgan, w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende wæs lāðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde him þæs lēanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū worn fela ... sægdest from his sīðe, 532.—2) without acc inf. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273; pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900—3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. tō secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl. sægdon, 377, 2188; sǣdan, 1946.
secgan, w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende wæs lāðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde him þæs lēanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū worn fela ... sægdest from his sīðe, 532.—2) without acc inf. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273; pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900—3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. tō secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl. sægdon, 377, 2188; sǣdan, 1946.
ā-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic ā-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, 344.
ā-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic ā-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, 344.
ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen.
ge-segen, st. f., story, narrative: in comp. eald-ge-segen.
seldan, adv., seldom: often [nō] seldan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sele, st. m. and n., building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tō sele, 323, 1641; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (in the den of the dragon), 3129.—Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele.
sele, st. m. and n., building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tō sele, 323, 1641; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (in the den of the dragon), 3129.—Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele.
sele-drēam, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.
sele-drēam, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.
sele-ful, st. n., hall-goblet: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sele-rǣdend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., 51; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, 1347.
sele-rǣdend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., 51; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, 1347.
sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., 668.
sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., 668.
self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þū self, 595; þū þē self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; hē selfa, 29, 1734; þǣm þe him selfa dēah (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), 1840; seolfa, 3068; hē sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (himself), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sīnne sylfes dōm (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sūð-Dene sylfe, 1997.
self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þū self, 595; þū þē self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; hē selfa, 29, 1734; þǣm þe him selfa dēah (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), 1840; seolfa, 3068; hē sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (himself), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sīnne sylfes dōm (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sūð-Dene sylfe, 1997.
ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade: in comp. hand-gesella.
ge-sella, w. m., house companion, friend: in compound. hand-gesella.
sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þām þe hē wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.—2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): ǣr hē feorh seleð (he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum, 1162.
sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þām þe hē wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.—2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): ǣr hē feorh seleð (he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum, 1162.
sel-līc, syl-līc (from seld-līc), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. glōf ... syllīc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllīc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellīce sǣ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.
sel-līc, syl-līc (from seld-līc), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. glōf ... syllīc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllīc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellīce sǣ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.
semninga, adv., immediately __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. hē wearð on fēonda geweald ... snūde for-sended, 905.
for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. hē wearð on fēonda geweald ... snūde for-sended, 905.
serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, 334.—Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.
serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, 334.—Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.
be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swīn-līcum (set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454.
be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swīn-līcum (set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454.
ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. swā wæs ...þurh rūn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said), 1697.—2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum, 94.—3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, 2030.
ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. swā wæs ...þurh rūn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said), 1697.—2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum, 94.—3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, 2030.
sēcan, w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fæt sōhte (sought the costly cup), 2301; ne sōhte searo-nīðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (than his wish demanded), 2573; hord-weard sōhte georne æfter grunde (the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294.—2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe ... biorgas sēceð, 2273; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, 1370; imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (look for her, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare), 1380; inf. sēcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; sēcan, 665, 1451; drihten sēcean (seek, go to, the Lord), 187; sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757; sāwle sēcan (seek the life, kill), 802; so, sēcean sāwle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce tō sēceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sōhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sōhtest, 458; pl. sōhton, 339.—3) to seek, attack: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, 3002; pret. pl. hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, 2381.
sēcan, w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fæt sōhte (sought the costly cup), 2301; ne sōhte searo-nīðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (than his wish demanded), 2573; hord-weard sōhte georne æfter grunde (the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294.—2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe ... biorgas sēceð, 2273; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, 1370; imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (look for her, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare), 1380; inf. sēcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; sēcan, 665, 1451; drihten sēcean (seek, go to, the Lord), 187; sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757; sāwle sēcan (seek the life, kill), 802; so, sēcean sāwle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce tō sēceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sōhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sōhtest, 458; pl. sōhton, 339.—3) to seek, attack: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, 3002; pret. pl. hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, 2381.
ge-sēcan: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg ofer wǣpen, 685.—2) to look for, come or go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, 693; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa dēah, 1840.—3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-sēceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 2347; pl. ge-sōhton, 2927; ge-sōhtan, 2205.
ge-sēcan: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg ofer wǣpen, 685.—2) to look for, come or go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, 693; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa dēah, 1840.—3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-sēceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 2347; pl. ge-sōhton, 2927; ge-sōhtan, 2205.
ofer-sēcan, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs sīo hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce bær wǣpen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he [Bēowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.
ofer-sēcan, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs sīo hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce bær wǣpen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he [Bēowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.
sēl, sǣl, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sēlra, 861, 2194; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelāc), 2200; dēað bið sēlla þonne edwīt-līf, 2891; neut. sēlre, 1385; acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (a better than thee), 1851; sēlran, 1198; neut. þæt sēlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sēlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, 173, 1060; hūsa sēlest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is sēlest, 256; bolda sēlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrægla sēlest, 454; hūsa sēlest, 659; billa sēlest, 1145;—weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sēlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sēlestan, 416; acc. pl. þā sēlestan, 3123.
sēl, sǣl, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sēlra, 861, 2194; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelāc), 2200; dēað bið sēlla þonne edwīt-līf, 2891; neut. sēlre, 1385; acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (a better than thee), 1851; sēlran, 1198; neut. þæt sēlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sēlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, 173, 1060; hūsa sēlest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is sēlest, 256; bolda sēlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrægla sēlest, 454; hūsa sēlest, 659; billa sēlest, 1145;—weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sēlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sēlestan, 416; acc. pl. þā sēlestan, 3123.
searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. sǣ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, warrior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.—2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: þā ic of searwum cwōm, fāh from fēondum, 419.—3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fāh (saddle cunningly ornamented), 1039; earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765.—Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo.
searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. sǣ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, warrior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.—2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: þā ic of searwum cwōm, fāh from fēondum, 419.—3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fāh (saddle cunningly ornamented), 1039; earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765.—Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo.
searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum fæst, 2087.
searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum fæst, 2087.
searo-ge-þræc, st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., 3103.
searo-ge-þræc, st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., 3103.
searo-grim, adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., 595.
searo-grim, adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., 595.
searo-hæbbend, pres. part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, 237.
searo-hæbbend, pres. part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, 237.
searo-þanc, st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776.
searo-þanc, st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776.
searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., 921.
searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., 921.
sēon, sȳn, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-sēon, an-sȳn.
sēon, sȳn, f., aspect, sight: in combination with wlite-, wonder-see, appearance.
sēon, st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder sēon, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; þǣr mæg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor sēon (there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudrēam māran, 2015.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþēodige þus manige men mōdiglīcran, 336.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lēofe, 2864; pl. folc tō sǣgon (looked on), 1423.
sēon, st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder sēon, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; þǣr mæg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor sēon (there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudrēam māran, 2015.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþēodige þus manige men mōdiglīcran, 336.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lēofe, 2864; pl. folc tō sǣgon (looked on), 1423.
ge-sēon, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah ge-syhð, 2042; inf. ge-sēon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sāwon, 1606, 2253.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele wēstne (sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty; or, hall of friends?), 2456.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pl. mǣre māððum-sweord monige ge-sāwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sāwon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-sēgan, 3039; ge-sēgon, 3129.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg þonne ... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þæt ic (may the son of H. see that I...), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sāwon, 1592.
ge-sēon, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah ge-syhð, 2042; inf. ge-sēon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sāwon, 1606, 2253.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele wēstne (sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty; or, hall of friends?), 2456.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pl. mǣre māððum-sweord monige ge-sāwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sāwon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-sēgan, 3039; ge-sēgon, 3129.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg þonne ... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þæt ic (may the son of H. see that I...), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sāwon, 1592.
geond-sēon, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þæt eall geond-seh, 3088.
geond-sēon, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þæt eall geond-seh, 3088.
ofer-sēon, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-sāwon, 419.
ofer-sēon, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-sāwon, 419.
on-sēon, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sāwon, 1651.
on-sēon, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sāwon, 1651.
sib-æðeling, st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince or nobleman: nom. pl. -æðelingas, 2709.
sib-æðeling, st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince or nobleman: nom. pl. -æðelingas, 2709.
sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Gēatas), 730.
sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Gēatas), 730.
2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.—b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;—since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;—after, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde (after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becōm (after night had come on), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.
2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.—b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;—since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;—after, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde (after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becōm (after night had come on), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.
sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391.
sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391.
sige-ēadig, adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-ēadig bil, 1558.
sige-ēadig, adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-ēadig bil, 1558.
sige-hrēðig, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.
sige-hrēðig, adj., victorious: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
sige-rōf, adj., victorious: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sige-wǣpen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-wǣpnum, 805.
sige-wǣpen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-wǣpnum, 805.
sigor-ēadig, adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-ēadig secg (of Bēowulf), 1312, 2353.
sigor-ēadig, adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-ēadig secg (of Bēowulf), 1312, 2353.
sinc-ge-strēon, st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestrēonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1227.
sinc-ge-strēon, st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestrēonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1227.
sinc-māððum, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194.
sinc-māððum, n., treasure: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ā-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. lēoð wæs ā-sungen, 1160.
ā-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. lēoð wæs ā-sungen, 1160.
sin-sceaða, w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, 802.
sin-sceaða, w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, 802.
sittan, st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nū tō symle, 489; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe sittan ēodon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), 493; ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sæt (sat on the horse), 286; æt fōtum sæt (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; þǣr Hrōðgār sæt (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; hē gewērgad sæt ... frēan eaxlum nēah, 2854; pret. pl. sǣton, 1165; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603.—2) to be in a certain state or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ... unblīðe sæt, 130.—Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.
sittan, st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nū tō symle, 489; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe sittan ēodon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), 493; ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sæt (sat on the horse), 286; æt fōtum sæt (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; þǣr Hrōðgār sæt (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; hē gewērgad sæt ... frēan eaxlum nēah, 2854; pret. pl. sǣton, 1165; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603.—2) to be in a certain state or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ... unblīðe sæt, 130.—Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.
be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: besæt þā sin-herge sweorda lāfe wundum wērge (then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937.
be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: besæt þā sin-herge sweorda lāfe wundum wērge (then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937.
for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. ēagena bearhtm for-siteð (the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768.
for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. ēagena bearhtm for-siteð (the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768.
ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt rīce to rūne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see rīce), 171; wið earm ge-sæt (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), 750; fēða eal ge-sæt (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-sæt þā wið sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelāc), 1978;
ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt rīce to rūne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see rīce), 171; wið earm ge-sæt (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), 750; fēða eal ge-sæt (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-sæt þā wið sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelāc), 1978;
of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over or upon: pret. sg. of-sæt þā þone sele-gyst, 1546.
of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over or upon: pret. sg. of-sæt þā þone sele-gyst, 1546.
on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. þā fǣhðe, atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode sīwðe onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, 598.
on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. þā fǣhðe, atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode sīwðe onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, 598.
ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt hīe) ... symbel ymb-sǣton (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend.
ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt hīe) ... symbel ymb-sǣton (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend.
sīd, adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glōf) sīd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, 437; on sīdne sǣ, 507; fem. byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; neut. sīde rīce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sīdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. sīde sǣ-næssas, 223; sīde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (of great sorrows), 149.—2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. þurh sīdne sefan, 1727.
sīd, adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glōf) sīd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, 437; on sīdne sǣ, 507; fem. byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; neut. sīde rīce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sīdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. sīde sǣ-næssas, 223; sīde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (of great sorrows), 149.—2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. þurh sīdne sefan, 1727.
side, adv., far and wide, afar, 1224.
side, adv., far and wide, afar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sīd-fæðmed, quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sīd-fæðmed scip, 302.
sīd-fæðmed, quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sīd-fæðmed scip, 302.
sīð, adv. compar., later: ǣr and sīð (sooner and later, early and late), 2501.
sīð, adv. compar., later: ǣr and sīð (sooner and later, early and late), 2501.
sīð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; næs þæt ēðe sīð (that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, þæt wæs gēocor sīð, 766; acc. sg. sīð, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sīðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sīðes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return: nom. sg., 1972.—2) undertaking, enterprise; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis þæt ēower sīð, 2533; ne bið swylc earges sīð (such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; acc. sg. sīð, 873. In pl.= adventures: nom. sīðas, 1987; acc. sīðas, 878; gen. sīða, 318.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. næs þæt forma sīð (that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ōðre, þriddan) sīðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-, wil-, wrǣc-sīð.
sīð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; næs þæt ēðe sīð (that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, þæt wæs gēocor sīð, 766; acc. sg. sīð, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sīðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sīðes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return: nom. sg., 1972.—2) undertaking, enterprise; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis þæt ēower sīð, 2533; ne bið swylc earges sīð (such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; acc. sg. sīð, 873. In pl.= adventures: nom. sīðas, 1987; acc. sīðas, 878; gen. sīða, 318.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. næs þæt forma sīð (that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ōðre, þriddan) sīðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-, wil-, wrǣc-sīð.
sīð-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. sīð-frome, 1814.
sīð-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. sīð-frome, 1814.
for-sīðian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund (would have found his death, etc.), 1551.
for-sīðian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund (would have found his death, etc.), 1551.
ge-sīgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-sīgan æt sæcce (fall in battle), 2660.
ge-sīgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-sīgan æt sæcce (fall in battle), 2660.
slēac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
sleahan, slēan: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þæt hē mē ongēan slēa (that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrringa slōh (struck angrily), 1566; so, slōh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. þæt hē þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwēne slōh (that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700.—2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. þæs þe hē Ābel slōg (because he slew A.), 108; so, slōg, 421, 2180; slōh, 1582, 2356; pl. slōgon, 2051; pret. part. þā wæs Fin slægen, 1153.
sleahan, slēan: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þæt hē mē ongēan slēa (that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrringa slōh (struck angrily), 1566; so, slōh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. þæt hē þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwēne slōh (that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700.—2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. þæs þe hē Ābel slōg (because he slew A.), 108; so, slōg, 421, 2180; slōh, 1582, 2356; pl. slōgon, 2051; pret. part. þā wæs Fin slægen, 1153.
ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, 2399.
ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, 2399.
snotor-līce, adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-līcor, 1483.
snotor-līce, adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-līcor, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
snūde, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.
sorh, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is mē tō secganne (pains me to say), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid þǣre sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.
sorh, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is mē tō secganne (pains me to say), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid þǣre sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.
sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., 2456.
sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., 2456.
sōð-cyning, st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora sōð-cyning (God), 3056.
sōð-cyning, st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora sōð-cyning (God), 3056.
sōð-līce, adv., truly, honestly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
sōna, adv., soon, immediately, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_8__, etc.
spīwan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. glēdum spīwan (spit fire), 2313
spīwan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. glēdum spīwan (spit fire), 2313
sprecan, st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel (I shall go on speaking about G.), 2070; w. acc. sē þe wyle sōð sprecan (he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. tō Gēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spræc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word æfter spræc, 341; nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc, 2619; II. hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pl. hwæt wit geō sprǣcon (what we two spoke of before), 1477; gomele ymb gōdne on-geador sprǣcon, þæt big ... (the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ...), 1596; swā wit furðum sprǣcon (as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. þā wæs ... þrȳð-word sprecen, 644.
sprecan, st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel (I shall go on speaking about G.), 2070; w. acc. sē þe wyle sōð sprecan (he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. tō Gēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spræc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word æfter spræc, 341; nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc, 2619; II. hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pl. hwæt wit geō sprǣcon (what we two spoke of before), 1477; gomele ymb gōdne on-geador sprǣcon, þæt big ... (the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ...), 1596; swā wit furðum sprǣcon (as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. þā wæs ... þrȳð-word sprecen, 644.
sprēot, st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-sprēot.
sprēot, st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-sprēot.
springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hrā wīde sprong (the body bounded far), 1589; swāt ǣdrum sprong forð under fexe (the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pl. wīde sprungon hilde-lēoman (flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang (his repute spread afar), 18.
springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hrā wīde sprong (the body bounded far), 1589; swāt ǣdrum sprong forð under fexe (the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pl. wīde sprungon hilde-lēoman (flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang (his repute spread afar), 18.
on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bānlocan 818.
on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bānlocan 818.
standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (saw vessels standing), 2761; pret. sg. æt hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna (in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship), 32; stōd on stapole (stood near the [middle] column), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þæt him on aldre stōd here-strǣl hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pl. gāras stōdon ... samod æt-gædere (the spears stood together), 328; him big stōdan bunan and orcas (by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ... þæt se mere standeð, 1363.—2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state: subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oð þæt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest, 145; so, 936; wæter under stōd drēorig and ge-drēfed, 1418—3) to belong or attach to; issue: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stōd atelīc egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), 784; þāra ānum stōd sadol searwum fāh (on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (burning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; lēoht inne stōd (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ēagum stōd ... lēoht unfǣger (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, þæt [fram] þām gyste [gryre-] brōga stōd, 2229.
standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (saw vessels standing), 2761; pret. sg. æt hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna (in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship), 32; stōd on stapole (stood near the [middle] column), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þæt him on aldre stōd here-strǣl hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pl. gāras stōdon ... samod æt-gædere (the spears stood together), 328; him big stōdan bunan and orcas (by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ... þæt se mere standeð, 1363.—2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state: subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oð þæt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest, 145; so, 936; wæter under stōd drēorig and ge-drēfed, 1418—3) to belong or attach to; issue: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stōd atelīc egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), 784; þāra ānum stōd sadol searwum fāh (on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (burning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; lēoht inne stōd (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ēagum stōd ... lēoht unfǣger (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, þæt [fram] þām gyste [gryre-] brōga stōd, 2229.
æt-standan, to stand at, near, or in: pret. sg. þæt hit (i.e. þæt swurd) on wealle æt-stōd, 892.
æt-standan, to stand at, near, or in: pret. sg. þæt hit (i.e. þæt swurd) on wealle æt-stōd, 892.
for-standan, to stand against or before, hence: 1) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (brēost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stōd (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him wītig god wyrd for-stōde (if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.—2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt hē ... mihte hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers), 2956.
for-standan, to stand against or before, hence: 1) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (brēost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stōd (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him wītig god wyrd for-stōde (if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.—2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt hē ... mihte hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers), 2956.
stapa, w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. hǣð-, mearc-stapa.
stapa, w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. hǣð-, mearc-stapa.
æt-stapan, to stride up or to: pret. sg. forð nēar æt-stōp (strode up nearer), 746.
æt-stapan, to stride up or to: pret. sg. forð nēar æt-stōp (strode up nearer), 746.
ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. hē to forð gestōp dyrnan cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290.
ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. hē to forð gestōp dyrnan cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290.
starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. þæt ic on þone hafelan ... ēagum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; þāra frætwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (for the treasures ... that I here look upon), 2797; III. þonne hē on þæt sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þæt (sin-frēa) hire an dæges ēagum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.
starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. þæt ic on þone hafelan ... ēagum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; þāra frætwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (for the treasures ... that I here look upon), 2797; III. þonne hē on þæt sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þæt (sin-frēa) hire an dæges ēagum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.
stān-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stān-beorh stēapne, 2214.
stān-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stān-beorh stēapne, 2214.
stæf, st. m.: 1) staff: in comp. rūn-staf.—2) elementum: in comp. ār-, ende-, fācen-stæf.
stæf, st. m.: 1) staff: in combination with rūn-staf.—2) element: in combination with ār-, ende-, fācen-stæf.
ge-stǣlan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. gē feor hafað fǣhðe ge-stǣled (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341.
ge-stǣlan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. gē feor hafað fǣhðe ge-stǣled (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341.
stede, st. m., place, -stead: in comp. bǣl-, burh-, folc-, hēah-, meðel-, wang-, wīc-stede.
stede, st. m., place, -stead: in compounds bǣl-, burh-, folc-, hēah-, Meðel-, wang-, wīc-stede.
on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. sē þæs or-leges ōr on-stealde, 2408.
on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. sē þæs or-leges ōr on-stealde, 2408.
ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla.
ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla.
stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Bēowulf), 2553.
stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Bēowulf), 2553.
stille, adv., quietly, 301.
quietly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
stīð-mōd, adj., brave, unyielding: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ā-stīgan, to ascend: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up ā-stīgeð won tō wolcnum, 1374; gūð-rinc ā-stāh (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rēc] ascended?), 1119; gamen eft ā-stāh (joy again went up, resounded), 1161; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of swioðole, 3145; swēg up ā-stāg, 783.
ā-stīgan, to ascend: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up ā-stīgeð won tō wolcnum, 1374; gūð-rinc ā-stāh (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rēc] ascended?), 1119; gamen eft ā-stāh (joy again went up, resounded), 1161; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of swioðole, 3145; swēg up ā-stāg, 783.
ge-stīgan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. þā ic on holm ge-stāh, 633.
ge-stīgan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. þā ic on holm ge-stāh, 633.
stōl, st. m., chair, throne, seat: in comp. brego-, ēðel-, gif-, gum-stōl.
stōl, st. m., chair, throne, seat: in combinations brego-, ēðel-, gif-, gum-stōl.
strang, strong, adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō strang (that sorrow was too great), 133; þū eart mægenes strang (strong of body), 1845; wæs sīo hond tō strong (the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wigena strengest (strongest of warriors), 1544; mægenes strengest (strongest in might), 196; mægene strengest, 790.
strang, strong, adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō strang (that sorrow was too great), 133; þū eart mægenes strang (strong of body), 1845; wæs sīo hond tō strong (the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wigena strengest (strongest of warriors), 1544; mægenes strengest (strongest in might), 196; mægene strengest, 790.
ge-strēon (cf. strēon = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, 1921, 3168.—Comp.: ǣr-, eald-, eorl-, hēah-, hord-, long-, māðm-, sinc-, þēod-ge-strēon.
ge-strēon (cf. strēon = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, 1921, 3168.—Comp.: ǣr-, eald-, eorl-, hēah-, hord-, long-, māðm-, sinc-, þēod-ge-strēon.
styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.—2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lāð ge-widru (when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1375.—3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. þæt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841.
styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.—2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lāð ge-widru (when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1375.—3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. þæt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841.
stȳl-ecg, adj., steel-edged: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
suhtor-ge-fæderan (collective), w. m. pl., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son: nom. pl., 1165.
suhtor-ge-fæderan (collective), w. m. pl., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son: nom. pl., 1165.
sum, pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain; neut. something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-hrægla sum, 1906; þæt wæs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fēara sum (one of few, with a few), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; fēara sumne (some few, one of few; or, one of the foes?), 3062.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned: nom. sg. ēower sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Bēowulf), 248; gūð-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrōðgār's palace), 314; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Bēowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (a certain hoard-hall), 2280.
sum, pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain; neut. something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-hrægla sum, 1906; þæt wæs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fēara sum (one of few, with a few), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; fēara sumne (some few, one of few; or, one of the foes?), 3062.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned: nom. sg. ēower sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Bēowulf), 248; gūð-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrōðgār's palace), 314; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Bēowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (a certain hoard-hall), 2280.
sund-ge-bland, st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., 1451.
sund-ge-bland, st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., 1451.
sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in twain: sundur gedǣlan (to separate, sunder), 2423.
sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in twain: sundur gedǣlan (to separate, sunder), 2423.
sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668.
sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668.
swā: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: swā sceal man dōn, 1173, 1535; swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon, 99; þæt ge-æfndon swā (that we thus accomplished), 538; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swā manlīce (so like a man), 1047; swā fela (so many), 164, 592; swā dēorlīce dǣd (so valiant a deed), 585; hine swā gōdne (him so good), 347; on swā geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-dēð him swā ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þæt ... (makes parts of the world so subject to him that...), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so: swā mē Higelāc sīe ... mōdes blīðe (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), 435; swā þēah (nevertheless, however), 973, 1930, 2879; swā þēh, 2968; hwæðre swā þēah (yet however), 2443.—2): a) conj., as, so as: oð þæt his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swā his ǣrfæder (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swā ǣr (again as before), 643;—with indic.: swā hē selfa bæd (as he himself requested), 29; swā hē oft dyde (as he often did), 444; gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo sceal, 455; swā guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;—with subj.: swā þīn sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1143; swā hīe ā wǣron ... nȳd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swā hit dīope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mǣre (as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swā hē manna wæs wīgend weorðfullost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when: swā þæt blōd gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swā hē ne mihte nō (so that he might not...), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swā wæter bebūgeð (wrought the beauteous plain which (acc.) water surrounds), 93.—4) swā ... swā = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swā ... swā (even so ... as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swā hwylc mægða swā (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā (even so to each man as), 3058.
swā: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: swā sceal man dōn, 1173, 1535; swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon, 99; þæt ge-æfndon swā (that we thus accomplished), 538; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swā manlīce (so like a man), 1047; swā fela (so many), 164, 592; swā dēorlīce dǣd (so valiant a deed), 585; hine swā gōdne (him so good), 347; on swā geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-dēð him swā ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þæt ... (makes parts of the world so subject to him that...), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so: swā mē Higelāc sīe ... mōdes blīðe (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), 435; swā þēah (nevertheless, however), 973, 1930, 2879; swā þēh, 2968; hwæðre swā þēah (yet however), 2443.—2): a) conj., as, so as: oð þæt his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swā his ǣrfæder (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swā ǣr (again as before), 643;—with indic.: swā hē selfa bæd (as he himself requested), 29; swā hē oft dyde (as he often did), 444; gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo sceal, 455; swā guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;—with subj.: swā þīn sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1143; swā hīe ā wǣron ... nȳd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swā hit dīope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mǣre (as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swā hē manna wæs wīgend weorðfullost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when: swā þæt blōd gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swā hē ne mihte nō (so that he might not...), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swā wæter bebūgeð (wrought the beauteous plain which (acc.) water surrounds), 93.—4) swā ... swā = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swā ... swā (even so ... as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swā hwylc mægða swā (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā (even so to each man as), 3058.
swāt-fāh, adj., blood-stained: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
swāt-swaðu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947.
swāt-swaðu, st. f., blood trace: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ā-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum ā-swefede, 567.
ā-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum ā-swefede, 567.
swegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607.
swegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607.
for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulǣ?): pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hæfde, 805.
for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulǣ?): pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hæfde, 805.
for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim: pres. sg. III. ēagena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768.
for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim: pres. sg. III. ēagena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768.
ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.
ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.
sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.—Comp.: gūð-, māððum-, wǣg-sweord.
sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.—Comp.: gūð-, māððum-, wǣg-sweord.
sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., 1148.
sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., 1148.
sweord-freca, w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.
sweord-freca, w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.
sweord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885.
sweord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885.
sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, 90.—2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tācen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, 141.
sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, 90.—2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tācen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, 141.
swēof, swēop. See swāfan, swāpan.
swēof, swēop. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), burning pain: in comp. þrȳð-swið(?).
swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), burning pain: in comp. þrȳð-swið(?).
swimman, swymman, st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, 1625.
swimman, swymman, st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, 1625.
ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over or through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (swam over the sea), 2368.
ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over or through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (swam over the sea), 2368.
swīð, swȳð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō swȳð, 191.—Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand (the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086.
swīð, swȳð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō swȳð, 191.—Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand (the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086.
ofer-swīðian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswȳðeð, 279, 1769.
ofer-swīðian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswȳðeð, 279, 1769.
swīð-ferhð, adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swȳð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, 493; dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, 173.
swīð-ferhð, adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swȳð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, 493; dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, 173.
swīð-hycgend, pres. part. (strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swīð-hycgende, 1017.
swīð-hycgend, pres. part. (strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swīð-hycgende, 1017.
swið-mōd, adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
swīn, swȳn, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swȳn, 1112; acc. sg. swīn, 1287.
swīn, swȳn, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swȳn, 1112; acc. sg. swīn, 1287.
swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), 72; ōðer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (on such things), 997; dat. sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Bēowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwæt (some such), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twēgen (two such), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (all needs that), 1798; swylce hīe ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1157; efne swylce mǣla swylce (at just such times as), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, 582; swylcra fela ... ǣr-gestrēona, 2232.
swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), 72; ōðer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (on such things), 997; dat. sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Bēowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwæt (some such), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twēgen (two such), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (all needs that), 1798; swylce hīe ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1157; efne swylce mǣla swylce (at just such times as), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, 582; swylcra fela ... ǣr-gestrēona, 2232.
swylt, st. m., death: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters-old: nom. sg., 2429.
syfan-wintre, adj., seven winters old: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
symbol, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf mē sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; þæt hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.
symbol, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf mē sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; þæt hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.
symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle wæs þȳ sǣmra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881.
symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle wæs þȳ sǣmra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881.
symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne drēoh, 1783.
symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne drēoh, 1783.
be-syrwan: 1) to compass or accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. dǣd þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943.—2) to entrap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se mānscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?, see sum) of the men), 714.
be-syrwan: 1) to compass or accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. dǣd þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943.—2) to entrap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se mānscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?, see sum) of the men), 714.
taligean, w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. nō ic mē ... hnāgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle-works), 678; wēn ic talige ...þæt (I count on the hope ... that), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þæt rǣd talað þæt (counts it gain that), 2028.—2) to tell, relate: sōð ic talige (I tell facts), 532; swā þū self talast (as thou thyself sayst), 595.
taligean, w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. nō ic mē ... hnāgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle-works), 678; wēn ic talige ...þæt (I count on the hope ... that), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þæt rǣd talað þæt (counts it gain that), 2028.—2) to tell, relate: sōð ic talige (I tell facts), 532; swā þū self talast (as thou thyself sayst), 595.
tān, st. m., twig: in comp. āter-tān. [emended to āter-tēarum in text--KTH]
tān, st. m., twig: in comp. āter-tān. [emended to āter-tēarum in text--KTH]
ge-tǣcan, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him þā hilde-dēor hof mōdigra torht ge-tǣhte (the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte (assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014.
ge-tǣcan, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him þā hilde-dēor hof mōdigra torht ge-tǣhte (the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte (assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014.
tǣle, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-tǣle.
tǣle, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-tǣle.
tela, adv., fittingly, well, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.
tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; þæt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwæð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), 2642; pl. swā (so that) hine Gēata beam gōdne ne tealdon, 2185.—2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wælbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937.
tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; þæt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwæð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), 2642; pl. swā (so that) hine Gēata beam gōdne ne tealdon, 2185.—2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wælbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937.
tēon, st. v., to draw, lead: inf. heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon (bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. mē tō grunde tēah fāh fēond-sceaða (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), 553; eft-sīðas tēah (withdrew, returned), 1333; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum ...þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah (to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) 1052; pret. part. þā wæs ... heard ecg togen (then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wearð ... on næs togen (was drawn to the promontory), 1440.
tēon, st. v., to draw, lead: inf. heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon (bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. mē tō grunde tēah fāh fēond-sceaða (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), 553; eft-sīðas tēah (withdrew, returned), 1333; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum ...þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah (to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) 1052; pret. part. þā wæs ... heard ecg togen (then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wearð ... on næs togen (was drawn to the promontory), 1440.
ā-tēon, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. tō Heorute ā-tēah (drew to Heorot), 767.
ā-tēon, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. tō Heorute ā-tēah (drew to Heorot), 767.
ge-tēon: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, 1546.—2) to grant, give, lend: imp. nō þū him wearne getēoh þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian (refuse not to gladden them with thy answer), 366; pret. sg. and þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwæðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, hē him ēst getēah (gave possession of), 2166.
ge-tēon: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, 1546.—2) to grant, give, lend: imp. nō þū him wearne getēoh þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian (refuse not to gladden them with thy answer), 366; pret. sg. and þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwæðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, hē him ēst getēah (gave possession of), 2166.
þurh-tēon, to effect: inf. gif hē torn-gemōt þurh-tēon mihte, 1141.
þurh-tēon, to effect: inf. gif hē torn-gemōt þurh-tēon mihte, 1141.
ge-tēona, w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lāð-ge-tēona.
ge-tēona, w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lāð-ge-tēona.
be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tȳn dagum beadu-rōfes bēcn, 3161.
be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tȳn dagum beadu-rōfes bēcn, 3161.
torn-ge-mōt, st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., 1141.
torn-ge-mōt, st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., 1141.
tō, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: cōm tō recede (to the hall), 721; ēode tō sele, 920; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 642; gǣð eft ... tō medo (goeth again to mead), 605; wand tō wolcnum (wound to the welkin), 1120; sigon tō slǣpe (sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; līð-wǣge bær hǣlum tō handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), 1984; oð þæt niht becōm ōðer tō yldum, 2118; him tō bearme cwōm māððum-fæt mǣre (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; þat se harm-scaða tō Heorute ā-tēah (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan: site nū tō symble (sit now to the meal), 489; siððan ... wē tō symble geseten hæfdon, 2105; tō ham (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tō his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; tō Gēatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), 2893.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod (B. was hastily brought from a room), 1311; siððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (since H. carried the Brōsing-necklace off from the bright city), 1200; wēan āhsode. fǣhðo to Frȳsum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) to, for, as, in: þone god sende folce tō frōfre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman to lēohte (as a light), 95; ge-sæt ... tō rune (sat in counsel), 172; wearð hē Heaðo-lāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... tō helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor ... hyldo tō wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tō sōðe (to say in sooth), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: hē tō gyrn-wræce swīðor þōhte þonne tō sǣ-lāde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage), 1139; sæcce ne wēneð tō Gār-Denum (nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes), 602; þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe wihte ne wēne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), 2923; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde ge-þinged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; þāra þe hē ge-worhte tō West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), 1579.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tō gefremmanne (to do), 174; tō ge-cȳðanne (to make known), 257; tō secganne (to say), 473; to beflēonne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tō fēran, 316; tō friclan, 2557.—5) temporal: gewāt him tō gescæp-hwīle (went at(?) the hour of fate; or, to his fated rest?), 26; tō wīdan feore (ever, in their lives), 934; āwa tō aldre (for life, forever), 956; so, tō aldre, 2006, 2499; tō life (during life, ever), 2433.—6) with particles: wōd under wolcnum tō þæs þe ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), 715; so, elne ge-ēodon tō þæs þe, 1968; so, 2411; hē him þæs lēan for-geald ... tō þæs þe hē on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt (the blood was hot to that degree), 1617; næs þā long tō þon þæt ('twas not long till), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt (the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; tō hwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hæleða (up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out), 2072; tō middes (in the midst), 3142.
tō, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: cōm tō recede (to the hall), 721; ēode tō sele, 920; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 642; gǣð eft ... tō medo (goeth again to mead), 605; wand tō wolcnum (wound to the welkin), 1120; sigon tō slǣpe (sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; līð-wǣge bær hǣlum tō handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), 1984; oð þæt niht becōm ōðer tō yldum, 2118; him tō bearme cwōm māððum-fæt mǣre (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; þat se harm-scaða tō Heorute ā-tēah (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan: site nū tō symble (sit now to the meal), 489; siððan ... wē tō symble geseten hæfdon, 2105; tō ham (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tō his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; tō Gēatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), 2893.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod (B. was hastily brought from a room), 1311; siððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (since H. carried the Brōsing-necklace off from the bright city), 1200; wēan āhsode. fǣhðo to Frȳsum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) to, for, as, in: þone god sende folce tō frōfre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman to lēohte (as a light), 95; ge-sæt ... tō rune (sat in counsel), 172; wearð hē Heaðo-lāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... tō helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor ... hyldo tō wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tō sōðe (to say in sooth), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: hē tō gyrn-wræce swīðor þōhte þonne tō sǣ-lāde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage), 1139; sæcce ne wēneð tō Gār-Denum (nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes), 602; þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe wihte ne wēne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), 2923; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde ge-þinged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; þāra þe hē ge-worhte tō West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), 1579.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tō gefremmanne (to do), 174; tō ge-cȳðanne (to make known), 257; tō secganne (to say), 473; to beflēonne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tō fēran, 316; tō friclan, 2557.—5) temporal: gewāt him tō gescæp-hwīle (went at(?) the hour of fate; or, to his fated rest?), 26; tō wīdan feore (ever, in their lives), 934; āwa tō aldre (for life, forever), 956; so, tō aldre, 2006, 2499; tō life (during life, ever), 2433.—6) with particles: wōd under wolcnum tō þæs þe ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), 715; so, elne ge-ēodon tō þæs þe, 1968; so, 2411; hē him þæs lēan for-geald ... tō þæs þe hē on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt (the blood was hot to that degree), 1617; næs þā long tō þon þæt ('twas not long till), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt (the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; tō hwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hæleða (up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out), 2072; tō middes (in the midst), 3142.
II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) to, towards, up to, at: gēong sōna tō, 1786; so, 2649; fēhð ōðer tō, 1756; sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (upon which thou here lookest), 1655; folc tō sǣgon (the folk looked on), 1423; þæt hī him tō mihton gegnum gangan (might proceed thereto), 313; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (who believed in help out of evils from him, i.e. Bēowulf), 910; him tō anwaldan āre ge-lyfde (trusted for himself to the Almighty's help), 1273; þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode (that the Swedes will come against us), 3002.—2) before adj. and adv., too: tō strang (too mighty), 133; tō fæst, 137; tō swȳð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; tō fela micles (far too much), 695; hē tō forð ge-stōp (he had gone too far), 2290.
II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) to, towards, up to, at: gēong sōna tō, 1786; so, 2649; fēhð ōðer tō, 1756; sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (upon which thou here lookest), 1655; folc tō sǣgon (the folk looked on), 1423; þæt hī him tō mihton gegnum gangan (might proceed thereto), 313; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (who believed in help out of evils from him, i.e. Bēowulf), 910; him tō anwaldan āre ge-lyfde (trusted for himself to the Almighty's help), 1273; þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode (that the Swedes will come against us), 3002.—2) before adj. and adv., too: tō strang (too mighty), 133; tō fæst, 137; tō swȳð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; tō fela micles (far too much), 695; hē tō forð ge-stōp (he had gone too far), 2290.
tōð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., tooth: in comp. blōdig-tōð (adj.).
tōð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., tooth: in comp. blōdig-tōð (adj.).
treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (strode about with a strong troop), 923.
treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (strode about with a strong troop), 923.
trēow-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker: nom. pl. trēow-logan, 2848.
trēow-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker: nom. pl. trēow-logan, 2848.
truwian, trēowan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), 1994; bearne ne truwode þæt hē ... (she trusted not the child that ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde þæt hē ... (each trusted his heart that ...), 1167.—2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes, 670; wiðres ne truwode, 2954.
truwian, trēowan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), 1994; bearne ne truwode þæt hē ... (she trusted not the child that ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde þæt hē ... (each trusted his heart that ...), 1167.—2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes, 670; wiðres ne truwode, 2954.
ge-trȳwe, adj., faithful: nom. sg. hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum ge-trȳwe, 1229.
ge-trȳwe, adj., faithful: nom. sg. hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum ge-trȳwe, 1229.
turf, st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. ēðel-turf.
turf, st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. ēðel-turf.
ge-twǣfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III. þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twǣfeð (robs of strength), 1764; inf. god ēaðe mæg þone dol-scaðan dǣda ge-twǣfan (God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod ... fēores getwǣfde (cut him off from life), 1434; nō þǣr wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part. æt rihte wæs gūð ge-twǣfed (almost had the struggle been ended), 1659.
ge-twǣfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III. þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twǣfeð (robs of strength), 1764; inf. god ēaðe mæg þone dol-scaðan dǣda ge-twǣfan (God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod ... fēores getwǣfde (cut him off from life), 1434; nō þǣr wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part. æt rihte wæs gūð ge-twǣfed (almost had the struggle been ended), 1659.
tyrwian, w. v., to tar: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: nīw-tyrwed.
tyrwian, w. v., to tar: past participle tyrwed in compound: nīw-tyrwed.
þanc, st. m.: 1) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.—3) content, favor, pleasure: dat. sg. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance (those that tribute for the Geātas carried thither for favor). 379.
þanc, st. m.: 1) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.—3) content, favor, pleasure: dat. sg. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance (those that tribute for the Geātas carried thither for favor). 379.
ge-þanc, st. m., thought: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.—Comp. mōd-ge-þanc.
ge-þanc, st. m., thought: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.—Comp. mōd-ge-þanc.
þanc-hycgende, pres. part., thoughtful, 2236.
þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., thence: 1) local: þanon eft gewāt (he went thence back), 123; þanon up ... stigon (went up thence), 224; so, þanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, 820, 2360, 2957.—2) personal: þanon untȳdras ealle on-wōcon (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsōfte þonon feorh oð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.
þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., thence: 1) local: þanon eft gewāt (he went thence back), 123; þanon up ... stigon (went up thence), 224; so, þanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, 820, 2360, 2957.—2) personal: þanon untȳdras ealle on-wōcon (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsōfte þonon feorh oð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.
þæt, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þæt (that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. þȳ, 1798, 2029; þæt ic þȳ wǣpne ge-bræd (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?), 1665; þȳ weorðra (the more honored), 1903; þȳ sēft (the more easily), 2750; þȳ lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; nō þȳ ǣr (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nō þȳ leng (no longer, none the longer), 975. þȳ =adv., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; þē ... þē = on this account; for this reason ... that, because, 2639-2642; wiste þē geornor (knew but too well), 822; hē ... wæs sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam (he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off), 1437; næs him wihte þē sēl (it was none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. þæs = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þæs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;—also = secundum quod: þæs þe hīe gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;—therefore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; tō þæs (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þæs georne (so firmly), 969; ac hē þæs fæste wæs ... besmiðod (it was too firmly set), 774; nō þæs frōd leofað gumena bearna þæt þone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom), 1368; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509.
þæt, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þæt (that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. þȳ, 1798, 2029; þæt ic þȳ wǣpne ge-bræd (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?), 1665; þȳ weorðra (the more honored), 1903; þȳ sēft (the more easily), 2750; þȳ lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; nō þȳ ǣr (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nō þȳ leng (no longer, none the longer), 975. þȳ =adv., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; þē ... þē = on this account; for this reason ... that, because, 2639-2642; wiste þē geornor (knew but too well), 822; hē ... wæs sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam (he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off), 1437; næs him wihte þē sēl (it was none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. þæs = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þæs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;—also = secundum quod: þæs þe hīe gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;—therefore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; tō þæs (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þæs georne (so firmly), 969; ac hē þæs fæste wæs ... besmiðod (it was too firmly set), 774; nō þæs frōd leofað gumena bearna þæt þone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom), 1368; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509.
þǣr: 1) demons. adv., there (where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne (the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), 1080. With þā: þā þǣr, 331; þǣr on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.;—then, at that time, 440;—thither: þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.—2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād (went where the wise one tarried), 1314; so, 1816;—if, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;—whither: gā þǣr hē wille, 1395.
þǣr: 1) demons. adv., there (where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne (the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), 1080. With þā: þā þǣr, 331; þǣr on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.;—then, at that time, 440;—thither: þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.—2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād (went where the wise one tarried), 1314; so, 1816;—if, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;—whither: gā þǣr hē wille, 1395.
þē, þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, sēo, þæt: Hunferð maðelode, þē æt fōtum sæt (H., who sat at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138, etc.; wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð þē on þā lēode be-cōm (the misery that had come on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... þē þā and-sware ǣdre ge-cȳðan þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; oð þone ānne dæg þē hē ... (till that very day that he ...), 2401; hēo þā fǣhðe wræc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest (the fight in which thou slewest G.), 1335; mid þǣre sorge þē him sīo sār belamp (with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him), 2469; pl. þonne þā dydon þē ... (than they did that ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þā māðmas þē hē mē sealde (the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde (the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After þāra þe (of those that), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sīona fela secga ge-hwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað (to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, sēo, þæt: sægde sē þe cūðe (said he that knew), 90; wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, sē þe mōras hēold (the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne ... sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe (the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; þǣr ge-lȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).
þē, þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, sēo, þæt: Hunferð maðelode, þē æt fōtum sæt (H., who sat at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138, etc.; wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð þē on þā lēode be-cōm (the misery that had come on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... þē þā and-sware ǣdre ge-cȳðan þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; oð þone ānne dæg þē hē ... (till that very day that he ...), 2401; hēo þā fǣhðe wræc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest (the fight in which thou slewest G.), 1335; mid þǣre sorge þē him sīo sār belamp (with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him), 2469; pl. þonne þā dydon þē ... (than they did that ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þā māðmas þē hē mē sealde (the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde (the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After þāra þe (of those that), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sīona fela secga ge-hwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað (to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, sēo, þæt: sægde sē þe cūðe (said he that knew), 90; wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, sē þe mōras hēold (the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne ... sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe (the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; þǣr ge-lȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).
for þām þe. See for-þām.
for the. See for-__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
þegn, st. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Bēowulf), 194; (Wīglāf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen (Bēowulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wīglāf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.
þegn, st. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Bēowulf), 194; (Wīglāf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen (Bēowulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wīglāf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.
þegnian, þēnian, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him þēnode dēoran sweorde (I served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560.
þegnian, þēnian, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him þēnode dēoran sweorde (I served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560.
þegu, st. f., taking: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu.
þegu, st. f., taking: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu.
þencan, w. v.: 1) to think: absolutely: pres. sg. III. sē þe wēl þenceð, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nǣnig heora þōhte þæt hē ... (none of them thought that he), 692.—2) w. inf., to intend: pres. sg. III. þā and-sware ... þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (the answer that the good one intendeth to give me), 355; (blōdig wæl) byrgean þenceð, 448; þonne hē ... gegān þenceð longsumne lof (if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. nē þæt āglǣca yldan þōhte (the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þōhton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone hēawan þōhton, 801.
þencan, w. v.: 1) to think: absolutely: pres. sg. III. sē þe wēl þenceð, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nǣnig heora þōhte þæt hē ... (none of them thought that he), 692.—2) w. inf., to intend: pres. sg. III. þā and-sware ... þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (the answer that the good one intendeth to give me), 355; (blōdig wæl) byrgean þenceð, 448; þonne hē ... gegān þenceð longsumne lof (if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. nē þæt āglǣca yldan þōhte (the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þōhton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone hēawan þōhton, 801.
ā-þencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (hē) þis ellen-weorc āna ā-þōhte tō ge-fremmanne, 2644.
ā-þencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (hē) þis ellen-weorc āna ā-þōhte tō ge-fremmanne, 2644.
þenden: 1) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles fācen-stafas Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne (whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986.—2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;—whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as: þenden þū mōte, 1178; þenden þū lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sȳ (whilst the heat lasts), 2650.
þenden: 1) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles fācen-stafas Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne (whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986.—2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;—whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as: þenden þū mōte, 1178; þenden þū lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sȳ (whilst the heat lasts), 2650.
þes (m.), þēos (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., this: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þȳs, 1396; acc. sg. m. þisne, 75; f. þās, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. þās, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220.
þes (m.), þēos (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., this: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þȳs, 1396; acc. sg. m. þisne, 75; f. þās, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. þās, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220.
þearf, st. f., need: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þā him wæs manna þearf (as he was in need of men), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2802; dat. sg. æt þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.
þearf, st. f., need: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þā him wæs manna þearf (as he was in need of men), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2802; dat. sg. æt þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.
þēah, þēh, conj., though, even though or if: 1) with subj. þēah, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þēah ... eal (although), 681.—2) with indic.: þēah, 1103; þēh, 1614.—3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, 2856; swā þēah (nevertheless), 2879; nō ... swā þēah (not then however), 973; næs þē forht swā þēh (he was not, though, afraid), 2968; hwæðre swā þēah (yet however), 2443.
þēah, þēh, conj., though, even though or if: 1) with subj. þēah, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þēah ... eal (although), 681.—2) with indic.: þēah, 1103; þēh, 1614.—3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, 2856; swā þēah (nevertheless), 2879; nō ... swā þēah (not then however), 973; næs þē forht swā þēh (he was not, though, afraid), 2968; hwæðre swā þēah (yet however), 2443.
þēoden, st. m., lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þīoden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þēoden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þīoden, 2789; dat. sg. þēodne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þēoden, 2033; gen. sg. þēodnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þīodnes, 2657; nom. pl. þēodnas, 3071.
þēoden, st. m., lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þīoden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þēoden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þīoden, 2789; dat. sg. þēodne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þēoden, 2033; gen. sg. þēodnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þīodnes, 2657; nom. pl. þēodnas, 3071.
þēoden-lēas, adj., without chief or king: nom. pl. þēoden-lēase, 1104.
þēoden-lēas, adj., without chief or king: nom. pl. þēoden-lēase, 1104.
þēod-gestrēon, st. n., people's-jewel, precious treasure: instr. pl. þēod-ge-strēonum, 44; gen. pl. þēod-ge-strēona, 1219.
þēod-gestrēon, st. n., people's-jewel, precious treasure: instr. pl. þēod-ge-strēonum, 44; gen. pl. þēod-ge-strēona, 1219.
þēodig, adj., appertaining to a þēod: in comp. el-þēodig.
þēodig, adj., related to a þēod: in comp. el-þēodig.
þēod-scaða, w. m., foe of the people, general foe: nom. sg. þēod-sceaða (the dragon), 2279, 2689.
þēod-scaða, w. m., foe of the people, general foe: nom. sg. þēod-sceaða (the dragon), 2279, 2689.
þēon, st. v.: 1) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þāh (grew in glory), 8.—2) to thrive in, succeed: pret. sg. hūru þæt on lande lȳt manna þāh (that throve to few), 2837. See Note, l. 901.
þēon, st. v.: 1) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þāh (grew in glory), 8.—2) to thrive in, succeed: pret. sg. hūru þæt on lande lȳt manna þāh (that throve to few), 2837. See Note, l. 901.
on-þēon? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. hē þæs ǣr onþāh, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note l. 901.
on-þēon? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. hē þæs ǣr onþāh, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note l. 901.
þider, þyder, adv., thither: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971.
there, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
þīhtig, þȳhtig, adj., doughty, vigorous, firm: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þȳhtig, 1559.—Comp. hyge-þīhtig.
þīhtig, þȳhtig, adj., doughty, vigorous, firm: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þȳhtig, 1559.—Comp. hyge-þīhtig.
þing, st. n.: 1) thing: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (ullo modo), 792, 2375, 2906.—2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cūð (Grendel's doings became known to me), 409.—3) judgment, issue, judicial assembly(?): acc. sg. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant: see hegan), 426.
þing, st. n.: 1) thing: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (ullo modo), 792, 2375, 2906.—2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cūð (Grendel's doings became known to me), 409.—3) judgment, issue, judicial assembly(?): acc. sg. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant: see hegan), 426.
ge-þingan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwēn mōde ge-þungen (mature-minded, high-spirited, queen), 625. See wēl-þungen.
ge-þingan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwēn mōde ge-þungen (mature-minded, high-spirited, queen), 625. See wēl-þungen.
ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat, enter into a treaty: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata ge-þingeð (if H. enters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Gēatas, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.—2) to prepare, appoint: pret. part. wiste [æt] þǣm āhlǣcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wæs ... mēce ge-þinged, 1939.
ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat, enter into a treaty: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata ge-þingeð (if H. enters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Gēatas, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.—2) to prepare, appoint: pret. part. wiste [æt] þǣm āhlǣcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wæs ... mēce ge-þinged, 1939.
þingian, w. v.: 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne hȳrde ic snotor-līcor on swā geongum feore guman þingian (I never heard a man so young speak so wisely), 1844.—2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (would not compound the life-bale for money), 156; so, pret. sg. þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, 470.
þingian, w. v.: 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne hȳrde ic snotor-līcor on swā geongum feore guman þingian (I never heard a man so young speak so wisely), 1844.—2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (would not compound the life-bale for money), 156; so, pret. sg. þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, 470.
your, possessive, yours, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, etc.
þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to endure, bear: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, 833; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð, 131.—2) to hold out, stand, survive: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (sēo ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1526.
þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to endure, bear: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, 833; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð, 131.—2) to hold out, stand, survive: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (sēo ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1526.
ge-þolian: 1) to suffer, bear, endure: gerund. tō ge-þolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrāge ge-þolode..., þæt hē ... drēam gehȳrde (bore ill that he heard the sound of joy), 87; torn ge-þolode (bore the misery), 147.—2) to have patience, wait: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þæs waldendes wǣre ge-þolian, 3110.
ge-þolian: 1) to suffer, bear, endure: gerund. tō ge-þolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrāge ge-þolode..., þæt hē ... drēam gehȳrde (bore ill that he heard the sound of joy), 87; torn ge-þolode (bore the misery), 147.—2) to have patience, wait: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þæs waldendes wǣre ge-þolian, 3110.
þon (Goth, þan) = tum, then, now, 504; æfter þon (after that), 725; ǣr þon dæg cwōme (ere day came), 732; nō þon lange (it was not long till then), 2424; næs þā long tō þon (it was not long till then), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt ... (the man was to that degree dear to him that ...), 1877.
þon (Goth, þan) = tum, then, now, 504; æfter þon (after that), 725; ǣr þon dæg cwōme (ere day came), 732; nō þon lange (it was not long till then), 2424; næs þā long tō þon (it was not long till then), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt ... (the man was to that degree dear to him that ...), 1877.
þonne: 1) adv., there, then, now, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).—2) conj., if, when, while: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þæt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste (that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (then ... when), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne ...þonne (if then ... then), 1105-1107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before þone: þæt hē ... hātan wolde medo-ærn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (a great mead-house (greater) than men had ever known).
þonne: 1) adv., there, then, now, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).—2) conj., if, when, while: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þæt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste (that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (then ... when), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne ...þonne (if then ... then), 1105-1107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before þone: þæt hē ... hātan wolde medo-ærn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (a great mead-house (greater) than men had ever known).
þracu, st. f., strength, boldness: in comp. mōd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu.
þracu, st. f., strength, boldness: in comp. mōd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu.
ge-þræc, st. n., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-þræc.
ge-þræc, st. n., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-þræc.
þrēa, st. m. f., misery, distress: in comp. þēod-þrēa, þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd.
þrēa, st. m. f., misery, distress: in compounds þēod-þrēa, þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd.
þrēa-nēdla, w. m., crushing distress, misery: dat. sg. for þrēa-nēdlan, 2225.
þrēa-nēdla, w. m., crushing distress, misery: dat. sg. for þrēa-nēdlan, 2225.
þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., thirteenth: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, 2407.
þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., thirteenth: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, 2407.
for-þringan, to press out; rescue, protect: inf. þæt hē ne mehte ...þā wēa-lāfe wīge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war), 1085.
for-þringan, to press out; rescue, protect: inf. þæt hē ne mehte ...þā wēa-lāfe wīge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war), 1085.
ge-þringan, to press: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (the ship shot up), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.
ge-þringan, to press: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (the ship shot up), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.
þrīst-hȳdig, adj., bold-minded, valorous: nom. sg. þīoden þrīst-hȳdig (Bēowulf), 2811.
þrīst-hȳdig, adj., bold-minded, valorous: nom. sg. þīoden þrīst-hȳdig (Bēowulf), 2811.
þurfan, pret.-pres. v., to need: pres. sg. II. nō þū ne þearft ... sorgian (needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þæt hē ... sēcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges (needed not boast of their foot-fight), 2365.
þurfan, pret.-pres. v., to need: pres. sg. II. nō þū ne þearft ... sorgian (needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þæt hē ... sēcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges (needed not boast of their foot-fight), 2365.
þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, through, throughout: wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc (went then through the battle-reek), 2662.—II. causal: l) on account of, for the sake of, owing to: þurh slīðne nīð (through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; þurh holdne hige (from friendliness), 267; so, þurh rūmne sefan, 278; þurh sīdne sefan, 1727; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of, through: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, 558; þurh ānes cræft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.
þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, through, throughout: wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc (went then through the battle-reek), 2662.—II. causal: l) on account of, for the sake of, owing to: þurh slīðne nīð (through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; þurh holdne hige (from friendliness), 267; so, þurh rūmne sefan, 278; þurh sīdne sefan, 1727; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of, through: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, 558; þurh ānes cræft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.
thus, adv., so, thus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
ge-þwǣre, adj., gentle, mild: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, 1231.
ge-þwǣre, adj., gentle, mild: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, 1231.
þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tō lȳtel (it seems to him too little), 1749; ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē (it seemeth to me not fit that we ...), 2654; pres. pl. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (they seem worthy contenders with (?) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swā him ge-met þince, 688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þūhte, 2462, 3058; nō his līf-gedāl sār-līc þūhte secga ǣnigum (his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.
þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tō lȳtel (it seems to him too little), 1749; ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē (it seemeth to me not fit that we ...), 2654; pres. pl. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (they seem worthy contenders with (?) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swā him ge-met þince, 688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þūhte, 2462, 3058; nō his līf-gedāl sār-līc þūhte secga ǣnigum (his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.
of-þincan, to displease, offend: inf. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, 2033.
of-þincan, to displease, offend: inf. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, 2033.
ufan, adv., from above, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__; above, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
un-byrnende, pres. part., unburning, without burning, 2549.
unburning, without burning, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
uncer, poss. pron., of us two: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186.
uncer, poss. pron., of us two: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186.
under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over: bāt (wæs) under beorge, 211; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage (W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), 1205; hē under rande ge-cranc (sank under his shield), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.—2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = under (of motion): þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf, 403; siððan ǣfen-lēoht under heofenes hādor be-holen weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond ālegde ... under gēapne hrōf, 837; tēon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sīðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: hē under hārne stān ...āna ge-nēðde frēcne dǣde, 888; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (as far as the sky extends), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (as far as heaven's vault reaches), 2016.
under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over: bāt (wæs) under beorge, 211; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage (W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), 1205; hē under rande ge-cranc (sank under his shield), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.—2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = under (of motion): þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf, 403; siððan ǣfen-lēoht under heofenes hādor be-holen weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond ālegde ... under gēapne hrōf, 837; tēon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sīðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: hē under hārne stān ...āna ge-nēðde frēcne dǣde, 888; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (as far as the sky extends), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (as far as heaven's vault reaches), 2016.
II. Adv., beneath, below: stīg under læg (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214.
II. Adv., beneath, below: stīg under læg (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214.
undern-mǣl, st. n., midday: acc. sg., 1429.
undern-mǣl, st. n., midday: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.
un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.
plainly, evidently; un-dyrne cūð, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
un-from, adj., unfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
un-gedēfelīce, adv., unjustly, contrary to right and custom, 2436.
un-gedēfelīce, adv., unjustly, contrary to right and custom, 2436.
un-gemete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.
un-geāra, adv., (not old), recently, lately, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__; soon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
un-hēore, un-hȳre, adj., monstrous, horrible: nom. sg. m., weard un-hīore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's claws), 988.
un-hēore, un-hȳre, adj., monstrous, horrible: nom. sg. m., weard un-hīore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's claws), 988.
un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot; O.N. hluti = part division), undivided, unseparated, united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note.
un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot; O.N. hluti = part division), undivided, unseparated, united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note.
un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.
un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.
un-murnlīce, adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1757.
un-murnlīce, adv., unpityingly, without sorrow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ūðe ic swīðor þæt þū hine selfne ge-sēon mōste, 961; III. hē ne ūðe þæt ...(he granted not that ...), 503; him god ūðe þæt ... hē hyne sylfne ge-wræc (God granted to him that he avenged himself), 2875; þēah hē ūðe wēl (though he well would), 2856.
unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ūðe ic swīðor þæt þū hine selfne ge-sēon mōste, 961; III. hē ne ūðe þæt ...(he granted not that ...), 503; him god ūðe þæt ... hē hyne sylfne ge-wræc (God granted to him that he avenged himself), 2875; þēah hē ūðe wēl (though he well would), 2856.
un-nyt, adj., useless: singular, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
un-rōt, adj., sorrowing: nom. pl. un-rōte, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
un-snyttru, st. f., lack of wisdom: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (for his unwisdom), 1735.
un-snyttru, st. f., lack of wisdom: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (for his unwisdom), 1735.
un-softe, adv., unsoftly, violently (hardly?), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__; scarcely, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., guiltlessly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
un-tale, adj., blameless: acc. pl. un-tale, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., unawares, suddenly; (unresistingly?), 742.
un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., unawares, suddenly; (unresistingly?), 742.
un-wrecen, past participle, unavenged, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
up-lang, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
up-right, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ūht-sceaða, w. m., twilight- or dawn-foe: nom. sg., 2272.
ūht-sceaða, m., twilight- or dawn-foe: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ūt, adv., out, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__.
ūtan, adv., from without, without, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.
ūtan-weard, adj., without, outward, from without: acc. sg. hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298.
ūtan-weard, adj., without, outward, from without: acc. sg. hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298.
ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach: pret. part. oð þæt ... wunden-stefna ge-waden hæfde, þæt þā līðende land ge-sāwon (till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220.
ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach: pret. part. oð þæt ... wunden-stefna ge-waden hæfde, þæt þā līðende land ge-sāwon (till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220.
on-wadan, w. acc., to invade, befall: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wōd(?), 916.
on-wadan, w. acc., to invade, befall: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wōd(?), 916.
walda, w. m., wielder, ruler: in comp. an-, eal-walda.
walda, w. m., controller, leader: in comp. an-, eal-walda.
wald-swaðu, st. f., forest-path: dat. pl. æfter wald-swaðum (along the wood-paths), 1404.
wald-swaðu, st. f., forest-path: dat. pl. æfter wald-swaðum (along the wood-paths), 1404.
wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787.
wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787.
ge-wanian, to decrease, diminish: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477.
ge-wanian, to decrease, diminish: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477.
wan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.
wan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.
waru, st. f., inhabitants, (collective) population: in comp. land-waru.
waru, st. f., inhabitants, (collective) population: in comp. land-waru.
wæl, st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle: acc. sg. wæl, 1213, 3028, blōdig wæl, 448; oððe on wæl crunge (or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wæle crungon (some fell in the slaughter), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wæle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043.
wæl, st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle: acc. sg. wæl, 1213, 3028, blōdig wæl, 448; oððe on wæl crunge (or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wæle crungon (some fell in the slaughter), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wæle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043.
wæl-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: acc. pl. wæl-sceaftas, 398.
wæl-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: acc. pl. wæl-sceaftas, 398.
wæl-stenge, st. m., battle-spear: dat. sg. on þām wæl-stenge, 1639.
wæl-stenge, st. m., battle-spear: dat. sg. on þām wæl-stenge, 1639.
wæter, st. n., water: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wæter, 1365, 1620; dēop wæter (the deep), 509, 1905; ofer wīd wæter (over the high sea], 2474; dat. sg. æfter wætere (along the Grendel-sea), 1426; under wætere (at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. wætere, 2723; wætre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (over the surface of the sea), 471; on wæteres ǣht, 516; þurh wæteres wylm (through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wæteres weorpan (to sprinkle with water), 2792.
wæter, st. n., water: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wæter, 1365, 1620; dēop wæter (the deep), 509, 1905; ofer wīd wæter (over the high sea], 2474; dat. sg. æfter wætere (along the Grendel-sea), 1426; under wætere (at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. wætere, 2723; wætre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (over the surface of the sea), 471; on wæteres ǣht, 516; þurh wæteres wylm (through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wæteres weorpan (to sprinkle with water), 2792.
wæter-egesa, st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea: acc. sg., 1261
wæter-egesa, st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea: acc. sg., 1261
wǣd, st. f., (weeds), garment: in comp. here-, hilde-wǣd.
wǣd, f. (weeds), clothing: in comp. here-, battle-cloak.
ge-wǣde, st. n., clothing, especially battle-equipments: acc. pl. gewǣdu, 292.—Comp. eorl-gewǣde.
ge-wǣde, st. n., clothing, especially battle-equipments: acc. pl. gewǣdu, 292.—Comp. eorl-gewǣde.
wǣg-līðend, pres. part., sea-farer: dat. pl. wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum, MS.), 3160.
wǣg-līðend, pres. part., sea-farer: dat. pl. wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum, MS.), 3160.
wǣg-sweord, st. n., heavy sword: acc. sg., 1490.
wǣg-sweord, st. n., heavy sword: acc. sg., 1490.
wǣpned-man, st. m., warrior, man: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, 1285.
wǣpned-man, st. m., warrior, man: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, 1285.
we, pers. pron., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, etc.
webbe, w. f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoðu-webbe.
webbe, w. f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoðu-webbe.
weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., to wake, rouse; recall: inf. wīg-bealu weccan (to stir up strife), 2047; nalles hearpan swēg (sceal) wīgend weccean (the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors), 3025; ongunnon þā ... bǣl-fȳra mǣst wīgend weccan (the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wætre (roused him with water, i.e. Wīglāf recalled Bēowulf to consciousness), 2855.
weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., to wake, rouse; recall: inf. wīg-bealu weccan (to stir up strife), 2047; nalles hearpan swēg (sceal) wīgend weccean (the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors), 3025; ongunnon þā ... bǣl-fȳra mǣst wīgend weccan (the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wætre (roused him with water, i.e. Wīglāf recalled Bēowulf to consciousness), 2855.
tō-weccan, to stir up, rouse: pret, pl. hū þā folc mid him (with one another), fǣhðe tō-wehton, 2949.
tō-weccan, to stir up, rouse: pret, pl. hū þā folc mid him (with one another), fǣhðe tō-wehton, 2949.
wegan, st. v. w. acc., to bear, wear, bring, possess: subj. pres. nāh hwā sweord wege (I have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan māððum tō ge-myndum (no earl shall wear a memorial jewel), 3016; pret. ind. hē þā frætwe wæg ... ofer ȳða ful (bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), 1208; wæl-seaxe ... þæt hē on byrnan wæg, 2705; heortan sorge wæg (bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781.
wegan, st. v. w. acc., to bear, wear, bring, possess: subj. pres. nāh hwā sweord wege (I have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan māððum tō ge-myndum (no earl shall wear a memorial jewel), 3016; pret. ind. hē þā frætwe wæg ... ofer ȳða ful (bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), 1208; wæl-seaxe ... þæt hē on byrnan wæg, 2705; heortan sorge wæg (bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781.
æt-wegan = auferre, to carry off: syððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (since H. bore from the bright city the Brōsing-collar), 1199.
æt-wegan = auferre, to carry off: syððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (since H. bore from the bright city the Brōsing-collar), 1199.
wēl, well, adv.: 1) well: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (well for him that ...!), 186; sē þe wēl þenceð (he that well thinketh, judgeth), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.—2) very, very much: Gēat ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793.—3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856.
wēl, well, adv.: 1) well: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (well for him that ...!), 186; sē þe wēl þenceð (he that well thinketh, judgeth), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.—2) very, very much: Gēat ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793.—3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856.
wela, w. m., wealth, goods, possessions: in comp. ǣr-, burg-, hord-, māððum-wela.
wela, w. m., wealth, goods, possessions: in comp. ǣr-, burg-, hord-, māððum-wela.
wēl-þungen, pres. part., well-thriven (in mind), mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (wæs) swīðe geong, wīs, wēl-þungen, 1928.
wēl-þungen, pres. part., well-thriven (in mind), mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (wæs) swīðe geong, wīs, wēl-þungen, 1928.
be-(bi-)wenian, entertain, care for, attend: pret. sg. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet gǣð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights, cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. wǣron hēr tela willum be-wenede, 1822.
be-(bi-)wenian, entertain, care for, attend: pret. sg. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet gǣð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights, cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. wǣron hēr tela willum be-wenede, 1822.
were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.
were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.
werian, to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrūda ... þæt mīne brēost wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þōhton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tō lȳt (too few defenders), 2883; pret. ind. wæl-rēaf werede (guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hwīta helm hafelan werede (the shining helm protected his head), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (ye ... corselet-clad), 238, 2530.
werian, to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrūda ... þæt mīne brēost wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þōhton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tō lȳt (too few defenders), 2883; pret. ind. wæl-rēaf werede (guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hwīta helm hafelan werede (the shining helm protected his head), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (ye ... corselet-clad), 238, 2530.
be-werian, to protect, defend: pret. pl. þæt hīe ... lēoda land-geweorc lāðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend), 939
be-werian, to protect, defend: pret. pl. þæt hīe ... lēoda land-geweorc lāðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend), 939
wesan, v., to be: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þū eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nū is þīnes mægenes blǣd āne hwīle (the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. wē synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sīe, 435, 683, etc.; sȳ, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hǣl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wæs, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wæs secgende (for sǣde), 3029; II. wǣre, 1479, etc.; pl. wǣron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wǣran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. wǣre, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), 1106.—Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; næs = ne + wæs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wæs, 890, 1472); nǣron = ne + wǣron, 2658; nǣre = ne + wǣre, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.
wesan, v., to be: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þū eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nū is þīnes mægenes blǣd āne hwīle (the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. wē synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sīe, 435, 683, etc.; sȳ, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hǣl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wæs, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wæs secgende (for sǣde), 3029; II. wǣre, 1479, etc.; pl. wǣron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wǣran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. wǣre, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), 1106.—Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; næs = ne + wæs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wæs, 890, 1472); nǣron = ne + wǣron, 2658; nǣre = ne + wǣre, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.
wēn, st. f., expectation, hope: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nū is lēodum wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), 2911; acc. sg. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (as I hope, expect), 383; so, þæs þe ic [wēn] hafo, 3001; wēn ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum (in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Bēowulf), 2896. See or-wēna.
wēn, st. f., expectation, hope: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nū is lēodum wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), 2911; acc. sg. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (as I hope, expect), 383; so, þæs þe ic [wēn] hafo, 3001; wēn ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum (in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Bēowulf), 2896. See or-wēna.
wēnan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēne (as I hope), 272; swā ic þē wēne tō (as I hope thou wilt: Bēowulf hopes Hrōðgār will now suffer no more pain), 1397.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne, 2523; III. secce ne wēneð to Gār Denum (weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes), 601; inf. (beorhtre bōte) wēnan (to expect, count on, a brilliant [? a lighter penalty] atonement), 157; pret. pl. þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þæt ... the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that...), 779; þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon þæt hē ... sēcean cōme (that they looked not for the atheling again that he ... would come to seek ...), 1598.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde, 934.—4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þæt..., 1185; wēn' ic þæt..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wēnde, 2330; pl. wēndon, 938, 1605.
wēnan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēne (as I hope), 272; swā ic þē wēne tō (as I hope thou wilt: Bēowulf hopes Hrōðgār will now suffer no more pain), 1397.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne, 2523; III. secce ne wēneð to Gār Denum (weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes), 601; inf. (beorhtre bōte) wēnan (to expect, count on, a brilliant [? a lighter penalty] atonement), 157; pret. pl. þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þæt ... the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that...), 779; þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon þæt hē ... sēcean cōme (that they looked not for the atheling again that he ... would come to seek ...), 1598.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde, 934.—4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þæt..., 1185; wēn' ic þæt..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wēnde, 2330; pl. wēndon, 938, 1605.
weal, st. m.: 1 wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.—2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.—3) wall of a building: acc, sg. wið þæs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.
weal, st. m.: 1 wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.—2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.—3) wall of a building: acc, sg. wið þæs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.
wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (if he may prevail), 442; þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him), 2575; pres. part. waldend (God), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.—2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (to wield, prevail with, the weapons), 2039; Gēatum wealdan (to rule the Gēatas), 2391; þēah-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; wæl-stōwe wealdan (to hold the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. wēold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pl. wēoldon, 2052.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the 'dragon is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fīra, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. wēold, 703, 1771.
wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (if he may prevail), 442; þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him), 2575; pres. part. waldend (God), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.—2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (to wield, prevail with, the weapons), 2039; Gēatum wealdan (to rule the Gēatas), 2391; þēah-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; wæl-stōwe wealdan (to hold the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. wēold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pl. wēoldon, 2052.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the 'dragon is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fīra, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. wēold, 703, 1771.
ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected: acc. pl. gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, 1733.
ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected: acc. pl. gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, 1733.
weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agitated (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. wēol, 515, 850, 1132; wēoll, 2139.—2) figuratively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wæl-nīðas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (his heart was moved within him), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll (his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), 2594; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2332; so, wēoll, 2600, 2715, 2883.
weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agitated (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. wēol, 515, 850, 1132; wēoll, 2139.—2) figuratively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wæl-nīðas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (his heart was moved within him), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll (his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), 2594; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2332; so, wēoll, 2600, 2715, 2883.
weall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.
weall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.
weard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (the Scyldings' warden of the march), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sāwele hyrde, 1742; the king is called bēah-horda weard, 922; rīces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061; weard un-hīore, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.—Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.
weard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (the Scyldings' warden of the march), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sāwele hyrde, 1742; the king is called bēah-horda weard, 922; rīces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061; weard un-hīore, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.—Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.
weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to watch, guard, keep: inf. hē his folme forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (his right hand kept guard for him in H., i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras lungre gelīce last weardode (I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor), 2165.—2) to hold, possess, inhabit: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), 105; reced weardode un-rīm eorla (an immense number of earls held the hall), 1238; pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon, 2076.
weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to watch, guard, keep: inf. hē his folme forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (his right hand kept guard for him in H., i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras lungre gelīce last weardode (I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor), 2165.—2) to hold, possess, inhabit: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), 105; reced weardode un-rīm eorla (an immense number of earls held the hall), 1238; pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon, 2076.
wearn, st. f.: 1) resistance, refusal, 366.—2) warning?, resistance? See un-wearnum, 742.
wearn, st. f.: 1) resistance, refusal, 366.—2) warning?, resistance? See un-wearnum, 742.
ge-weaxan, to grow up: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, 66.
ge-weaxan, to grow up: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, 66.
ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-wēox hē him to willan (grew not for their benefit), 1712.
ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-wēox hē him to willan (grew not for their benefit), 1712.
weorc, st. n.: 1) work, labor, deed: acc. sg., 74; (war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.—2) work, trouble, suffering: acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc (misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (with labor), 1639.—Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.
weorc, st. n.: 1) work, labor, deed: acc. sg., 74; (war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.—2) work, trouble, suffering: acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc (misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (with labor), 1639.—Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.
weorce, adj., *painful, bitter*: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
weorðan, st. v.: 1) to become: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (is concealed), 414; underne weorðeð (becomes known), 2914; so, pl. III. weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.—2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (to become a help), 1708; pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, 906, 1262; ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.—3) pret. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.—4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (it shall befall us two as Fate decrees), 2527; þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (there was soon a renewal to the earls, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.
weorðan, st. v.: 1) to become: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (is concealed), 414; underne weorðeð (becomes known), 2914; so, pl. III. weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.—2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (to become a help), 1708; pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, 906, 1262; ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.—3) pret. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.—4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (it shall befall us two as Fate decrees), 2527; þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (there was soon a renewal to the earls, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.
ge-weorðan: 1) to become: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wæs genīwod ge-worden (care was renewed), 1305; swā us ge-worden is, 3079.—2) to finish; complete?: inf. þæt þū ... lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), 1997.—3) impersonally with acc., to agree, decide: pret. sg. þā þæs monige ge-wearð þæt ... (since many agreed that ...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, and þæt rǣd talað þæt hē ... (therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that ...), 2027.
ge-weorðan: 1) to become: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wæs genīwod ge-worden (care was renewed), 1305; swā us ge-worden is, 3079.—2) to finish; complete?: inf. þæt þū ... lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), 1997.—3) impersonally with acc., to agree, decide: pret. sg. þā þæs monige ge-wearð þæt ... (since many agreed that ...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, and þæt rǣd talað þæt hē ... (therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that ...), 2027.
weorð-līce, adv., worthily, nobly: superl. weorð-līcost, 3163.
weorð-līce, adv., worthily, nobly: superl. weorð-līcost, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
weorðung, st. f., ornament: in comp. brēost-, hām-, heorft-, hring-, wīg-weorðung.
weorðung, st. f., ornament: in comp. brēost-, hām-, heorft-, hring-, wīg-weorðung.
weorpan, st. v.: 1) to throw, cast away, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg (the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), 1532.—2) to throw around or about, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wæl-fȳre (threw death-fire around), 2583.—3) to throw upon: inf. hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (began to cast water upon him again), 2792.
weorpan, st. v.: 1) to throw, cast away, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg (the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), 1532.—2) to throw around or about, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wæl-fȳre (threw death-fire around), 2583.—3) to throw upon: inf. hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (began to cast water upon him again), 2792.
for-weorpan, w. acc., to cast away, squander: subj. pret. þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.
for-weorpan, w. acc., to cast away, squander: subj. pret. þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.
ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena strengest, 1544.
ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena strengest, 1544.
be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., to regard, observe, care for: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca sē þe ... hord be-weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213;—to carry out, undertake: pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, 1429.
be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., to regard, observe, care for: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca sē þe ... hord be-weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213;—to carry out, undertake: pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, 1429.
wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., against, with (in hostile sense), from: þā wið gode wunnon, 113; āna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lāð wið lāðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þæt him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, 2342; hwæt ... sēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, 174; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 178; wið rihte wan (strove against right), 144; hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (had saved H.'s hall from strife), 828; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde (the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), 1881; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið līce (to sunder soul from body), 2424; strēamas wundon sund wið sande (the currents rolled the sea against the sand), 213; līg-ȳðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), 2674; holm storme wēol, won wið winde (the sea surged, wrestled with the wind), 1133; so, hiora in ānum wēoll sefa wið sorgum (in one of them surged the soul with sorrow [against?, Heyne]), 2601; þæt hire wið healse heard grāpode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567.—2) w. acc.: a) against, towards: wan wið Hrōðgār (fought against H.), 152; wið fēonda gehwone, 294; wið wrāð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hālig god ūs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men; or, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? or, peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw?, Kemble), 155; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte (towards foe and friend), 1865; hēold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), 1955; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd (prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in: setton sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weal (against the wall of the hall), 326; wið eorðan fæðm (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wið earm ge-sæt (sat on, against, his arm), 750; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, 2567; [wið duru healle ēode] (went to the door of the hall), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tǣhte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston (that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess), 1089; þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode (whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain), 3028.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., against: nū wið Grendel sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið þyrse, 424-426;—with, beside: ge-sæt þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, 1978-79.
wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., against, with (in hostile sense), from: þā wið gode wunnon, 113; āna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lāð wið lāðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þæt him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, 2342; hwæt ... sēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, 174; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 178; wið rihte wan (strove against right), 144; hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (had saved H.'s hall from strife), 828; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde (the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), 1881; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið līce (to sunder soul from body), 2424; strēamas wundon sund wið sande (the currents rolled the sea against the sand), 213; līg-ȳðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), 2674; holm storme wēol, won wið winde (the sea surged, wrestled with the wind), 1133; so, hiora in ānum wēoll sefa wið sorgum (in one of them surged the soul with sorrow [against?, Heyne]), 2601; þæt hire wið healse heard grāpode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567.—2) w. acc.: a) against, towards: wan wið Hrōðgār (fought against H.), 152; wið fēonda gehwone, 294; wið wrāð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hālig god ūs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men; or, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? or, peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw?, Kemble), 155; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte (towards foe and friend), 1865; hēold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), 1955; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd (prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in: setton sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weal (against the wall of the hall), 326; wið eorðan fæðm (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wið earm ge-sæt (sat on, against, his arm), 750; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, 2567; [wið duru healle ēode] (went to the door of the hall), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tǣhte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston (that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess), 1089; þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode (whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain), 3028.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., against: nū wið Grendel sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið þyrse, 424-426;—with, beside: ge-sæt þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, 1978-79.
wiðer-gyld, st. n., compensation: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].
wiðer-gyld, st. n., compensation: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].
wiðer-ræhtes, adv., opposite, in front of, 3040.
wiðer-ræhtes, adv., opposite, in front of, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wiht, st. f.: 1) wight, creature, demon: nom. sg. wiht unhǣlo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.—2) thing, something, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht dweleð (nor does aught check him), 1736; him wiht ne spēow (it helped him naught), 2855; acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (nor did he count the worm's warring for aught), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan (I could not do aught ...), 1661;—w. partitive gen.: nō ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. nicht: nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (did not blame their friendly lord aught), 863; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; nō wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (in aught, in any way), 1992; ne ... wihte (by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.—Comp.: ā-wiht (āht = aught), æl-wiht, ō-wiht.
wiht, st. f.: 1) wight, creature, demon: nom. sg. wiht unhǣlo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.—2) thing, something, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht dweleð (nor does aught check him), 1736; him wiht ne spēow (it helped him naught), 2855; acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (nor did he count the worm's warring for aught), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan (I could not do aught ...), 1661;—w. partitive gen.: nō ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. nicht: nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (did not blame their friendly lord aught), 863; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; nō wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (in aught, in any way), 1992; ne ... wihte (by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.—Comp.: ā-wiht (āht = aught), æl-wiht, ō-wiht.
willa, w. m.: 1) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ānes willan (for the sake of one), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tō willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (according to wish), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.—2) desirable thing, valuable: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.
willa, w. m.: 1) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ānes willan (for the sake of one), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tō willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (according to wish), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.—2) desirable thing, valuable: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.
willan, aux. v., will: in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic ā-secgan (I will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tō sǣ wille (I will to sea), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þū wylt, 1853; sg. III. hē wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ǣr hē in wille (ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. wē ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. flēotan), 543; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.—Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, I will not, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þā metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.
willan, aux. v., will: in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic ā-secgan (I will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tō sǣ wille (I will to sea), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þū wylt, 1853; sg. III. hē wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ǣr hē in wille (ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. wē ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. flēotan), 543; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.—Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, I will not, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þā metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.
ge-win, st. n.: 1) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: acc. sg., 878; þā hīe ge-win drugon (endured strife), 799; under ȳða ge-win (under the tumult of the waves), 1470; gen. sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (misery for this strife), 1722.—2) suffering, oppression: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.—Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.
ge-win, st. n.: 1) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: acc. sg., 878; þā hīe ge-win drugon (endured strife), 799; under ȳða ge-win (under the tumult of the waves), 1470; gen. sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (misery for this strife), 1722.—2) suffering, oppression: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.—Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.
æt-windan, to wrest one's self from, escape: pret. sg. sē þǣm fēonde æt-wand, 143.
æt-windan, to wrest one's self from, escape: pret. sg. sē þǣm fēonde æt-wand, 143.
be-windan, to wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (involvere): pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wīrum be-wunden (wound with wires) 1032; feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden (flesh-enclosed), 2425; gār ... mundum be-wunden (a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; iū-manna gold galdre be-wunden (spell-encircled gold), 3053; (āstāh ...) lēg wōpe be-wunden (uprose the flame mingled with a lament), 3147.
be-windan, to wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (involvere): pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wīrum be-wunden (wound with wires) 1032; feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden (flesh-enclosed), 2425; gār ... mundum be-wunden (a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; iū-manna gold galdre be-wunden (spell-encircled gold), 3053; (āstāh ...) lēg wōpe be-wunden (uprose the flame mingled with a lament), 3147.
on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð wæl-rāpas, 1611.
on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð wæl-rāpas, 1611.
wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind-roar: nom. sg., 3147.
wind-bland (blond), noun, wind-roar: singular nominative, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds: acc. sg., 2457.
wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds: acc. sg., 2457.
wine, st. m., friend, protector, especially the beloved ruler: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 148, 1184. As vocative: mīn wine, 2048; wine mīn, Bēowulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Bēowulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea lēasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, gūð-, mǣg-wine.
wine, st. m., friend, protector, especially the beloved ruler: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 148, 1184. As vocative: mīn wine, 2048; wine mīn, Bēowulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Bēowulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea lēasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, gūð-, mǣg-wine.
wine-geōmor, adj., friend-mourning: nom. sg., 2240.
wine-geōmor, adj., friend-mourning: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wine-lēas, adj., friendless: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ge-winna, w. m., striver, struggler, foe: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.
ge-winna, w. m., striver, struggler, foe: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.
winnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan āna wið eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, 151; holm ... won wið winde (the sea fought with the wind: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; þǣr þā graman wunnon (where the foes fought), 778.
winnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan āna wið eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, 151; holm ... won wið winde (the sea fought with the wind: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; þǣr þā graman wunnon (where the foes fought), 778.
wintre, adj., so many winters (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.
wintre, adj., so many winters (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.
gewislīce, adv., certainly, undoubtedly: superl. gewislīcost, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wist-fyllo, st. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735.
wist-fyllo, st. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735.
witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wāt, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelāce wāt þæt hē ... (I know as to H., that he ...), 1831; so, god wāt on mec þæt ...(God knows of me, that ...), 2651; sg. II. þū wāst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.—2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wāt, 1864.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tō þæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fǣttum fāhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, 647.—4) w. acc., to know: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.
witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wāt, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelāce wāt þæt hē ... (I know as to H., that he ...), 1831; so, god wāt on mec þæt ...(God knows of me, that ...), 2651; sg. II. þū wāst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.—2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wāt, 1864.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tō þæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fǣttum fāhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, 647.—4) w. acc., to know: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.
nāt = ne + wāt, I know not: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = some or other: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.—2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, 682.
nāt = ne + wāt, I know not: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = some or other: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.—2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, 682.
ge-witan, to know, perceive: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost ge-witan meahton, 1351.
ge-witan, to know, perceive: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost ge-witan meahton, 1351.
ge-wittig, adj., conscious: nom. sg. 3095.
ge-wittig, adj., aware: nom. sg. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīde, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wīde cūð (widely, universally, known), 2136, 2924; so, underne wīde, 2914; wīde geond eorðan (over the whole earth, widely), 3100;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (the most famous of wanderers, exiles), 899.—Compar. wīdre, 764.
wīde, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wīde cūð (widely, universally, known), 2136, 2924; so, underne wīde, 2914; wīde geond eorðan (over the whole earth, widely), 3100;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (the most famous of wanderers, exiles), 899.—Compar. wīdre, 764.
wīde-ferhð, st. m. n., (long life), great length of time: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne wīde-ferhð, 1223.
wīde-ferhð, st. m. n., (long life), great length of time: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne wīde-ferhð, 1223.
wīd-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread? causing fear far and wide? 937.
wīd-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread? causing fear far and wide? 937.
wīf, st. n., woman, lady, wife: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf (Queen Wealhþēow), 616; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlīce wīf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēawaru), 2029; dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), 640; gen. sg. wīfes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, 994.—Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf.
wīf, st. n., woman, lady, wife: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf (Queen Wealhþēow), 616; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlīce wīf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēawaru), 2029; dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), 640; gen. sg. wīfes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, 994.—Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf.
wīg, st. m.: 1) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, 1338, 2630, 1657, 1771; as instr., 1085; ; gen. sg. wīges, 65, 887, 1269.—2) valor, warlike prowess: nom. sg. wæs his mōd-sefa manegum ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, 350; wīg, 1043; wīg ... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wīges, 2324.—Comp. fēðe-wīg.
wīg, st. m.: 1) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, 1338, 2630, 1657, 1771; as instr., 1085; ; gen. sg. wīges, 65, 887, 1269.—2) valor, warlike prowess: nom. sg. wæs his mōd-sefa manegum ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, 350; wīg, 1043; wīg ... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wīges, 2324.—Comp. fēðe-wīg.
wīg-bord, st. n., war-board or shield: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīg-cræft, noun, war power: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīg-cræftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: acc. sg. wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.
wīg-cræftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: acc. sg. wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.
wīg-geatwe, st. f. pl., war-ornaments, war-gear: dat. pl. on wīg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368.
wīg-geatwe, st. f. pl., war-ornaments, war-gear: dat. pl. on wīg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368.
wīg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., war-honored, distinguished in war, 1784? See Note.
wīg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., war-honored, distinguished in war, 1784? See Note.
wīg-gryre, st. m., war-horror or terror: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīg-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet: acc. sg. wīg-heafolan, 2662.—Leo.
wīg-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet: acc. sg. wīg-heafolan, 2662.—Leo.
wīg-hēap, st. m., war band: nom sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīg-sigor, st. m., war-victory: acc. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīg-weorðung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols: acc. pl. -weorðunga, 176.
wīg-weorðung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols: acc. pl. -weorðunga, 176.
wīs-hycgende, pres. part. wise-thinking, wise, 2717.
wīs-hycgende, pres. part. wise-thinking, wise, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wīsian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out: 1) w. acc.: inf. hēan wong wīsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wīsade land-gemyrcu, 208.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige (I shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade, 370; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð wīsade (the hall-thane led him thither forthwith, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, 320; so, 1664.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather on snyredon ætsomne]), 402.
wīsian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out: 1) w. acc.: inf. hēan wong wīsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wīsade land-gemyrcu, 208.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige (I shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade, 370; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð wīsade (the hall-thane led him thither forthwith, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, 320; so, 1664.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather on snyredon ætsomne]), 402.
æt-wītan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. æt-witon wēana dǣl, 1151.
æt-wītan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. æt-witon wēana dǣl, 1151.
ge-wītan, properly spectare aliquo; to go (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wāt ... tō hām faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mēarum rīdan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld ge-wāt ... fēran on frēan wǣre, 26; gewāt him ... rīdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.—2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, 115; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... man-drēam flēon, 1264; nyðer eft gewāt dennes nīosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt ... hāmes nīosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.—3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu niðer ge-wīteð, 1361; ge-wīteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wāt, 217; him ge-wāt, 1237, 1904; of līfe, ealdre ge-wāt (died), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wāt (time went on), 210; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, 663; ge-wāt him hām, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (me defuncto, I dead), 1480.
ge-wītan, properly spectare aliquo; to go (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wāt ... tō hām faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mēarum rīdan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld ge-wāt ... fēran on frēan wǣre, 26; gewāt him ... rīdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.—2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, 115; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... man-drēam flēon, 1264; nyðer eft gewāt dennes nīosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt ... hāmes nīosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.—3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu niðer ge-wīteð, 1361; ge-wīteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wāt, 217; him ge-wāt, 1237, 1904; of līfe, ealdre ge-wāt (died), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wāt (time went on), 210; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, 663; ge-wāt him hām, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (me defuncto, I dead), 1480.
oð-wītan, to blame, censure, reproach: inf. ne þorfte him þā lēan oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.
oð-wītan, to blame, censure, reproach: inf. ne þorfte him þā lēan oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.
wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, brilliant in aspect: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.
wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, brilliant in aspect: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.
wlite-sēon, st. n. f., sight, spectacle: acc. sg., 1651.
wlite-sēon, st. n. f., sight, spectacle: acc. sg., 1651.
geond-wlītan, w. acc., to examine, look through, scan: inf. wrǣte giond-wlītan, 2772.
geond-wlītan, w. acc., to examine, look through, scan: inf. wrǣte giond-wlītan, 2772.
wollen-tēar, adj., tear-flowing, with flowing tears: nom. pl. wollen-tēare, 3033.
wollen-tēar, adj., tear-flowing, with flowing tears: nom. pl. wollen-tēare, 3033.
word, st. n.: 1) word, speech: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þæt word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þā word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (tell them in words, expressly), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan, secgan, hērgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.—2) command, order: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, 30.—Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.
word, st. n.: 1) word, speech: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þæt word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þā word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (tell them in words, expressly), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan, secgan, hērgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.—2) command, order: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, 30.—Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.
word-cwide, st. m., (word-utterance), speech: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.
word-cwide, st. m., (word-utterance), speech: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.
worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd.
worth-image. See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
worn, st. n., multitude, number: acc. sg. worn eall (very many), 3095; wintra worn (many years), 264; þonne hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (when he old in years thought of their number), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwæt þū worn fela ... sprǣce (how very much thou hast spoken!), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.
worn, st. n., multitude, number: acc. sg. worn eall (very many), 3095; wintra worn (many years), 264; þonne hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (when he old in years thought of their number), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwæt þū worn fela ... sprǣce (how very much thou hast spoken!), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.
woruld, worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), 60; worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (die), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dāl (his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brūcan (to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712.
woruld, worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), 60; worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (die), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dāl (his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brūcan (to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712.
woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., 1966.
woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., 1966.
worold-cyning, st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685.
worold-cyning, st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685.
woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: acc. sg., 3084.
woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: acc. sg., 3084.
worold-rǣden, st. f., usual course, fate of the world, customary fate: dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?
worold-rǣden, st. f., typical path, destiny of the world, common destiny: dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?
wraðu, st. f., protection, safety: in comp. līf-wraðu.
wraðu, noun, protection, safety: in combination with līf-wraðu.
wrāðe, adv., contemptibly, disgracefully, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wrāsn, st. f., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown: in comp. frēa-wrāsn.
wrāsn, f., gold headband, diadem, crown: in comp. frēa-wrāsn.
wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to press, force: pret. part. þǣr wæs Ongenþēo ... on bīd wrecen, 2963.—2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wræc, 2707.—3) to wreak or utter: gid, spel wrecan (to utter words or songs); subj. pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, 2155; pres. part. þǣr wæs ... gid wrecen, 1066.—4) to avenge, punish: subj. pres. þæt hē his frēond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wræc Wedera nīð, 423; so, 1334, 1670.
wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to press, force: pret. part. þǣr wæs Ongenþēo ... on bīd wrecen, 2963.—2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wræc, 2707.—3) to wreak or utter: gid, spel wrecan (to utter words or songs); subj. pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, 2155; pres. part. þǣr wæs ... gid wrecen, 1066.—4) to avenge, punish: subj. pres. þæt hē his frēond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wræc Wedera nīð, 423; so, 1334, 1670.
wreoðen-hilt, adj., wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt: nom. sg., 1699.
wreoðen-hilt, adj., wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt: nom. sg., 1699.
ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, arrangement, bargain: nom. sg. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), 1305.
ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, arrangement, bargain: nom. sg. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), 1305.
wrīðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, 965.—2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, 2983. See hand-gewriðen.
wrīðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, 965.—2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, 2983. See hand-gewriðen.
for-wrītan, to cut to pieces or in two: pret. sg. for-wrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706.
for-wrītan, to cut to pieces or in two: pret. sg. for-wrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706.
wudu-rēc, st. m., wood smoke: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wuldor-cyning, st. m., king of glory, God. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796
wuldor-cyning, m., king of glory, God. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796
wuldor-torht, adj., glory-bright, brilliant, clear: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.
wuldor-torht, adj., glory-bright, brilliant, clear: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.
wunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.
wunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.
wunden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the ship), 298.
wunden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the ship), 298.
wunden-heorde?, curly-haired?: nom. sg. f., 3153.
wunden-heorde?, curly-haired?: nom. sg. f., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
wunden-mǣl, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).
wunden-mǣl, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).
wunden-stefna, w. m. curved prow, ship: nom. sg., 220.
wunden-stefna, w. m. curved prow, ship: nom. sg., 220.
wundor, st. n.: 1) wonder, wonderwork: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.—2) portent, monster: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.—Comp.: hand-, nīð-, searo-wundor.
wundor, st. n.: 1) wonder, wonderwork: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.—2) portent, monster: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.—Comp.: hand-, nīð-, searo-wundor.
wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748.
wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748.
wundor-dēað, st. m., wonder-death, strange death: instr. sg. wundor dēaðe, 3038.
wundor-dēað, st. m., wonder-death, strange death: instr. sg. wundor dēaðe, 3038.
wundor-fæt, st. n., wonder-vat, strange vessel: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (from wondrous vessels), 1163.
wundor-fæt, st. n., wonder-vat, strange vessel: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (from wondrous vessels), 1163.
wundor-līc, adj., wonder like, remarkable: nom. sg., 1441.
wundor-līc, adj., wonder like, remarkable: nom. sg., 1441.
wundor-māððum, st. m., wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure: acc. sg., 2174.
wundor-māððum, st. m., wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure: acc. sg., 2174.
wundor-smið, st. m., wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.
wundor-smið, st. m., wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.
wundor-sēon, st. f., wondrous sight: gen. pl. wunder-sīona, 996.
wundor-sēon, st. f., wondrous sight: gen. pl. wunder-sīona, 996.
wunian, w. v.: 1) to stand, exist, remain: pres. sg. III. þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284; wunað hē on wiste (lives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (to remain in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (remained with F.), 1129.—2) w. acc. or dat., to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, 1261; wīcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr æt hām wunað, 1924.
wunian, w. v.: 1) to stand, exist, remain: pres. sg. III. þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284; wunað hē on wiste (lives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (to remain in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (remained with F.), 1129.—2) w. acc. or dat., to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, 1261; wīcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr æt hām wunað, 1924.
wyn, st. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment: acc. sg. mǣste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly joy), 1081; eorðan wynne (earth-joy, the delightful earth), 1731; heofenes wynne (heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (harp-joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; þæt hē ... ge-drogen hæfde eorðan wynne (that he had had his earthly joy), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (in joy of strength), 1717; so, 1888.—Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.
wyn, st. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment: acc. sg. mǣste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly joy), 1081; eorðan wynne (earth-joy, the delightful earth), 1731; heofenes wynne (heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (harp-joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; þæt hē ... ge-drogen hæfde eorðan wynne (that he had had his earthly joy), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (in joy of strength), 1717; so, 1888.—Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.
be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.
be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.
ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., to act, behave: inf. swā sceal geong guma gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that ...), 20.—2) w. acc., to do, make, effect, perform: inf. ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þām āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode wāt ... fæste ge-worhte. 1865.—3) to make, construct: inf. (medo-ærn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wīg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.—4) to win, acquire: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, 1492.
ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., to act, behave: inf. swā sceal geong guma gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that ...), 20.—2) w. acc., to do, make, effect, perform: inf. ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þām āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode wāt ... fæste ge-worhte. 1865.—3) to make, construct: inf. (medo-ærn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wīg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.—4) to win, acquire: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, 1492.
ā-wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part.: æðeling monig wundum ā-wyrded, 1114.
ā-wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part.: æðeling monig wundum ā-wyrded, 1114.
wyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyrgen.
wyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyrgen.
ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, around, about, at, upon: ymb hine (around, with, him), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb þā gif-healle (around the gift-hall, throne-hall), 839; ymb þæs helmes hrōf (around the helm's roof, crown), 1031.—2) temporal, about, after: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores (about the same time the next day), 219; ymb āne niht (after a night), 135.—3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to: (frīnan) ymb þīnne sīð (on account of, concerning?, thy journey), 353; hwæt þū ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (hast spoken about B.), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nā ymb his līf cearað (careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte behēold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507.
ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, around, about, at, upon: ymb hine (around, with, him), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb þā gif-healle (around the gift-hall, throne-hall), 839; ymb þæs helmes hrōf (around the helm's roof, crown), 1031.—2) temporal, about, after: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores (about the same time the next day), 219; ymb āne niht (after a night), 135.—3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to: (frīnan) ymb þīnne sīð (on account of, concerning?, thy journey), 353; hwæt þū ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (hast spoken about B.), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nā ymb his līf cearað (careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte behēold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507.
ymb-sittend, pres. part., neighbor gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.
ymb-sittend, present participle, neighbor gen. plural. ymb-sittendra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)
yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)
yrringa, adv., angrily, fiercely, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.
yrre-mōd, adj., angry-minded, wild: nom. sg., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.
ȳð-gebland, st. n., mingling or surging waters, water-tumult: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.
ȳð-gebland, st. n., mingling or surging waters, water-tumult: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.
ȳwan, w. v. w. acc., to show: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde (showed itself, appeared), 2835. See ēawan, ēowan.
ȳwan, w. v. w. acc., to show: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde (showed itself, appeared), 2835. See ēawan, ēowan.
ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150.
ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150.
GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.
ābrecan, st. v., to shatter: part. his byrne ābrocen wǣre (his byrnie was shattered).
ābrecan, st. v., to shatter: part. his byrnie was shattered.
bān-helm, st. m., bone-helmet; skull, [shield, Bosw.].
bān-helm, st. m., bone helmet; skull, [shield, Bosw.].
buruh-þelu, st. f., castle-floor.
buruh-þelu, st. f., castle floor.
cēlod, part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.
cēlod, part, (adj.?), keeled, meaning boat-shaped or hollow.
dagian, w. v., to dawn: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan (this is not dawning from the east).
dagian, w. v., to dawn: this is not dawning from the east.
driht-gesīð, st m., companion, associate.
driht-gesīð, st m., companion, associate.
eorð-būend, st. m., earth-dweller, man.
eorð-būend, st. m., earth-dweller, man.
fēr, st. m. fear, terror.
fēr, st. m. fear, terror.
fȳren, adj., flaming, afire: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre (as if all Finnsburh were afire).
fȳren, adj., flaming, afire: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre (as if all Finnsburh were afire).
gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult.
gehlyn, n., noise, chaos.
gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð grǣg-hama (the gray garment [byrnie] rings); (the gray wolf yelleth?).
gellan, st. v., to sing (meaning ring or resound): present sg. gylleð grǣg-hama (the gray garment [byrnie] rings); (does the gray wolf yell?).
genesan, st. v., to survive, recover from: pret. pl. þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson (the warriors were recovering from their wounds).
genesan, st. v., to survive, recover from: past plural þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson (the warriors were recovering from their wounds).
gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments).
gold-hladen, adj., loaded with gold (wearing heavy gold jewelry).
grǣg-hama, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat; (wolf?—Brooke).
grǣg-hama, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat; (wolf?—Brooke).
hæg-steald, st. m., one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl.
hæg-steald, st. m., someone who lives in their lord's house, a house-carl.
heaðo-geong, adj., young in war.
heaðo-geong, adj., young in battle.
here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat of mail.
here-sceorp, n., armor, protective equipment.
hleoðrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (the prince exclaimed).
hleoðrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim: past tense singular hleoðrode ... king (the prince exclaimed).
hrǣw, st. n., corpse.
, st. n., body.
hrōr, adj., strong: here-sceorpum hrōr (strong [though it was] as armor, Bosw.).
hrōr, adj., strong: with a strong grip (strong [even though it was] like armor, Bosw.).
oncweðan, st. v., to answer: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (the shield answers the spear).
oncweðan, st. v., to answer: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (the shield answers the spear).
onwacnian, w. v., to awake, arouse one's self: imper. pl. onwacnigeað ..., wīgend mine (awake, my warriors!).
onwacnian, w. v., to wake up, to rouse oneself: imper. pl. onwacnigeað ..., wīgend mine (wake up, my warriors!).
sealo-brūn, adj., dusky-brown.
sealo-brūn, adj., dark brown.
sige-beorn, st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior.
sige-beorn, st. m., winning hero, brave fighter.
swæðer (swā hwæðer), pron., which of two, which.
swæðer (either), pron., which of two, which.
swēt, adj., sweet: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan (requite the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).
swēt, adj., sweet: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan (repay the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by skill in battle, the generosity of their leader).
swurd-lēoma, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords.
swurd-lēoma, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords.
undearninga, adv., without concealment, openly.
undearninga, adv., openly.
wandrian, w. v., to fly about, hover: pret. sg. hræfn wandrode (the raven hovered).
wandrian, w. v., to fly around, hover: past tense singular hræfn wandrode (the raven hovered).
waðol, st. m., the full moon [Grein]; [adj., wandering, Bosw.].
waðol, st. m., the full moon [Grein]; [adj., wandering, Bosw.].
wæl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., combat, deadly struggle: gen. pl. wæl-slihta gehlyn (the din of combats)
wæl-sliht (-sleaht), n., fight, lethal struggle: gen. pl. wæl-slihta gehlyn (the noise of battles)
weā-dǣd, st. f., deed of woe: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda.
weā-dǣd, st. f., deed of sorrow: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda.
witian (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine: part. þē is ... witod.
witian (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine: part. þē is ... witod.
wurðlīce (weorðlīce), adv., worthily, gallantly: compar. wurð-līcor.
wurðlīce (worthily), adv., in a worthy manner, with valor: compar. more worthily.
CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:
ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð l. 256 ōfest = ōfost l. 303 scīonon = scionon l. 706 buton = būton l. 1115 āt = æt l. 1133 wīð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-stræl = here-strǣl l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower l. 1747 stræle = strǣle l. 1828 þywað = þȳwað l. 1926 betlic = betlīc l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd ll. 2288, 3036 wās = wæs l. 2453 to = tō l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nīðe l. 2587 sið = sīð l. 2684 irenna = īrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas l. 2956 hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum l. 3000 Þāt = Þæt; feōnd- = fēond- l. 3056 sóð = sōð l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenīgge = Scedenigge Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hæreð notes, for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra glossary, under: æðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's ān, gehwilces = gehwylces ǣg-hwā, ǣgh-wæs = ǣghwæs æt-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- (twice) bēag, beages = bēages beorh, hēaford- = hēafod bēodan, leodum = lēodum bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc biddan, bliðne = blīðne bitter, stræle = strǣle ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce brecan, lētdse = lēt se burne, of of = of būtan, swīce = swice cempa, Huga = Hūga ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þæ = þā cūð, wīð- = wīd- cunnan, þēawe = þēaw dōgor, gehwam = gehwām dōn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað drīfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, frēah- = frēa- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe ealdor, herestræl = herestrǣl ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = hōcyhtum eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc fāh, wāldrēore = wældrēore fela, maððum- = māððum- oð-ferian, panon = þonan fēran, wære = wǣre fēond, feonda = fēonda flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu floga, wīð- = wīd- folc-toga, Hrōðgar = Hrōðgār for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fōt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frætwum ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gār-wiga, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gæst, fēde- = fēðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ȳðlidan gēoc, gást = gāst geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = geōmorlīc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða hār, heāre = hēare here-strǣl, -stræl = strǣl heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-drēor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hōp, hōp = hop (twice) hreow, þāt = þæt hrōf, gesēah = geseah hwīl, seo = sēo hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc inne, abēad = ābēad īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lēan, beleān = belēan mētan, Aescheres = Æscheres mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwām morðor-bed, stred = strēd mōd, stið- = stīð nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan rǣd, fǣst- = fæst reccan, hu = hū rīdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = lēasne sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) scānan, scīonon = scionon scīnan, scīnon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe ge-sīgan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce ge-slēan, ge-slōgan = ge-slōgon standan, stræl = strǣl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ōhteres stincan, þæ = þā styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = māððum ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne tēon (w. v.), nalæs = nalas; teodan = tēodan tō, hælum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trūwan, -wære = wǣre ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe þǣr, snotera = snottra þē, gimfæstan = ginfæstan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām ge-þolian, þāt = þæt þū, sǣlran = selran þūsend, sēofon = seofan un-hēore, -speru = -sporu ūs, ǣg-hwilc = ǣg-hwylc wacan, wōcon = wōcun werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna weorðian, leōde = lēode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fæðer = fæder nāt, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wītan, wære = wǣre
ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð l. 256 ōfest = ōfost l. 303 scīonon = scionon l. 706 buton = būton l. 1115 āt = æt l. 1133 wīð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-stræl = here-strǣl l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower l. 1747 stræle = strǣle l. 1828 þywað = þȳwað l. 1926 betlic = betlīc l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd ll. 2288, 3036 wās = wæs l. 2453 to = tō l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nīðe l. 2587 sið = sīð l. 2684 irenna = īrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas l. 2956 hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum l. 3000 Þāt = Þæt; feōnd- = fēond- l. 3056 sóð = sōð l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenīgge = Scedenigge Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hæreð notes, for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra glossary, under: æðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's ān, gehwilces = gehwylces ǣg-hwā, ǣgh-wæs = ǣghwæs æt-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- (twice) bēag, beages = bēages beorh, hēaford- = hēafod bēodan, leodum = lēodum bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc biddan, bliðne = blīðne bitter, stræle = strǣle ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce brecan, lētdse = lēt se burne, of of = of būtan, swīce = swice cempa, Huga = Hūga ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þæ = þā cūð, wīð- = wīd- cunnan, þēawe = þēaw dōgor, gehwam = gehwām dōn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað drīfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, frēah- = frēa- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe ealdor, herestræl = herestrǣl ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = hōcyhtum eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc fāh, wāldrēore = wældrēore fela, maððum- = māððum- oð-ferian, panon = þonan fēran, wære = wǣre fēond, feonda = fēonda flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu floga, wīð- = wīd- folc-toga, Hrōðgar = Hrōðgār for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fōt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frætwum ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gār-wiga, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gæst, fēde- = fēðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ȳðlidan gēoc, gást = gāst geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = geōmorlīc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða hār, heāre = hēare here-strǣl, -stræl = strǣl heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-drēor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hōp, hōp = hop (twice) hreow, þāt = þæt hrōf, gesēah = geseah hwīl, seo = sēo hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc inne, abēad = ābēad īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lēan, beleān = belēan mētan, Aescheres = Æscheres mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwām morðor-bed, stred = strēd mōd, stið- = stīð nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan rǣd, fǣst- = fæst reccan, hu = hū rīdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = lēasne sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) scānan, scīonon = scionon scīnan, scīnon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe ge-sīgan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce ge-slēan, ge-slōgan = ge-slōgon standan, stræl = strǣl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ōhteres stincan, þæ = þā styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = māððum ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne tēon (w. v.), nalæs = nalas; teodan = tēodan tō, hælum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trūwan, -wære = wǣre ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe þǣr, snotera = snottra þē, gimfæstan = ginfæstan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām ge-þolian, þāt = þæt þū, sǣlran = selran þūsend, sēofon = seofan un-hēore, -speru = -sporu ūs, ǣg-hwilc = ǣg-hwylc wacan, wōcon = wōcun werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna weorðian, leōde = lēode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fæðer = fæder nāt, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wītan, wære = wǣre
Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (Revisions that were mentioned in the source text have been siltently incorporated and aren't listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes are to all related forms of the word.) Abel = Ābel aglǣc (æglǣc) = āglǣc (ǣglǣc) āttor = attor āwā = āwa begen = bēgen gebræd = gebrǣd breme = brēme Brosinga = Brōsinga cōfa = cofa cymlīcor = cȳlīcor drusian = drūsian ēfstan = efstan eode (-iode) [pret. of gān] = ēode (-īode) [and in compounds] fæger = fǣ [in cpd. un- and l. 774 only] fīftena = fīftȳna feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll. 73, 934, 1844] forþam = forþām Fresan/Frysan = Frēsan/Frȳsan frinan (gefrunon) = frīnan (gefrūnon) (of)geāfon = (of)gēafon gen = gēn genunga = gēnunga gēo/gīo = geō/gio [and in compounts] gigant = gīgant Hǣðcyn = Hæðcyn hēht = heht her = hēr ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian hliðe/hliðes = hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] hlifian = hlīfian Hreosna- = Hrēosna (H)ūnferð = (H)unferð hydig = hȳdig hyda = hȳda læs = lǣs lixan = līxan lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] Merewioingas = Merewīoingas meagol = mēagol mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- missere = missēre ne = nē [as conjunct/disjunct] niwe = nīwe geniwian = genīwian niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed ōfost = ofost onettan = ōnettan oret/oretta = ōret/ōretta ōð = oð [and as verbal prefix] scōp = scop [n. only] scyran = scȳran se = sē [as substantive and relative] singal = singāl sīoloð (sēoloð) = sioloð sleac = slēac stæl = stǣl swēlan = swelan Sweon = Swēon (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan tux = tūx twegen = twēgen tydre = tȳdre (un)tyder = (un)tȳder tyn = tȳn þrag = þrā þritig = þrītig þryð = þrȳð þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þȳhtig wag = wāg wæfre = wǣfre wel = wēl [and in compounds] weōx = wēox wīga = wiga Wihstān (Weohstān) = Wīhstān (Wēohstān) witig = wītig ge-witnian = ge-wītnian wræt = wrǣt uhte = ūhte [and in compounds]
Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (Revisions that were mentioned in the source text have been silently incorporated and aren't listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes are to all related forms of the word.) Abel = Ābel aglǣc (æglǣc) = āglǣc (ǣglǣc) āttor = attor āwā = āwa begen = bēgen gebræd = gebrǣd breme = brēme Brosinga = Brōsinga cōfa = cofa cymlīcor = cȳlīcor drusian = drūsian ēfstan = efstan eode (-iode) [pret. of gān] = ēode (-īode) [and in compounds] fæger = fǣ [in cpd. un- and l. 774 only] fīftena = fīftȳna feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll. 73, 934, 1844] forþam = forþām Fresan/Frysan = Frēsan/Frȳsan frinan (gefrunon) = frīnan (gefrūnon) (of)geāfon = (of)gēafon gen = gēn genunga = gēnunga gēo/gīo = geō/gio [and in compounds] gigant = gīgant Hǣðcyn = Hæðcyn hēht = heht her = hēr ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian hliðe/hliðes = hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] hlifian = hlīfian Hreosna- = Hrēosna (H)ūnferð = (H)unferð hydig = hȳdig hyda = hȳda læs = lǣs lixan = līxan lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] Merewioingas = Merewīoingas meagol = mēagol mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- missere = missēre ne = nē [as conjunct/disjunct] niwe = nīwe geniwian = genīwian niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed ōfost = ofost onettan = ōnettan oret/oretta = ōret/ōretta ōð = oð [and as verbal prefix] scōp = scop [n. only] scyran = scȳran se = sē [as substantive and relative] singal = singāl sīoloð (sēoloð) = sioloð sleac = slēac stæl = stǣl swēlan = swelan Sweon = Swēon (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan tux = tūx twegen = twēgen tydre = tȳdre (un)tyder = (un)tȳder tyn = tȳn þrag = þrā þritig = þrītig þryð = þrȳð þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þȳhtig wag = wāg wæfre = wǣfre wel = wēl [and in compounds] weōx = wēox wīga = wiga Wihstān (Weohstān) = Wīhstān (Wēohstān) witig = wītig ge-witnian = ge-wītnian wræt = wrǣt uhte = ūhte [and in compounds]